identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C.text	03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus Hubner 1819	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> The  Iolaus maritimus species group </p>
            <p> I. maritimus Stempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958 was described in the first part of the  Iolaus revision (Stempffer &amp; Bennett 1958) from the Kenya coast at Kilifi (Holotype in NHM). At the time, only two paratypes were listed from the same locality, and so far the authors have not been able to locate further specimens confirmed with genitalia determination from Kenya. In his supplement, Stempffer (1961) described  I. maritimus usambara (Stempffer, 1961) (as  Iolaphilus maritimus usambara ) with a nearly identical appearance and similar genitalia (Figs. 1; 3A, D, 4A; 5A), but this subspecies clearly differs from the nominate one by lacking the sub-tornal red spot in space 2 (Figs. 2D; 6D). In the last four decades, hundreds of  Iolaus with similar facies have been collected or bred in East Africa, and quite a few actually proved distinct from, but closely related to  I. maritimus with differences mainly in male and female genitalia. The general structure of the male genitalia also indicate that they form a species group, distributed in eastern and southern Africa from the Kenya coast across the mountainous regions of Tanzania, to the island mountains of northern Mozambique, Zambia and possibly Malawi along the East African Rift. This is hereafter referred to as  I. maritimus species group. </p>
            <p> The main features are the hooded and blunt (reduced) tegumen and bilobed, triangular uncus, with stout blunttipped subunci, which protrude straight or only slightly bent. Also, rather oblong or oval valvae, the tip of which curve sharply inwards. The tip of valvae in the group is normally acute, often lanceolate, sometimes bifurcate (similarly to that of  I. montana , but slightly less pronounced see Kielland 1978) with fine to moderate serration or even prominent spines on the lower edge (Figs 1B, E; 4; 5). The fultura inferior forms a narrow ring which only broadens laterally slightly, and is without a prominent triangular, flagged edge posteriorly, which is characteristic of another as yet undefined group. A small process (expansion or cingulum) linked to the fultura inferior with a membrane (sensu Stempffer &amp; Bennett 1958, Stempffer 1967) usually as a small spine, triangular or spatulate excrescence is always present, on each stem of the vinculum. The aedeagi are similar to those of many other groups with narrow and long upcurving anterior halves and broad and more solid, rather squat posterior halves with three cunei, one of which is attached to the chitinized outer skeleton of the aedeagus in various positions (Figs 1C, F; 3D, E, F, J). Five taxa in the group were bred on Taxilloid mistletoe species in the genera  Phragmanthera and  Erianthemum (Loranthaceae) (see species descriptions and in Congdon &amp; Bampton 2000). </p>
            <p> Currently recognized and newly assigned taxa in the  I. maritimus species group </p>
            <p> Iolaus maritimus maritimus Stempffer &amp; Bennett, 1958</p>
            <p> Iolaus maritimus usambara (Stempffer, 1961)</p>
            <p> Iolaus uluguru sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Iolaus njombe sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Iolaus collinsi sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Iolaus stewarti Heath, 1985</p>
            <p> Iolaus bundali sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF23BCB480E41EBAA1C4EFE08FC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Bayliss, Julian;Congdon, T. Colin E.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Bayliss, Julian, Congdon, T. Colin E. (2022): Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer & Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Zootaxa 5099 (1): 46-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.2
03BDF23BCB4B0E45EBAA1A9BFBD9F9AC.text	03BDF23BCB4B0E45EBAA1A9BFBD9F9AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus uluguru Sáfián & Bayliss & Congdon 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Iolaus uluguru sp. nov. Sáfián </p>
            <p>FIGS.: 2B, E; 3B, E; 4B; 5B; 6B, E; 7B; 10</p>
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                  Holotype: ♂ TANZANIA,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.64/lat -7.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.64&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1">Lukwangule Plateau</a>
                 , Uluguru 7.10°S, 37.64°E III.2013. MH / PW ABRI coll. Gen. prep.: SAFI00369. ABRI unique number: ABRI-2019-3071. Deposited in ABRI. 
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                  Paratype: 1♀ TANZANIA,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.64/lat -7.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.64&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1">Lukwangule Pleateau</a>
                 , Uluguru 7.10°S, 37.64°E III.2013. MH / PW ABRI coll. Gen.  prep.: SAFI00370. ABRI  unique number: ABRI-2019-3072.  Deposited in ABRI  . 
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            <p> Description of male. Forewing length: 20 mm. Wingspan: 36 mm. General appearance as males of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by extensive iridescent blue on upperside, and dirty white underside with black and orange submarginal lines, two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2, and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on the hindwing. Upperside blue colour of royal blue tone with no greenish or silverish tinge. Slightly less than basal half of forewing covered with blue, except along costa, where black extends to base, leaving a moderately broad, 1.5 mm black costal margin. Black outer margin narrows down to 1.5 mm in space 1b, before broadening to over 2 mm at tornus. Outer edge of blue area strongly lobed in space 1b, only slightly in spaces 2, 3 with black veins separating the lobes. Majority of hindwing covered with blue, except dark grey space 1a, along black costa, and the moderately brown-black margin which tapers down to a 1 mm wide marginal line at tip of vein 3 broadening again slightly toward tornus. Androconia cover most of cell and upper part of wing to black costa, dark greasy grey-black with slightly lighter, well-defined oval heart. </p>
            <p>Tornal lobe dark claret red, speckled with few blue scales, with black margin. Underside dirty white, with slightly darker greyish tinge along forewing costa and very faint grey dusting along forewing and hindwing margin. Forewing with faint, straight orange submarginal line between veins 2 and 7 that keeps away from margin. Forewing androconial hair tuft beige. On hindwing, prominent orange-red inner submarginal line keeps strongly away from outer margin, reaching costa 5 mm from apex. Outer submarginal line absent. Tornal spot at the end of space 1a largely black, edged with claret-red and silvery-blue ring inwardly. That in space 2 red, very loosely connected to tornal end of orange submarginal line. Tails black with white edge. Fringes short along outer margin of forewing, on upperside black, longer, grey along inner edge. Fringes black on hindwing outer margin, replaced by longer whitish hairs along inner margin. Fringes grey on forewing underside, white on hindwing. Head, thorax and abdomen black with greyish hairs on upperside, covered by white hairs on thorax underneath, abdomen with yellowish overlay. Palpi black on top, white below, longer than twice the diameter of eyes. Eyes bald, brown and black mottled.Antennae black, speckled with tiny white dots underneath, only slightly thickened towards apex, their length shorter than half of forewing.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. General morphology like those of other species in the group as described above. Valvae moderately broad, oblong, ending in short acute tip, lower edge of tip slightly serrated. Cingulum well developed, tonguelike, terminal cornutus on aedeagus narrow, curving gently downward, similar to inner one. Third cornutus short and strong protruding upwards from upper edge of tip.</p>
            <p> Description of female. Forewing length: 21.7 mm. Wingspan: 39.5 mm. General appearance as females of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by blue, and orange spotting along outer margin on hindwing in spaces 1a, 2 and 3. Underside dirty white with black and/or orange-red submarginal lines and two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on hindwing. Blue colour of sky-blue tone, slightly darker towards the bases. The apical corner of the blue patch on forewing slightly lighter, whitish, but overlaid with blue scales. Less than half of forewing covered with blue basally, costa broadly black to base, with a small black indentation into the blue area at the end of discal cell. Outer edge of blue area evenly rounded. Basal half of hindwing covered with blue between vein 1 and 6, with a separate diffuse blue patch in space 6. Rest of costal area grey, except light blue basal spot. Black submarginal line formed by prominent lunules in spaces 2, 3 and 4, and a quadrangular darker spot in space 1b. Tornal lobe claret red, with black tip, not conjoint with the two osculant bright orange spots in spaces 1b and 2. Tails black, edged with white. Underside colour and pattern and body identical to those of male, except submarginal line on the forewing that appears to be black between veins 1 and 2, red beyond. </p>
            <p>Female genitalia. Papillae analis small (&lt;1 mm), weakly sclerotized, rounded. with dense hair, apophyses gently curving, 1 mm long. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotized, its terminal end bilobed anteriorly, ending in strongly sclerotized mouth of ductus. Ductus broad, one-third sclerotized, bursa copulatrix completely membranous, ovoid.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis. The outer edge of the forewing blue patch is lobed in spaces 1b, 2 and 3 in males of  I. maritimus usambara and  I. uluguru , while in the newly described  I. njombe and  I. collinsi (see below), the blue patch is more evenly rounded (Figs. 2A, B, C, G). Their forewing outer edge is almost straight with more acute apex, while it is convex and slightly rounded in  I. njombe and  I. collinsi . The hindwing black margin narrows down at the tip of vein 3 and broadens again towards tornus in all species in the group except in  I. njombe , where the hindwing black margin is evenly broad with only little blue scaling in spaces 2 and 3. The underside submarginal line on the male is narrow, straight and short (stretches between veins 2 and 7) in  I. uluguru , similarly short but gently curving in  I. maritimus , more prominent and longer (stretches between veins 1 and 7) with its tornal end curving inwards in  I. maritimus usambara , and very faint and blackish in  I. collinsi (Figs. 2D, E, F). On the forewing underside,  I. njombe has a short, black cell-closing streak (Fig. 2J), missing from other species in the group. The lower edge of the tip of valvae in male genitalia of  I. uluguru is finely serrated, compared to all other species in the group (Figs. 4A, B, C, D). The upperside of female differs from all other species in the group by the usual whitish apical corner of the forewing blue area completely overlaid by blue scaling, appearing only as a slightly lighter blue patch (Fig. 6B). In female genitalia,  I. uluguru has an almost evenly broad ductus bursae, while the ductus in  I. maritimus usambara narrows down moderately. It narrows down even more strongly to a bottleneck before the mouth of bursa copulatrix in  I. collinsi and  I. njombe (Figs. 7A, B, C; 8C). </p>
            <p> Biology and habitat. The habitat of  I. uluguru is essentially montane forest. The species was bred on a Taxilloid mistletoe species  Phragmanthera usuiensis sigensis (Engl.) Polhill &amp; Wiens (Loranthaceae) , which parasitized forest trees on the edges of the Lukwangule Plateau in the southern part of Uluguru. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named after the Uluguru Mountains, the type locality of  I. uluguru . The Uluguru mountain range is part of the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania, an area of global conservation importance for the extremely high rate of endemism. The Uluguru Mountains are referred to as “one of the 10 most important tropical forest sites for conservation on the continent” (Burgess et al. 2002) and we wish to further emphasize this importance with naming this new  Iolaus after the Uluguru Mountains. </p>
            <p> Discussion.  I. uluguru is known only from the type locality, the Lukwangule Plateau in the Uluguru Mountains. It is possible that the species occurs in montane forest habitats in other parts of the Eastern Arc Mountains, but examination of further material is required to understand the distribution of  I. uluguru . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF23BCB4B0E45EBAA1A9BFBD9F9AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Bayliss, Julian;Congdon, T. Colin E.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Bayliss, Julian, Congdon, T. Colin E. (2022): Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer & Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Zootaxa 5099 (1): 46-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.2
03BDF23BCB4F0E4BEBAA1F4BFC70FEC0.text	03BDF23BCB4F0E4BEBAA1F4BFC70FEC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus njombe Sáfián & Bayliss & Congdon 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Iolaus njombe sp. nov. Sáfián </p>
            <p>FIGS.: 2G, J; 3G, J; 4D; 5D; 8C, 10</p>
            <p> Holotype: ♂ TANZANIA, Njombe, S. Tanzania, 6000 ft. 4.1993. S.C. Collins bred. Gen. prep.: SAFI00367. ABRI unique number: ABRI-2019-3069. Deposited in ABRI.</p>
            <p> Paratypes: 1♂ TANZANIA, Njombe, S. Tanzania, 6000 ft. 4.1993. S.C. Collins bred. Gen. prep.: SAFI00366, ABRI unique number: ABRI-2019-3068.   1♀ TANZANIA,  Milo , III.2013. ABRI MH / PW  .   Gen. prep.: SAFI00368. ABRI  unique number: ABRI-2019-3070. Deposited in ABRI . </p>
            <p> Description of male. Forewing length: 19.3 mm. Wingspan: 35 mm. General appearance as males of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by extensive iridescent blue on upperside, and dirty white underside with black and orange submarginal lines, two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on the hindwing. Upperside blue colour of royal blue tone with no greenish or silverish tinge. Slightly less than basal half of forewing covered with blue, except along costa, where black extends to base, leaving a broad, 2 mm black costal margin. Black outer margin very broad, over 2 mm at tornus. The outer edge of blue area evenly rounded, except in space 3 where edge of blue patch slightly lobed. Majority of hindwing covered with blue, except dark grey-black space 1a, along black costa, and the broad black margin between apex and tornus. Black margin almost evenly broad, 1.5–2 mm with slight blue scaling in spaces 1b, 2 and 3. Androconia cover most of cell and upper part of wing to black costa, dark greasy grey-black with black, well-defined oval heart. Tornal lobe dark claret-red, speckled with few blue scales, with black margin. Underside dirty white, with creamy tinge along forewing costa and very faint grey dusting along forewing and hindwing margin. Forewing with bright, slightly curving orange-red submarginal line between veins 2 and 8. Black, faint, 1 mm-long cell-closing streak also present. Forewing androconial hair tuft beige. On hindwing, prominent, orange-red inner submarginal line keeps strongly away from outer margin, reaching costa 5 mm from apex. Outer submarginal line absent. Tornal spot at the end of space 1a largely black, edged with claret-red and silvery-blue ring inwardly. That in space 2 claret-red, with silvery-blue ring, connected to tornal end of orange submarginal line. Tails black with white edge. Fringes short along outer margin of forewing, black on upperside, longer, grey along inner margin. Fringes black on hindwing outer margin, replaced by longer whitish hairs along inner margin. Fringes grey on forewing underside, white on hindwing. Head, thorax and abdomen black with greyish hairs on upperside, covered by white hairs on thorax underneath, abdomen with yellowish overlay. Palpi black on top, white below, twice as long as diameter of eyes. Eyes bald, black. Antennae black, speckled with tiny white dots underneath, only slightly thickened towards apex, their length shorter than half of forewing. </p>
            <p> Male genitalia. General morphology like those of other species in the  I. maritimus group as described above. Valvae moderately broad, oblong, ending in short acute tip, the lower edge of tip is rather strongly serrated. Cingulum well developed, tongue-like or triangular, the terminal cornutus on aedeagus strong, straight or curving gently downward, the inner one narrow, with serrated lower edge, curving slightly upwards. Third cornutus short, protruding laterally from tip. </p>
            <p> Description of female. Forewing length: 21.2 mm. Wingspan: 39 mm. General appearance as females of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by blue and orange spotting along outer margin on hindwing in spaces 1a, 2 and 3. Underside dirty white with black and/or orange-red submarginal lines and two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on hindwing. Blue colour of light whitish sky-blue tone, slightly darker towards the bases and with a whitish area in the apical corner of the blue patch on forewing. Less than half of forewing covered with blue basally, costa broadly black to base. Outer edge of blue area evenly rounded. Basal half of hindwing covered with blue, between vein 1 and 7, grey between vein 7 and costa, except light blue base. Black submarginal line formed by prominent lunules in spaces 1b, 2, 3 and 4. Tornal lobe claret red, speckled with blue scales, with black margin, not conjoint with fused bright orange spotting in spaces 1b, 2 and 3. Tails black, edged with white. Underside colour and pattern and body identical to those of male. </p>
            <p>Female genitalia. Papillae analis small (&lt;1 mm), weakly sclerotized, almost flat. with dense hair, apophyses straight, shorter than 1 mm. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotized, its terminal end bilobed, anteriorly, ending in strongly sclerotized mouth of ductus. Mouth of ductus broad, sclerotized almost all the way to bursa, narrows down strongly before the mouth of bursa. Bursa copulatrix completely membranous, fig shaped.</p>
            <p> Variation. The male paratype has a small round claret-red spot in the hindwing black margin in space 1b. Red spotting appears variably in the hindwing subtornal area in various species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus . </p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis.  I. njombe differs from  I. maritimus ,  I. uluguru and  I. collinsi with the presence of a small, black cell-closing streak on the forewing underside, present in both sexes (Figs. 2J; 6J). This feature is typical in  I. stewarti (Figs. 2K, L; 6K, L). However, the male genitalia of  I. njombe differ from that species and the newly described  I. bundali with the presence of a well-developed process on the vinculum and the acute tip of valva with strong serration on its lower edge (Figs. 3G; 4D). </p>
            <p> Biology and habitat. The biology of  I. njombe is unknown, the larval foodplant is almost certainly a species of  Loranthaceae in the Taxilloid group. Its habitat is probably montane forest. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named after Njombe town in the Kipengere Range in western Tanzania, the type locality of  I. njombe . </p>
            <p> Discussion.  I. njombe is only known from two localities on the Kipengere Range in southwestern Tanzania, east of the northern corner of Lake Malawi. This mountainous area is part of the East African Rift ecosystem (also referred to as Tanzanian Southern Highlands), which is home of numerous endemic butterflies, including at least four described  Iolaus species (Heath 1985, https://programs.wcs.org/portals/49/media/file/Butterflies.pdf).  I. njombe could easily prove endemic to the Kipengere Range, or the eastern escarpments of the Lake Malawi Rift, but examination of further material is required to understand its distribution. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF23BCB4F0E4BEBAA1F4BFC70FEC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Bayliss, Julian;Congdon, T. Colin E.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Bayliss, Julian, Congdon, T. Colin E. (2022): Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer & Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Zootaxa 5099 (1): 46-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.2
03BDF23BCB400E4DEBAA1D4BFD7EF8D7.text	03BDF23BCB400E4DEBAA1D4BFD7EF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus collinsi Sáfián & Bayliss & Congdon 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Iolaus collinsi sp. nov. Sáfián, Bayliss &amp; Congdon </p>
            <p>FIGS.: 2C, F; 3C, F; 4C; 5C; 6C, F; 7C; 10</p>
            <p>  Holotype: ♂ MOZAMBIQUE,  Mount Namuli , NE Mozambique 1900 m, 20-30.XI.2008 Bred. Leg.: Bayliss, J., Bampton, I. Congdon, T. C.E., Hassan, M. Gen. prep.: SAFI00359. ABRI unique number: ABRI-2019-3061. Deposited in ABRI. </p>
            <p>  Paratype: 1♀ MOZAMBIQUE,  Mount Namuli 28 th November 2008. Leg.: Bayliss, J., Congdon, T  .  C.E. Gen. prep.: SAFI00360. ABRI unique number: ABRI-2019-3062. Deposited in ABRI. </p>
            <p> Description of male. Forewing length: 21.5 mm. Wingspan: 39.5 mm. General appearance as males of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by extensive iridescent blue on upperside, and dirty white underside with black and orange submarginal lines and two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on the hindwing. Upperside blue colour of royal blue tone with no greenish or silverish tinge. Slightly less than basal half of forewing covered with blue, except along costa, where black extends almost to base, leaving a broad, 1.5 mm black costal margin. Black outer margin very broad, 2 mm at tornus. The outer edge of blue area evenly rounded, except in space 3 where edge of blue patch slightly lobed. Majority of hindwing covered with blue, except dark grey-black space 1a, along dark grey-black costa and the broad black margin between apex and tornus. Black margin tapers down from 1.5 mm at apex to fine black marginal line at the end of vein 3. Androconia cover most of cell and upper part of wing to black costa, dark greasy grey-black with black, well-defined oval heart. Prominent black tornal spot present at the end of space 2, while the tip of space 1b entirely black. Tornal lobe dark claret-red, with black margin. Underside dirty white, with creamy tinge along forewing costa and very faint grey dusting along forewing and hindwing margin. Forewing with obsolete, slightly curving blackish submarginal line between veins 2 and 7. Forewing androconial hair tuft beige. On hindwing, narrow, pale orange inner submarginal line keeps strongly away from outer margin, reaching costa 4 mm from apex. Outer submarginal line absent. Tornal spot at the end of space 1a claret-red, that in space 2 bright red, connected to tornal end of orange submarginal line. Tails black with white edge. Fringes short along outer margin of forewing, black on upperside, longer, grey along inner margin. Fringes black on hindwing outer margin, replaced by longer whitish hairs along inner margin. Fringes grey on forewing underside, white on hindwing. Head, thorax and abdomen black with greyish hairs on upperside, covered by white hairs on thorax underneath, abdomen with yellowish overlay. Palpi black on top, white below, twice as long as diameter of eyes. Eyes bald, black. Antennae black, speckled with tiny white dots underneath, only slightly thickened towards apex, their length shorter than half of forewing. </p>
            <p>Male genitalia. General morphology is like those of other species in the group as described above. Valvae very narrow, ending in long acute tip, which are evenly serrated. Cingulum short, triangular, the terminal cornutus on aedeagus broad, curving gently upwards. Cornutus on lower tip very strong and acute.</p>
            <p> Description of female. Forewing length: 23.5 mm. Wingspan: 43 mm. General appearance as females of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by blue and orange spotting along outer margin on hindwing in spaces 1a, 2 and 3. Underside dirty white with black and/or orange-red submarginal lines and two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on hindwing. Blue colour of dull sky-blue tone, slightly darker towards the bases and with a whitish area in the apical corner of the blue patch on forewing. Less than half of forewing covered with blue basally, except along costa, where wing broadly black to base. Outer edge of blue area evenly rounded, with small, black, cell-closing tooth present. Basal half of hindwing covered with blue, between vein 1 and 6, dark grey between vein 6 and costa. Black submarginal streaks-spots inconspicuous, seen as darker black band in spaces 1b, 2, 3. Tornal lobe claret red with black margin, not conjoint with fused bright orange spotting in spaces 1b, 2 and 3. Tails black, edged with white. Underside colour and pattern and body identical to those of male. </p>
            <p>Female genitalia. Papillae analis medium (nearly 1 mm), weakly sclerotized, flat and somewhat squat, with short hairs. Apophyses gently bent downwards, shorter than 1 mm. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotized, its terminal end slightly bilobed, anteriorly, ending in strongly sclerotized mouth of ductus. Mouth of ductus broad, half of ductus sclerotized, narrows down strongly before the mouth of bursa. Bursa copulatrix completely membranous, ovoid.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis. On the upperside of the male  I. collinsi (as well as in  I. njombe ), the outer edge of the blue patch is rather evenly rounded. In males of  I. maritimus usambara and  I. uluguru the outer edge of the forewing blue patch is more lobed, particularly in space 1b. Their forewing outer edge is also almost straight, while slightly convex in  I. njombe and  I. collinsi .  I. njombe males have similar wingshape, but the hindwing black margin is evenly broad with only little blue scaling in spaces 2 and 3, and the margin tapers down towards the tornus in  I. collinsi (Figs. 2A, B, C, G). The forewing underside submarginal line on the male is blackish and very faint in  I. collinsi , the hindwing one is pale orange. In the female, the submarginal lines on both wings are pale orange, while in other species in the group the lines are bright orange, bright brick red or claret (Figs. 2D, E, F, J; 6D, E, F, J). The tip of valvae in male genitalia of  I. collinsi are as long as in  I. maritimus , however, the valvae of  I. collinsi are significantly narrower (Figs. 3A, C). The upperside of the females do not differ much, except their blue colour and the whitish area at the apical corner of the blue patch on the forewing, which is completely blue in  I. uluguru . The upperside blue colour in  I. collinsi is sky blue, slightly darker towards the bases, similarly to  I. maritimus usambara , where the base is scattered with turquoise scales. The blue area is darker and even in  I. uluguru , while the blue is very light, almost whitish-blue in  I. njombe , slightly darker towards the bases (Figs. 6A, B, C, G). In female genitalia, the ductus bursae narrows down to a bottleneck before the mouth of bursa copulatrix in  I. collinsi and  I. njombe , but the latter has the ductus sclerotized almost to the bottleneck, while only the basal half of it is sclerotized in  I. collinsi .  I. uluguru has an almost evenly broad ductus, while the ductus in  I. maritimus usambara narrows down only moderately (Figs 7A, B, C; 8C). </p>
            <p> Biology and habitat. The two known specimens were found in montane forest on the high plateau of Mount Namuli. The larval foodplant is suspected to be  Erianthemum schelei Tiegh. , the only Taxilloid  Loranthaceae found on the mountain. </p>
            <p>Etymology. This species is named after Steve Collins, director of the African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI). The species is dedicated to Steve specifically for all of the support and guidance he has given for the butterfly work on the expeditions carried out on the mountains of northern Mozambique and southern Malawi.</p>
            <p>Discussion. The species is currently known exclusively from Mount Namuli (15°21’37”S 37°03’31”E) in northern Mozambique, which is part of a collection of a range of mountains that straddle the border between northern Mozambique and southern Malawi, including well known sites such as Mount Mabu in Mozambique or Mount Zomba, and the Mulanje Massif in Malawi. These mountains are the southernmost representatives of the East African tropical montane forest habitat, which are patchily distributed alongside both branches of the East African Rift but are also present on the higher slopes of the large volcanoes of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.</p>
            <p> In recent years, there has been a concerted effort to survey the biodiversity of these mountain sites, especially of the mountains in northern Mozambique. A series of scientific expeditions have been undertaken to them, and members of ABRI involved to collect and study the butterflies (Congdon et al. 2010, Congdon &amp; Bayliss 2012). As a result, several new species have already been described (Bayliss et al. 2016, van Velzen et al. 2016, Bayliss et al. 2018, Bayliss et al. 2019), although more are expected with further study effort and scientific expeditions to these mountains. It is therefore possible that  I. collinsi occurs on other mountains in northern Mozambique besides Mount Namuli. However, the forest habitat on Mount Namuli is under severe threat through local agricultural practices, and much has been removed since  I. collinsi was first collected in 2008. Further forest loss needs to be prevented at Mount Namuli to ensure the survival of this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF23BCB400E4DEBAA1D4BFD7EF8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Bayliss, Julian;Congdon, T. Colin E.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Bayliss, Julian, Congdon, T. Colin E. (2022): Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer & Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Zootaxa 5099 (1): 46-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.2
03BDF23BCB460E53EBAA1986FC86FB90.text	03BDF23BCB460E53EBAA1986FC86FB90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iolaus bundali Sáfián & Bayliss & Congdon 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Iolaus bundali sp. nov. Sáfián &amp; Congdon </p>
            <p>FIGS.: 2I, L; 3I, L; 4F; 5F; 6I, L; 8A; 9A;10</p>
            <p>  Holotype: ♂ TANZANIA,  Bundali Hills 2.I.2004. Leg.: IB/ TCEC / MH. Bred. Gen. prep.: SAFI00212. Deposited in ABRI. </p>
            <p>  Paratype: ♀ TANZANIA,  Bundali Hills 3.I.2004. Leg.: IB/ TCEC / MH  .  Bred. Gen. prep.: SAFI00213 . Deposited in ABRI. </p>
            <p> Description of male. Forewing length: 21 mm. Wingspan: 37.5 mm. General appearance as males of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by extensive iridescent blue on upperside, and dirty white underside with black and orange submarginal lines, two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on the hindwing. Upperside blue colour of royal blue tone with no greenish or silverish tinge. Slightly less than basal half of forewing covered with blue, except along costa, where black extends to base, leaving a moderately broad, 1.5 mm black costal margin. Black outer margin very broad, over 2 mm at tornus. The outer edge of blue slightly lobed in spaces 1b, 2 and 3, also with small blue dusting also beyond cell in space 4. </p>
            <p>Majority of hindwing covered with blue, except dark grey-black space 1a, along black costa and the broad black margin between apex and tornus. Black margin narrows down to 1 mm at tip of vein 2, with a black spot in the blue area further inwards. Androconia cover most of cell and upper part of wing to black costa, dark, greasy grey-black with brownish-black, well-defined circular heart. Tornal lobe dark claret-red, speckled with few blue scales, with black margin. Underside dirty white, with very faint creamy tinge along forewing costa and almost invisible grey dusting along forewing and hindwing margin. Forewing with bright, slightly curving orange-red submarginal line between veins 1 and 8. Black, faint, 1 mm-long cell-closing streak also present. Forewing androconial hair tuft beige. On hindwing, prominent, orange-red inner submarginal line keeps strongly away from outer margin, reaching costa 5 mm from apex. Outer submarginal line absent. Tornal spot at the end of space 1a largely black, edged with claret-red and silvery-blue ring inwardly. That in space 2 circular, claret red, with faint silvery-blue dusting, loosely connected to tornal end of orange submarginal line. Tails black with white edge. Fringes short along outer margin of forewing, black on upperside, longer, grey along inner margin. Fringes black on hindwing outer margin around apex, black and white double layered towards tails, with longer white hairs around tornus. Fringes replaced by longer whitish hairs along inner margin. Fringes grey on forewing underside, white on hindwing. Head, thorax and abdomen black with greyish hairs on upperside, covered by white hairs on thorax underneath, abdomen with yellowish overlay. Palpi black on top, white below, twice as long as diameter of eyes. Eyes bald, black and brown. Antennae black, speckled with tiny white dots underneath, only slightly thickened towards apex, their length shorter than half of forewing.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. General morphology like other species in the group, but anterior half of valvae, process on vinculum completely reduced. Valvae oblong, ending in long inwardly curving acute tip, with two, almost equally large spines and almost no serration on between spines. The terminal cornutus on aedeagus strong, straight, the inner one narrow, shorter. Spike on aedeagus short, rather blunt, protruding upwards.</p>
            <p> Description of female. Forewing length: 20.8 mm. Wingspan: 38 mm. General appearance as females of other species in the subgenera Argiolaus and  Philiolaus with black ground colour overlaid by blue and orange spotting along outer margin on hindwing in spaces 1a, 2 and 3. Underside dirty white with black and/or orange-red submarginal lines and two tails at the tip of veins 1 and 2 and a small kick at the tip of vein 3 on hindwing. Blue colour of darker sky-blue tone. Less than half of forewing covered with blue basally, costa broadly black to base. Outer edge of blue area evenly rounded, with a small black indentation at the end of discal cell. Basal half of hindwing covered with blue, between veins 1 and 6, with blue dusting in space 6. Black between vein 7 and costa, except light blue basal spot. Black submarginal line fused to black margin, appears as black indentation in the blue area in spaces 1b, 2, and 3. Tornal lobe claret red, with black margin, not conjoint with fused bright orange spotting in spaces 1b, 2 and 3. Tails black, edged with white. Underside colour and pattern and body identical to those of male with more prominent orangish submarginal lines and visible grey dusting along hindwing margin. </p>
            <p>Female genitalia. Papillae analis small (0.6 mm), moderately sclerotized, strongly rounded. with dense hair, apophyses straight, shorter than 1 mm. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotized, its terminal end slightly bilobed, anteriorly, ending in strongly sclerotized mouth of ductus. Mouth of ductus broad, two thirds of ductus also sclerotized, narrows down moderately before the mouth of bursa. Bursa copulatrix completely membranous, ovoid.</p>
            <p> Differential diagnosis. Due to variation in facies and the limited number of specimens available for examination, no diagnosis is given based on wing morphology. The main differences between  I. bundali and  I. stewarti lie in male genitalia, particularly in the shape of the lobes of uncus, which is narrow and pointy in  I. stewarti , broad in  I. bundali (Figs. 5E, F). Also, the valva in  I. bundali is much narrower with only the tip turning upwards. Valva is broad in both known populations of  I. stewarti , also the two spines on the tip of valva are more developed in  I. stewarti and the valva turns upwards gradually towards the tip (3H, I). In  I. stewarti the narrow, anterior part of the aedeagus is much longer, twice the size of the squat posterior part (without the terminal cuneus), while the anterior part is only one and a half times the size of the posterior part in  I. bundali (Figs. 3K, L). The main difference in female genitalia appears in the ductus bursae, which narrows down only moderately in  I. bundali , while it is very narrow (bottleneck-like) in  I. stewarti (Figs. 8A, B). The lower plate of the lamella antevaginalis has a single, gently curved tip in  I. bundali , while it is also gently bilobed in  I. stewarti (Fig. 9A, B). </p>
            <p> Biology and habitat.  I. bundali flies in the riverine montane forest—montane grassland mosaic of the Bundali Hills. The larval foodplant is  Phragmanthera usuiensis usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert (Loranthaceae) , a hemiparasite growing on the shrub  Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Lindl.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species is named after its type locality, the Bundali Hills in south-western Tanzania. The butterfly fauna of this undulating grassy plateau with submontane-montane forest in the deeper valleys is very poorly known.</p>
            <p> Discussion.  I. bundali is known only from its type locality and is replaced by  I. stewarti only 60 km south in the Mafinga Hills in Zambia. This extreme speciation projects the existence of further similar taxa in mountainous areas along the western shores of Lake Malawi. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic note. the genitalia of the “as yet undescribed” taxon mentioned in the original description of  I. stewarti to occur on Nyika Plateau correspond with those of the holotype of  I. stewarti illustrated by Heath (1985). It is not mentioned again by Heath et al. (2002). However, the blue colour on the upperside of females in the Nyika Plateau population is visibly lighter compared to one of the paratypes illustrated in colour by d’Abrera (2009). The cell-closing black tooth on the forewing upperside (illustrated on Fig. 10B, E) is also rather inconspicuous. The matter could be best approached using molecular techniques. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF23BCB460E53EBAA1986FC86FB90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sáfián, Szabolcs;Bayliss, Julian;Congdon, T. Colin E.	Sáfián, Szabolcs, Bayliss, Julian, Congdon, T. Colin E. (2022): Description of four IolausHübner, 1819 species in the subgenus PhiliolausStempffer & Bennett, 1958 from East Africa, assigned to the proposed I. maritimus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Zootaxa 5099 (1): 46-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.1.2
