identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BDF73D910202141B8FFAA7FA37F80E.text	03BDF73D910202141B8FFAA7FA37F80E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica Amyot & Serville 1843	<div><p>Genus Saica Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843</p><p>Saica Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843: 372 . — Champion 1898: 176 [key for five species]. — McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923: 250 [key for six species]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 478 [cat.]. — Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo 2023 [ Saicinae phylogenetic analyses].</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Zelus recurvatus Fabricius, 1803, by monotypy.</p><p>EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Head with a tuft of strong setae on the mandibular plates and on the postocular region ventrally (Fig. 1B); pedicel subequal to half the length of the scape; anterior margin of proepisternal supracoxal lobe produced as an acute to subacute process (Fig. 1B); thoracic spines always present of variable length, except on anterior lobe of pronotum (Fig. 1E); prolegs with simple strong setae; protibia conspicuously curved (Fig. 1F); scopula setae dense on ventral surface of all third tarsomeres (Fig. 1G); posteromedial process of pygophore bifid (Fig. 5A); and posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII of females vertical to subvertical.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Species of Saica are widely distributed in the Neotropical region, ranging from Florida in United States to Corrientes Province in Argentina (Figs 7; 8). They are mostly found in the south of the Mesoamerican region and the North-Western Andes, and in the Amazon basin. Saica apicalis has the southernmost record but also the widest distribution within the genus (Fig. 7). Saica elkinsi is the only species showing a Nearctic distribution, ranging from Illinois to Florida in eastern United States (Fig. 7). Some species show discontinuous distributional records probably by information gaps because of inadequate collecting, showing the necessity of research in this area.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous</p><p>Coloration. Body coloration usually reddish, sometimes yellowish to brownish. Head (Fig. 1B): Uniformly reddish to brownish. Antennae with scape and pedicel reddish to brown. Labium with first and second labial segments usually concolorous, reddish to brownish, third segment usually yellowish. Thorax (Fig. 1E): Uniformly reddish to brownish, some species with darker regions; anterior and posterior lobes usually concolorous; spines of the humeral angles, meso- and metanotum with the apex reddish, yellowish, or brownish; supracoxal lobes with the posterior margins concolorous with the thorax or paler. Legs (Fig. 1F): Variable between species, meso- and metalegs usually similar to prolegs. Forewings (Fig. 1C, D): Semi-hyaline, yellowish to brownish, veins and pterostigma coloration variable between species. Abdomen: Reddish to brownish.</p><p>Vestiture. Body with sparse, fine, suberect setae. Head: Densely setose, ventral margin of maxillary plate and posteroventral eye margin with a tuft of strong setae. Scape and pedicel with dense, long setae, nearly twice as long as the diameter of the antennal segments; remaining segments with short setae. First and third labial segments with simple, short setae ventrally; second segment with a tuft of strong setae ventrally (Fig. 1B). Thorax: With sparse, fine, suberect setae. Legs: Procoxae with long setae; protrochanters with a pair of tufts of strong setae ventrally; profemora with a ventral row of strong setae, intermixed with dense decumbent setae, anterodorsal surface with a row of strong setae on medial and apical regions; protibiae with dense, suberect setae; scopula present on ventral surface of third tarsomere of all legs.</p><p>Structure. Head (Fig. 1B): Anteocular region nearly as long as postocular region, postocular region globose; interocular sulcus deep, almost straight; clypeus flat. Eyes hemispherical in dorsal view, dorsoventrally ovoid in lateral view. Labium (Fig. 1B): First segment stout; second segment swollen basally, about as long as third; third segment tapering towards apex. Thorax (Fig. 1E): Pronotum longer than wide. Anterior lobe subquadrate, disc rugose, anterior and posterior margins with a pair of lateral blunt protuberances each, anterior pair larger and closer to each other than posterior pair. Posterior lobe trapezoidal, about as long as anterior lobe; humeral angles projecting into spines, usually long (short in some species); transverse furrow deeply impressed. Mesoscutum with a broad base, medially depressed, laterally forming a ridge, apex truncate, tapering into a long, erect spine; scutellum with a posterior blunt process, apically entire or emarginate, and usually concave posteriorly; metanotum with a reclined long or short erect spine. Prosternum with a projected proepisternal process, apex pointed; stridulitrum narrow; prosternal process small; mesosternum longer than prosternum; metasternum slightly shorter than mesosternum. Legs: Procoxae cylindrical; protrochanters triangular; profemora stout; protibiae curved, slightly expanded apically (Fig. 1F), with a flat tibial comb on inner surface; tarsi three-segmented, basal segment the longest; apical segment globose; claws simple, slender and curved. Metalegs slightly longer than mesolegs; meso- and metacoxae ovoid; meso- and metatrochanters triangular; meso- and metafemora, and meso- and metatibiae long and slender; meso- and metatarsi similar to protarsi. Forewings with two or three closed cells, basal cell small, nearly triangular, with short prolongation of the R+ M vein basally; discal cell trapezoidal and elongate. Abdomen: Elongate ovoid (Fig. 2C, D), lateral margins smooth. Segment 8 with the anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin entire, spiracles not projected. Genitalia(Figs 5, 6): Pygophore ovoid in dorsal view, posteromedial process bifid (mpp) reclined at about 45° or nearly vertical, shape of ramus variable between species, posterior margin next to each ramus (pmr) flat or with a pair of blunt processes; genital opening (go) and anterior opening separated by a narrow transverse bridge (br); anterior opening (ao) anteriorly positioned to longitudinal axis of pygophore; area surrounding paramere socket (ps) with short setae. Paramere (pa) long and gently curving apically, slightly wider on the medial region, apical half slightly sharpening, long delicate setae homogeneously distributed on medial and apical surface, apex acute. Phallus (Fig. 6 A-G): Arms of articulatory apparatus (apt) projecting towards lateral margins in dorsal view; with basal plate bridge (bpb) developed, and variable in length. Phallosoma with dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) symmetric, nearly triangular, curved dorsally, rounded to truncate apically, projected laterally or not. Endosoma with a symmetric sclerite ventrally, with elongate sclerites (ese) apically, and triangular short sclerites lateral or apically.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to males in most respects. Macropterous, but S. elkinsi with micropterous form.</p><p>Vestiture. Head: Scape and pedicel with dense, long setae, nearly one time as long as the diameter of the antennal segments. Genitalia: Tergite 8 nearly transversely rectangular, wider than long, posteromedial margin entire, medially with long, semierect setae; tergite 9 nearly oval to quadrangular, posteromedial margin entire, medially with long, semierect setae; gonocoxa 8 (gcx8) nearly rectangular to oval, medial posterior angle projecting into a process, anterior and posterior margins straight, lateral anterior prolongation short and wide, medial margin slightly projected; gonoplac (gpl) formed by two triangular fused sclerites, tapering apically, apex sharp, entire or with a blunt process, lateral external margins straight or slightly sinuose; gonapophysis 9 not sclerotized anteriorly; bursa copulatrix (bc) membranous and ovoid (Fig. 6 H-M).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D910202141B8FFAA7FA37F80E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D910D021A19C2FF0EFAFFF809.text	03BDF73D910D021A19C2FF0EFAFFF809.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica Amyot & Serville 1843	<div><p>KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SAICA AMYOT &amp; SERVILLE, 1843 EXCEPT FOR SAICA CRUENTATA BERGROTH, 1913 (ADAPTED FROM CHAMPION 1898 &amp; MCATEE &amp; MALLOCH 1923)</p><p>1. Macropterous ............................................................................................................................................... 2</p><p>— Micropterous (female) .................................................................................................. S. elkinsi Blinn, 1994</p><p>2. Forewing with three closed discal cells (Fig. 1D) .......................................................................................... 3</p><p>— Forewing with two closed discal cells (Fig. 1C) ............................................................................................ 4</p><p>3. Posterolateral margins of abdominal segment 7 of female with spiniform caudal projections (Fig. 3E) ............ .......................................................................................................... S. meridionalis Fracker &amp; Bruner, 1924</p><p>— Posterolateral margins of abdominal segment 7 of female flat .................... S. apicalis Osborn &amp; Drake, 1915</p><p>4. Humeral angle spines nearly three times (or more) longer than the width of their base ................................ 5</p><p>— Humeral angle spines as long as the width of their base ………............................ S. subinermis Hussey, 1953</p><p>5. Body coloration pale brown to yellowish (Figs 2 I-L), apex of outer discal cell usually shorter than pterostigma, abdomen slender and narrow basally ............................................................... S. erubescens Champion, 1898</p><p>— Body coloration different, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma, abdomen less slender and not narrowed basally (except in S. lativentris) ........................................................................................ 6</p><p>6. Body coloration ochraceous to brown, membrane of forewing usually dark, posteromedial process of pygophore not elevated and medially concave ................................................................................................................ 7</p><p>— Body coloration reddish, with some parts darker or paler but mostly red, membrane of forewing concolorous, posteromedial process of pygophore variable ................................................................................................. 8</p><p>7. Thorax ochraceous, anterior portion of posterior lobe and lateral margins of pronotum dark brown, legs uniformly dark brown except protibiae and protarsi orange (Fig. 3H), ramus of posteromedial process of pygophore of the same width along its length (Fig. 5E) ........................................................... S. ochracea Distant, 1902</p><p>— Thorax entirely dark brown, legs uniformly reddish except tibiae and tarsi yellowish (Fig. 4 G-H), ramus of the posteromedial process of pygophore tapering apically (Fig. 5J) ......................................... S. tupackatari n. sp.</p><p>8. Posterior process of scutellum with apex entire, semicircular in caudal view ................. S. elkinsi Blinn, 1994</p><p>— Posterior process of scutellum with apex conspicuously emarginated (Fig. 1I) .............................................. 9</p><p>9. Posterior process of scutellum inverted scoop-shaped, and deeply emarginated (Fig. 1I) ............................ 10</p><p>— Posterior process of scutellum more or less arcuate laterally and notched but not conspicuously expanded (Fig. 1H).................................................................................................................................................... 11</p><p>10. Pro- and mesonotal spines with the apex yellowish, legs uniformly reddish brown, metanotal spine near as long as the width of its base; posterolateral margins of ramus (pmr) with a pair of conspicuous tubercles (Fig. 5G) .......................................................................................................................... S. rubripes Champion, 1898</p><p>— Pro- and mesonotal spines with the apex reddish, legs uniformly reddish, metanotal spine nearly three times longer than the width of its base, posterolateral margin of ramus flat, without processes (Fig. 5B) .................. ................................................................................................................................ S. carayoni Villiers, 1943</p><p>11. Body coloration pale red, coxae, trochanters and tibiae (except basally), antennae, and forewings paler (Figs 4 IL); posteromedial process of pygophore medially forming an obtuse angle and ramus directed more laterad than upwards (Fig. 5I) ............................................................................................................. S. tibialis Stål, 1862</p><p>— Body coloration not as above, posteromedial process of pygophore medially concave and ramus different as above ......................................................................................................................................................... 12</p><p>12. Body coloration dark red; antennae, medial and apical region of femora, tibiae, and forewings dark brown with the pterostigma reddish .................................................................................................. S. fuscipes Stål, 1862</p><p>— Body coloration red or pale red, forewings yellowish or paler .................................................................... 13</p><p>13. Body coloration pale reddish, pronotal spines usually with the apex reddish or brownish, veins of forewings yellowish, femora uniformly brownish (Figs 3 I-L), posterior margins of ramus (pmr) with a pair of short blunt tubercles, posteromedial process of pygophore deeply concave medially (Fig. 5F), and nearly vertical in lateral view (Fig. 5N) ................................................................................................... S. recurvata (Fabricius, 1803)</p><p>— Body coloration red, pronotal spines usually with the apex yellowish, veins of the forewing basally reddish, femora uniformly reddish (Fig. 3C), posterior margins of ramus flat, posteromedial process of pygophore angulated medially (Fig. 5D), at 45° position in lateral view (Fig. 5M)................................... S. lativentris Villiers, 1943</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D910D021A19C2FF0EFAFFF809	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D910F021E18D0FD01FDAFFBCB.text	03BDF73D910F021E18D0FD01FDAFFBCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica apicalis Osborn & Drake 1915	<div><p>Saica apicalis Osborn &amp; Drake, 1915</p><p>(Figs 2 A-D; 5A, K; 6A, H; 7).</p><p>Saica apicalis Osborn &amp; Drake, 1915: 530 . — McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923: 250 [key], 251 [cit.]. — Villiers 1943a: 199 [cit.]; 1943b: 322 [cat.]. — Wygodzinsky 1949: 63 [cat.]. — Elkins 1951: 411 [cit.]. — Froeschner 1988: 644 [cat.]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 478 [cat.]. — Blinn 1994: 65 [key], 66 [cit.]. — Gil-Santana &amp; Marques 2005: 406 [taxonomy]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.]. — Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo 2023: 6 [phylogenetic analyses].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Lectotype (here designated). Guatemala • 1 ♂; Los Amates; 18-28.II.1905; OSUC 0179304 (high-resolution images).</p><p>Paralectotypes. Guatemala • 2 ♀; Los Amates; 18-28.II.1905; OSUC 0179305, OSUC 0179306; specimen with abdomen missing; OSUC 0179302 (high-resolution images) .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Panama • 1 ♂; Chiriqui: Pto. Limones; 21.XI.1963; Duret; MACN • 1♀; Chiriqui, Pto. Armuelles; XI.1963; Duret; MACN • 1 ♂; Chorrera: PNAC, CII A Chileno; 29.V.2018; J. A. Ramirez; Netting; STRI / [BCI167421]. Colombia • 1 ♂; Choco: Riosucio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.0/lat 7.0)">Zarabanda</a>; 7°N, 77°E; 18 m; 1.I.1993; L.F. Mendoza; UNAB • 1 ♀; Cundinamarca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.0/lat 4.0)">Guayabetal</a>; 4°N, 73°E; 1200 m; 10.III.1996; F. Munevar; UNAB • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.0/lat 3.0)">Tocaima</a>; 3°N, 74°E; 400 m; 21.VI.1989; J.B.; UNAB • 1 ♂; Nariño: Tumaco, CI <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.0/lat 1.0)">El Mira</a>; 1°N, 78°E; 16 m; 1.IV.2017; E. Vergara; manual; UNAB • 1 ♂; Norte de Santander: La Silla; 10.III.1961; Duret; MACN • 1 ♂; Putumayo: Mocoa, Vda. Pueblo Viejo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.0/lat 1.0)">Fca. Villa Locha</a>; 1°N, 76°E; 690 m; 28.II.2016; AD Meneses; manual; UNAB / [ Reduviidae _049] • 1 ♂; Santander: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.0/lat 5.0)">Barbosa Cite</a>; 5°N, 73°E; 1700 m; 28.VIII.2004; E. Villarraga, jama; UNAB. French Guiana [Guyane] • 1 ♂; Piste Mt des singes: Kourou; 1.XI.1989; G. F.; JMB. Brazil • 1 ♂; Minas Gerais: Caratinga; 1.XII.1980; Martínez; MACN. Ecuador • 1 ♀; Los Ríos: Quevedo, Pichilingue; 1.V.1976; Martínez; MACN. Argentina • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Corrientes: Ituzaingó; Res. Santa María; 26.IV.2003; M. Chayle; MLP .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Forewing with three closed cells (Fig. 1D); coxae and trochanters reddish, femora dark brown with apex reddish, tibiae dark brown with base reddish (Fig. 2 A-D); humeral angle spines of variable length, divergent, and apically acute (Fig. 2B, D); mesonotal spine short and acute; posteromedial process of pygophore concave medially, ramus long, angulated, and dorsally projected (Fig. 5A).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Guatemala, Panama, French Guiana, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Geraes), and Argentina (McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923; Villiers 1943b; Froeschner 1988; Maldonado Capriles 1990; Melo &amp; Coscarón 2004; Gil-Santana &amp; Marques 2005; Gil-Santana 2008; Melo et al. 2017). The record from Texas, United States by Elkins (1951) is based on one single specimen collected at light. Blinn (1994) suggested that this record could be an exotic species accidentally introduced or a mislabeling. Considering that it is a doubtful record, it is not included here. First records from Colombia and Ecuador (Fig. 7).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 2A, B). Head: Reddish. Scape and pedicel dark brown, reddish on basal and apical portions; basi- and distiflagellomeres brown. First visible labial segment reddish, second and third visible labial segments yellowish. Thorax: Reddish, spines slightly yellowish at apex. Procoxal cavity, procoxa and protrochanter reddish, profemur dark brown with basal and apical portions reddish, protibia dark brown with basal portion reddish and apical part pale brown, protarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg except for meso- and metatibiae dark brown with the base reddish. Forewing yellowish with veins and pterostigma reddish to yellowish. Abdomen: Reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 2B): Humeral angle spines of variable length but usually short, nearly one time longer than the width of their base. Mesonotal spine straight, nearly twice as long as its base. Protuberance of scutellum with apex slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins slightly expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine sinuous, 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with three closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal segment 2 not conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia (Figs 5A, K; 6A): Anterior region of the genital opening (go) narrow in dorsal view, posterior margin of pygophore flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) not elevated basally and concaved medially. Ramus vertical and angulated, apical region narrowed with an apical acute projected process, nearly five or more times longer than its base. Phallus with dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular, apex truncated, subapical lateral margin slightly projected laterally, lateral projection shorter than dps apex (Fig. 6A).</p><p>Female (Fig. 2C, D)</p><p>Macropterous. Similar to males in most respects, but humeral angles spines usually longer.</p><p>Structure. Abdomen: Posterolateral angles of tergite 7 flat. Genitalia:Tergite 9 nearly quadrangular. Gonoplac apex entire with external margins angulated (Fig. 6H).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica apicalis shares with S. meridionalis the presence of three closed cells on the forewing; however, besides the body coloration differences, the females of S. apicalis lack the protruding processes on the lateral angle of the abdominal segment 7 that is present in S. meridionalis . Saica apicalis and S. subinermis share the comparatively shorter spines of the humeral angles of pronotum, but the general coloration pattern and the posteromedial process of pygophore are conspicuously different between them.</p><p>Osborn &amp; Drake (1915) described S. apicalis on the basis of one male and four females, that are deposited in OSUC. However, they did not provide a designation of the holotype in their original description. High-resolution images were examined of four syntype specimens: one specimen with an absent abdomen labelled as “type,” and one male and two female specimens labelled as “paratype’. We suspect that these labels were added posteriorly, probably by a curator, giving this, we designate the male as lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D910F021E18D0FD01FDAFFBCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D9109021E1902FBA0FBAFFC2A.text	03BDF73D9109021E1902FBA0FBAFFC2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica carayoni Villiers 1943	<div><p>Saica carayoni Villiers, 1943</p><p>(Figs 2E, F; 5B; 7)</p><p>Saica carayoni Villiers, 1943a: 197; 1943b: 323 [cit.]. — Wygodzinsky 1949: 63 [cat.]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 478 [cat.]. — Gil-Santana &amp; Marques 2005: 405 [cit.]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • ♂; São Paulo: Est. de São Paulo, Val. Du Rio Pardo; E. Gounelle; MNHN-EH-EH25369 (high-resolution images, Fig. 2E, F).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Coloration red, with apex of thoracic spines yellow; antennae, coxae, trochanters and femora reddish (Fig. 2F); posterior margin of pygophore flat; posteromedial process of pygophore deeply concave medially, ramus curved and laterally projected (Fig. 5B).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil (São Paulo) (Villiers 1943a, b) (Fig. 7).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Figs 2E, F). Head: Red. Scape and pedicel reddish, basi- and distiflagellomeres pale brown. First and second visible labial segments reddish, third visible labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Reddish. Proleg reddish, except apical portion of protibia and tarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to prolegs. Forewing pale brown with veins and pterostigma reddish. Abdomen: Reddish, medial region of the abdominal sternites pale brown.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 2F): Humeral angle spines long, three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with its apex slightly concave and conspicuously concave posteriorly, lateral margins conspicuously expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal segment 2 not conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia: Posterior margin of pygophore flat, and densely setose. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) deeply concaved medially. Ramus curved and projected laterally, nearly twice as long as its base, apical region narrowed with an acute and projected apical process (Fig. 5B).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica carayoni is known only by the holotype. This species is similar to S. rubripes, because both species have the basal process of the scutellum inverted scoop-shaped and deeply emarginated in caudal view. However S. carayoni shows the posterior margin of pygophore flat ( S. rubripes has a pair of protruding processes); and the ramus of the posteromedial process of pygophore is longitudinally angulated (in S. rubripes is nearly straight).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D9109021E1902FBA0FBAFFC2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D9109021E1BEBFBC0FC7DFA28.text	03BDF73D9109021E1BEBFBC0FC7DFA28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica cruentata Bergroth 1913	<div><p>Saica cruentata Bergroth, 1913</p><p>Saica cruentata Bergroth, 1913: 234 . — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 478 [cat.]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.].</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — French Guiana (Bergroth 1913) (Fig. 7).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Only known from a female specimen. Bergroth (1913) suggested that S. cruentata could be related to S. erubescens, but that it can be distinguished by the different coloration pattern and scarce setation. The holotype was not found in any collection, and we consider it is lost. No other specimens assignable to the species were found in the collections studied.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D9109021E1BEBFBC0FC7DFA28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D9109021D1BCEF9C6FEE3FA48.text	03BDF73D9109021D1BCEF9C6FEE3FA48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica elkinsi Blinn 1994	<div><p>Saica elkinsi Blinn, 1994</p><p>(Figs 2 G-H; 7)</p><p>Saica elkinsi Blinn, 1994: 62 [key]. — Hagerty &amp; McPherson 1999: 151 [dist.]. — Clem et al. 2019: 168, 170, 189 [dist.]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Paratype. United States • 1 ♀; Florida: Dunellon; 12.VI.1939; Oman (USNM) (high-resolution images, Fig. 2 G-H) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Coloration uniformly pale reddish (Fig. 2G, H), basal process of scutellum with apex entire and semicircular in caudal view, macropterous and micropterous females recorded by Blinn (1994).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — United States (Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Alabama, Virginia, Florida) (Blinn 1994; Hagerty &amp; McPherson 1999; Clem et al. 2018) (Fig. 7).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Female</p><p>Micropterous or macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig.2 G-H). Head: Pale reddish. Antenna reddish, except distiflagellomere pale brown. First and second labial segments reddish, third labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Reddish to orange, spines yellowish. Procoxal cavity, procoxa and protrochanter orange, profemur reddish with basal portion orange, protibia orange with apical portion reddish, protarsus orange; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish with veins and pterostigma orange. Abdomen: Mostly orange, dorsally reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 2H): Humeral angle spines long, three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times as long as its base. Protuberance of the scutellum with apex entire and slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, 0.2 times the length of the mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal segment 2 not conspicuously narrower than posterior segments; posterolateral angles of tergite 7 flat, without processes. Genitalia: Tergite 9 nearly quadrangular.</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous (based on original description and illustrations of Blinn [1994]). Similar to female in most respects. Genitalia: Posterior margin of pygophore flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore elevated basally and angulated medially. Ramus nearly straight and projected laterally, almost twice as long as its base, apical region narrowed with an apical acute and projected process.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica elkinsi is the northernmost species of the genus and the only one with micropterous females, a condition that can be useful to distinguish it.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D9109021D1BCEF9C6FEE3FA48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D910A021C1925FA27FE38FE94.text	03BDF73D910A021C1925FA27FE38FE94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica erubescens Champion 1898	<div><p>Saica erubescens Champion, 1898</p><p>(Figs 2 I-L; 5C, L; 6B, I; 7)</p><p>Saica erubescens Champion, 1898: 178 [key]. — McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923: 250 [key]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Lucas et al. 2016: 557 [dist.]. — Swanson 2020: 974 [female descript.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Panama • ♂; Bugaba: Champion; BMNH [BMNH(E) 1688178] (high-resolution images).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Panama • 1 ♂; Panama <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.84806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.154722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.84806/lat 9.154722)">Oeste Province</a>: Barro Colorado Is.; 9°9’17”N, 79°50’53”W; 6-7.V.2019; light trap LT-ARM3-MAY2019-B; Bobadilla, Lopez, Perez, Ramirez; STRI; BCI169355. Colombia • 1 ♂; Santander: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.0/lat 6.0)">Carmen de Chucurí</a>; 6°N, 73°E; 801 m; 25.II.2018; C. Neita E. Torres and M. I. Castro; Trampa de luz UV; IAVH-E; IAVH-E-206089. Nicaragua • 1 ♀; Rama; IX.1962; MACN.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Recognized by the pale brown to yellowish coloration, with pterostigma, subapical region of femora, and humeral angles reddish (Fig. 2 I-L); abdomen slender and narrowed basally, posteromedial process of pygophore elevated and angulated medially (Fig. 5C), and nearly vertical in lateral view with the apex slightly curved anteriorly (Fig. 5L).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador (Champion 1898; McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923; Maldonado Capriles 1990; Lucas et al. 2016; Swanson 2020). First records for Colombia and Nicaragua (Fig. 7).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 2I-J). Head: Pale brown to yellowish.Antenna yellowish, pedicel with a pale brown medial band. First and second labial segments brown, third labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Pale brown to yellowish, pronotum laterally brown, spines yellowish. Procoxal cavity, procoxa, and protrochanter pale brown, profemur pale brown with apical portion reddish, protibia and protarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish with pterostigma reddish to pale brown. Abdomen: Pale brown.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 2J): Humeral angle spines three or more times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times as long as or longer than its base. Protuberance of the scutellum with the apex and posterior region entire, the lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, nearly 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell variable in length. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia: Anterior region of genital opening wide in dorsal view, posterior margin of pygophore flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) elevated basally and angulated medially (Fig. 5C). Ramus nearly straight and projected laterally, almost three times longer than its base, apical region narrowed with a rounded and slightly projected apical process. Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular, apex truncated, subapical lateral margin not laterally projected (Fig. 6B).</p><p>Female (Fig. 2 K-L)</p><p>Macropterous. Similar to male in most respects.</p><p>Structure. Abdomen: Posterolateral angles of tergite 7 with a pair of acute processes Genitalia: Tergite 9 nearly oval. Apex of the gonoplac with a blunt process, and the external margins sinuate (Fig. 6I).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica erubescens shows a unique coloration pattern as it is the paler species of the genus. The acute processes on the posterolateral angles of the abdominal segment 7 in the females is a characteristic shared with S. meridionalis, but S. erubescens can be easily recognized by the entirely yellowish to pale brown coloration and the usually narrow basal abdominal region. The particular structure of the gonoplac, with a blunt process on the apex, is a character shared with S. tibialis, but these latter species is considerably different by its color pattern, reddish with whitish areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D910A021C1925FA27FE38FE94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D910B021C196AFE62FF69F809.text	03BDF73D910B021C196AFE62FF69F809.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica fuscipes Stal 1862	<div><p>Saica fuscipes Stål, 1862</p><p>(Figs 3A, B; 7)</p><p>Saica fuscipes Stål, 1862: 441 . — Champion 1898: 177 [key and remarks]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Swanson &amp; Chordas III 2018: 399, 413 [dist.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Mexico • ♀; NHMW, REDV.721/1 (high-resolution images, Fig. 3 A, B).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Coloration dark red, except for the dark brown antennae, most part of femora (except base), tibiae, and forewings; pterostigma brightly reddish (Fig. 3A, B).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala (Champion 1898; Maldonado Capriles 1990; Swanson &amp; Chordas III 2018) (Fig. 7).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Female</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 3A, B). Head: Red. Scapus and pedicel dark brown, basi- and distiflagellomere yellowish. First and second labial segments reddish, third labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Red, base of mesonotal spine whitish. Procoxal cavity, procoxa and protrochanter reddish; profemur dark brown except for basal region reddish; protibia and protarsus dark brown; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing brown, veins basally reddish, pterostigma brightly reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 3B): Humeral angle spines three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of the scutellum with apex entire, slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Missing in the holotype specimen examined.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica fuscipes shows similarities with S. recurvata and S. lativentris, because the posterior process of scutellum is more or less arcuate laterally and notched but not conspicuously expanded, but the coloration pattern of this species is different from the others. The species was described from a female, and the male is currently unknown; unfortunately, the abdomen of the holotype is missing (Fig. 3B), making impossible to document and compare the female genitalic structures.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D910B021C196AFE62FF69F809	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D910B02021BE2FF03FDBEFDD5.text	03BDF73D910B02021BE2FF03FDBEFDD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica lativentris Villiers 1943	<div><p>Saica lativentris Villiers, 1943</p><p>(Figs 3C, D; 5D, M; 6C; 7)</p><p>Saica lativentris Villiers, 1943a: 197 . — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Lectotype (here designated). Brazil • ♂; Ceará: Serra de Baturité; 1.I.1898; Noalhier; MNHN-EH-EH-25368 (high-resolution images).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Bolivia • 1 ♂; Beni: Pucara; 1.X.1993; JMB .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Coloration reddish, pronotal spines usually with apex yellowish, veins of forewing reddish basally, femora uniformly reddish (Fig. 3C, D), posteromedial process of pygophore medially angulated (Fig. 5D), and nearly at 45° in lateral view (Fig. 5M).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil (Ceará) (Maldonado Capriles 1990). First record for Bolivia (Fig. 7).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 3C, D). Head: Red. Antenna reddish, except for the pale brown distiflagellomere. First and second labial segments reddish, third labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Reddish, spines yellowish apically. Proleg reddish, except for apical portion of protibia and protarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish, with veins basally and pterostigma reddish. Abdomen: Reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 3D): Humeral angle spines three or more times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times as long as or longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with apex and posteriorly entire, lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia: Anterior region of the genital opening (go) of pygophore wide in dorsal view, posterior margin flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) elevated basally and angulated medially (Fig. 5D). Ramus nearly straight and projected laterally, almost three times longer than its base, apical region narrowed, apex with a rounded and slightly projected apical process, nearly at 45° in lateral view (Fig. 5M). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular, apex rounded, subapical lateral margin slightly projected laterally, lateral projection shorter than the apex of the dps (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Female</p><p>Macropterous. The only feature described by Villiers (1943a) is the horizontal position of the “genital valves”; we were not able to study the female syntype nor any other female specimen of this species.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica lativentris seems closely related to S. tibialis by the position of the posteromedial process of pygophore at 45° to the base, the basally reddish veins of the forewings, and the different coloration of the apex of the thoracic spines. Nevertheless, S. lativentris can be recognized by the conspicuously narrower base of the abdomen and the flat posterior margin of the pygophore.</p><p>Villiers (1943a) described the species on the basis of a male and a female, but without designation of holotype, here we selected the male syntype as lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D910B02021BE2FF03FDBEFDD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D9115020218F3FDA2FB58FC8A.text	03BDF73D9115020218F3FDA2FB58FC8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica meridionalis Fracker & Bruner 1924	<div><p>Saica meridionalis Fracker &amp; Bruner, 1924</p><p>(Figs 3E, F; 6J; 8)</p><p>Saica meridionalis Fracker &amp; Bruner, 1924: 164 [descript.]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Gil-Santana &amp; Marques 2005: 405 [cit.]. — Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo 2023: 6 [phylogenetic analyses].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Brazil • ♀; Amazonas: Manaos; 15.XI.1919; Flores; USNM 51735 (high-resolution image).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Colombia • 1 ♀; Santander: La Belleza; Ver. Los Naranjos; 21.III.1997; H. Marin; UNAB. Guyane • 1 ♀; CSG Kourou; 16.X.2007; coll. JMB • 1♀; Delanglade: La Victoire; 5.VI.1997; B. Hermier; coll. JMB • 1♀; Mt des singes; 26.VIII.1996; Vesco J.P. réc.; coll. JMB .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Forewing with three closed cells, posterior margin of abdominal tergite 7 in females with a pair of caudolateral spiniform protruding processes (Fig. 3E), apex of the gonoplac rounded (Fig. 6J).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Brazil (Amazonas) (Maldonado Capriles 1990). First records for Colombia and French Guiana (Fig. 8).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Female</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 3 E-F). Head: Reddish to brownish. Scapus dark brown with reddish on basal and apical regions. All labial segments reddish. Thorax: Reddish, apex of the spines slightly dark red to yellowish. Procoxal cavity red, procoxa and protrochanter reddish, profemur dark brown with basal and apical regions reddish, protibia dark brown with basal portion reddish and apical portion pale brown, protarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg except by the meso- and metatibiae dark brown with the base reddish. Forewing yellowish with veins and pterostigma reddish to yellowish apically. Abdomen: Entirely reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 3F): Humeral angle spines nearly two or three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with its apex slightly concave, conspicuously concave posteriorly, lateral margins slightly expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, nearly 0.5 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with three closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 not conspicuously narrower than the other abdominal tergites. Posterolateral angles of tergite 7 with a pair of spines. Genitalia: Tergite 9 nearly oval. Apex of gonoplac entire, with external margins rounded (Fig. 6J).</p><p>Male Macropterous. Male specimens were not examined here; but the original description referred to a male paratype as very similar to the female holotype [male genitalia not described or illustrated]. Forewing with three closed discal cells, membrane just reaching apex of abdomen in both sexes.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica meridionalis is similar to S. apicalis, as both species have three closed cells on the forewing; nevertheless, S. meridionalis shows longer humeral angle spines, the females have the protruding processes on the posterolateral angles of the abdominal segment 7, and the apex of the gonoplac is rounded. Unfortunately, the posteromedial process of the pygophore was not described in the original description, and the male paratype was not found for this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D9115020218F3FDA2FB58FC8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D911502011BF8FC61FE14FCCA.text	03BDF73D911502011BF8FC61FE14FCCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica ochracea Distant 1902	<div><p>Saica ochracea Distant, 1902</p><p>(Figs 3 G-H; 5E; 8)</p><p>Saica ochracea Distant, 1902: 175 . — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Ecuador • ♂; Paramba; 3500 m; 1.IV.1997; Rosenberg: dry season; UCR_ENT00018447; NHMUK01358906; BMNH(E) 1688179 (high-resolution images, Fig. 3 G-H).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — General body coloration ochraceous, with anterior portion of pronotal posterior lobe and lateral margins of pronotum dark brown; legs dark brown, with protibia and protarsus orange (Fig. 3 G-H); apex of paramere conspicuously acute (Fig. 5E), and posteromedial process of pygophore deeply concave medially with ramus projecting laterally (Fig. 5E).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Ecuador (Distant 1902) (Fig. 8).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 3 G-H). Head: Pale brown, darker laterally. Antenna and labium dark brown. Thorax: Pale brown, except for posterior lobe of the pronotum dark brown dorsally and laterally. Procoxal cavity pale brown; procoxa, protrochanter and profemur dark brown; protibia and protarsus orange; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg except for meso- and metatibiae dark brown. Forewing yellowish. Abdomen: yellowish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 3H): Humeral angle spines short, three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Metanotal spine straight, 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 not conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia: Posterior margin of pygophore flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) not elevated basally and deeply concaved medially (Fig. 5E). Ramus longitudinally curved and projected laterally, longer than two times its base, apical region narrowed with an apical acute and projected process. Paramere apex acute (Fig. 5E).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica ochracea is similar to S. tupackatari n. sp. as both species are brownish, but S. ochraceus shows the anterior portion of the posterior lobe and lateral margins of the pronotum darker, the legs are uniformly dark brown except for the protibiae and protarsi orange, and the ramus of the posteromedial process of pygophore is apically wide. They also seem closely related by the length and shape of the metanotal spine that is sinuous and more than 0.5 longer than its base. Species only known from the male holotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D911502011BF8FC61FE14FCCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D911602001939FCA1FC98FE15.text	03BDF73D911602001939FCA1FC98FE15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica recurvata (Fabricius 1803)	<div><p>Saica recurvata (Fabricius, 1803)</p><p>(Figs 3 I-L; 5F, N; 6D, K; 8)</p><p>Zelus recurvatus Fabricius, 1803: 286 .</p><p>Saica rubella – Amyot &amp; Serville 1843: 372 [taxonomy]. — Champion 1898: 177 [key and remarks].</p><p>Saica recurvata antillarum – McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923: 251 [key, n. subspecies]. — Fracker &amp; Bruner 1924: 163 [cit.]. — Villiers 1943b: 323 [syn.]. n. syn.</p><p>Saica recurvata – Stål 1868: 129 [taxonomy]. — Wygodzinsky 1947: 424 [dist.]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Gil-Santana &amp; Marques 2005: 406 [cit.]</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Lectotype (here designated). America Meridionali • 1 ♀; [no country given]; Dom. Smidt; NHMD; ZMUC00103076 (high-resolution images).</p><p>Paralectotype • 1 ♂; [no locality label]; NHMD; ZMUC00103077 (high-resolution images) .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Panama • 1 ♀; Panama Province: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.84806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.154722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.84806/lat 9.154722)">Barro Colorado Is</a>; 9°9’17”N, 79°50’53”W; 25-26.V.2017; Arizala, Bobadilla, Lopez, Ramirez; light trap; STRI; BCI154428 • 1 ♂; 17.VI.2015; M. Lucas; beating; STRI; BCI112651 • 1♂; Bobadilla, González, Osorio, Perez; light trap; 31.VIII.2011; STRI; BCI43621 • 1 ♀; 1.III.2011; Bobadilla, González, Osorio, Perez, light trap; STRI; BCI37066 • 1 ♂; Bobadilla, González, Osorio, Perez; light trap; 3.V.2011; STRI; BCI40792. Colombia • 1♀; Risaralda: Pueblo Rico; Montezuma Ecolodge; 5.9 km WbN de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.0836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.23016" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.0836/lat 5.23016)">Pueblo Rico Bosque</a> húmedo; 5.23016°N, 76.0836°E; 1336 m; 12-15.IX.2017; D. Forero; MPUJ _ENT; MPUJ _ ENT 0057282. French Guiana [Guyane] • 1 ♀; Mt des chevaux; 16.XII.2009; SEAG leg.; vitre; JMB • 1♂; Nourague; 19.II.2010; SEAG leg.; vitre; coll. JMB • 1 ♀; Patawa: PK 36; 26.II.1996; G. F.; coll. JMB • 1 ♀; Saul; 14.III.2011; SEAG rec; piège vire V1; coll. JMB. Bolivia • 1♂; Nigrillani: NOR-Yungas; 1.I.1950; Suilar; MACN • 1 ♀; Santa Cruz: Pcia. Ichilo; Buenavista; Tacú; 1.III.1951; Martínez; MLP .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Body coloration pale reddish, with apex of pronotal spines usually reddish or brownish, veins of the forewing yellowish, and femora uniformly brownish (Fig. 3 I-L). Posterior margin of pygophore with a pair of blunt processes; posteromedial process deeply concaved medially, ramus longitudinally curved and projecting laterally, apically wide (Fig. 5F), and nearly vertical in lateral view with the apex slightly curved (Fig. 5N).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, St. Vincent, Grenada, Colombia, Suriname, Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso), and Bolivia (Champion 1898; McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923; Villiers 1943b; Wygodzinsky 1947, 1949; Maldonado Capriles 1990; Gil-Santana &amp; Marques 2005). French Guiana (first record)(Fig. 8).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 3I-J). Head: Reddish to orange. Antenna brown. First and second labial segments reddish, third labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Reddish to orange, spines yellowish with apex pale reddish. Procoxal cavity reddish; procoxa and protrochanter reddish, profemur dark brown; protibia brown; protarsus pale brown; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish, veins concolorous to orange. Abdomen: Reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 3J): Humeral angle spines three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with the apex entire, slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine sinuous, nearly 0.5 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 not conspicuously narrower than other abdominal tergites. Genitalia: Anterior region of genital opening (go) wide in dorsal view, posterior margin with a pair of blunt processes (Fig. 5F). Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) not elevated basally, but deeply concave medially. Ramus curved and projecting laterally, nearly three times longer than their base, apically wide and with a rounded and slightly projected apical process, nearly vertical in lateral view with apex slightly curved (Fig. 5N). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular, apex truncated, subapical lateral margin slightly projected laterally, lateral projection shorter than dps apex (Fig. 6D).</p><p>Female</p><p>Macropterous (Fig. 3 K-L). Similar to male in most respects.</p><p>Structure. Abdomen: Posterolateral angles of tergite 7 flat. Genitalia: Tergite 9 nearly quadrangular. Apex of the gonoplac entire, with the external margins angulated (Fig. 6K).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Champion (1898) suggested that S. recurvata is similar to S. fuscipes, but both species can be easily separated by their color patterns, unfortunately the genital morphology of S. fuscipes could not be studied.</p><p>McAtee &amp; Malloch (1923) described the subspecies S. recurvata antillarum based on specimens from the West Indies; and only considering the variation of the length of thoracic spines (shorter in S. recurvata antillarum) for separating the subspecies. However, we observe that the length of thoracic spines is a variable character within the specific level in Saica, and without additional characters supporting this difference, it is unnecessary to keep the subspecies.</p><p>Fabricius (1803) described the species based on specimens from “America meridionalis”. Two specimens are considered as the syntype material, but only one is labeled as the “type”.Here, the designate the female bearing the “type” label as lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D911602001939FCA1FC98FE15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D91170200193FFDE2FC2FFA08.text	03BDF73D91170200193FFDE2FC2FFA08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica rubripes Champion 1898	<div><p>Saica rubripes Champion, 1898</p><p>(Figs 4 A-D; 5G, O; 6E, L; 8)</p><p>Saica rubripes Champion, 1898: 177 — McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923: 251 [key]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.]. — Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo 2023: 6 [phylogenetic analyses].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Lectotype (here designed). Panama • Chiriqui: 1 ♂, 25-4000 ft, Champion; NHMUK013589071 / UCR_ENT00018427; BMNH; BMNH(E) 1688182 (Fig. 4 A, B). Paralectotypes. Panama • V. de Chiriqui: 1 ♂, 25-4000 ft, Champion; BMNH; NHMUK013589072 • 1 ♀; idem; 25-4000 ft, Champion; BMNH; NHMUK015105198 • 1 ♀; idem; 2-3000 ft, Champion; BMNH; NHMUK015105199. Colombia [Columbia] • 1 ♀, NHMUK015105197 (high-resolution images).</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Panama • 1 ♂; Chorrera: PNAC; Altos de Campana; 865 m; 27-31.V.2018; J. A. Ramirez, A. Santos; light trap; STRI; BCI167423 • 1 ♂; 865 m; 27-31.V.2018; J. A. Ramirez, A. Santos; netting; STRI; RED00266 • 1 ♂; Panama Province: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.84806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.154722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.84806/lat 9.154722)">Barro Colorado</a>; 9°9’17”N, 79°50’53”W; 30.IV.2015; M. Lucas; beating; MPUJ _ ENT; BCI111833 • 1 ♀; Veraguas prov.: Santa Fé; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.1203&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.51225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.1203/lat 8.51225)">Cerro Mariposa</a>; 8°30.735’N, 81°07.218’W; 800-1170 m; 30.V.2015; L. Sekerka and K. Stajerová igt.; individual collecting; NMPC. Bolivia • 1 ♀; Santa Cruz: Refugio Los Volcanes; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.58472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.58472/lat -18.105)">Bermejo</a> env.; 18°06’18”S, 63°35’5”W; 1-4.V.2012; O. Konvicka igt.; NMPC .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Body coloration mostly reddish; posterolateral margin of pronotum reddish to slightly yellowish, spines yellowish; legs red to brown, except for protarsus pale brown; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg; forewing pale brown (Fig. 4 A-D); process of scutellum conspicuously concave posteriorly and deeply emarginated; posterior margin of pygophore with a pair of conspicuous tubercles (Fig. 5G); posteromedial process of pygophore nearly vertical in lateral view (Fig. 5O).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Cuba, Panama, and Colombia (Champion 1898; McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923; Maldonado Capriles 1990). First record for Bolivia (Fig. 8).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 4A, B). Head: Red. Scape and pedicel dark brown, basi- and distiflagellomeres yellowish. First labial segment mostly red, base brown; second segment red; third segment yellowish. Thorax: Red to dark orange, posterolateral margin of pronotum reddish to slightly yellowish, spines yellowish. Proleg red, except for protarsus pale brown; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing pale brown to yellowish, veins concolorous. Abdomen: Red, posteromedial process of pygophore yellowish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 4B): Humeral angle spines nearly two or three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with apex entire, conspicuously concave posteriorly, lateral margins conspicuously expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, nearly 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 not conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia: Anterior region of genital opening (go) of pygophore narrow in dorsal view, posterior margin of ramus with a pair of pointed processes (Fig. 5G). Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) elevated basally and deeply concaved medially. Ramus curved and projecting laterally, nearly three times longer than its base, apically narrowed with an acute and projected apical process (Fig. 5G), nearly vertical in lateral view (Fig. 5O). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular with apex truncated, subapical lateral margin laterally projected, lateral projection shorter than dps apex (Fig. 6E).</p><p>Female</p><p>Macropterous (Fig. 4 C, D). Similar to male in most respects.</p><p>Structure. Abdomen: Posterolateral angles of tergite 7 flat. Genitalia: Tergite 9 nearly quadrangular. Apex of gonoplac entire, with external margins rounded (Fig. 5L).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Champion (1898) suggested that S. rubripes could be related to S. recurvata, but the coloration pattern, and the thoracic spines structure, particularly the scutellum process allow for separating them. In addition, Champion (1898) observed differences in the arrangement of the setae in the profemur between S. recurvata and S. rubripes, but after examining a series of specimens, we do not find them.</p><p>The species was described by Champion based on seven specimens from Panama and Colombia, including males and females. Only five syntype specimens are deposited in the BMNH collection; here we designate a male from Panama as lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D91170200193FFDE2FC2FFA08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D911702041BEEF9E6FE44FAA8.text	03BDF73D911702041BEEF9E6FE44FAA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica subinermis MOTS CLES Hussey 1953	<div><p>Saica subinermis Hussey, 1953</p><p>(Figs 4 E-F; 5H; 8)</p><p>Saica subinermis Hussey, 1953: 64 . — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Swanson 2020: 978 [cit.].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Mexico • ♂; Michoacán: 12 ml.s Tzitzio on Huetamo rd.; 19°20’N, 100°50’W; 1050 m; 10.VII.1947; T. H. Hubbell / Holotype, Saica subinermis 1952, Hsy, Det. R. S. Hussey; UMMZ (high-resolution images, Fig. 4E, F) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Body coloration reddish with basal half of femora and tibiae entirely orange (Fig. 4E, F); spines of humeral angles short (Fig. 4E); posteromedial process of pygophore medially concave with ramus laterally projected (Fig. 5H).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Mexico (Hussey 1953) (Fig. 8).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 4 E-F). Head: Reddish. Antenna orange. Labium reddish. Thorax: Reddish, apex of meso- and metanotal spines yellowish. Procoxal cavity, procoxa and protrochanter orange; profemur basally orange, apically reddish; proti - bia orange, basally reddish, protarsus orange; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish with veins orange, pterostigma reddish. Abdomen: Orange, pygophore slightly darker.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 4F): Humeral angle spines short, as long as their base. Mesonotal spine sinuous, near twice as long as its base. Protuberance of scutellum with apex slightly concave posteriorly, lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine sinuous, nearly 0.5 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 not conspicuously narrower than rest of abdomen. Genitalia: Posterior margin of ramus flat; posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) deeply concaved medially (Fig. 5H); ramus angulated and projecting laterally, nearly twice as long as its base, apical region narrowed.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica subinermis is similar to S. apicalis, considering the short length of the thoracic spines of both species; but S. subinermis can be distinguished by the two closed cells on the forewing, the reddish pattern of the femora basally, the entirely orange tibiae, and laterally projected rami of pygophore. Species only known from the male holotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D911702041BEEF9E6FE44FAA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D9113020B196DFA47FE93F80E.text	03BDF73D9113020B196DFA47FE93F80E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica tibialis Stal 1862	<div><p>Saica tibialis Stål, 1862</p><p>(Figs 4 I-L; 5I, P; 6F, M; 8)</p><p>Saica tibialis Stål, 1862: 441 . — Champion 1898: 178 [key and remarks]. — McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923: 250 [key]. — Maldonado Capriles 1990: 479 [cat.]. — Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo 2023: 6 [phylogenetic analyses].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Lectotype (here designated). Mexico • ♀; Coll. Signoret; tibialis det. Stål; B.C.A. Rhyn. II, Saica tibialis ♀; Syntypus Saica tibialis Stål, 1862, etik. Hecher 1996; NHMW; REDV.723/1 (high-resolution images).</p><p>Paralectotype. Mexico • ♀; Signt; tibialis Stål; 197 53; NHRSGULI000001761 (high-resolution images) .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Colombia • 1♀; La Sierra; 7.I.1996; García Parra; UNAB • 1 ♂; Cundinamarca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.40972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2769446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.40972/lat 4.2769446)">Arbelaez</a>; 4°16’37”N, 74°24’35”W; 1417 m; 22.X.1989; H. Parra; UNAB • 1 ♂; La Mesa; 22.IX.1992; D. Rodríguez; UNAB • 1 ♂; Sasaima, Vda. Nariz Alta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.433334/lat 4.9666667)">Finca El Tapaz</a>; 4°58’N, 74°26’W; 1150 m; 21.VI.2012; L. Sánchez; jama en arbusto; UNAB • 1 ♀; Silvania; 15.XI.2009; Jhon Delgado; manual en hoja; UNAB • 1 ♂; W a Fusagasugá, Vda. Mesitas; cultivo de café; 6.XI.1997; J. Cuellar; UNAB; Meta: San Juan de Arama • 1 ♀; Ropain; 23.III.1997; UNAB • 1 ♂; Risaralda: Pueblo Rico; Montezuma Ecolodge; 5.9 km WbN de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.0836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.23016" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.0836/lat 5.23016)">Pueblo Rico Bosque</a> húmedo; 5.23016°N, 76.0836°E; 1336 m; 2-7.IX.2018; C. Cubillos, trampa de luz UV; MPUJ _ENT • 1♂; Valle del Cauca: Cali, Univalle; 3°22’46.3”N, 76°31’86.9”W; 970 m; 15.II.2005; Entomophilo, manual sobre Pithecellobium dulce; MUSENUV • 1 ♂; Dagua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.597&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.5533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.597/lat 3.5533333)">Reserva Chicoral</a>; 03°33’12.0”N, 76°35’49.2”W; 1982 m; Juan D. Kuri, manual; MUSENUV. Argentina • 1 ♀; Misiones, Piñalito; 1952; Viana; MACN .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Coloration pale red with antennae, third visible labial segment, coxae, trochanters, apical region of tibiae, and forewings whitish (Fig. 4 I-L); posteromedial process of pygophore elevated and medially angulated, rami laterally projected (Fig. 5I), nearly at 45°, and with apex slightly curved anteriorly (Fig. 5P); gonoplac with a blunt projection at apex (Fig. 6M).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, and Argentina (Champion 1898; McAtee &amp; Malloch 1923; Maldonado Capriles 1990; Carpintero et al. 2006). First record for Colombia (Fig. 8).</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 4 I-J). Head: Red, postocular tuff of setae yellowish to orange. Scape dark brown with a yellowish basal band; pedicel dark brown, basi- and distiflagellomeres pale brown. First labial segment red, second and third segments yellowish. Thorax: Red to dark orange, lateral margins and spines whitish with their base red and apex brown. Procoxal cavity red with posterior margins whitish; procoxa and protrochanter whitish, profemur red, protibia red with apical portion whitish, protarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish, base of veins and pterostigma reddish to orange. Abdomen: Red, except whitish medial region of sternites 3 to 5.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 4J): Humeral angle spines long, three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with apex and posteriorly entire, lateral margins not expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine straight, nearly 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Genitalia: Anterior region of genital opening (go) wide in dorsal view, posterior margin flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) elevated basally and angulated medially. Ramus almost straight and projected laterally, nearly three times longer than its base, apical region narrowed with an acute and projected apical process (Fig. 5I), nearly at 45°, with apex slightly curved anteriorly (Fig. 5P). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular, apex rounded, subapical lateral margin not projected (Fig. 6F).</p><p>Female</p><p>Macropterous (Fig. 4 K-L). Similar to male in most respects</p><p>Coloration. Thorax: Entirely red.</p><p>Structure. Abdomen: Posterolateral angles of tergite 7 triangular and angulated. Genitalia: Tergite 9 nearly oval. Apex of gonoplac with a blunt process, with the external margins sinuate (Fig. 6M).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica tibialis is easily recognized by its unique coloration pattern. In addition, the structure of the posteromedial process of pygophore and the shape of the gonoplac are very useful taxonomic characters to separate this species. Champion (1898) suggested that S. tibialis could be allied to S. erubescens, considering probably the paler coloration of some regions of the body, and the similar posteromedial process of pygophore. However the coloration pattern is conspicuously different as well as the structure of the endosomal sclerites.</p><p>Stål (1862) described the species based on male and female specimens from Mexico. However, he did not indicate the number of specimens. Two female syntypes are deposited in the NHMW and NHRS collections, but the male specimen was not found in the collections where Stål material is deposited. Here, we selected the female from NHMW as lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D9113020B196DFA47FE93F80E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
03BDF73D911C020A1BC5FAC7FA31F928.text	03BDF73D911C020A1BC5FAC7FA31F928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saica tupackatari María & Melo 2024	<div><p>Saica tupackatari n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 4 G-H; 5J, Q; 6G; 8)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 38B5DDCC-8C9F-4AD3-B1E0-B7D0ECBDE765</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Bolivia [Bolivie] • ♂; Piste Camote-Apollo; 1000 m; 7.XI.2002; Bleuzen réc. / Saica tupackatari Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo 2024; MNHN.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — This new species is named after the Aymara leader “Tupác Katari” (Julián Apaza Nina) of the resistance indigenous movement against the Spain colony in Bolivia and Peru. Tupác means “shiny” in Quechua, and Katari means “snake” in Aimara. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Bolivia (Fig. 8).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Coloration mostly brown (Fig. 4 G-H), apex of thoracic spines whitish, forewing yellowish with pterostigma red, legs mostly reddish with apical 3/4 of tibiae and tarsi yellowish (Fig. 4H); posteromedial process of pygophore widely concave medially, ramus short and slightly projected laterally (Fig. 5J) and nearly vertical in lateral view (Fig. 5Q); lateral margins of the dorsal phallotecal sclerite conspicuously produced laterally, lateral projections longer than dps apex (Fig. 6G).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Male</p><p>Macropterous. Measurements in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 4 G-H). Head: Brown. Scape dark brown (rest of antennal segments missing). First and second labial segments brown, third labial segment yellowish. Thorax: Dark brown, apex of meso- and metanotal spines yellowish. Procoxal cavity, procoxa and protrochanter brown, profemur reddish, protibia yellowish with basal portion reddish, protarsus yellowish; meso- and metalegs similar to proleg. Forewing yellowish, base of veins and pterostigma reddish. Abdomen: Reddish.</p><p>Structure. Thorax (Fig. 4H): Humeral angle spines long, three times longer than their base. Mesonotal spine straight, three times longer than its base. Protuberance of scutellum with apex slightly concave, conspicuously concave posteriorly, lateral margins slightly expanded in caudal view. Metanotal spine sinuous, nearly 0.2 times the length of mesonotal spine. Forewing with two closed cells, apex of outer discal cell extending as far as apex of pterostigma. Abdomen: Abdominal tergite 2 not conspicuously narrower than posterior segments. Genitalia: Anterior region of genital opening (go) of pygophore narrow in dorsal view, posterior margin of pygophore flat. Posteromedial process of pygophore (mpp) not elevated basally and widely concaved medially. Ramus angulated and projected vertically, nearly three times longer than their base, apical region narrow with an acute and projected apical process (Fig. 5J), nearly vertical in lateral view (Fig. 5Q). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) nearly triangular, apex truncated, subapical lateral margin laterally projected, lateral projection longer than dps apex (Fig. 6G).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Saica tupackatari n. sp. is the darkest species of the genus. Considering this, it looks similar to S. ochracea, but S. tupackatari n. sp. can be distinguished by the entirely dark brown thorax, and the uniformly reddish legs except the yellowish tibiae and tarsus, the acute ramus, and the conspicuously laterally projected dorsal phallotecal sclerite, a unique condition in the genus. The species is only known from the male holotype.</p><p>CLADISTIC ANALYSIS</p><p>The IW analyses resulted in two different topologies, corresponding to two ranges of k -values. The topologies are almost identical and recovered Saica as monophyletic and the clade Pseudosaica + Polytoxus as its sister group. A clade composed by S. elkinsi, S. erubescens, S. tibialis, and S. lativentris is recovered in all topologies but in the analyses with k -values from 8 to 10, S. elkinsi is recovered as sister species of S. erubescens, with one additional tree with a different relative position of Polytoxus armillatus and P. esakii in the k -values 9 and 10. In k -values 11 and 12, S. elkinsi is recovered as sister group of the clade ( S. erubescens + ( S. tibialis + S. lativentris)), with one additional tree with a different relative position of the same Polytoxus species that in the anterior analyses, in the k -value 11.</p><p>The most parsimonious tree obtained from the analysis with k -value=12 has a total fit of 7.44502 (CI = 50, RI = 72), recovering Saica as monophyletic (Fig. 9) and supported by one synapomorphy: the bifid posteromedial process of pygophore (#64-1), and three homoplastic characters: the thin simple setae on the gular region (#6-1), the near straight parameres (#73-1), and the projected lateral margin of the dorsal phallotecal sclerite (#83-1). Pseudosaica + Polytoxus clade is recovered as the sister group of Saica, and it is supported by nine synapomorphies: the simple setae on the ventral margin of the second visible labial segment arranged in a tuft (#10-1), the ventral surface of the procoxa with stout simple setae (#17-1) arranged in several tufts of setae (#18-1), the posterior margin of scutellum with a protuberance (35-1), the r-m crossvein of the forewing present (45-1), the procoxa nearly one time the length of the protrochanter (49-1), the protibia curved (50-1), the basal plate arms longer than the dorsal process of the basal plate (#76-1), and the basal plate extension as long as or longer than the basal plate (#79-1). Our results are congruent with the hypotheses of Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo (2023) about the monophyly of Saica, but the sister-group hypothesis is not congruent because they recovered only Polytoxus as sister-group of Saica .</p><p>Our analyses recovered the clade S. ochracea + S. tupackatari n. sp. as the sister-group of remaining Saica species, but with low support. The internal relationships have a low support except for the clades G and H (Fig 74). The clade G is composed by ( S. subinermis + ( S. apicalis + S. meridionalis)) and it is supported by one synapomorphy: the posteromedial spine of mesonotum only twice as long as the base of the spine (#34-0). The clade ( S. meridionalis + S. apicalis) is supported by two synapomorphies: the forewing with three closed cells (#44-1) and the M and CU veins basally fused (#47-1). The clade ( S. meridionalis + S. apicalis) was also recovered by Castro-Huertas &amp; Melo (2023) and was supported by the presence of three closed cells in the forewing (character 84-1) and the posterior process of the scutellum with the anterior margin emarginated (character 79-1).</p><p>The clade H is composed by ( S. elkinsi ( S. erubenscens ( S. lativentris + S. tibialis))) and it is supported by a two synapomorphies from the posteromedial process of the pygophore: the elevated base (#67-1) and the angulated medial margin (#68-1). The clade S. lativentris + S. tibialis is supported by one synapomorphy: the bifid posteromedial process of pygophore in lateral view located nearly at 45° to the base (#65-0).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF73D911C020A1BC5FAC7FA31F928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas;Melo, María Cecilia	María, Valentina Castro-Huertas, Melo, María Cecilia (2024): Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae, Emesinae, Saicini): taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters. Zoosystema 46 (32): 813-845, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a32, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2024v46a32.pdf
