identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BC5A4BFFB1FFDDFCBE72C60570F94E.text	03BC5A4BFFB1FFDDFCBE72C60570F94E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Itaspiella parana Noreña & Damborenea & Brusa 2005	<div><p>Itaspiella parana n. sp.</p> <p>(Figure 2)</p> <p>Locality</p> <p>Paraná and Colastiné rivers near Santa Fe´, Argentina. Sublittoral, sandy sediments, October 1989.</p> <p>Material Some individuals studied alive and one of them sagittally sectioned (4.5 mm).</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: one sagittally sectioned specimen deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (cat. no. MNCN 4.01 /45).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific name refers to the Paraná river where the specimens were found.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Length about 2 mm. Rapid and extremely spastic movements through the sand grains. Body fusiform, dorsally convex, ventrally flat, cross-section triangular (Figure 2a), colourless and transparent. Anterior part of the body with a small cephalic lobe and a row of sensory bristles. Two strong bristles laterally, behind the lobe. Posterior end with numerous adhesive papillae. Pharynx cylindrical, in the middle of body. Encapsulated, characteristically shaped brain communicated with the statocyst through subepidermal muscle fibres. Frontal glands situated behind the brain. Creeping sole extending from the anterior end to the posterior end, sparser behind the genital pore. Epidermis is devoid of dorsal cilia, provided with rod-shaped adenal rhabdites. Epidermal nuclei depressed.</p> <p>There are three rows of adhesive papillae: two on the lateral margins and one dorsally situated. The papillae consist of one or three cells with connecting subepidermal glands. The posterior end of the body shows a special adhesive area with well-developed papillae. The cylindrical pharynx is situated horizontally, twice as long as wide, with completely ciliated epithelium and the longitudinal muscle layer next to the epithelium. All the pharynx glands are extrapharyngeal and aggregated ventrolaterally. The gut is not extended above the brain. The gastrodermis is thin-walled. The small ovaries at the basis of the pharynx are not divided into follicles and contain only a few oocytes. The two regular rows of testes, with about seven follicles each, are situated below the prepharyngeal gut, separated from each other by a longitudinal fold of the gut. There are two lateral rows of yolk follicles along the body, without a gap along the pharynx. The common oviduct, running on the right side of the atrium, arises by fusion of the two germovitelloducts behind the pharynx. The common genital pore is located near the posterior end. The atrium is funnel-like and receives the bursa stalk from behind, the penis needles dorsally and the shell glands frontally. Cement glands discharge their secretion through the body wall around the gonopore. The male copulatory apparatus consists of a large ovoid seminal vesicle, a caudal diverticulum, a distal tubular prostatic vesicle and a cuticular apparatus. This latter structure comprises 15 needles, each 48.5 mm long, and a medial 54 mm long stylet (‘‘Trichterrohr’’ after Ax 1956). The needles are proximally straight, distally curved, with a short, pointed denticle above the tip. The stylet is dagger-like and pointed distally. The bursa (‘‘primäre Bursalorgan’’ after Ax 1956), with nucleated epithelium and a weak muscular layer, is situated behind the common atrium, and is connected to the latter by a long tubular insemination canal or stalk.</p> <p>Ecological features. Itaspiella parana was found in the middle Paraná river in sublittoral sediments composed of fine and medium-grained sand. This interstitial habitat, influenced by high water-currents and poor in organic matter, shows generally low biological diversity and abundance. According to the abiotic factors measured in the sample areas (Table I), the ecological characterization is estimated as follows: stenothermic, mesoeuryionic, rheobiotic, stenobiotic, stenoecious freshwater inhabitant.</p> <p>Discussion. Itaspiella parana is the first known freshwater representative of genus Itaspiella. At present, only three freshwater species belonging to the Otoplanidae are known: Pseudosyrtis fluviatilis (Gieysztor, 1938) Ax, 1956, P. subterranea (Ax, 1951) Ax, 1956 and P. neiswestnovae Riemann, 1965. Despite its freshwater habitat, I. parana is a typical representative of the subfamily Otoplaninae. It shares the following characters with genus Itaspiella: epidermis with depressed nuclei; two rows of testicular follicles in front of the pharynx; two rows of yolk follicles beside the testes, and beside and behind the pharynx; cuticular apparatus consisting of needles and a stylet; and unpaired bursa behind the common atrium.</p> <p>The genus Itaspiella is based on I. helgolandica helgolandica (Meixner, 1938) Sopott, 1972 from the North Sea. Other taxa from the Pacific Ocean are included in the genus: I. helgolandica magna (Ax and Ax, 1967) Sopott, 1972; I. bursituba Karling, 1964; I. bodegae Karling, 1964, and I. macrostilifera Tajika, 1984. The main features and differences between the species are the number of testicular follicles, number of needles and the presence or absence of a precerebral gut diverticulum. Itaspiella h. helgolandica shows 8–10 pairs of testicular follicles and seven to eight needles (Sopott 1972); I. bursituba 17–22 testicular follicles and 10 needles; I. bodegae 20–30 testicular follicles and 10 needles, and I. macrostilifera seven very strong needles. I. parana is clearly differentiated from its congeners by the presence of a compact bursa, 15 needles and about seven pairs of testicular follicles, and most notably by its habitat, a freshwater environment.</p> <p>Itaspiella parana is the first record of genus Itaspiella from South America, and the first freshwater record for the Otoplaninae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC5A4BFFB1FFDDFCBE72C60570F94E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noreña, Carolina;Damborenea, Cristina;Brusa, Francisco	Noreña, Carolina, Damborenea, Cristina, Brusa, Francisco (2005): New freshwater interstitial Otoplanidae (Platyhelminthes: Proseriata) from the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, South America. Journal of Natural History 39 (18): 1457-1468, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400001574, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400001574
03BC5A4BFFB5FFDCFF1F76A004FEFABA.text	03BC5A4BFFB5FFDCFF1F76A004FEFABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kata Marcus 1949	<div><p>Kata sp.</p> <p>(Figure 3)</p> <p>Locality</p> <p>Uruguay river near Las Cañas, Río Negro Department, Uruguay. Sublittoral, sandy sediments, November 2002.</p> <p>Material</p> <p>Ten immature individuals studied alive, six immature specimens sagittally sectioned (4 mm), voucher specimens deposited in Helminthological Collection, Museo de La Plata, Argentina (cat. no. 5312).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>The live specimens studied move fast and very spastically. Colourless and translucent, approximately 1 mm long. Anterior end clearly set off as a cephalic lobe with long sensory bristles. Two lateral pairs of strong bristles behind the lobe. Two groups of rhabdites at each side on the cephalic lobe. Caudally tapering evenly to pointed end. Numerous, fingerlike adhesive papillae at the posterior end, and also distributed at moderately regular distances along the body. Epidermis with depressed nuclei. The ciliated creeping sole extending from the anterior end to the genital pore. Well-developed ventral muscle layers. Large, cylindrical and horizontally located pharynx situated in the last third of the body. The gut does not extend above the characteristically shaped brain.</p> <p>The reproductive organs were not entirely developed. One pair of small immature ovaries lie at the basis of the pharynx. There are two lateral rows of yolk follicles, with gaps beside and behind the pharynx in the studied animals.</p> <p>Discussion. The genus Kata is characterized by the following features: depressed epidermis; adhesive papillae mainly in the posterior end; conical caudal end; cylindrical pharynx topographically arranged in the last third of the body; testes, two rods of yolk glands and paired ovaries in front of the pharynx; cuticular apparatus with circular positioned needles and with or without stylet; paired or unpaired bursal organ with a dorsal porus vaginalis. Not considering the male copulatory organ and the bursal organ, of which hardly anything is known, the captured specimens are closely related to the species of genus Kata, specially due to their external characteristics and internal anatomy, and are consequently regarded (provisionally) as a species of Kata.</p> <p>In the event that this species belongs to genus Kata, it is necessary to emphasize that this would be the first record of a specimen of Kata in a freshwater habitat.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC5A4BFFB5FFDCFF1F76A004FEFABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noreña, Carolina;Damborenea, Cristina;Brusa, Francisco	Noreña, Carolina, Damborenea, Cristina, Brusa, Francisco (2005): New freshwater interstitial Otoplanidae (Platyhelminthes: Proseriata) from the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, South America. Journal of Natural History 39 (18): 1457-1468, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400001574, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400001574
03BC5A4BFFB5FFD0FCB173DE0496FD9D.text	03BC5A4BFFB5FFD0FCB173DE0496FD9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philosyrtis rauli Noreña & Damborenea & Brusa 2005	<div><p>Philosyrtis rauli n. sp.</p> <p>(Figure 4)</p> <p>Locality</p> <p>Uruguay river near Las Cañas, Rio Negro Department, Uruguay. Sublittoral, sandy sediments, November 2002, January and February 2003.</p> <p>Material</p> <p>Ten individuals (mature and immature) studied alive, six immature and two mature specimens sagittally sectioned (4 mm).</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: one sagittally sectioned specimen deposited in the Helminthological Collection, Museo de La Plata, Argentina (cat. no. 5313). Paratype: one sagittally sectioned specimen deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (cat. no. MNCN 4.01 /46).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>This species is dedicated to Raúl Codina.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>The living animals are 0.8–1.1 mm long and about 0.09 mm thick, fast-moving and strongly spastic. Colourless and transparent. The cephalic lobe is not clearly set off, but it is provided with long sensory bristles (Figure 4a). Adhesive papillae and bristles on the lateral side of the body at more or less regular distances, more abundant at the posterior end. Numerous needle-like rhabdites grouped behind the encapsulated brain, anterior to the pharynx and between the testes, forming two parallel rows. Isolated rhabdites over the entire body. Epidermis unciliated dorsally, ventrally well developed, ciliated and forming a creeping sole. Pharynx internally ciliated, before the middle of the body. Gut extending from the brain to the posterior end of the body, behind the vesicula seminalis.</p> <p>Ovaries situated at the basis of the pharynx. Two lateral rows of yolk follicles running from the pharynx to the posterior end. Only one pair of testicular follicles in adult animals, and up to three pairs in juveniles, situated just behind the brain and in front of the ovaries. Male copulatory apparatus consisting of an ovoid vesicula seminalis, the prostatic glands and the cuticular apparatus. The cuticular apparatus consisting of eight needles 23 mm long and 2.73 mm thick. The needles are proximally straight with an elongated, sickle-like terminal end (Figure 4b). Bursa absent.</p> <p>Biology. Philosyrtis rauli was found on a beach with sandy sediment near Las Cañas. According to the abiotic factors measured in the sample areas (Table I), the ecological characterization is estimated as follows: rheobiotic, thermophilic (it is unquestionably a mesotypical species with thermophilic tendencies that depend on its adaptation to warm environments), stenobiotic (poly-oxibiotic), mesoionic, freshwater inhabitant.</p> <p>Discussion. Philosyrtis rauli is a typical representative of the subfamily Paratoplaninae (Ax 1956) and shares the following features with genus Philosyrtis: depressed epithelium in the regions of the creeping sole, dorsally unciliated epithelium; long, finger-like papillae; pharynx in the middle of the body; two rows of testicular follicles and paired ovary in front of the pharynx; two rows of yolk follicles behind the pharynx; cuticular apparatus with needles, but without stylet; absence of a bursa.</p> <p>The genus Philosyrtis includes eight species, three of them occurring in South America: P. sanjuanensis Ax and Ax, 1974, P. santacruzensis Ax and Ax, 1974 (Galápagos Islands, Ecuador) and P. eumeca Marcus, 1950 (Brazil).</p> <p>The main difference between Philosyrtis rauli and other South American Philosyrtis species lies in the cuticular apparatus. Whereas P. sanjuanensis and P. santacruzensis bear two groups of needles, one dorsal and one ventral, and P. eumeca has three groups of needles with different structure and localization, P. rauli shows a semicircle with a single type of needle. A similar cuticular apparatus can be found in P. rotundicephala Sopott, 1972, but this species differs from P. rauli in the number of needles (10 needles in P. rotundicephala, eight needles in P. rauli) and in the shape of their distal end. Another difference between the two species is the number of testicular follicles, only one pair in P. rauli (character shared with P. eumeca) and four pairs in P. rotundicephala.</p> <p>Philosyrtis rotundicephala is a marine species from northern Europe, while P. rauli is the only freshwater species of the genus, from interstitial habitats of the Uruguay river. Within the Paratoplaninae only three species of Pseudosyrtis (P. subterranea, P. fluviatilis and P. neiswestnovae) have been recorded for brackish/freshwater habitats.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC5A4BFFB5FFD0FCB173DE0496FD9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Noreña, Carolina;Damborenea, Cristina;Brusa, Francisco	Noreña, Carolina, Damborenea, Cristina, Brusa, Francisco (2005): New freshwater interstitial Otoplanidae (Platyhelminthes: Proseriata) from the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, South America. Journal of Natural History 39 (18): 1457-1468, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400001574, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400001574
