taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 4).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (Ashmead 1896; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from a gall ‘ not unlike Neuroterus saltatorius (Edwards, 1874) occurring on Quercus agrifolia ’ (Ashmead 1896: 189). Also, from small round brown galls, 2.0 mm in diameter located on upper sides of leaves of Q. agrifolia (Fullaway 1911: 371; McCracken & Egbert 1922: 58), as well as from unknown galls on Q. garryana (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus agrifoliae was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 4).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 42 a) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 31901 F 1 - A 222 - 4 DC 2 - 948 E-FA 0 A 37 BC 4 FF 5	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 141, Sierra Fría (Aguascalientes, AGS), 22 ° 11 ’ 51.1 ’’ N, 102 ° 35 ’ 29.5 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Andricus sp., 2464 m, Q. potosina, (14. ii. 2011) 17. ii. 2011, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus ashmeadi Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPE (1 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Mr. William Harris Ashmead (1855 – 1908), an American entomologist who specialized on parasitic Hymenoptera, including gall wasps.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus ashmeadi, sp. nov. is the only species that lacks notauli, which at most appear as very shallow, inconspicuous, and hardly traceable grooves visible only under optimal illumination of the specimen. In addition, it is one of a few species that have the mesoscutum uniformly coriaceous-punctate, with conspicuous punctures covering all of the surface (Fig. 1 g) (usually entirely alutaceous, coriaceous, or more or less carinated in the rest of species). Synergus ashmeadi, sp. nov. is also characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, with parallel striae covering all of the surface, including the speculum (Fig. 1 e); hyaline wings (Fig. 1 a); and the mesoscutellum medially coriaceous and laterally and posteriorly wrinkled (Fig. 1 g).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 1). Body black and yellow. Head mainly yellow, vertex and occiput medially and around the occipital foramen, black. Antenna yellow, the tip somewhat darker. Mesosoma mainly black; pronotum yellow or anterolaterally black and the rest, yellow; mesopleuron completely black or with yellow speculum; mesopleural triangle and tegula, yellow. Metasoma black dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 1 b) trapezoid, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli slightly longer than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, with a few weak wrinkles and very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 1 c) is 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles and small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 5.5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles and small punctures. Antenna (Fig. 1 d). 14 - segmented (7: 4: 12: 11: 11: 10: 8: 8: 6: 5.5: 4.5: 4: 4: 7.5); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 3 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.6 times as long as wide; F 1 slightly longer than F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment about 2.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 1 e). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly coriaceous to weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 1 g) about 1.1 times as wide as long, uniformly coriaceous-punctate; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended about 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli absent, at most with two very weakly depressions on the mesoscutum where notauli are usually present; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 1 g) rounded, almost as long as wide, anteriorly coriaceous, posteriorly and laterally wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles, not projected; scutellar foveae subquadrate to ovate, well impressed and delimited, the bottom with longitudinal weak carinae and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 1 e) regularly and densely striated, interspaces finely coriaceous anteriorly; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3 / 4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae almost straight and parallel. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous, only the posterior vein somewhat pigmented (Fig. 1 h). Rs + M inconspicuous, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Shorter than head plus mesosoma, almost as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 1 f). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of very few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended almost 1 / 3 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 1 f, dot line); not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide (very narrow) and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Aguascalientes.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of Andricus (Fig. 42 a) on Q. potosina.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	description	(Figure 2)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Mich’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Gillette’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 27932 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Acc- No 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCal’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus atra Gill. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00779906 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus atra Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2 ♂ & 2 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Ag. Coll. Mich’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ CollCF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus atra Gill’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 27932 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus atra Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♂); ‘ Mich’ (white label) / ‘ C. P. Gillette’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Allotype No. 27932 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus atra Gill. ♂ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus atra Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♂); ‘ Manitou, Colo. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ CollCF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Weld thinks this cannot be a type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ atra Gill. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus atra Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♀); ‘ Biol. 117 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27932 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960061 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus atra Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus atra belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth areas; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; F 1 longer than F 2 and antenna of females with 13 segments; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; and syntergum without micropunctures posteriorly or just with a posterodorsal patch never laterally extended. This species differs from others belonging to this group (S. bicolor, S. medullae, S. dimorphus, S. digressus, S. brevicornis and S. lignicola, see below) by having frons sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, with striae running from toruli towards lateral ocelli (Fig. 2 d) (coriaceous, weakly wrinkled and / or with punctures, but never with sharp striae in the rest of species); POL more than 2.0 times as long as OOL (less than 2.0 times in the rest of species); notauli complete but less impressed and interrupted by carinae anteriorly (Fig. 2 c) (complete and well defined in their entire length in the rest of species); metasoma, at least in females, as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 2 b) (longer than high in the rest of species); and male antenna with 14 segments (15 in the rest of species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0 mm (n = 3). Color (Fig. 2). Mainly dark brown to black. Frons, vertex and occiput dark brown to black, lower face and gena dark yellow to brownish orange with some black surfaces. Antenna yellow, the tip darker. Mesosoma completely dark brown to black, tegulae dark brown. Metasoma dark chestnut to reddish black. Legs testaceous to yellow, with some infuscate areas, coxae dark. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin just slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, with striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli; without punctures (Fig. 2 d). Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely striated, with scattered punctures (Fig. 2 d). POL: OOL: LOL = 11: 5: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5 (Fig. 2 d). Occiput slightly imbricated, with scattered punctures. Antenna (Fig. 2 c). 13 - segmented; short, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.3 times as long as F 1; pedicel almost 2.0 times as long as wide; F 1 about 2.0 times as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 2.5 times as long as wide and somewhat more than 2.0 times as long as F 10. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 2 b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.31. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 2 c) about as wide as long, with dense and discontinuous weak carinae, interspaces coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, almost reaching 1 / 2 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but less impressed and visible anteriorly, somewhat interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 2 c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly carinated to wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subtriangular, well impressed and delimited, the bottom weakly sculptured and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 2 a) anteriorly reticulated, medially and basally more regularly striated, speculum finely striated; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings (Fig. 2 b). Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein well defined. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 2 b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a small posterodorsal patch of minute micropunctures; not dorsodistally incised, very slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 1.5 mm (n = 2). Antenna 14 - segmented; F 1 about 2.0 times as long as F 2 (fully as long as F 2 and F 3 together), slightly curved, medially incised, long, more broadened apically than basally. Metasoma shorter and with a more widespread posterodorsal patch of minute micropunctures.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Michigan and Colorado (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from an unknown gall and from asexual galls of Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893) (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus atra was described from 3 ♂ and 6 ♀ (Gillette 1896: 86). We located and examined 2 ♂ and 3 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but D. rubens galls were collected from several species of oaks from Quercus section (Burks 1979: 1092): Q. arizonica, Q. x undulata, Q. qambelii, Q. oblongifolia, Q. rugosa, Q. turbinella, and Q. toumeyi.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	description	(Figure 3)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ 1657 June 28 – 83 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 3290 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus atripennis Ashm. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00779908 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus atripennis Ashmead, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (3 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ 1657 June 28 – 83 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 3290 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) ‘ USNMENT 00960131 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ atripennis’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus atripennis Ashmead, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (3 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Along with Synergus distinctus (see below), S. atripennis differs from the rest of species known within this genus from the New World by having smoky wings (commonly hyaline in Synergus). Synergus atripennis differs from S. distinctus by having female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 3 c) (14 in S. distinctus, Fig. 12 b); vertex coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures (Fig. 3 c) (wrinkled and with some punctures in S. distinctus, Fig. 12 c); mesopleuron with regular, dense and well-marked transversal striae covering all of the surface, except for a small aciculate, almost smooth, spot under the speculum (Fig. 3 a) (with regular, widely spaced and well-marked transversal striae covering all of the surface in S. distinctus, Fig. 12 b); in females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 3 b) (weakly to not dorsodistally incised in S. distinctus, Fig. 12 a); head amber, except frons, vertex and occiput, black (Fig. 3 b – d) (black in S. distinctus, Fig. 12 b – c); and legs entirely amber (Fig. 3 b) (coxae and trochanters mostly black in S. distinctus, Fig. 12 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.5 mm (n = 4). Color (Fig. 3). Black and amber. Face and gena amber, frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna amber. Mesosoma completely black, tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma, except the first segment, which is black, amber. Legs amber. Wings smoky, veins brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 3 d) trapezoid, just slightly wider than high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin just slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 3 c) is about 2.5 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with scattered small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 13: 9 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 8.5. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna (Fig. 3 c). 15 - segmented; long, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel shorter than F 1; pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 about 1.2 times as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment somewhat more than 3.0 times as long as wide and about 1.3 times as long as F 12. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 3 b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.42. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 3 c) about 1.3 times as wide as long, with dense and discontinuous weak carinae; anterior parallel lines well defined, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and well impressed; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines well impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 3 c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae large, circular to ovate, well impressed but posterior margin not well defined, the bottom weakly sculptured and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 3 a) more or less regularly striated, more strongly striated basally, medially with a small aciculate, almost smooth, spot; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe. Wings (Fig. 3 b). Fore wing pubescent with moderately long marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; areolet visible and well defined. Rs + M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 3 b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and without punctures, following segments finely punctate; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Disholcaspis spongiosa (Karsch, 1880) (= Holcaspis quercusficula Bassett, 1881) (Ashmead 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus atripennis was described from 5 ♀ (Ashmead 1896: 189). We located and examined 4 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but D. spongiosa galls were collected from Q. chapmanii and Q. stellata (Burks 1979: 1093).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	description	(Figure 4)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Colo 1880 ’ (orange label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 27933 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus atripes n. sp. Gill. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00779910 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (4 ♂ & 2 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Colo 1880 ’ (orange label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Allotype No. 27933 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus atripes Gill. ♂ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960072 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♂); ‘ Colo 1880 ’ (orange label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27933 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960196 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♀); ‘ Colo 440 ’ (orange label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 27933 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960453 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♂); ‘ Colo 1708 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27933 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960212 ’ (white label, QR code) (2 ♂); same data as the previous one, but USNMENT 00960056 (1 ♂) and with a red label ‘ Synergus atripes Gill. ’: 1 ♀.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus atripes belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, with non-parallel striae or wrinkles covering all of the surface, sometimes reticulated; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing short, 2.2 times as long as wide; mesoscutum strongly transversely carinated, interspaces sculptured; notauli visible but incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; mesoscutellum entirely carinated to wrinkled; and scutellar foveae inconspicuous to absent. Synergus atripes is morphologically close to S. batatoides (see below), from which differs by having frons and vertex sharply and finely striated, with striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli (Fig. 4 c), vertex with small punctures (wrinkled and punctate, punctures on vertex stronger, in S. batatoides); OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 4 c) (1.5 in S. batatoides); mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced transversal carinae (Fig. 4 b) (strong but dense in S. batatoides); tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (very small in S. batatoides); and in males, F 1 2.0 times as long as F 2, and F 1 long, slightly curved and slightly expanded apically and basally (F 1 1.5 times as long as F 2 and F 1 strongly curved, kidney shaped in males of S. batatoides), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0 – 3.0 mm (n = 3). Color (Fig. 4). Mainly black. Face and gena brownish orange, frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna yellow to testaceous. Mesosoma black, tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma dark chestnut to reddish black. Legs with dark coxae, hind legs almost completely dark (except joints), first and second pair of legs mostly yellow except for some dark areas near joints. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin just slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 4 c) sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, with striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli; without punctures. Head in dorsal view is about 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 4 c) finely striated and with scattered small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 14: 11: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 5.5 (Fig. 4 c). Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna. 14 - segmented; short, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.3 times as long as F 1; pedicel about 2.0 times as long as wide; F 1 about 1.4 times as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 4 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae; anterior parallel lines inconspicuous; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1 / 3, sometimes interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 4 b) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly carinated to wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles, almost inconspicuous; scutellar foveae inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles. Mesopleuron irregularly striated, striae non-parallel and well impressed, interspaces alutaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe. Wings (Fig. 4 a). Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.2 times as long as wide; areolet almost inconspicuous. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma (Fig. 4 a). About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view. First metasomal segment usually with striae reaching only the half of its length, the anterior half smooth. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a small patch of minute micropunctures (sometimes without punctures); not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about 1.5 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0 – 2.5 mm (n = 4). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 almost 2.0 times as long as F 2, slightly curved, medially incised, long, weakly broadened apically and basally. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Colorado (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette, 1893) (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus atripes was described from 6 ♂ and 10 ♀ (Gillette 1896: 96). We located and examined 4 ♂ and 3 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but A. brevipennata was collected from Q. x undulata, Q. gambelii, and Q. turbinella (Burks 1979: 1093).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FCE37676FA01.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 8).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FCE37676FA01.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FCE37676FA01.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Femuros lusum Kinsey, 1937 on Q. laeta (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FB4070CCFB80.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011: 14).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FB4070CCFB80.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FB4070CCFB80.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from undescribed integral and plurilocular galls (provisionally attributed to Callirhytis) on leaves and buds of Q. salicifolia (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 198) and the diagnosis of S. atripes (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1881, 1885; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Callirhytis quercusbatatoides (Ashmead, 1881) on Quercus sp. (Ashmead 1885), probably the live oak Q. virginiana (Ashmead 1881; Burks 1979; Pujade-Villar et al. 2012 a).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus batatoides was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 198).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 202) and the diagnosis of S. coniferae (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from twig swellings, presumably tuberous galls (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019), on Q. chrysolepis (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus bellus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 201).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	description	(Figures 5 – 6, 42 a) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 D 3 D 86 BE- 201 C- 4 D 63 - A 36 D- 01 DF 97 AC 8 B 02	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 141, Sierra Fría (Aguascalientes, AGS), 22 ° 11 ’ 51.1 ’’ N, 102 ° 35 ’ 29.5 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Andricus sp., 2464 m, Q. potosina, (14. ii. 2011) 17. ii. 2011, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus beutenmulleri Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (1 ♂ & 1 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of William Beutenmüller (1864 – 1934), American entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera, but also an active collector and taxonomist of all orders, including Hymenoptera and gall wasps.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus beutenmulleri, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with non-parallel, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior wide band of micropunctures, weakly dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish. Synergus beutenmulleri, sp. nov. is morphologically close to S. linnei, sp. nov. (see below), from which differs by having the lower face with widely spaced striae (Fig. 6 a) (dense in S. linnei, sp. nov., Fig. 22 a); lateral frontal carinae thick and branched distally (Fig. 6 a) (narrow and branched in their entire length in S. linnei, sp. nov., Fig. 22 a); and flagellomeres, especially the first ones, slender and long, F 1 about 9 times as long as wide (Fig. 6 c) (not as slender and long, F 1 about 5 times as long as wide in S. linnei, sp. nov., Fig. 22 c), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.2 – 3.3 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 5 a, b, e). Body mainly yellow, with some dark surfaces. Frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black; lower face and gena, yellow. Antenna dark yellow to testaceous. Pronotum mainly yellow, anterodorsally black; mesoscutum mainly yellowish orange, tinged with some infuscate surfaces anteriorly and laterally; mesoscutellum yellowish orange; scutellar foveae black; mesopleural triangle black; mesopleuron yellowish orange dorsally and medially, black ventrally; propodeum black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma dorsally, anterolaterally and ventrally, dark chestnut to black, yellow laterally. Legs pale yellow, metatarsi dark. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Head. In frontal view (Figs 5 e, 6 a) subquadrate, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with widely spaced striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae also present. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with some wrinkles, without punctures; frontal carinae thick, branched distally and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 6 b) is 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some wrinkles and a few scarce punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 5: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4. Occiput coriaceous. Antenna (Fig. 6 c). 14 - segmented (6: 3.5: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 11: 9.5: 6.5: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 8); long, filiform and thin; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 3 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.2 times as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2 (F 1 sometimes slightly longer), F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment 4.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 6 g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum strongly coriaceous to imbricate, with weak carinae ventrally; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Figs 5 b, 6 i) about 1.2 times as wide as long, weakly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, interrupted by carinae anteriorly, wider and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Figs 5 b, 6 i) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, well impressed and defined, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 6 g) densely and irregularly striated, reticulated anteriorly; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3 / 4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 6 d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae thick, straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 6 e). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 5 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet small, only posterior vein well pigmented (Fig. 6 f). Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with moderately dense pubescence. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma, 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 5 a, 6 h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended somewhat more than 1 / 2 of its length (Fig. 6 h, dot line); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 6 j), not pointed; following segments not visible, micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 6 h). MALE (Fig. 5 c, d). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.3 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented (6: 3: 10.5: 11.5: 10: 9.5: 8: 7: 6: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 4: 5.5) (Fig. 5 c); F 1 about as long as F 2 or slightly shorter than F 2; F 1 straight, almost not incised medially, very slightly modified (Fig. 5 d). POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 3.5: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Mesopleuron more strongly sculptured, the reticulated sculpture more conspicuous. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum more densely and strongly sculptured. Notauli weakly impressed anteriorly and obscured by the sculpture. Propodeal carinae not well defined. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as wide. Mesosoma completely black, metasoma chestnut, metatibiae infuscate (Fig. 5 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Aguascalientes.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of Andricus (Fig. 42 a) on Q. potosina.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	description	(Figure 7)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♂ with the following labels: ‘ Jacknsville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus bicolor Ashm. ♂ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00779925 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♂ Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2 ♂) with the following labels: ‘ Jacknsville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ July, C. succinipes’ / ‘ Synergus bicolor Ash. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♂); ‘ Jacksnville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960112 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♂).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus bicolor belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, which has no smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL but less than 2.0 times; F 1 longer than F 2 and female antenna with 13 segments; lateral pronotum with carinae or wrinkles, at least ventrally; pronotum swollen aside seen from above; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete and well defined in their entire length, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; metasoma, at least in females, longer than high in lateral view; and syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or just with a posterodorsal patch not laterally extended, not dorsodistally incised in females. Synergus bicolor keys out near S. medullae (see below), from which differs by having the transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye (Fig. 7 d) (equal in S. medullae); frons finely wrinkled and with sparse, small piliferous punctures, frontal carinae inconspicuous to absent (Fig. 7 d) and vertex coriaceous, with some small punctures (frons and vertex with broad punctures and frontal carinae very narrow, slightly branched and not reaching lateral ocelli in S. medullae); margins of pronotum strongly swollen aside and somewhat sharp seen from above (Fig. 7 c) (slightly swollen but rounded in S. medullae); and mesopleuron covered with irregular, non-parallel, transversal striae (anteriorly coriaceous, the rest of its surface more or less regularly and parallel, transversely striated, in S. medullae).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Not found (not examined). MALE. Length. Body length 3.0 – 3.5 mm (n = 3). Color (Fig. 7). Black and yellowish orange. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma yellowish orange, mesoscutum with some dark surfaces anteriorly; tegulae yellow. Metasoma chestnut to black. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid to rounded, about as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 7 d) finely wrinkled and with some small punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is almost 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 7 d) coriaceous, with some small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 10: 9 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna. 15 - segmented according to the original description (tips are broken in all the examined specimens); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel longer than F 1; pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 almost 2.0 times as long as F 2 and strongly curved, kidney-shaped; F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Mesosoma. Just slightly longer than high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 7 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled dorsally, carinated basally; lateral margins of pronotum swollen seen from dorsal view, but without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 7 c) about as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum and sometimes interrupted by carinae; notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 7 c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles, almost inconspicuous; scutellar foveae almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles. Mesopleuron (Fig. 7 b) irregularly striated, striae non-parallel and somewhat branched. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae just slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but veins pale. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 7 a). First metasomal segment usually with striae reaching only the half of its length, the anterior half smooth. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures, or at least with a small and almost inconspicuous posterodorsal patch.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Andricus quercusfoliatus (Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus bicolor was described from ‘ several specimens’ (Ashmead 1885: 302). We located and examined 3 ♂ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. Since Ashmead mentions the number of segments of female antenna (13), we assume he found females of this species as well. However, we have not found any female belonging to the type series. In his description, Ashmead does not mention the existence of distinctive traits between females and males but the number of antennomeres (13 in females and 15 in males). Then, we consider females and males show no morphological differences except for the sexual ones. According to the original description, metasoma of both females and males is black. In most of the examined specimens, however, it appears brownish or amber probably due to the pass of time. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but Andricus quercusfoliatus is collected from Q. virginiana (Burks 1979: 1104).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FEED7134FCA5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 204) and the diagnoses of S. atra and S. dimorphus (this work). Distribution. USA: California (Ashmead 1896). Biology. Reared from unknown twig galls of Andricus sp. on Q. wislizeni (Ashmead 1896). Remarks. The type material of Synergus brevicornis was examined and the species was commented and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 204).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 12).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Washington D. C., and Wisconsin (Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) on a white oak, and from similar galls described by Osten-Sacken (1861) on an unknown oak (Osten-Sacken 1865), which may correspond to Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh, 1869) (= Holcaspis duricoria Bassett, 1890) on Q. bicolor (Gillette 1896). Also, from galls of D. quercusmamma and Trigonaspis? quercusforticorne (Walsh, 1864) (= Biorhiza forticornis (Walsh, 1864 )) (Gillette 1896), the latter considered incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. (2018).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus campanula was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 11). The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but D. quercusglobulus was found on Q. alba and Q. prinoides (Burks 1979: 1092). Also, recorded from Q. prinus, but this name applies to two different species: Q. muehlenbergii and Q. montana.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 13).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (Beutenmüller 1918).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Dryocosmus castanopsidis (Beutenmüller, 1917) on C. chrysophylla (Beutenmüller 1918).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus castanopsidis was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Pujade-Villar & Melika (2005: 215), and the species was later treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 13).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFDEFDE5F8F77722FF6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011: 13).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFDEFDE5F8F77722FF6E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFDEFDE5F8F77722FF6E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from undetermined small galls within buds of Q. insignis, probably induced by an undetermined species of Andricus (likely undescribed) (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero, 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 13).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Michoacán (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from spherical galls probably induced by Disholcaspis on twigs of different undetermined species of Quercus, and from undetermined spherical galls on the underside of leaves of Q. glabrescens (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 13).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 14).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida and California (Ashmead 1885; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922); Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011); and Mexico: Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b, 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Synergus citriformis is considered a generalist species, even though it is mainly associated with galls of Amphibolips on oaks within the Lobatae section. Found also in association with woolly galls initiated by Andricus, Striatoandricus (arisen by Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020) to include some previously known species within Andricus) and Cynips, and with other gall morphotypes (never tuberous galls) initiated by Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Disholcaspis, Dros, and Loxaulus on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Ashmead 1885; McCracken & Egbert 1922; Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011; Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b, 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of both Ceroptres citriformis and of one its synonyms, Synergus elegans, was examined and the species was treated by Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017: 6), as well as treated by Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2018: 437) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 683, 2020 c: 14). The type material of Synergus niger was examined, commented on, and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 683).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 a: 133) and the diagnosis of S. obtusilobae (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia: Boyacá (Nieves-Aldrey 2005; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 a).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from acorn galls of Zapatella grahami Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2012 on Q. humboldtii (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 a).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus colombianus was examined and treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2018: 606), as well as treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 a: 133).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	description	(Figures 8 – 9, 42 b) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 D 57 F 2 AF-B 5 F 5 - 4 CD 4 - B 822 - 761 A 11783 BD 9	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 230, Tenextla (Chignahuapan, PUE), 19 ° 50 ’ 8 ” N, 97 ° 59 ’ 34 ” W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex Andricus sp., 2291 m, Q. crassifolia, (12. iii. 2012) 16. v. 2012, Juan M. Vanegas-Rico leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus compressus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (1 ♂ & 1 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same labels as the holotype.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ compressus’ for compressed, regarding the strongly laterally compressed metasoma of females of this species.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus compressus, sp. nov. is characterized and distinguished from other species from the New World by having the metasoma in females strongly laterally compressed. It belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.7 – 3.0 times as long as wide; POL usually longer than OOL; gena not broadened behind eye; F 1 and F 2 subequal, antenna long and thin, 14 - segmented in females; lateral pronotum alutaceous to coriaceous; mesoscutum finely coriaceous to weakly transversely carinated; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; circumscutellar carina weak; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extended at most 1 / 3 of its length, moderately to strongly dorsodistally incised in females. Synergus compressus is morphologically close to S. filicornis (see below), from which differs by having the base of metacoxae with a small black spot (Fig. 8 a) (yellow in S. filicornis); metasoma of females strongly laterally compressed (Fig. 9 i) and about 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma (Fig. 9 j) (ovate seen from above, not strongly compressed, and about as long as head plus mesosoma in S. filicornis); syntergum of females posteriorly with an interrupted and incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1 / 4 of its length (Fig. 9 j – k) (complete wide band extended laterally about 1 / 3 of its length in S. filicornis); and F 1 of males slightly expanded apically and basally (Fig. 8 b) (strongly expanded apically in S. filicornis), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.2 – 3.3 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 8 a). Body black and yellow. Face, except for gena and a black stripe below toruli, yellow; frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna testaceous to dark brown, joints lighter. Mesosoma almost completely black; posterior margin of pronotum, anterolateral margin of mesoscutum, mesoscutum posteriorly between notauli, posterior half of notauli and mesoscutellum, yellowish orange (sometimes, mesoscutellum with a black spot dorsally); tegulae yellow. Metasoma with a black stripe dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Legs yellow, the base of metacoxae with a small black spot; metatibiae distally and tarsi, infuscate. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 9 a) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae shorter to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 9 b) finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 9 b) is somewhat more than 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures and very weak wrinkles between ocelli. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 5: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous. Antenna (Fig. 9 c). 14 - segmented (8: 4: 15: 14: 14: 12: 11: 10: 8.5: 6.5: 5: 4.5: 4.5: 7.5); long, filiform and thin, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 1 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 and F 2 subequal (F 1 at most 1.1 times as long as F 2), F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment almost 4.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 9 g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous to alutaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 9 h) about 1.1 times as wide as long, finely coriaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow, extended somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli narrow and shallow, but complete, anteriorly interrupted by the sculpture, wider and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallow, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 9 h) rounded, as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae large, ovate, shallow but well defined, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 9 g) finely, regularly and densely striated, except for a smooth spot medially on the speculum; interspaces smooth; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches 3 / 4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 9 d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 9 e). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 8 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.8 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but basal vein not well pigmented (Fig. 9 f). Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 9 j), strongly compressed laterally (Fig. 9 i). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete and interrupted band of minute micropunctures extended about 1 / 4 - 1 / 5 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 9 j, dot line; 9 k); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 9 i), not pointed; following segments micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 9 j). MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.3 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented (6: 4: 10: 10: 9.5: 7: 6: 5: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 6) (Fig. 8 b); F 1 about as long as F 2; F 1 straight, weakly incised medially, slightly broadened apically and basally. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 4: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Mesopleuron more strongly sculptured anteriorly. Mesoscutum more strongly sculptured, with some weak transversal elements. Propodeal carinae narrower. Metasoma less laterally compressed. Mesosoma and metasoma, black; antenna lighter, yellowish.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Puebla.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls probably induced by Andricus (Fig. 42 b) on Q. crassifolia.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 15).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Andricus confertus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 on Q. lobata (Mc-Cracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus confertus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 15).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	description	(Figure 10)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♂ with the following labels: ‘ Jacknsville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 2834 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus coniferae Ashm. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802002 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1 ♂ & 10 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Jacknsville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960009 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♂); ‘ Jacknsville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 2834 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus coniferae Ashm. ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (4 ♀); ‘ Jacknsville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 2834 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus coniferae Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (6 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Along with S. bellus (see above), S. coniferae can be distinguished from other species from the New World by having the mesoscutum covered with widely spaced transversal carinae with interspaces finely alutaceous or smooth, glossy. It is also characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, with the speculum finely striated, apparently almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing short, about 2.2 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; and notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, but less impressed anteriorly. Synergus coniferae differs from S. bellus by having female antenna with 14 segments (13 in S. bellus); F 1 as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 10 b), 1.3 times as long as F 2 in males (1.7 in females, 2.2 in males of S. bellus); gena not broadened behind eye (Fig. 10 a) (slightly broadened in S. bellus); POL about 2.0 times as long as OOL, OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 10 a) (POL 1.6 times as long as OOL, OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in S. bellus); and circumscutellar carina well defined, somewhat upturned (Fig. 10 c) (weak and not well defined in S. bellus), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.3 – 2.5 mm (n = 11). Color (Fig. 10). Rufous. Head rufous, with some darker areas around the ocelli. Antenna testaceous. Mesosoma, including tegulae, rufous. Metasoma rufous, darker posteriorly. Legs rufous. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 10 a) finely coriaceous, glabrous and shining, with small scattered punctures; frontal carinae very narrow, branched, not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 10 a) finely coriaceous, glabrous and shining, with small scattered punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9.5: 5: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, with small scattered punctures. Antenna. 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel as long as F 1; pedicel about 1.7 times as long as wide; F 1, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 10 b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.41. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 10 c) about 1.3 times as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae, interspaces finely alutaceous to smooth; anterior parallel lines inconspicuous; notauli complete but less visible in the anterior 1 / 3 due to the carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines well impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 10 c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly carinated to wrinkled; circumscutellar carina visible and well defined, somewhat upturned; scutellar foveae almost inconspicuous, very shallow and somewhat sculptured, not well defined posteriorly. Mesopleuron (Fig. 10 b) strongly striated basally, finely reticulated anteriorly and with the speculum almost smooth, just with some fine striae. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, shorter than mesosoma plus metasoma (Fig. 10 b). Radial cell closed, about 2.2 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but basal vein inconspicuous. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Longer than head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 10 b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures, or at least with an incomplete narrow band; not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 about 1.3 times as long as F 2; F 1 long, slightly curved, medially incised, strongly broadened apically and not broadened basally. Metasoma clearly shorter than head plus mesosoma. Body somewhat darker.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Callirhytis quercusventricosa (Bassett, 1864) (= Cynips conifera Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885), on oaks of Lobatae section (Pénzes et al. 2012).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus coniferae was described from ‘ numerous specimens’ (Ashmead 1885: 301). We located and examined 1 ♂ and 11 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, however, C. quercusventricosa is found in association with three oaks of the Lobatae section (Burks 1979: 1106): Q. ilicifolia, Q. imbricaria, and Q. phellos.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 206).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guatemala (Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Woody tuberous galls on stems of Q. peduncularis (Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019), one of them probably belonging to a species similar to ‘ Andricus ruginosus Basset, 1890 ’ (considered as incertae sedis by Pujade-Villar 2013). According to Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011), the other galls might correspond to a species of Andricus that produces galls similar to those of Odontocyinps championi (Cameron, 1833).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus cultratus was examined and the species was treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 205).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FCBC70D2FA1B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 a: 137) and the diagnosis of S. obtusilobae (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FCBC70D2FA1B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia: Cundinamarca and Boyacá (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 a).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FCBC70D2FA1B.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Zapatella inflata Pujade-Villar & Rodríguez, 2015 and Z. nievesaldreyi Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2012 on Q. humboldtii (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 a: 136).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 208) and the diagnoses of S. atra and S. dimorphus (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from small twig swellings of an unknown gall on Q. agrifolia (McCracken & Egbert 1922), probably a tuberous gall (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus digressus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 207).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	description	(Figure 11)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ S. dimorphus O. S. ’ (white lable, handwritten) / ‘ Osten Sacken Coll. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type 13969 ’ (red label) / ‘ MCZ-ENT 00592792 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus dimorphus Osten-Sacken, 1865, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2 ♂ & 2 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Osten Sacken Coll. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type 13969 ’ (red label) / ‘ MCZ-ENT 00592793 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus dimorphus Osten-Sacken, 1865, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (2 ♀ in the same pin); same data, but with the following QR codes: 00592791 (1 ♂), 00013969 (1 ♂).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus dimorphus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; frons coriaceous, weakly wrinkled and / or with punctures, never with sharp striae running from toruli; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL but less than 2.0 times; F 1 longer than F 2, antenna of females with 13 segments, 15 in males; margins of pronotum rounded, not swollen aside; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, well defined in their entire length; metasoma of females longer than high in lateral view; and syntergum without micropunctures posteriorly or just with a posterodorsal patch never laterally extended. This species differs from others belonging to this group (S. digressus, S. brevicornis and S. lignicola) by having yellow coxae in females (basally black in the rest of species); POL 1.2 times as long as OOL and OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 11 c) (POL more than 1.5 times as long as OOL and OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in the rest of species); and metasoma of females as long as head plus mesosoma (shorter in the rest of species), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.5 – 3.0 mm (n = 3). Color. Black and rufous. Gena brownish orange, lower face infuscate medially; frons, vertex and occiput black. Antenna dark yellow. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and propodeum, black; pronotum and mesopleuron almost completely black, but posterodorsal sides of pronotum and dorsal mesopleuron, dark brown; tegulae dark yellow. Metasoma rufous to chestnut, dorsally black. Legs mainly yellow, tarsi and metatibiae, darker. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye, face subtriangular. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli slightly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with some scattered small punctures; frontal carinae very short, branched, almost inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some scattered small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna. 13 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel as long as F 1; pedicel about as long as wide; F 1 1.5 times as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and about 2.0 times as long as F 10. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence. Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum about 1.2 times as wide as long, densely and discontinuously carinated, interspaces finely coriaceous to alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1 / 4 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum rounded, about as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces strongly coriaceous; circumscutellar carina visible and well defined; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, weakly sculptured, shallow, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely and irregularly striated. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and convergent posteriorly, medially with a weak carina. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell ambiguously closed (especially the posterior third), about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein well pigmented. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view. First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a small posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE (Fig. 11). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 2). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 about 1.8 times as long as F 2; F 1 long, slightly curved, weakly incised medially, more broadened apically than basally. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area; pronotum and mesopleuron almost completely yellow.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Washington D. C. (Osten-Sacken 1865). Also, from Michigan (Gillette 1896) and California (Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922), but these records need to be confirmed.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Originally reared from an unknown gall (Osten-Sacken 1865; Gillette 1896; McCracken & Egbert 1922). Gillette (1896) presumably obtained this species from ‘ woody twig galls on red oaks’, and Fullaway (1911) presumably identified S. dimorphus from galls of Cynips multipunctata (Beutenmüller, 1911) on Q. lobata, which corresponds to Besbicus conspicuus (Kinsey, 1930) (= Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctata var. conspicua Kinsey, 1930), according to Kinsey (1930), but these records need to be confirmed.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus dimorphus was described from ‘ numerous ♀ and two ♂ ’ (Osten-Sacken 1865: 377). We located and examined 2 ♂ and 3 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in MCZ. A lectotype has herein been designated. Kinsey (1930) differentiated several varieties for the gall wasp Cynips multipunctata, among which Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctata var. conspicua, now Besbicus conspicuus following Weld (1951) and Burks (1979), corresponds to the host gall of both S. dimorphus and S. ochreus (Kinsey 1930: 230).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	description	(Figure 12)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5806 ’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2 ♂ & 4 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ♂ ’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus distinctus McC & Eg’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5806 ’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♂, deposited in CAS); ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ’ (white label) / ‘ I. McCracken Col. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Ex gall of Cynips canescens ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24502 U. S. N. M’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus distinctus McC & Eg’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♀, deposited in USNM); ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ’ (white label) / ‘ I. Mc-Cracken Col. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Paratype No. 24502 U. S. N. M’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♀, deposited in USNM); ‘ Mar 1915, Stan U Cal’ (white label) / ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ♀ ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Beut. Coll, rec’d 1934 ’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♀, deposited in USNM); ‘ Mar 1915, Stan U Cal’ (white label) / ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ♀ ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Beut. Coll, rec’d 1934 ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus distinctus Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960442 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ♂ & 1 ♀, deposited in USNM)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Along with Synergus atripennis (see above), S. distinctus differs from the rest of species known within this genus from the New World by having smoky wings (commonly hyaline in Synergus). The main differences between these two species have already been treated (see the diagnosis of S. atripennis and the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 4.0 – 4.5 mm (n = 5). Color (Fig. 12). Black and amber. Head black. Antenna amber, scape dark brown. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma amber, the first metasomal segment, black. Legs amber; coxae and trochanters (except distally), black. Wings slightly smoky, veins brown. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons between frontal carinae coriaceous to reticulated, with some punctures, and wrinkled outside carinae; frontal carinae well-marked and thick, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex wrinkled and with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 10: 9: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput dorsally with some wrinkles, the rest coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna (Fig. 12 b). 14 - segmented; long, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel shorter than F 1; pedicel about 1.2 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2, F 2 just slightly longer than F 3; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 4.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 12 b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 12 c) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with dense discontinuous carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, somewhat interrupted by carinae anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 12 c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; scutellar foveae more or less ovate, large, well defined but shallow, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 12 b) with regular, widely spaced and well-marked striae. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae almost straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, as long as body length (Fig. 12 b). Radial cell closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; areolet visible, all veins well pigmented. Rs + M visible, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and almost 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 12 b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete narrow band of micropunctures (Fig. 12 a); weakly to not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 12 a), not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 3.5 mm (n = 2). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 just slightly longer than F 2; F 1 long, straight, almost not incised medially, very slightly broadener apically than basally, the distal part, longer. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, the band of micropunctures more widespread. Metasoma dark brown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890) on Q. douglasii (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus distinctus was described from an unstated number of specimens (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 58, 59). We located and examined 2 ♂ and 5 ♀ belonging to the type series: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ deposited in CAS with a ‘ Type’ label and 1 ♂ and 4 ♀ deposited in USNM. The authors stated that the ‘ Types’ were deposited at the Stanford Entomological Museum (later absorbed by CAS) and the ‘ Paratypes’, in USNM; however, in the ‘ Type’ section they do not specify any details besides the type location of this species. As a result, it has been impossible to determine which of the specimens deposited in CAS is the holotype, necessitating that all the specimens needed to be considered as syntypes. Hence, a lectotype has now been designated from one of the syntype specimens deposited in CAS. According to the original description, both metasoma and legs of females are reddish brown, but all the examined specimens have the metasoma amber probably due to the passing of time.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	description	(Figures 13 – 14, 42 c – f) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 5 FD 9 C 99 - 71 FB- 4372 - A 372 - 35892 F 2 C 31 D 5	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: 049, Propiedad La Victoria, Barrio la Tlazintla (Acaxochitlán, HGO), 20 ° 09 ’ 15.31 ’’ N, 98 ° 11 ’ 29.58 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Melikaiella bicolor, 2223 m, Q. laurina, (03. vi. 2010) vi. 2010, JP-V, A. Equihua & E. Estrada leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (12 ♂ & 17 ♀) with the following labels: same as the holotype: 7 ♂ & 10 ♀ (2 ♂ & 2 ♀ deposited in USNM; the rest deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: 044, Fray Francisco (El Arenal, HGO), 98 ° 44 ’ 23.8 ’’ N, 20 ° 10 ’ 17.45 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Melikaiella bicolor, 2498 m, Q. crassifolia, (10. vi. 2010) 15. vi. 2010, JP-V, A. Equihua & E. Estrada leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 024, Carretera libre a Oaxtepec (Cuautla, MOR) ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Sphaeroteras sp., 1380 m, Q. obtusata, (29. v. 2012) 19. ii. 2012, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♂ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (2 ♂; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 026, Sant Felipe Neri (Tlalnepantla, MOR), 19 ° 0 ’ 29.232 ’’ N, 98 ° 59 ’ 38.904 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Melikaiella bicolor, 2099 m, Q. crassipes, 29. v. 2012 (09. vi. 2012), E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 071, Barrio La Tlalzintla (Acaxochitlán, HGO), 20 ° 9 ’ 28.123 ’’ N, 98 ° 11 ’ 40.46 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Melikaiella bicolor, 2510 m, Q. laurina, (07 – 08. vi. 2010) 21. viii. 2010, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♂ & 2 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 184, Aconco (Tetela de Ocampo, PUE), 19 ° 53 ’ 13.38 ’’ N, 97 ° 50 ’ 12.443 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Undetermined gall, 1159 m, Q. conspersa, (11. ix. 2012) 20. ix. 2012, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♂ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (2 ♂; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 386, Mazamitla (Mazamitla, JAL), 19 ° 54 ’ 56.052 ’’ N, 103 ° 1 ’ 21.576 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Neuroterus sp., 2236 m, Q. peduncularis, (14. vi. 2019) 01 – 15. vii. 2019, JP-V leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (2 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 388, Mazamitla (Mazamitla, JAL), 19 ° 54 ’ 56.052 ’’ N, 103 ° 1 ’ 21.576 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Neuroterus sp., 2236 m, Q. peduncularis, (14. vi. 2019) 16 – 30. vii. 2019, JP-V leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.). Additional material. 1 ♂ and 4 ♀ with the same data as MEX: 049 and P 071 dissected and gold coated.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the fusion of two Latin terms, ‘ diversus’ for diverse and ‘ color’ for color, the epithet diversicolor refers to the color variability of this species.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus diversicolor, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.7 – 3.2 times as long as wide; gena slightly broadened behind eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; POL longer than OOL; lateral frontal always entirely or distally branched; F 1 at least 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; syntergum posteriorly with a conspicuous band of micropunctures extended laterally 1 / 4 – 1 / 3 of its length; and legs entirely yellow, including coxae. Synergus diversicolor, sp. nov. differs from the rest of species of this group (S. weldi, sp. nov., S. medianeroi and S. pseudofilicornis, see below) by having OOL 1.8 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 14 b) (at most 1.4 in the rest of species); and in females, antenna subclavate (Fig. 14 c), metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view (slightly longer if we include the hypopygium) and syntergum weakly dorsodistally incised (Figs 13 a, c; 14 l) (antenna filiform, metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma or longer, longer than high in lateral view and syntergum moderately to strongly dorsodistally incised in females of the rest of species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 1.8 – 2.3 mm (n = 16). Color. This species has two color morphotypes: i) mainly black with some yellowish orange areas (Fig. 13 a), ii) mainly brownish orange with some dark areas (Fig. 13 c). The darker morphotype has gena orange, lower face yellow (sometimes with a medial black stripe below toruli), and frons, vertex medially and occiput, black; the lighter morphotype has the head brownish orange except for a black spot in the ocellar area, gena somewhat darker and the surface immediately surrounding the occipital foramen, black. In the darker morphotype, antenna are testaceous, whereas yellowish orange in the lighter morphotype. In the darker morphotype, mesosoma is mainly black, with the lateral sides of pronotum and sometimes also the mesopleural triangle, orange, and the tegulae, yellow; in the lighter morphotype, mesosoma is mainly brownish orange, with the mesopleuron basally, the surface between coxae, anterodorsal pronotum, mesoscutum between notauli and propodeum, black, sometimes with a black spot on the mesoscutellum. In the darker morphotype, metasoma is dark chestnut to black, lighter posteriorly and ventrally, whereas dorsally and anterolaterally black and posterolaterally and basally brownish orange to chestnut in the lighter morphotype. In both morphotypes, legs are light yellow to yellow, and wings are hyaline with pale yellow veins. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 14 a) subquadrate to rounded, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, almost reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 14 b) is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 3.5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Occiput finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures. Antenna (Fig. 14 c). 14 - segmented (5: 3: 7: 6: 6: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 4: 3.5: 3: 3: 5 / 6); almost filiform, slightly broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 3 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment about 2.5 - 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 14 h, i). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous (darker morphotype) (Fig. 14 j) to strongly coriaceous, with some small punctures and weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (lighter morphotype) (Fig. 14 k); anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete, narrow and shallow (especially anteriorly), somewhat interrupted by the mesoscutal sculpture anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum rounded, about as long as wide, coriaceous (darker morphotype) (Fig. 14 j) and sometimes with a few weak wrinkles to weakly carinated (lighter morphotype) (Fig. 14 k); circumscutellar carina visible and well defined, but not projected; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, small, narrow, smooth bottom, well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 14 h, i) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth, glabrous and shining; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3 / 4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 14 e) smooth and not densely pubescent; propodeal carinae narrow, straight, slightly convergent and sometimes somewhat branched posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (Fig. 14 f). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 13 a, c). Radial cell closed, about 3.0 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein is well pigmented (Fig. 14 g). Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma, about as high as long in lateral view (slightly longer if we include the hypopygium) (Figs 13 a, c; 14 l). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an almost complete band of micropunctures extended laterally somewhat more than 1 / 4 of its length (less widespread dorsally and ventrally) (Fig. 14 l, dot line; 14 m); slightly dorsodistally incised, following segments not visible; not pointed (Fig. 14 l, m). Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 14 l). MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 1.2 – 1.8 mm (n = 12). Antenna 15 - segmented (4.5: 3: 8.5: 6: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 3: 3: 3: 5.5); F 1 1.4 times as long as F 2; F 1 weakly incised medially, not broadened apically nor basally (Fig. 14 d). Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and slightly longer than high; syntergum posterior punctuation reaching 1 / 3 of its length. Some specimens are almost completely black (Fig. 13 b), whereas others are lighter (Fig. 13 d). Occiput black only around occipital foramen or completely yellow. The dark spot on the vertex is usually less widespread in lighter specimens.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, and Puebla.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Melikaiella bicolor Pujade-Villar, 2014 (Fig. 42 c) on Q. laurina, Q. crassifolia, and Q. crassipes; from galls of an undetermined species of Sphaeroteras (Fig. 42 d) on leaves of Q. obtusata; from an undetermined species of Neuroterus (Fig. 42 f) on leaves of Q. peduncularis; and from undetermined small round galls on twigs (Fig. 42 e) on Q. acutifolia.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	description	(Figure 15)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, 1889 (examined). LECTOTYPE (♀) with the following labels: ‘ 1595 ’ (yellow label) / ‘ 56 ’ (white label) / ‘ 12 ’ (orange label) / ‘ Ceroptres dorsalis Prov. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Lectotype 252, Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, Coneaw? 44 ’ (red label) / ‘ Lectotype Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, Grahan & Rohwer ’ 15, Barron ’ 71, 1595 ’ (red label). Other material examined (17 ♂ & 35 ♀). Material determined as Synergus dorsalis deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ # 1621 L. H. Weld’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. gall Callirhytis pomiformis ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus dorsalis (Prov) (= splendidus Full) det. Weld 1937 ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (6 ♂ & 6 ♀). Material determined as Synergus splendidus deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 161 ’ (white label) / ‘ I. McCracken Col. ’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. gall of Callirhytis pomiformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus splendidus Full., I. McC’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) (2 ♂); ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 161 ’ (white label) / ‘ I. McCracken Col. ’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label) (2 ♀); ‘ 22 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Sacramento Co., Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus splendidus Full. det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (3 ♂ & 12 ♀); ‘ 22 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Marin Co., Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) (2 ♀); ‘ Sacramento Co., Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ On Quercus wisliceni, 22 ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♂ & 1 ♀); ‘ Sept’ (white label) / ‘ Sacramento Co., Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus wisliceni No. 22 ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ T Pergande Coll. ’ (white label) (2 ♂ & 1 ♀); ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ California’ (white label, handwritten) (2 ♂ & 4 ♀); ‘ Cal. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ T Pergande Coll. ’ (white label) (1 ♂ & 2 ♀); ‘ 2847, Feb · 17 · 86 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) (2 ♀); ’ 22 Sept. 85 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Sacramento Co., Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus wisliceni ’ (white label, handwritten) (2 ♀); ‘ Alpine, Cal., 1916 ’ (white label) / ‘ 1621 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus splendidus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ Azusa, Cal. ’ (grey label) / ‘ 4 / 20 / 17 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ 1621 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus splendidus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus dorsalis belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments, rarely 15; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; and notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum. Synergus dorsalis differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (S. villosus, S. ficigerae, S. ochreus, S. duricorius, S. beutenmulleri, S. linnei, sp. nov., S. erinacei, S. nigroornatus, S. oneratus and S. rutulus) by having females ranging from 4.5 to 5.0 mm in length (at most 4.0 mm in the rest of species); female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 15 e) (usually 14 in the rest of species; if 15, then the syntergum has a narrow band of micropunctures posteriorly); tarsal claws with an inconspicuous to absent basal lobe (Fig. 15 g) (tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe in the rest of species, as in Figs 6 e; 22 e); first metasomal segment with striae reaching dorsally only the half of its length (Fig. 15 a, c) (completely sulcate dorsally and laterally in the rest of species, as in Figs 6 h, j; 22 h, j); and syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures (with a posterior band in the rest of the species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 4.5 – 5.0 mm (n = 36). Color (Fig. 15). Yellow to dark yellow and black. Face and gena yellow to dark yellow; vertex around the ocellar triangle and occiput around the occipital foramen, black. Antenna yellow to dark yellow, the tips somewhat darker. Mesoscutum almost completely black with lateral margin yellow to dark yellow, or only black medially between notauli, the rest being yellow to dark yellow; pronotum except a dorsomedial black spot, mesopleuron, mesopleural triangle and tegulae, yellow to dark yellow; mesoscutellum completely black or only dorsomedially black, laterally and posteriorly yellow; propodeum black, sometimes yellow laterally. Metasoma yellow to dark yellow, first metasomal segment dark or black, the second somewhat tinged with black dorsally. Legs yellow to dark yellow. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye (Fig. 15 d). Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 15 d) coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles; frontal carinae well marked, not branched and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 15 d) coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 2.7: 2.0: 1.3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 1.7. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles. Antenna (Fig. 15 e). 15 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel just slightly longer than wide; F 1 as long as F 2, F 2 just slightly longer than F 3; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment almost 3.0 times as long as wide and about 1.2 times as long as F 12. Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 15 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.31. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 15 c) about 1.1 times as wide as long, with dense but weak discontinuous carinae, interspaces coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum. Notauli complete and visible in their whole length, somewhat interrupted by carinae anteriorly, slightly convergent posteriorly. Median mesoscutal line absent. Parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 15 c) rounded, about as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, not upturned nor projected; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, shallow, weakly impressed, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 15 b) with regular and dense striae, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with an inconspicuous basal lobe (Fig. 15 g). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small, basal vein not well pigmented (Fig. 15 f). Rs + M slightly visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma and 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 15 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally but sulci incomplete, not reaching the anterior margin of the segment (Fig. 15 a, c). Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed; the following segments, including the hypopygium, minutely punctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 – 3.0 mm (n = 17). Antenna 15 - segmented. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (Provancher 1889; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Both the gall and the host tree from which S. dorsalis was reared are unknown (Provancher 1889). Synergus splendidus was reared from undetermined galls on Q. lobata (Fullaway 1911), and posteriorly obtained from galls of Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett 1881) (= C. rossi Kieffer, 1903, = C. maculipennis Kieffer, 1904, = Andricus yosemite Beutenmüller, 1911) on Q. agrifolia by McCracken & Egbert (1922). Synergus dubiosus was originally reared from galls of A. quercuspomiformis on Q. agrifolia (Fullaway 1911). Some of the specimens determined as S. dorsalis deposited in USNM were reared from galls of A. quercuspomiformis, whereas others determined as S. splendidus (= S. dubiosus) were obtained from unspecified galls on Q. wislizeni, according to their labels.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus dorsalis was described from an unstated number of females and males (Provancher 1889: 398). We located and examined a single female belonging to the type series (lectotype) deposited in ULQC. Synergus splendidus was described presumably from a single female (Fullaway 1911: 370). According to Mc-Cracken & Egbert (1922), the type of S. splendidus was deposited in the Stanford Entomological Museum, later absorbed by CAS, but it was found neither in its main type collection nor in the paratype collection of this institution (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). Its current location is unknown, so it is presumably lost. Synergus dubiosus, synonymized with S. splendidus by McCracken & Egbert (1922), was described from an unstated number of females and males (Fullaway 1911: 372). The type material of this species was probably deposited in the Stanford Entomological Museum as was S. splendidus and the rest of Fullaway’s types, but as with S. splendidus, its current location is unknown. Weld determined some specimens deposited in the USNM general entomological collection as Synergus dorsalis. One of these specimens has a label reading ‘ Synergus dorsalis (Prov) (= splendidus Full) det. Weld 1937 ’. These specimens, as well as those of S. splendidus, are identical to the lectotype of S. dorsalis, so we are confident that all of them belong to the same species. We assume that Weld examined both the types of S. dorsalis and S. splendidus and then proposed (but not formally published) the synonymy of these species. Then, based on Weld’s labels and since both the original description of S. splendidus and the specimens determined as S. dorsalis and S. splendidus deposited in USNM fit with the lectotype of S. dorsalis, we propose here S. splendidus Fullaway, 1911 as a synonym of S. dorsalis (Provancher, 1889). Furthermore, both the specimens determined as S. dorsalis by Weld, those determined as S. splendidus by McCracken & Egbert (1922) and the type material of S. dubiosus were obtained from galls of A. quercuspomiformis. McCracken & Egbert (1922) synonymized S. dubiosus with S. splendidus despite the fact that in the original description of S. dubiosus it was stated that females have 14 - segmented antenna instead of 15 as is present in S. splendidus. Since we have neither found the type material of S. splendidus nor of S. dubiosus, we cannot confirm or refute this synonymy. When Weld (1951) transferred Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, 1889 to Synergus, this species became a secondary homonym of Synergus dorsalis Cameron, 1883. According to Ritchie & Shorthouse (1987), a new name for S. dorsalis (Provancher, 1889) is unnecessary: S. dorsalis (Provancher, 1889) is not a primary homonym of S. dorsalis Cameron, 1883 since it was originally described as a Ceroptres, and it is not a secondary homonym of this species because S. dorsalis Cameron, 1883 became a junior synonym of ‘ Andricus guatemalensis ’ (Cameron, 1883) (incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2011 a). Hence, these species are no longer congeneric: Synergus dorsalis Cameron now belongs to Andricus (after Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987), whereas S. dorsalis (Provancher) is an actual Synergus (after Weld 1951).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	description	(Figure 16)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). HOLOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Del. ’ (white label) / ‘ Ac. Cat. 166 ’ (orange label) / ‘ Biol. 2 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 27942 U. S. N. M’ (red label) / ‘ AccNo 71950, USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus duricoria n. sp. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802038 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus duricorius Gillette, 1896 ’ (red label). Other material examined (1 ♂ & 1 ♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ U. S. A., Minnesota, Anoka County, Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Spr. Sum. 1983, J. Brokaw’ (white label) / ‘ Commensal-Parasite in galls of Disholcaspis quercusmamma on Quercus macrocarpa ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ 20 ’ (yellow label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus duricoria Gillette’ (white label) / ‘ USNM 2032352 ’ (white label).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus duricorius belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with non-parallel, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior band of micropunctures; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish. Synergus duricorius differs from the species sharing these traits (S. beutenmulleri and S. linnei, sp. nov., see below) by having a narrow band of micropunctures posteriorly on the syntergum, which extends at most 1 / 5 of its length (a wide band extended laterally somewhat more than 1 / 2 of its length in these species, Figs 6 h; 22 h); tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (strong in these species, Figs 6 e; 22 e); and body of females mostly yellow, head only with a black spot in the ocellar area (Fig. 16 c) (frons, vertex and occiput, black in these species, Fig. 5 e), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length about 4.0 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 16). Mainly yellow. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area and the area surrounding the occipital foramen, which is black. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma mainly yellow, space between coxae and propodeum, black; tegulae light yellow. Metasoma mainly yellow, the first metasomal segment and the syntergum dorsally, black. Legs yellow, metatarsi darker. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 16 c) coriaceous with some scattered punctures between frontal carinae, weakly wrinkled outside carinae; frontal carinae narrow and branched, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 16 c) weakly wrinkled and punctate. POL: OOL: LOL = 12.5: 8: 6 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6.5. Occiput weakly reticulated, without punctures. Antenna (Fig. 16 a). 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; almost as long as the body; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel almost 1.4 times as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 16 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.27. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 16 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with dense but weak discontinuous carinae, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length but shallow and narrow, less impressed anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 16 b) about 1.2 times as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae large, more or less ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron completely irregularly striated. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 16 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible but small, all veins well pigmented. Rs + M visible, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 16 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended about 1 / 5 of its length; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 3.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 straight, almost not incised medially and very slightly broadened apically and basally. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, the band of micropunctures less widespread. Frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black; lower face and gena light yellow; mesosoma mainly black, dorsolateral pronotum, mesopleural triangle and tegulae, yellow; metasoma yellow, the dorsal black band extended laterally; legs light yellow.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Delaware (Gillette 1896) and Minnesota (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh, 1869) (Gillette 1896; authors) on and oak from Quercus section (Pénzes et al. 2012) and on Q. macrocarpa (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus duricorius was described from a single female (Gillette 1896: 93), which has been found and examined. Since no more specimens where used to describe this species, the only female composing the type series becomes the holotype.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	description	(Figures 17 – 18, 42 h – j) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 AF 52 AE 5 - 6 E 3 B- 40 E 5 - B 806 - 83 C 7 F 22 A 6 B 8 D	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 313 (82 rosa), San Juan de Coajomulco (Jocotitlán, EDO. MEX.), 19 ° 45 ’ 11.16 ’’ N, 99 ° 58 ’ 6.959 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Femuros repandae, 2630 m, Q. obtusata, (16. iv. 2014) 27. vi. 2014, Delia leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (11 ♂ & 54 ♀) with the following labels: same as the holotype: 4 ♂ & 22 ♀ (1 ♂ & 3 ♀ deposited in USNM; the rest deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 187, Ctra. Federal Perote-Puebla (Perote, VER), 19 ° 32 ’ 30 ” N, 97 ° 16 ’ 23 ” W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Femuros nr repandae, 2410 m, Quercus sp., (28. ix. 2012) 15. x. 2012, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (2 ♂ & 9 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: P 227, Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19 ° 21 ’ 14 ” N, 99 ° 16 ’ 24.22 ” W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Femuros nr repandae, 1585 m, Q. laeta, (21. vi. 2013) vii. 2013, JP-V leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (8 ♀; deposited in JP-V coll.); MEX: 255 (65 rosa), same MEX: P 313, but (18. i. 2014) 22. ii- 02. iv. 2014: 5 ♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.); MEX: 256 (63 rosa), same as MEX: 255, but Q. rugosa, (22. xi. 2013) 23. i- 03. iii. 2014: 2 ♂ & 4 ♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.); MEX: P 314 (9 rosa), same as MEX: P 313, but Andricus sp., (16. x. 2013) 26. iii. 2014: 1 ♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.); MEX: 32 rosa, same as MEX: P 313 and P 314, but Ex. Neuroterus sp., (16. x. 2013) 18. viii. 2014: 1 ♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.); ‘ MEX: 2797, Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19 ° 21 ’ 14 ” N, 99 ° 16 ’ 24.22 ” W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Femuros nr repandae, 1585 m, Q. laeta, (27. v. 2017) vi. 2017, D. Cibrián leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♂ & 3 ♀ deposited in UB; 2 ♂ & 1 ♀ deposited in UACh).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ ebenus’ for ebony (deep black color).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus ebenus, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae, the speculum medially finely aciculate to almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles, and frontal carinae absent; F 1 at least 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females, almost 2.0 times in males; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated; notauli incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined or shallow; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; in both sexes, body entirely or almost entirely black. Synergus ebenus, sp. nov. keys out near S. ruficephalus sp. nov. (see below), from which differs by having the body entirely blackish in both sexes (Fig. 19 a – b) (females with head mostly orange, the rest of the body blackish (Fig. 35 a), and males not as dark, mesosoma black with yellowish orange surfaces (Fig. 35 b) in S. ruficephalus sp. nov.); transfacial line as long as height of eye (Fig. 18 a) (1.2 in S. ruficephalus sp. nov., Fig. 36 a); F 1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 18 c), almost 2.0 times in males (Fig. 18 d) (2.0 in both sexes of S. ruficephalus sp. nov., Fig. 36 d – e); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum coriaceous and circumscutellar carina well defined (Fig. 18 j) (mesoscutum and mesoscutellum weakly but densely transversely carinated and circumscutellar carina weak in S. ruficephalus sp. nov., Fig. 36 l); radial cell of fore wing 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 18 g) (3.0 in S. ruficephalus sp. nov., Fig. 36 h); and female syntergum not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 18 i, k – l) (incised in S. ruficephalus sp. nov., Fig. 36 m), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0 – 3.0 mm (n = 25). Color (Fig. 17 a). Body black. Head completely black, except the body of mandibulae and, sometimes, a small brownish orange surface at each side of the oral fovea. Antenna testaceous, the tip somewhat darker. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma chestnut or black. Legs yellow with coxae, basal half of femorae, distal half of metatibiae and metatarsi, dark brown to black. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 18 a) subtrapezoid to rounded, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae present. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits small, inconspicuous; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye slightly shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli slightly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae absent, even though frons is covered by multiple fine discontinuous striae that run from the lower face and surpass toruli, then issue from the dorsal margin of toruli and almost reach lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 18 b) is 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 3.5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures. Antenna (Fig. 18 c). 14 - segmented (6: 4: 6.5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4.5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3: 5); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 1 – F 12. Pedicel about 2.0 times as long as wide; F 1 1.3 times as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment about 3.3 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 18 h). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.25. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum coriaceous, somewhat imbricate ventrally; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 18 j) about 1.3 times as wide as long, coriaceous with scarce small piliferous punctures; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended about 1 / 4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1 / 3, narrow and shallow, interrupted by the mesoscutal sculpture anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent or just appearing as a small triangular incision; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 18 j) rounded, slightly longer than wide, coriaceous; circumscutellar carina visible and well defined, weakly projected and upturned; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, very shallow and not well defined, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 18 h) very finely sculptured, with regular and weakly impressed transverse striae covering all of the surface except the speculum medially, which is from finely aciculate to almost smooth; very slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches 4 / 5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 18 e) weakly sculptured and not densely pubescent; propodeal carinae straight and parallel; between the two carinae sometimes appears another weak carinae. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (Fig. 18 f). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 19 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein is well pigmented (Fig. 18 g). Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Longer than head plus mesosoma, 1.5 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 17 a, 18 i). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth with an anterolateral pubescence composed of very few setae and posterodorsally with a very small and almost inconspicuous patch of micropunctures (Fig. 18 k, l); not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 18 k, l), pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE (Fig. 17 b). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 1.6 – 2.1 mm (n = 5). Antenna 15 - segmented (6: 4: 10: 5: 5: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 3: 3: 3: 5); F 1 almost 2.0 times as long as F 2; F 1 long, slightly curved and medially incised, not broadened apically nor basally (Fig. 18 d). POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 3: 3, diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, México, and Veracruz.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Femuros repandae Kinsey, 1937 (Fig. 42 i) on twigs of Q. obtusata and Q. rugosa Née; from galls of Femuros nr repandae (Fig. 42 h) on Q. laeta and an undetermined species of Quercus; and from galls of Neuroterus sp. on leaves and Andricus sp. (Fig. 42 j) on twigs of Q. obtusata.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF0FDE5FADB710BF818.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Pujade-Villar et al. (2016 c: 110).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF0FDE5FADB710BF818.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Morelos (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF0FDE5FADB710BF818.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from undetermined inconspicuous galls in acorns (probably induced by a species of Andricus) of Q. rugosa (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	description	(Figure 19)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ N. Y. 2008 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 27943 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus erinacei n. sp. C. P. G’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802049 ’ (white label with a QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1 ♂ & 6 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ N. Y. 2008 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27943 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus erinacei Gill. ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (2 ♀); ‘ Ia. Exp. Sta. ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 27943 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♀); ‘ N. Y. 1726 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus erinacei Gill. ’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960173 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (1 ♂ & 3 ♀) Other material examined (3 ♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ Evanston Ill. 8 / 23 / 14 ’ (white label) / ‘ Ovopositing in Hedgehog Gall’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus erinacei Gill. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ W. W. Judd, oak gall, London, Ontario 99, 31. viii. 1967 ’ (white label) / ‘ B 8 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Acraspis erinacei ’ (white label, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ W. W. Judd, oak gall, London, Ontario 83, 3. ix. 1967 ’ (white label) / ‘ B 10 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Acraspis erinacei ’ (white label, handwritten) (1 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus erinacei belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; gena usually not broadened behind eye (slightly broadened in S. erinacei); F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely strongly coriaceous with weak discontinuous transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior band of micropunctures; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow. Synergus erinacei differs from the species sharing these traits (S. nigroornatus, S. oneratus and S. rutulus, see below) by having mesosoma and metasoma entirely black in females (Fig. 19 a – b) (mostly yellow, dark yellow or reddish yellow in females of these species, Figs 25 a, c; 30 a – g, j; 37 a – b); gena slightly broadened behind eye (Fig. 19 c) (not broadened in these species); and OOL about 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in females, equal in males (1.2 or 1.3 in both sexes of these species), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length about 3.0 mm (n = 7). Color (Fig. 19). Mainly black. Gena and lower face, yellow; frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black. Antenna yellow to testaceous. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellow. Metasoma black. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 19 c) trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena very slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae narrow and branched, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 10: 7.5: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4.5. Occiput coriaceous, with some punctures. Antenna (Fig. 19 b). 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically, and as long as the entire body; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1 or just slightly longer; pedicel about 1.8 times as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 19 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.36. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 19 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, strongly coriaceous with weak discontinuous transversal elements; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, but less impressed anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 19 b) about 1.1 times as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae circular, small, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron regularly striated, somewhat branched anteriorly. Metapleural sulcus reaching almost 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a very strong basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 19 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible, all veins well pigmented but pale. Rs + M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 19 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extended about 1 / 4 of its length; not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length about 1.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented according to the original description (antennae of the single examined male are broken). POL: OOL: LOL = 19: 10: 9.5. OOL about as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, the band of micropunctures extended at least 1 / 2 of the syntergum length. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: New York, Iowa (Gillette 1896), and Illinois (authors). Also, in Canada: Ontario (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Acraspis erinacei (Beutenmüller, 1909) (Gillette 1896; authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus erinacei was described from 2 ♂ and 14 ♀ (Gillette 1896: 94). We located and examined 1 ♂ and 7 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but A. erinacei produces bud galls (sexual generation) and leaf galls (agamic) on Q. alba (Burks 1979: 1078).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9531FFF7FDE5F8D3729EFF16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 211) and the diagnosis of S. macrackenae, sp. nov. (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9531FFF7FDE5F8D3729EFF16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Morelos, and Puebla (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016 c; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9531FFF7FDE5F8D3729EFF16.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from woody tuberous galls induced by different species of Andricus (like asexual galls of A. quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009) on Q. obtusata, Q. affinis, and Q. rugosa (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016 c; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	description	(Figures 20, 42 g)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 2833 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus ficigerae Ashm’ (white label with black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802062 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (4 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 2833 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960045 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (2 ♀); ‘ Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. [blank] U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus ficigerae ♀ Ashm, type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (2 ♀). Additional material (5 ♀). Non-type material deposited in USNM (1 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ H. George, Va. Aug 15 · 82 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection TPergande’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus ficigerae Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten). New material collected in Mexico (4 ♀) deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P 398, Carretera Vallarta-Barra de Navidad, km 182 (Cabo Corrientes, JAL), Ex Disholcaspis sp., Q. magnoliifolia, (13. vi. 2019) xii. 2019, Pedro Moreno leg.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus ficigerae belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena usually not broadened behind eye; POL as long as OOL or longer; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish. Synergus ficigerae differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (S. duricorius, S. beutenmulleri, S. linnei, sp. nov., S. erinacei, S. nigroornatus, S. oneratus and S. rutulus) by having the head mostly rufous, only with some dark surfaces surrounding each ocellus at least in females (Fig. 20 c) (mainly yellowish, with a black spot in the ocellar area or with frons, vertex and occiput, black in females of the rest of species); mesosoma rufous or mostly rufous (Fig. 20 a – b) (yellow, dark yellow and / or yellowish orange with some black surfaces or completely black in the rest of species); vertex deeply punctate (coriaceous with some small piliferous punctures and / or weak wrinkles, or weakly wrinkled in the rest of species); and POL about as long as OOL (at least 1.3 in the rest of species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length about 2.0 – 3.5 mm (n = 10). Color (Fig. 20). Rufous and yellow. Head mainly rufous, gena and lower face yellowish, with some dark areas surrounding the ocelli. Antenna yellowish. Mesosoma mainly rufous, ventrally black; tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellow, with a dorsal black band, sometimes extended to sides and ventrally. Legs light yellow, metatarsi and tibiae dorsally usually dark. Wings hyaline, veins brownish yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 20 c) subtrapezoid to rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 20 c) coriaceous with some punctures and weak wrinkles; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex deeply punctate. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 7: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput punctate. Antenna. 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel about 1.2 times as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2 or slightly longer, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 20 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.36. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 20 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with dense but weak carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1 / 4 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but less impressed and visible in the anterior 1 / 3; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 20 b) about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae circular, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron regularly striated, sometimes somewhat wrinkled in the upper half, interspaces coriaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and convergent. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 20 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but small. Rs + M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 20 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended about 1 / 4 – 1 / 3 of the syntergum length; not dorsodistally incised or just slightly incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Not examined (types are presumably lost). According to the original description (Ashmead 1885: 301), males have 15 - segmented antenna.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885) and Virginia (authors). First time recorded from Mexico: Jalisco (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Originally reared from galls of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (= Cynips quercussuccinipes Ashmead, 1881, = Andricus virens Ashmead, 1885, = A. succinipes Ashmead, 1885, = Cynips quercusficigera Ashmead, 1885, = Holcaspis succinipes Ashmead, 1887, = H. ficigera Ashmead, 1887) (Ashmead 1885; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013). The new material collected in Mexico was reared from galls of Disholcaspis sp. (Fig. 42 g) on Q. magnoliifolia.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus ficigerae was described from ‘ seven specimens’ (Ashmead 1885: 301). We located and examined 5 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. Ashmead (1885) stated that females of S. ficigerae have 13 - segmented antenna, but all the examined females from the type series and the new material found in Mexico have 14 - segmented antenna, which was also recorded by Gillette (1896). In the original description, Ashmead mentions, as host gall, the species Holcaspis ficigera Ashmead, 1887. The combination ‘ Holcaspis ficigera ’ is not mentioned in either of the catalogues prepared by Weld (1951) and Burks (1979). However, Melika et al. (2013) provided some explanations on the synonyms of Disholcaspis quercusvirens, and H. ficigera is mentioned. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but D. quercusvirens was found on Q. virginiana and Q. minima (Weld 1951; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 687) and the diagnosis of S. compressus (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guatemala (Cameron 1883; Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987); Mexico: Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro, and Zacatecas (Weld 1913; Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2018; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b); and USA: Colorado and New Mexico (Gillette 1896; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Synergus filicornis is considered a generalist species, even though it is usually found in association with woolly galls on leaves and stems induced by different Andricus, Striatioandricus, and Cynips species on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections. Associated also with non-woolly galls (never tuberous galls) initiated by different species of Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Disholcaspis, Kokkocynips, Loxaulus, and other undetermined galls, mainly on oaks from the Quercus section (Cameron 1883; Weld 1913; Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2018; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus filicornis was redescribed and illustrated by Ritchie & Shorthouse (1987: 234). The type material of Synergus filicornis, as well as of one of its synonyms, S. furnessana, was later examined and treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2018: 605). Synergus filicornis was also treated by Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2018: 438) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 686).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 17).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Heteroecus flavens (McCracken & Egbert, 1922) and H. pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) (= Andricus pacificus) on Q. vaccinifolia (McCracken & Egbert 1922), and from galls of Trichoteras coquilletti Ashmead, 1897 on Q. chrysolepis (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus flavens, as well as of its synonym (S. variegatus), was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 16).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FF1372A8FC7C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 694) and the diagnosis of S. obtusilobae (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FF1372A8FC7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, México, Michoacán, Morelos, and Querétaro (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FF1372A8FC7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from woolly galls of Andricus and Striatoandricus, as well as from non-woolly galls (never tuberous galls) initiated by Andricus, Atrusca, Amphibolips, and Cynips, mainly on oaks from the Quercus section (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 698).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of an undescribed species of Neuroterus on leaf nerves of Q. sapotifolia, and from woolly galls identified by the descriptors as ‘ Andricus guatemalensis ’ (Cameron, 1883) (incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2011) on leaves of Q. lancifolia, Q. insignis, and Q. sapotifolia (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus gabrieli was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 698).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 698).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from woolly galls induced by an undetermined species of Andricus on leaves of Q. laeta, and from galls induced by undetermined species of Atrusca on Q. laeta and Q. rugosa (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 698).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FA4A778CF964.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 213).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FA4A778CF964.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FA4A778CF964.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from cryptic galls induced by Loxaulus laeta Pujade-Villar, 2014 and from tuberous galls induced by Andricus santafe Pujade-Villar, 2013 on twigs of Q. laeta. Also, from twig swellings of undetermined galls probably induced by Andricus or Loxaulus on Q. crassipes and Q. laeta (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 216).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Colorado (Gillette 1896; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019) and New Mexico (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls on twigs of Callirhytis frequens (Gillette, 1892) (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus incisus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 216). The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but C. frequens is associated with oaks of the Quercus section (Burks 1979: 1102): Q. gambelii, Q. havardii, and ‘ Q. undulata ’ (which could be either Q. sinuata or Q. gambelii).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 219).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guatemala (Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls probably induced by different Andricus species (like asexual galls of Andricus peredurus Kinsey, 1920) on Q. peduncularis (Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus kinseyi was examined and the species was treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 219).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 19).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Washington D. C. (Osten-Sacken 1861; Burks 1979), Colorado, and Michigan (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Amphibolips confluenta (Harris, 1841) on Q. rubra (Osten-Sacken 1861); from galls of Amphibolips quercusspongifica (Osten-Sacken, 1862), Atrusca quercuscentricola (Osten-Sacken, 1861), as well as from an unnamed gall on Q. falcata described by Osten-Sacken (1861) (Osten-Sacken 1865); and from galls of Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893) and D. quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus laeviventris was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 19). The host plant is not mentioned neither for Amphibolips quercusspongifica, Atrusca quercuscentricola, Disholcaspis rubens nor D. quercusglobulus. However, and according to Burks (1979), A. quercusspongifica is associated with oaks of the Lobatae section (Q. coccinea, Q. marilandica, and Q. velutina); Atrusca quercuscentricola, with Q. stellata; Disholcaspis rubens, with some species of oaks from Quercus section (Q. arizonica, Q. x undulata, Q. gambelii, Q. oblongifolia, Q. rugosa, Q. turbinella, and Q. toumeyi); and D. quercusglobulus, with oaks from Quercus section (Q. alba, Q. prinoides, and ‘ Q. prinus ’).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 21).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from undetermined spherical galls on twigs of Q. salicifolia (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 21).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 222) and the diagnosis of S. atra and S. dimorphus (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Washington D. C., and Virginia (Beutenmüller 1907; Burks 1979); and Mexico: Hidalgo (Lobato-Vila et al. 2018).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous twig galls of Callirhytis cornigera (Osten-Sacken, 1865) on Q. palustris, and from tuberous twig galls of Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Basset, 1863) on Q. velutina (Osten-Sacken 1865; Burks 1979); from galls of Callirhytis quercusgemmaria (Ashmead, 1885) on Q. ilicifolia (Beutenmüller 1907; Burks 1979); and from asexual tuberous twig galls of Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009 on Q. affinis (Lobato-Vila et al. 2018). Weld (1951) also mentions Q. incana and other red oaks.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus lignicola was examined and the species was treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 220). Previously, the type material of its synonym, S. davisi, was examined and redescribed by Lobato-Vila et al. (2018: 594).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	description	(Figures 21 – 22, 42 k – l) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 75 FE 628 D- 9141 - 4 B 52 - 835 A- 892649 C 83386	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 140, La Cuchilla (Concepción del Oro, ZAC), 22 ° 19 ’ 35.27 ’’ N, 103 ° 36 ’ 26.02 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Disholcaspis sp., 2386 m, Quercus sp., (21.07.2011) viii. 2011, C. Carrillo leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus linnei Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (4 ♀) with the following labels: same as the holotype: 3 ♀ (deposited in UB); ‘ MEX: P 259, Querétaro (QRO) ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Undetermined gall, Quercus sp., (25. xi. 2011) 24. xii. 2011, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus linnei Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♀; deposited in USNM).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Carl Linnaeus or Carl von Linné (1707 – 1778), Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who formalized binomial nomenclature and described the genus Quercus, with which many gall wasps are associated.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus linnei, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with non-parallel, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior wide band of micropunctures, weakly dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish. Synergus linnei, sp. nov. is morphologically close to S. beutenmulleri, whose main differences have already been treated (see the diagnosis of S. beutenmulleri).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.3 – 3.8 mm (n = 6). Color (Fig. 21). Body black and yellow. Frons, vertex medially and occiput, black; lower face yellow, sometimes with a small black stripe running between and below toruli, gena somewhat darker than lower face. Antenna testaceous to dark brown. Pronotum mainly yellowish orange, anterodorsally black; mesoscutum mainly black, but notauli and space between notauli posteriorly, orange or reddish orange; mesoscutellum dorsally black or at least with a medial black spot, laterally orange or reddish orange; scutellar foveae black; mesopleural triangle black or orange; mesopleuron and propodeum black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma black dorsally, ventrally and laterally yellowish orange; rarely anterolaterally black. Legs pale yellow, tarsi darker (metatarsi dark brown); sometimes metacoxae has a small basal dark spot. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 22 a) subquadrate to trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae present. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, weakly wrinkled, without punctures; frontal carinae branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 22 b) is 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some wrinkles and a few small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9: 6: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4. Occiput coriaceous, with some small punctures. Antenna (Figs 21, 22 c). 14 - segmented (8: 5: 13: 13: 13: 13: 11: 10: 9: 7: 6: 5: 4.5: 7); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 3 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.7 times as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment almost 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.5 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 22 g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 22 i) about 1.1 times as wide as long, weakly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, interrupted by carinae anteriorly, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line shallowly impressed, interrupted by carinae, sometimes just appearing as a small incision; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 22 i) rounded, almost as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina absent; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, weakly sculptured bottom, posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 22 g) irregularly and densely striated, sometimes somewhat reticulated anteriorly; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches almost 4 / 5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 22 d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae thick and weakly sculptured, straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 22 e). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 21). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, basal vein pale (Fig. 22 f). Rs + M inconspicuous, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma, almost 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 21, 22 h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended somewhat more than 1 / 2 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 22 h, j); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 22 j), not pointed; following segments not visible, micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 22 h). MALE. Unknown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Querétaro and Zacatecas.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from small round galls of Disholcaspis sp. (Fig. 42 k) on twigs of an undetermined species of Quercus and from small striped-round galls of an undetermined genus (Fig. 42 l) on twigs of an undetermined species of Quercus.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FC0F7657FAA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 22).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FC0F7657FAA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, and Morelos (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FC0F7657FAA0.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from different galls induced by Amphibolips and Andricus species (never tuberous galls) on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FA9C72D8F8D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 23).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FA9C72D8F8D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, México, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b, 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FA9C72D8F8D5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Mainly associated with woolly galls initiated by Andricus, but also with other gall morphotypes (never tuberous galls) initiated by Andricus, Cynips, Disholcapsis, Loxaulus, Neuroterus and some undetermined small spherical galls on leaves, on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 b, 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	description	(Figures 23 – 24, 42 m – n) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2577 D 204 - CF 98 - 4 CE 4 - B 6 EA- 1 E 37 EE 87 DFD 3	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 381, Highway Guadalajara to Morelia km 300 (MICH) ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Neuroterus sp., Q. obtusata, (21. vi. 2018) 16 - 30. vi. 2018, A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (1 ♂ & 3 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: 270 (rosa 115), San Juan de Coajomulco (Jocotitlán, EDO. MEX.), 19 ° 45 ’ 11.16 ’’ N, 99 ° 58 ’ 6.959 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Andricus fusiformis, 2630 m, Q. obtusata, (12. vii. 2014) 24. vii. 2014, Delia leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♀); ‘ MEX: 333, Highway Guadalajara to Morelia km 300 (Urequío, MICH) ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Loxaulus hyalinus, Q. obtusata, (21. vi. 2018) 16 - 30. vi. 2018, A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♂ & 2 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of prof. Mary Isabel McCracken (1866 – 1955), American entomologist, researcher at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and teacher at Stanford University.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus macrackenae, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye; transfacial line 1.2 or more times as long as height of eye; POL as long as OOL or longer; female antenna with 13 segments and F 1 longer than F 2; mesoscutum with transversal carinae; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; median mesoscutal line absent; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or just with a small patch; and lower face and gena yellowish in both sexes. Synergus macrackenae, sp. nov. is morphologically close to S. estradae, from which differs by having lateral frontal carinae absent, frons covered with very fine striae (Fig. 24 a – b) (narrow and weak, but visible, in S. estradae); POL 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as OOL, OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in both sexes (Fig. 24 b) (POL 2.0 times as long as OOL in females, 3.0 in males, and OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in females, equal in males, in S. estradae); pedicel 2.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 24 a, c) (slightly longer than wide in S. estradae); margins of pronotum swollen aside, somewhat sharp seen from above (Fig. 24 i) (rounded in S. estradae); in females, syntergum dorsodistally incised (Fig. 24 j) (not incised in S. estradae); in males, F 1 about 1.5 times as long as F 2 (Fig. 23 d) (2.0 times in S. estradae), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0 – 3.2 mm (n = 4). Color (Fig. 23 a). Body black, yellow and orange. Face and gena, yellow, sometimes with a black spot below toruli; frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black. Antennomeres, except their distal end (which is yellow), dark brown; some specimens have antennomeres of the distal half of antenna completely yellow. Mesosoma almost completely black except posterolateral pronotum and the mesopleural triangle, which are orange; tegulae yellow. Metasoma dark rufous to black; sometimes with a dark orange spot anterolaterally and some orange anteroventrally; hypopygium infuscate. Legs with all coxae black, black more extended in metacoxae; femorae, and especially metafemorae, dark; the rest, yellow. Wings hyaline, veins light brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 24 a) rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense and regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short or absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line almost 1.2 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous; instead, some fine striae run from the posterior margin of toruli towards lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 24 b) curved, about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 6: 4, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous, with some punctures. Antenna (Fig. 24 c). 13 - segmented (6: 4.5: 8: 5.5: 5.5: 5.5: 6: 6: 5: 4: 4: 3.5: 6.5); filiform and thin, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 4 – F 11. Pedicel about 2.3 times as long as wide; F 1 1.5 times as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment about 2.6 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 10. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 24 g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly carinated; lateral carina absent, but pronotum bulged, subquadrate seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 24 i) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching about 1 / 4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and deep, interrupted by carinae, slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous or absent. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 24 i) rounded, about as long as wide, weakly wrinkled to carinated, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; circumscutellar carina visible, but weak; scutellar foveae subtriangular, well impressed anteriorly but not posteriorly, sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 24 g) finely and densely striated, interspaces smooth; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3 / 4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 24 d) alutaceous and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent and branched posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 24 e). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 23 a). Radial cell closed, but the marginal vein very narrow and weakly pigmented, about 2.8 times as long as wide (Fig. 24 f); areolet visible, the basal vein weakly pigmented. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 23 a, 24 h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posterodorsally with very few minute micropunctures forming an inconspicuous patch (Fig. 24 j); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 24 j), not pointed; following segments and hypopygium, punctate. Hypopygial spine about 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 24 h). MALE (Fig. 23 b). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.7 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented (7: 4: 8: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4.5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 4) (Fig. 23 d); F 1 about 1.6 times as long as F 2; F 1 short, curved, strongly incised medially, broadened apically and basally (Fig. 23 c). POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 5: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial line 1.1 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, with a more conspicuous punctuation.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: México and Michoacán.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Loxaulus hyalinus Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2014 (Fig. 42 n), Andricus fusiformis Pujade-Villar, 2014 and from an undetermined species of Neuroterus (Fig. 42 m) on leaves of Q. obtusata.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 223) and the diagnoses of S. diversicolor and S. weldi, sp. nov. (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from small twig swelling-like galls of an undescribed species of Loxaulus or Bassettia on Q. sapotifolia (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus medianeroi was treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 223).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 224) and the diagnoses of S. atra and S. bicolor (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous stem galls of Zapatella quercusmedullae (Ashmead, 1885) (= Andricus medullae) (Ashmead 1885; Pujade-Villar et al. 2012 b; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019), which is associated with oaks of the Lobatae section from the USA (Burks 1979; Pujade-Villar et al. 2012 b): Q. incana, Q. marilandica, and Q. myrtifolia.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus medullae was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 224).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 226).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Illinois (Walsh 1864).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous twig galls of Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Basset, 1863) (= Cynips q. podagrae Walsh, 1864), probably on Q. velutina, the black oak (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus mendax was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 228).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guatemala (Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987) and Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls probably induced by a species of Andricus on Q. peduncularis in Guatemala (Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987), and from tuberous galls of Odontocynips championi on Q. sapotifolia collected in Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus mesoamericanus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 228).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 233).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Arizona, California, and New Mexico; and Mexico: Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, and Zacatecas (Gillette 1896; Ashmead 1899; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; Weld 1926; Pujade-Villar et al. 2015 b; Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 2016 a, 2016 b; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls and fusiform swellings induced by different Andricus species on twigs of oaks from both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Ashmead 1899; Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; Weld 1926; Pujade-Villar et al. 2015 b; Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 2016 a, 2016 b; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus mexicanus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Pujade-Villar & Melika (2005: 217). The redescription was later improved by Pujade-Villar et al. (2015 b: 147). Synergus mexicanus was also treated by Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila (2016 a, 2016 b) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 231).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FB80762EFB2B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011: 9).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FB80762EFB2B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nicaragua (Díaz & Gallardo 1998) and Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FB80762EFB2B.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from undetermined stem galls similar to Trigonaspis? quercusforticorne (Walsh, 1864) (incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2018) on Q. oleoides from Nicaragua (Díaz & Gallardo 1998); and from stem galls of an undescribed Disholcaspis species on Q. lancifolia from Panama (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	description	(Figure 25)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot 554, Sub 95 ’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus nigro-ornatus Mc & Eb’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5804 ’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus nigro-ornatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2018 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPE (1 ♂) with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot 554, Sub 95 ’ (white label) / ‘ ♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5804 ’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂ Synergus nigro-ornatus McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2018 ’ (red label).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus nigroornatus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; OOL 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; gena not broadened behind eye; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely strongly coriaceous with weak discontinuous transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior band of micropunctures; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow. Synergus nigroornatus differs from the species sharing these traits (S. oneratus and S. rutulus, see below) by having the malar space 0.4 times as long as height of eye (0.6 in these species); transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye (Fig. 25 d) (as long as height of eye in these species); head in dorsal view 1.8 times as wide as long (2.1 in these species); tarsal claws with a very small, almost inconspicuous, basal lobe (conspicuous in these species); syntergum posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1 / 4 of its length, almost 1 / 3 in males (wide band extended more than 1 / 3 in both sexes in these species); and, in females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 25 b) (weakly to not incised in these species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0 mm (n = 1). Color (Fig. 25). Yellow, with some brownish black areas. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma mainly yellow; dorsomedial pronotum, mesoscutum between notauli, mesoscutellum medially, metanotum, propodeum and mesosoma basally between coxae, black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma yellow, dorsally with a black stripe that not reaches the tip of the syntergum. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.4 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 25 d) coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 1.8 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 25 d) coriaceous, with some punctures and weak wrinkles. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 4.5: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5. Occiput weakly wrinkled and with some punctures. Antenna. 14 - segmented according to the original description (the tip of both antennae is broken); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel longer than F 1; pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 25 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.31. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 25 c) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with weak and dense discontinuous carinae, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, somewhat interrupted by carinae and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 25 c) about 1.2 times as long as wide, weakly wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina visible but weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth (Fig. 25 a). Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a very small basal tooth. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 25 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small, the basal vein not well pigmented. Rs + M visible, the last third not well pigmented but reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 25 b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete narrow band of minute micropunctures extended at most 1 / 4 of its length; dorsodistally incised, not pointed; following segments and hypopygium also with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 straight, weakly excavated and slightly broadened apically and basally, longer apically after the incision than basally. Metasomal punctuation extended 1 / 3 of the syntergum length. Mesoscutellum completely black; the black stripe of the mesoscutum expands outside notauli.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Heteroecus pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) (= Andricus pacificus) on Q. chrysolepis (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus nigroornatus was described from 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 57), which have been located and examined. The female has been designated as lectotype of the type series and deposited in CAS.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	description	(Figures 26 – 27, 42 o) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 111 AE 88 E- 3 AFD- 4 E 12 - A 23 B- 1 C 019 FDC 7 C 14	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: Clark- 49, Universidad de la Sierra Sur (UNSIS) (Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, OAX), 16 ° 20 ’ 34.646 ’’ N, 96 ° 35 ’ 10.007 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Undetermined gall, 1573 m, Q. obtusata, (01. vi. 2018) 20. viii. 2018, Clark leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus oaxaquensis Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (1 ♂ & 11 ♀) with the same data as the holotype (1 ♀ deposited in USNM; the rest deposited in JP-V coll.).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the state of Oaxaca (Mexico), from which this new species was collected.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus oaxaquensis, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; POL as long as OOL or longer; antenna 13 - segmented in females and F 1 longer than F 2; mesoscutum with transversal carinae; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; median mesoscutal line weak but visible, reaching 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 of the mesoscutal length; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or with a small patch; body almost completely black in females, face of males somewhat lighter. Synergus oaxaquensis, sp. nov. is morphologically close to S. ramoni (see below), from which differs by having the transfacial line 1.3 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 27 a) (equal in S. ramoni); frons and vertex coriaceous, with a few small piliferous punctures and some weak wrinkles between ocelli (Fig. 27 a – b) (deeply punctate in S. ramoni); F 1 2.0 times as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 27 c), 2.3 in males (Fig. 27 d) (1.5 in both sexes of S. ramoni); areolet of fore wing very small or absent (Figs 26 a – b; 27 e) (well defined and pigmented in S. ramoni); in females, antenna with 13 segments (14 in S. ramoni); in males, face and gena dark brown (Fig. 26 b) (yellowish in S. ramoni), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0 mm (n = 12). Color (Fig. 26 a). Body mainly black. Head black, somewhat dark brown at sides of the oral fovea. Antenna yellow, scape infuscate. Mesosoma black, tegulae yellow. Metasoma black, ventrally and hypopygium, dark brown. Legs with all coxae and femorae at least basally, black; femorae distally, tibiae and tarsi (except metatarsi, which are infuscate), yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellowish brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 27 a) rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with irregular and dense striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae also present; lower face somewhat protruded medially seen from the lateral view. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line almost 1.3 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous; instead, multiple fine, outwards-curved striae run from the posterior margin of toruli towards lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 27 b) is 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some punctures and weak wrinkles between ocelli. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 5.5: 3.5, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Occiput coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles dorsally and some punctures. Antenna (Fig. 27 c). 13 - segmented (7: 4: 10: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3: 7: 3); short, not reaching the mesoscutellum; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 2 – F 11. Pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 2.0 times as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment almost 3.0 times as long as wide and 2.3 times as long as F 10. Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 27 i). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.35. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous to weakly wrinkled or reticulated; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 27 h) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and deep, interrupted by carinae, wider and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line shallow but visible, reaching almost the half of the mesoscutum, more impressed posteriorly; parapsidal lines well impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 27 h) rounded, about as long as wide, carinated medially, wrinkled anteriorly and laterally, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; scutellar foveae deep anteriorly but not well defined posteriorly, large, ovate, strongly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 27 g, i) with fine and dense striae medially and in the speculum, finely reticulated anteriorly, irregularly striated basally; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 4 / 5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 27 f). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma (Fig. 26 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; areolet very small or absent (Figs 26 a, 27 e). Rs + M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view, at most 1.1 times as long as high (Figs 26 a, 27 j). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posterodorsally with a small patch of micropunctures visible on its very tip (Fig. 27 j, k); not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine about 2.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 27 j). MALE (Fig. 26 b). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15 - segmented (6: 4: 11.5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 3.5: 3: 3: 3: 3.5) (Fig. 27 d); F 1 about 2.3 times as long as F 2; F 1 curved, more broadened apically than basally, long, weakly incised medially. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 4: 3.5, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Lower face not as black, dark brown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Oaxaca.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of an undetermined genus of gall wasps, may be Andricus or Loxaulus (Fig. 42 o), on twigs of Q. obtusata.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	description	(Figure 28)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of Ceroptres obtusilobae Ashmead, 1885 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnvile Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Type No 14537 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Ceroptres obtusilobae Ash’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802224 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Ceroptres obtusilobae Ashmead, 1885 IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus obtusilobae (Ashmead) Weld, 1922 ’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPE (1 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnvile Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No 14537 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Ceroptres obtusilobae Ashmead, 1885 IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus obtusilobae (Ashmead) Weld, 1922 ’ (white label). Other material examined (3 ♂ & 9 ♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ Ironton Mo. Det 178 ’ (white label) / ‘ 403 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus obtusilobae (Ashm.) ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ HopkUS 13685 E’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Reared July 2 – 19 ’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus alba ’ (white label) / ‘ Falls Church, Va’ (white label) / ‘ Middleton Wm Col’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus obtusilobae (Ashm) det. Weld 1937 ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960844 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ♀); same data, but with the following USNMENT codes: 00960069 (♂), 00960338 (♂), 000960528 (♀), 00960560 (♀), 0960684 (♀), 00960790 (♀), 00960802 (♀), 00960809 (♂); ‘ HopkUS 13685 E’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Reared May 9 – 18 ’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus minor (white label) / ‘ L. H. Weld collector’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. 525 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus obtusilobae Ash., det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960817 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ♀); ‘ Washngtn DC area’ (white label) / ‘ JCBridwell coll 1939 ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus obtusilobae Ashm., det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus obtusilobae belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; POL usually longer than OOL; F 1 and F 2 equal or subequal, antenna 14 - segmented in females; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; circumscutellar carina weak; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures. Synergus obtusilobae differs from the rest of species of this group (S. colombianus, S. dawnus, S. personatus, sp. nov., S. rufinotaulis, S. forcadellae, S. compressus, sp. nov. and S. filicornis) by having the syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extending laterally 1 / 2 of its length (incomplete or complete band extended at most 1 / 3 in the rest of species); radial cell of fore wing 3.2 times as long as wide (2.7 – 3.0 in the rest of species); and head of females completely yellow, except for some dark spots close to ocelli (at least with frons, vertex and occiput black, with face and gena more or less yellowish in the rest of species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.5 – 4.0 mm (n = 11). Color (Fig. 28). Yellow to yellowish brown (ochre). Head yellow with some dark areas surrounding the ocelli. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma, especially mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, dark yellow. Metasoma yellow. Legs yellow, tibiae and metatarsi dark brown to black. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 28 c) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous with scarce small punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex weakly wrinkled and with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 15: 12: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna (Fig. 28 b). 14 - segmented; long, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment somewhat more than 4.0 times as long as wide and 1.2 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 28 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.43. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 28 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, densely wrinkled to carinated; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but shallow and interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 28 b) about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long the body length (Fig. 28 a). Radial cell closed, about 3.2 times as long as wide; areolet visible, basal vein not well pigmented. Rs + M visible, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 28 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures extended 1 / 2 of its length; dorsodistally incised, not pointed; following segments with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine almost 1.5 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length about 3.0 mm (n = 3). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 straight, weakly incised medially, segment under the incision short and not broadened, apically after the incision long and not broadened. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Body darker than in females; frons, vertex, occiput, mesosoma (except pronotum) and metasoma, almost totally black.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885), Virginia, Washington D. C., and Missouri (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from an ‘ unnamed gall’ on Q. stellata (Ashmead 1885). The non-type material presented here was reared from unknown galls; one specimen was obtained from galls on Quercus alba L. (Quercus section) and another, from galls on Q. stellata, according to their labels.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus obtusilobae was described from 2 ♀ (Ashmead 1885: 300), which have been located and examined. One of the females has been designated as lectotype of the type series. Ashmead (1885) says females of S. obtusilobae have 13 - segmented antenna, but all the examined females both from the type series and among the non-type specimens have 14 - segmemted antenna.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	description	(Figure 29)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. LECTOTYPE ♀ (examined) with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 499, Sub. 21 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (red label) / ‘ ochreus’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus ochreus Full, Type’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5828 ’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus ochreus Fullaway, 1911 IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1 ♀) deposited in USNM (examined) with the following labels: ‘ Steven Creek Canyon, Calif., R. W. Patterson’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 499, Sub. 21 ’ (white label) / ‘ Cotype’ (pink label) / ‘ Synergus ochreus Full. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Beut. Coll. Rec’d 1939 ’ (white label) / ‘ Cotype No. 53992, USNM’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus ochreus Fullaway, 1911 IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label). Two more specimens (sex unknown, not examined) that are deposited in CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.) remain under the category of syntype. Other material examined (24 ♂ & 22 ♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ 620 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Sonoma Co. Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Disholcaspis eldoradensis Beut. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus ochreus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♂); ‘ 620 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Sonoma Co. Cal. ’ (white label) (2 ♂ & 1 ♀); ‘ Lebec, Calif. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Cut out Nov. 10 ’ (white label) / ‘ Q. lobata ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. 1662 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ more in USNM’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus ochreus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ HopkUS, 13651 m’ (white label) / ‘ Reared June 4 – 19 ’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus durata ’ (white label) / ‘ Los Gatos, Calif. ’ (white label) / ‘ F R Herbert Colr. ’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960903 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ♀); same data, but different QR codes: 21 ♂ & 18 ♀; ‘ HopkUS, 10781 s’ (white label) / ‘ Reared July 9 – 19 ’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus oblongifolia ’ (white label) / ‘ Sycamore Flat., Ariz. ’ (white label) / ‘ G Hofer Colr. ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex gall of a Disholcaspis’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus ochreus Full.? ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960496 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus ochreus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL as long as OOL or longer; F 1 as long as F 2, antenna 14 or 15 - segmented in females; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures. Synergus ochreus differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (S. ficigerae, S. duricorius, S. beutenmulleri, S. linnei, S. erinacei, S. nigroornatus, S. oneratus and S. rutulus) by having female with head and mesosoma entirely yellowish brown (ochre) and metasoma entirely yellow (Fig. 29 a – c) (darker, at least with some dark surfaces, in the rest of species, Figs 5 a – b, e; 16 a – c; 17 a – c; 21; 18 a – c; 25 a – d; 30 a – j; 37 a – c); female antenna with 15 segments (14 in the rest of species); gena slightly broadened behind eye (usually not broadened in the rest of species); and syntergum posteriorly with a very narrow band of micropunctures extended laterally at most 1 / 6 of its length (with a more widespread band of micropunctures, usually extended laterally from 1 / 4 to more than 1 / 2 of its length in the rest of species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.5 – 3.0 mm (n = 24). Color (Fig. 29). Yellowish brown (ochre). Head yellowish brown, except for some dark areas surrounding the ocelli. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma yellowish brown; tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellow. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons weakly wrinkled; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 29 c) is almost 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex weakly wrinkled. POL: OOL: LOL = 12: 9: 6 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput weakly wrinkled with some punctures. Antenna. 15 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and about as long as F 12. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 29 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 29 c) about as wide as long, strongly and densely discontinuously carinated; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 29 c) about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, large, shallow, smooth, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 29 b) regularly, not densely, striated, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, shorter than the body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet small, almost inconspicuous. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and slightly longer than high in lateral view. First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended no more than 1 / 6 of its length; weakly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 2.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0 mm (n = 24). F 1 very weakly incised and curved, slightly broadened. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Frons, vertex, occiput, mesosoma and metasoma, dark; legs yellow, metatibiae and metatarsi, dark.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (Fullaway 1911) and Arizona (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Cynips multipunctata (Beutenmüller, 1911) on Q. lobata (Fullaway 1911; Mc-Cracken & Egbert 1922), which now corresponds to Besbicus conspicuus (Kinsey, 1930) (= Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctata var. conspicua) (Kinsey 1930). However, and according to Weld (1951) and Burks (1979), S. ochreus was obtained from galls of Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett, 1881) (see remarks). According to the labels of some non-type specimens found in USNM, S. ochreus is also reared from galls of Disholcaspis eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909) on Quercus sp.; from Disholcaspis sp. on Q. oblongifolia, in Arizona; and from unspecified galls on Q. lobata and Q. dumosa.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus ochreus was described from an unstated number of females (Fullaway 1911: 368), since the original description was based only on females (males are not mentioned as is the case in other descriptions by the same author and paper). We located and examined 2 ♀ belonging to the type series: 1 ♀ deposited in CAS with a ‘ Type’ red label and 1 ♀ deposited in USNM, as well as two more syntypes deposited in CAS that were not examined (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). A lectotype has herein been designated and deposited in CAS. Weld (1951), and subsequently Burks (1979), stated that the host gall of Synergus ochreus is A. quercuspomiformis; however, this gall is not found on Q. lobata, so this biological data could be erroneous. For more details on the gall Cynips multipunctata, see remarks concerning S. dimorphus.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	description	(Figure 30)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of Cynips oneratus Harris, 1841 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: on the underside of the insect label, it can be read ‘ June, July, 1822, small oak galls (handwritten); ‘ 102 + ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ M. C. Z. Type 26335 ’ (red label) / ‘ Jan – Jul 2005, MCZ Image Database’ (white label) / ‘ MCZ-ENT 00026335 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Cynips oneratus Harris, 1841 IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus (Harris) Walsh, 1864 ’ (white label). Type material of Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Wash 1053 ’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘ Biol 38 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 27946 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Acc No 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus garryana ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802113 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1 ϐ & 2 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Wash 1053 ’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ 11 ’ (green label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27946 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus garryana Gill. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) (2 ♀); same labels, but ‘ Allotype No. 27946 U. S. N. M. ’ (1 ϐ). Type material of Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Colo 1833 ’ (white label) / ‘ 118 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 27936 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ S. oneratus coloradensis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00779991 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841), IL-V det. 2019 ’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (2 ϐ & 1 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Colo 1723 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Allotype No. 27936 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus var coloradensis Gill. ’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960370 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841), IL-V det. 2019 ’ (white label) (1 ϐ); ‘ Colo 1723 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27936 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960564 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841), IL-V det. 2019 ’ (white label) (1 ϐ); ‘ Colo 838 ’ (white label) / ‘ Biol 117 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27936 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gill ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960675 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀ Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841), IL-V det. 2019 ’ (white label) (1 ♀). Other material examined (5 ϐ & 16 ♀). Material determined as Synergus oneratus coloradensis deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ N. Y. 1710 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Det Gill’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) (1 ϐ); ‘ 12070 z 2 Hopk US’ (white label) / ‘ Reared June 15 - 15 ’ (white label) / ‘ USMENT 00960613 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ♀); ‘ HopkUS 10773 us’ (white label) / ‘ Reared July 2 – 19 ’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus gambelii ’ (white label) / ‘ Colorado Springs, Col’ (white label) / ‘ JH Pollock Colo’ (white label) / ‘ Ex gall of Disholcaspis perniciosa ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gill. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960664 ’ (white label, QR code’ (1 ♀); ‘ 12070 z 2 a Hopk US’ (white label) / ‘ Reared June 28 – 15 ’ (white label) / ‘ Quercus undulata ’ (white label) / ‘ N. Cheyenne Canyon, Colo. ’ (white label) / ‘ Champlain AB Colr’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus oneratus coloradensis, Midd. det. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ Ex. Dish. rubens ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00960623 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ♀); ‘ 13604 c’ Hopk. U. S. ’ (white label) / ‘ Reared June 4 – 15 W. Middleton’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960417 ’ (white label, QR code) (1 ϐ & 7 ♀). Material determined as Synergus garryana deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ Wash 1317 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960012 ’ (white label, QR code) (3 ϐ & 4 ♀); ‘ Camp Baldy, Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ Q. dumosa ’ (grey label) / ‘ Bred from gall 1653 ’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus garryana Gill. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ Wash 1317 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Synergus garryana Gill’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus oneratus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; POL longer than OOL; OOL 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; gena not broadened behind eye; F 1 as long as F 2, antenna 14 - segmented in females; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a distinct and conspicuous basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally more than 1 / 3 of its length, weakly to not dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow. Synergus oneratus is morphologically close to S. rutulus (see below), from which differs by having POL 1.6 times as long as OOL (Fig. 30 c) (1.3 in S. rutulus, Fig. 37 c); mesoscutum with weak, dense and discontinuous transversal carinae and median mesoscutal line absent (Fig. 30 f, j) (mesoscutum with strong and dense transversal carinae, and median mesoscutal line appearing as a small incision in S. rutulus, Fig. 37 b); radial cell of fore wing 2.3 times as long as wide (2.5 in S. rutulus); and syntergum of females weakly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 30 a, e, g) (not incised in S. rutulus, Fig. 37 a), among others (see the identification key).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length about 2.5 – 3.5 mm (n = 20). Color (Fig. 30). Body mainly yellow to black and yellowish orange or rufous. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area, to yellow with frons, vertex and occiput black. Antenna yellow with the tip somewhat darker, to dark brown with rufous joints. Mesosoma can be yellow or dark yellow with propodeum and mesosoma basally black; yellow and black, with the mesopleuron entirely black, the mesoscutum with a medial dark strip or completely black; or black, sometimes only with the pronotum posteriorly and base of notauli orange or rufous. Tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellow with a more or less extended dorsal black band, to orange or amber with a dorsal black band. Legs yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings hyaline, veins yellow to testaceous. Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 30 e, i) coriaceous with some weak wrinkles and scarce piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 30 e, i) coriaceous with some weak wrinkles and scarce piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9: 5.5: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4.5. Occiput coriaceous with some weak wrinkles. Antenna (Fig. 30 d, e). 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1 or slightly shorter; pedicel almost 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2, F 2 about as long as F 3 or slightly longer; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 4.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 30 a, e, g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous, sometimes with some weak wrinkles basally (Fig. 30 b); lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 30 f, j) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with weak and dense, discontinuous transversal carinae; anterior parallel lines visible but shallow, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and usually well impressed in their whole length, sometimes less impressed and visible in the anterior 1 / 3; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 30 f, j) about as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina well defined and visible, especially seen from above; scutellar foveae ovate to subquadrate, moderately large, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 30 e, g) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 30 d). Radial cell closed, about 2.3 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and almost 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 30 a, e, g). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended somewhat more than 1 / 3 of its length, less extended dorsally (Fig. 30 g, h); weakly dorsodistally incised to not incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about 2.0 or 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length about 2.0 – 2.5 mm (n = 8). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 almost straight, very weakly incised medially and almost not broadened distally nor basally. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Body darker; frons, vertex and occiput black; mesosoma completely black; metasoma chestnut; metatibiae and metatarsi dark; antenna progressively darker towards the tip.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Washington D. C., Michigan, Illinois, Iowa (Harris 1841; Gillette 1896; Burks 1979; authors), Colorado (Gillette 1896; authors), Washington, and Oregon (Gillette 1893, 1896; Burks 1979); also from California (Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; authors), but this distribution needs to be confirmed; and Canada: Ottawa (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Andricus (= Adleria) quercusstrobilana (Osten-Sacken, 1862), Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette, 1893), Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) and D. rubens (Gillette, 1893) (Gillette 1896; Burks 1979); from galls very similar to those of Disholcaspis perniciosa (Bassett, 1890) (= Holcaspis monticola Gillette, 1893) on Q. garryana (Gillette 1893), which may correspond to Disholcaspis eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909) (Burks 1979); from galls of D. eldoradensis on Q. lobata and Q. dumosa (Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922), even though this record needs to be confirmed; and from galls of D. perniciosa on Q. gambelii, and D. rubens on Q. x undulata, according to the labels of some specimens deposited in USNM.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus oneratus was described from an unstated number of specimens (Harris 1841: 398). We located and examined a single female belonging to the type series deposited in MCZ, which has been designated as lectotype. Synergus oneratus coloradensis was mentioned for the first time by Gillette (1896: 91) as a variety and Burks (1979: 1062) considered it as a subspecies. We located and examined 2 ϐ and 2 ♀ deposited in USNM with red labels reading ‘ Type’, ‘ Allotype’, and ‘ Paratype’ respectively, as well as with a USNM accession number. Gillette did not designate a type series for this variety, so we assume that USNM recognized these specimens as the type series (syntypes) of S. oneratus coloradensis. We designate one of the examined females as lectotype and the rest of specimens as paralectotypes.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	description	The host plants are not mentioned neither in the original description of S. oneratus nor in the comments given about S. oneratus coloradensis by Gillette (1896). According to Burks (1979), A. quercusstrobilana is associated with Q. bicolor and Q. macrocarpa; A. brevipennata, with Q. x undulata, Q. gambelii, and Q. turbinella; D. quercusglobulus, with Q. alba, Q. prinoides, and ‘ Q. prinus ’ (which could be Q. muehlenbergii or Q. montana); and D. rubens, with Q. arizonica, Q. x undulata, Q. gambelii, ‘ Q. oblongifolia ’ (which could be Q. oblongifolia, Q. chrysolepis, or Q. grisea), Q. rugosa, Q. turbinella, and Q. toumeyi.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 24).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Heteroecus pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) (= Andricus pacificus) on Q. chrysolepis, and from galls of Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890) on Q. douglasii (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of both Synergus pacificus and S. profusus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 24).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 a: 139).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia: Boyacá, Cundinamarca, and Santander (Lobato-Vila et al. 2017, 2020 a).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Zapatella inflata Pujade-Villar & Rodríguez, 2015, Z. nievesaldreyi Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2012 and Z. petiolata Pujade-Villar & Caicedo, 2017 on Q. humboldtii (Lobato-Vila et al. 2017, 2020 a).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus pedroi was treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 a: 139), who provided new morphological, distribution, and biological data for this species.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	description	(Figures 31 – 32, 42 p – q) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 B 812362 - 9 FE 3 - 42 A 9 - 821 D- 777091 D 2 ABBC	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 318 (99 verde), Tunal-El Salto (San Felipe del Progreso, EDO. MEX.), 19 ° 42 ’ 28.403 ’’ N, 99 ° 55 ’ 49.353 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Atrusca sp., 2555 m, Q. glabrescens, (14. ix. 2014) 13. x. 2014, Delia leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (1 ϐ & 3 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 183, Road Calpulalpan to San Martín km 208 (Calpulalpan, TLAX) ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Atrusca sp., 2794 m, Q. microphylla, (31. viii. 2012) 10. ix. 2012, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀ Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ♀); ‘ MEX: P 317 (92 verde), Tunal-El Salto (San Felipe del Progreso, EDO. MEX.), 19 ° 42 ’ 28.403 ’’ N, 99 ° 55 ’ 49.353 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Atrusca sp., 2555 m, Q. microphylla, (11. viii. 2014) 12. x. 2014, Delia leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label) (1 ϐ & 2 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ persona’ for mask, regarding the mask-like black coloration of the head of this species.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus personatus, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including speculum, covered with reticulated wrinkles at least anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.7 – 3.0 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; antenna long and thin, first flagellomeres more than 6.0 times as long as wide and F 1 and F 2 equal or subequal; lateral pronotum carinated to wrinkled; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; circumscutellar carina weak; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extended at most 1 / 3 of its length; and basal half of lower face and basal half of gena yellow to yellowish orange, the rest of the head, black. Synergus personatus, sp. nov. is morphologically close to S. rufinotaulis (see below), from which differs by having mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated, somewhat reticulated anteriorly, interspaces smooth, glabrous and shining (Fig. 32 g) (with reticulate wrinkles and coriaceous interspaces covering all of the surface in S. rufinotaulis); transfacial line 1.1 – 1.2 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 32 a) (slightly shorter that height of eye in S. rufinotaulis); frons and vertex coriaceous, vertex with some small piliferous punctures and weak wrinkles (Fig. 32 a – b) (with reticulated wrinkles in S. rufinotaulis); and areolet of fore wing visible (Fig. 32 f) (small to inconspicuous in S. rufinotaulis).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.5 – 3.0 mm (n = 6). Color (Fig. 31). Body black and yellow. Lower half of face and lower half of gena, yellow, the rest of the head, black; rarely, gena completely yellow. Antenna yellowish brown, the distal half usually lighter. Mesosoma almost completely black, but lateral margins of pronotum, base of notauli and margins of mesoscutellum, usually orange; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma black dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Legs yellow, except metacoxae basally, which are black; tarsi infuscate. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 32 a) trapezoid to subquadrate, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with well-marked and spaced, regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae also present, but weaker. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line 1.2 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 32 b) is about 2.2 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles and punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7.5: 5.5: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles. Antenna (Fig. 32 c). 14 - segmented (7: 3.5: 13: 13: 12: 11.5: 10: 9: 8: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 7); filiform and thin, long, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 2 – F 12. Pedicel about as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2, F 2 slightly longer than F 3. Last flagellar segment about 3.5 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 32 g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum very weakly carinated and somewhat wrinkled dorsally; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 32 i) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae, especially posteriorly; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching about 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete; narrower, less impressed and somewhat interrupted by the sculpture anteriorly, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line short, just appearing as a small incision; parapsidal lines shallow, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 32 i) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak, but visible; scutellar foveae ovate, smooth, well defined and impressed, and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 32 g) finely, regularly and densely striated, somewhat reticulated anteriorly, interspaces smooth, glabrous and shining; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches ¾ parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 32 d) alutaceous and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae narrow, straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe (Fig. 32 e). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 31). Radial cell closed, about 3.0 times as long as wide; areolet large, but only posterior vein well pigmented (Fig. 32 f). Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 32 h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth. with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures reaching about 1 / 3 of its length (Fig. 32 h, dot line), less widespread dorsally (Fig. 32 j, dot line); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 32 j), not pointed; following segments minutely punctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 1). Transfacial line 1.1 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Lower face medially black, with the black surface reaching the margin of clypeus; all coxae dark basally; metasoma completely dark chestnut to black. Antenna are broken, so we do not know how many flagellomeres do they have.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico. México and Tlaxcala.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of undetermined species of Atrusca (Fig. 42 p – q) on Q. microphylla and Q. glabrescens.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (in part): paralectotypes in USNM [not a synonym of S. pomiformis, see remarks].	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 26).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California) (Fullaway 1911; McCracken & Egbert 1922; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c); and Mexico: Baja California (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett, 1881) in the USA (Ashmead 1885; Kieffer 1904; Fullaway 1911; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c). Also, from a gall of an undetermined species of Amphibolips in Mexico, probably a new species, on Q. agrifolia (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus pomiformis, as well as of its synonyms (S. flavus and S. varicolor), was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 26). The type series of S. variegatus, which was studied by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c), is composed of two species: the actual S. variegatus, now considered a synonym of S. flavens, and S. pomiformis. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but A. quercuspomiformis is associated with Q. wislizeni and Q. agrifolia (Burks 1979; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 703) and the diagnoses of S. diversicolor and S. weldi, sp. nov. (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, Hidalgo, México, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz (Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019, 2020 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Synergus pseudofilicornis is considered a generalist species, even though it is more frequently reared from asexual tuberous twig galls of Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009 on Q. affinis and Q. laurina (Pujade-Villar et al. 2012 a; Tormos et al. 2014; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019, 2020 b). It can be also obtained from sexual galls of A. quercuslaurinus (non-tuberous) and from other tuberous galls initiated by different species of Andricus (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019). According to Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b), S. pseudofilicornis can be also reared from woolly galls induced by different Andricus and Striatoandricus species, as well as from non-woolly galls (tuberous and non-tuberous) initiated by Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Dros, Neuroterus and other undetermined galls on oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The morphological variability of S. pseudofilicornis, as well as its host preferences, was comprehensively treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 704).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 29).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Colorado (Gillette 1896) and California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. According to Gillette (1896) and McCracken & Egbert (1922), this species is associated with galls of Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893), D. eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909), and Biorhiza eburnea (Bassett, 1890) (= Dryophanta glabra Gillette, 1894) (the latter considered incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2018), always reared from oaks from Quercus section (Burks 1979): Q. arizonica, Q. dumosa, Q. gambelii, Q. garryana, Q. lobata, Q. oblongifolia, Q. rugosa, Q. toumeyi, Q. turbinella, and Q. x undulata.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus punctatus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar (2017: 17). It was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 29).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 705)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: New York (Fitch 1859) and Iowa (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from woolly galls of Andricus quercusflocci (Walsh, 1864) [= A. flocci (Osten-Sacken, 1865)] on leaves of white oaks (Fitch 1859), probably the North American eastern white oak Quercus alba (Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus quercuslana was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 705).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FA3D73B2F8B9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011: 8) and the diagnosis of S. oaxaquensis (this work). Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011). Biology. Reared from undetermined spherical galls on twigs of Q. salicifolia (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	description	(Figures 33 – 34)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type ♀ ’ (red label) / ‘ reniformis’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Stanford Univ. Coll. L. A. C. M, Access’d 1964 ’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (3 ϐ) with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type ϐ’ (red label) / ‘ reniformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Stanford Univ. Coll. L. A. C. M, Access’d 1964 ’ (white label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5812 ’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ϐ, deposited in CAS); ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251 ’ (white label) / ‘ ϐ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ I. McCracken col. ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Ex. gall of Andricus reniformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24998 U. S. N. M’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus reniformis McC & Eg’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ϐ, deposited in USNM); ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251 ’ (white label) / ‘ ϐ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘ Synergus reniformis Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Beut. Coll. Rec’d 1939 ’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922, IL-V desig- 2019 ’ (red label) (1 ϐ, deposited in USNM). Type material of Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957. HOLOTYPE ♀ (examined) with the following labels: ‘ Oregon Caves, Ore. el. 6000 ’ (white label) / ‘ chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘ Ex 1822 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No 63004 U. S. N. M’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus magnificus Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802168 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (7 ϐ & 6 ♀) (examined) with the following labels: ‘ Idyllwild, Cal. ’ (grey label) / ‘ 1622 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 63004 U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960804 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paratype Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 ’ (red label) (6 ϐ & 3 ♀, deposited in USNM); same data, but without the QR code label: 2 ♀ (deposited in USNM); ‘ Mill Valley Marin Co. Cal. ’ (white label) / ‘ H. B. Leech Collector’ (white label) / ‘ Emerged from cynipid gall on Quercus chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype’ (red label) (1 ϐ & 1 ♀, deposited in CAS). Eighty-eight more paratypes (sex unknown, not examined) are deposited in CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). Other material examined (2 ϐ & 7 ♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ Kyburz, Cal. ’ (grey label) / ‘ Quercus chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘ 1622 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus reniformis McC & Egb’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1 ♀); ‘ Tahoe City Cal., Aug. 38 ’ (grey label) / ‘ vaccinifolia’ (grey label) / ‘ 1622 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus reniformis Mc + E, det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (2 ϐ & 3 ♀). New material reared from galls collected in Mexico with the following location data: MEX: P 393, Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (B. C.), Andricus? truckeensis, Q. chrysolepis, (07. iv. 2018) 03. v. 2018, S. Ordaz leg. (3 ♀).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus reniformis can be easily separated from other species by having tarsal claws simple, without a basal lobe, and a large size, with females ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 mm in length and males, from 2.0 to 5.0 mm. It is also characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; F 1 as long as F 2; POL longer than OOL; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; first metasomal segment dorsally with striae reaching the half of its length, anterior half smooth (sometimes completely smooth); and syntergum posteriorly with or without punctures, if present then forming either a patch or a band.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0 – 6.0 mm (n = 15). Color (Fig. 33 a, c, d, g, h, i). Lower face and gena yellow, except for a black stripe that sometimes appears running from toruli to the oral fovea (Fig. 33 h); frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna testaceous to dark brown. Mesosoma mainly black; pronotum from almost completely yellow (only with some black spots laterally and dorsally) to black; mesopleuron from almost completely yellow (only tinged with black posteriorly and ventrally) to black; mesopleural triangle and tegulae always yellow; mesosoma dorsally and propodeum always black. Metasoma reddish brown to chestnut, with the basal edge and the hypopygium yellowish, to dark yellow laterally and ventrally, only infuscate anterodorsally. Legs yellow, basal half of hind and mid coxae (rarely the first pair), black. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 33 c, d) trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.4 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye. Toruli situated midheight of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 33 c, d) coriaceous with scarce small punctures and weak wrinkles; frontal carinae narrow and weak, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 33 i) coriaceous with small punctures and weak wrinkles. POL: OOL: LOL = 8.5: 6.5: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 5. Occiput coriaceous with some small punctures. Antenna (Fig. 33 f). 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel almost 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2 or F 1 slightly longer than F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 4.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 33 a, f). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.26. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous, basally with some weak wrinkles; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 33 d, i) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with very delicate discontinuous transversal elements not forming true carinae; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but shallowly impressed and less visible in the anterior 1 / 3, interrupted by the sculpture, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line inconspicuous or at most visible as a small triangular incision; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 33 d, i) about 1.2 times as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, moderately large, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 33 a, f) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws simple, without a basal lobe (in some specimens, with an inconspicuous tooth) (Fig. 33 b, g). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length (Fig. 33 a, f). Radial cell closed, about 2.7 – 2.9 times as long as wide; areolet visible, well pigmented. Rs + M visible, well pigmented, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma and almost 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 33 a, f). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally but sulci incomplete, not reaching the anterior margin of the segment (in some specimens, completely smooth). Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly usually with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1 / 3 of its length, less extended dorsally (with very few or without micropunctures, smooth, in some specimens); strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 33 d), not pointed; following segments with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine almost 2.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE (Fig. 33 e, j). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0 – 5.0 mm (n = 12). Antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 slightly curved, almost not incised medially nor broadened, longer apically after the incision than basally. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Antenna yellow; pronotum almost completely yellow; metasoma dorsally black, ventrally yellow; sometimes only hind coxae, black.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California and Oregon (Weld 1957; McCracken & Egbert 1922; authors). First time recorded from Mexico: Baja California (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Originally reared from galls of Disholcaspis? reniformis (McCracken & Egbert, 1922) on Q. vaccinifolia (McCracken & Egbert 1922), and from galls of Andricus? truckeensis (Ashmead, 1896) on Q. chrysolepis (Weld 1957). The new material found in Mexico was reared from galls of Andricus? truckeensis on Q. chrysolepis (authors). Also collected from unknown galls on Q. chrysolepis and Q. vaccinifolia in the USA (authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus reniformis was described from 7 ϐ and 1 ♀ (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 54). We located and examined 3 ϐ and 1 ♀ belonging to the type series: 1 ♀ and 1 ϐ deposited in CAS with a ‘ Type’ red label, and 2 ϐ deposited in USNM with a ‘ Paratype’ yellow label. As we cannot know which of the specimens deposited in CAS is the holotype, since it is not stated in the original description, we designated as lectotype of the type series the female deposited in CAS. Synergus magnificus was described from about 120 specimens (Weld 1957: 108). We located and examined 7 ϐ and 7 ♀ belonging to the type series: 6 ϐ and 6 ♀ deposited in USNM, and 1 ϐ and 1 ♀ deposited in CAS, as well as eighty-eight more paratypes deposited in CAS that were not examined. The type specimens of S. magnificus are generally darker than those of S. reniformis, even though specimens within both type series show a moderate degree of color variability. Despite this, both species share all other diagnostic morphological traits, including having the tarsal claws simple or with an inconspicuous tooth. Furthermore, they were obtained from similar galls (as stated by Melika & Abrahamson (2002), McCracken & Egbert (1922) suggest that reniformis might be a variety of truckeensis, both probably belonging to a still undescribed genus, according to Dailey & Menke 1980) on oaks from the Protobalanus section in California and its surroundings. Hence, we propose here Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 as a synonym of Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert, 1922. This species shows a high degree of variability in the metasomal punctuation. Weld (1957: 108) recorded that while some specimens show a conspicuous punctuation on the syntergum posteriorly, others have it almost smooth. Both the types of S. magnificus and S. reniformis examined have the syntergum micropunctate (Fig. 34 a, b), whereas the specimens found in Baja California (Mexico) have the syntergum smooth (Fig. 34 c).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	description	(Figures 35 – 36, 42 r) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 96 CB 9 BFA-ADEB- 4 A 56 - BE 07 - 17 E 1 CEEAB 31 C	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 394, El Sundhó, Calpulalpan (Jilotepec, EDO. MEX.), 20 ° 3 ’ 37.2 ’’ N, 99 ° 38 ’ 4.293 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Andricus sp., 2688 m, Q. crassipes, (26. ii. 2019) 20. iii- 13. vi. 2019, Chagoyán-García leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus ruficephalus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (3 ϐ & 1 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ rufus’ for redhead and the Ancient Greek term ‘ cephale’ for head, regarding the color of females’ head of this species, which is dark orange, in contrast to the rest of their body, which is black.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus ruficephalus, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae, the speculum medially finely aciculate to almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles, and frontal carinae absent; F 1 at least 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females, almost 2.0 times in males; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated; notauli incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined or shallow; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; in both sexes, body entirely or almost entirely black. Synergus ruficephalus, sp. nov. keys out near S. ebenus, whose main differences have already been treated (see the diagnosis of S. ebenus).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.3 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 35 a). Head orange, except for a black spot in the ocellar area (the black surface is sometimes extended to the frons) and the occiput, which are black. Antenna mostly dark brown, except the distal 1 / 3, which is yellowish orange. Mesosoma black, except for the mesopleural triangle, which is orange, and tegulae, which are brownish orange. Metasoma black, dark chestnut to rufous ventrally. Legs black, except metatarsi and joints, which are orange, and tibiae of the first pair, which are dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 36 a) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line 1.2 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous or absent. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 36 b) is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with a few weak wrinkles and some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 5.5: 4, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures. Antenna. 14 - segmented (9: 4: 13: 7: 7: 7: 7: 7: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 4: 7.5) (Fig. 36 c); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 1 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 almost 2.0 times as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3 (Fig. 36 e). Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 36 i). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.25. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly carinated, interspaces coriaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 36 l) about 1.1 times as wide as long, with dense discontinuous weak carinae, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous, reaching about 1 / 4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli almost complete, faint before reaching the pronotal margin, narrow, interrupted by carinae, slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent or just appearing as a small incision; parapsidal lines shallow, almost inconspicuous, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 36 l) rounded, about as long as wide, weakly carinated to wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible; scutellar foveae ovate, well impressed and defined, bottom with longitudinal carinae and separated by a wide septum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 36 i) finely and weakly striated, speculum finely aciculate to smooth medially, dorsally finely aciculate; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3 / 4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 36 f) weakly wrinkled and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae narrow, straight and parallel. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (Fig. 36 g). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 3.0 times as long as wide (Fig. 36 h); areolet large, well pigmented. Rs + M weakly pigmented, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell densely setose. Metasoma. Longer than head plus mesosoma and about 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 36 j). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posterodorsally with a small patch of micropunctures on its very tip (Fig. 36 j, dot line; 36 k); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 36 m), not pointed; following segments and hypopygium, micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 3). Antenna 15 - segmented (7: 3: 11: 6: 5.5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 4: 4: 5); F 1 slightly curved, moderately medially incised, more broadened apically than basally (Fig. 36 d). Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Antenna yellowish orange; lateral pronotum, mesopleural triangle and tegulae, yellowish orange; mesopleuron, brown or partially yellowish; legs yellow, except metatibiae and all tarsi, which are infuscate (Fig. 35 b).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: México.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of Andricus (Fig. 42 r), probably A. quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2009, on Q. crassipes.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF99FDE5FC9B7249FAE5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero (2011: 10) and the diagnoses of S. obtusilobae and S. personatus (this work).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF99FDE5FC9B7249FAE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF99FDE5FC9B7249FAE5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of an undescribed species of Cynips, as well as in other spherical detachable galls induced by an unknown cynipid species, presumably another Cynips, on Q. sapotifolia (Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	description	(Figure 37)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). HOLOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L. S. Jr. U., Lot. 579, Sub. 25 ’ (white label) / ‘ Congress springs, Vickery col., Oct. 1919 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Stanford Univ., Coll. L. A. C. M, Access’d 1964 ’ (white label) / ‘ Type rutulus’ (red label, ‘ rutulus’ is handwritten) / ‘ Synergus rutulus McC & Egb. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5816 ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus rutulus McCracken & Egbert, 1922 ’ (red label).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus rutulus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; POL longer than OOL; OOL 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; gena not broadened behind eye; F 1 as long as F 2, antenna 14 - segmented in females; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a distinct and conspicuous basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally more than 1 / 3 of its length, weakly to not dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow. Synergus rutulus is morphologically close to S. oneratus, whose main differences have already been treated (see the diagnosis of S. oneratus).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.2 mm (n = 1). Color (Fig. 37). Reddish yellow with some dark areas. Head mainly reddish yellow; frons posteriorly, ocellar area and occiput, black. Antenna yellow, the tips darker according to the original description (tips are broken). Mesosoma mainly reddish yellow to dark yellow; pronotum dorsomedially, mesoscutum anteriorly, scutellar foveae, propodeum and mesopleuron, black or dark brown; tegulae, yellow. Metasoma dark yellow to amber, dorsally with a black stripe. Legs yellow, meso- and metacoxae sometimes with a dark spot basally. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow. Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid, about 1.3 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous with some weak wrinkles; frontal carinae branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 37 c) is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 37 c) wrinkled, with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 6: 4.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4.5. Occiput weakly wrinkled, without punctures. Antenna. 14 - segmented according to the original description (tip of antenna broken); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel 1.3 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 37 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum carinated to imbricate; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 37 b) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly carinated, carinae more or less continuous, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines inconspicuous; notauli complete, well impressed and wide, sometimes interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line visible at most as a small triangular incision; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 37 b) about 1.2 times as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina well defined but somewhat obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin more or less well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely and regularly striated, interspaces weakly alutaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae narrow, slightly curved and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, basal vein not well pigmented. Rs + M weakly pigmented, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 37 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures occupying its distal half; not incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Disholcaspis plumbella Kinsey, 1920 on Q. dumosa (McCracken & Egbert 1922).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus rutulus was described from a single female (McCracken & Egbert 1922: 60), which has been located and examined.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.taxon	materials_examined	New material examined (5 ϐ & 8 ♀). Material collected from Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P 390, Las Cruces, San Luis Huexotla (Texcoco, EDO. MEX.), Ex. Andricus sp. (tuberous), Q. microphylla, (05. vii. 2018) vii. 2018, V. D. C. Ll. leg.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 238).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019; authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from woody tuberous galls of different Andricus species on twigs of oaks of both Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019; authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Some females, among the new specimens that were studied, have the metasoma slightly dorsodistally incised (not incised among specimens from the type series) and the hypopygial spine just slightly longer than wide (about 3.0 times as long as wide among specimens from the type series). Despite these subtle differences, we have no doubt that they belong to the same species, especially given that they were obtained from the same morphotype (and genus) of galls.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 29).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: California (Burnett 1976).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Andricus stellulus Burnett, 1974 on Q. dumosa (Burnett 1976).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 29).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E.taxon	materials_examined	New material examined (10 ϐ & 22 ♀). Material collected from Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P 399, Ctra. Mex-Tuxpan, near Lajas Chicas (HGO), 20 ° 2 ’ 41.85 ’’ N, 98 ° 28 ’ 7.86 ’’ W, Ex Amphibolips cibriani, Q. crassipes, (22. vi. 2019) iii – v. 2020, JP-V leg.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 30).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, Hidalgo, México, Tlaxcala, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c; authors).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from asexual galls of Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2011 and A. zacatequensis Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2011 on Q. eduardi and Q. crassipes (Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020 c). The new material presented here was reared from asexual galls of A. cibriani Pujade-Villar, 2018 on Q. crassipes.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 30).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885; Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885; Weld 1951; Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus succinipedis was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 30). The host plant is not mentioned in the original description; however, S. succinipedis was probably collected from galls on Q. virginiana or Q. minima, because these are the only host trees mentioned for D. quercusvirens (Weld 1951; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FC1B7381FABC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 241).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FC1B7381FABC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero and México (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FC1B7381FABC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls of an undetermined species of Andricus on twigs of Q. mexicana and Q. rugosa.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	description	(Figure 38)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Mich’ (white label) / ‘ Ac. Cat. 224 ’ (white label) / ‘ Gillette’ (white label) / ‘ 12 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Synergus villosus Type, n. sp. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ na Gil’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ AccNo 71950, USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘ USNMENT 00802410 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Synergus villosus Gillette, 1891, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus villosus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; F 1 as long as F 2 and female antenna with 14 segments, rarely 15; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures. Synergus villosus differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (S. ficigerae, S. ochreus, S. duricorius, S. beutenmulleri, S. linnei, S. erinacei, S. nigroornatus, S. oneratus and S. rutulus) by having lateral pronotum coriaceous, without transversal carinae nor wrinkles (Fig. 38 a) (wrinkled or carinated, sometimes coriaceous but at least with some carinae or wrinkles ventrally in the rest of species); mesoscutum weakly sculptured, imbricated, without carinae nor transversal elements, with some punctures (Fig. 38 b) (strongly or weakly, but always densely, transversely carinated, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements not forming true carinae in the rest of species); speculum medially with a small smooth spot (without a smooth spot in the rest of species); and female antenna with 15 segments (14 in the rest of species, except in S. ochreus).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.1 mm (n = 1). Color (Fig. 38). Black and yellow. Lower face and gena, yellow; frons, vertex medially and occiput, black. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma black; tegulae, yellow. Metasoma yellow lateroventrally and posteriorly, black dorsally and laterodorsally. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 38 c) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye. Toruli situated midheight of eye; distance between torulus and eye as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli as long as diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 38 c) finely coriaceous and punctate; frontal carinae narrow and weak, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous and punctate. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 9: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput weakly coriaceous and punctate. Antenna (Fig. 38 b). 15 - segmented; filiform, nearly as long as the body, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel slightly shorter than F 1; pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 and F 2 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F 12. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 38 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.28. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 38 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, imbricated, glabrous and shining, with some punctures; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching 1 / 3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line weakly impressed but visible, reaching almost 1 / 3 of the mesoscutal length; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 38 b) about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron ventrally regularly striated, anteriorly reticulated, speculum striated, medially with a smooth spot. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3 / 4 of mesopleural height. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe. Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length (Fig. 38 a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet small, almost indistinct. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 38 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a very narrow band of micropunctures extended at most 1 / 6 its length; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Iowa (Gillette 1891).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Acraspis villosa Gillette, 1888 (Gillette 1891).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus villosus was described from two specimens (Gillette 1891: 203), which seem to be females according to the original description. We located and examined 1 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM, which has been designated as lectotype. The first label of the lectotype reads ‘ Mich’ instead of ‘ Io’ o ‘ Iowa’. Also, Burks (1979) states that this species is known from Michigan instead of Iowa, probably due to what the label of the lectotype says. We believe this to be an error. The host plant is neither mentioned in the original description nor in subsequent works; however, A. villosa is commonly found on leaves of Q. arizonica, Q. grisea, Q. macrocarpa, and Q. gambelii (Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	description	(Figure 39)	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of Ceroptres virentis Ashmead, 1885 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Type’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 14536, U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Ceroptres virentis Ashm ♀, Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802411 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀ Ceroptres virentis Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus virentis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2017 ’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (1 ϐ & 1 ♀) with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnville, Fla. ’ (white label) / ‘ Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 14536, U. S. N. M. ’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960472 ’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype Ceroptres virentis Ashmead, 1885, IL-V desig- 2017 ’ (red label) / ‘ Synergus virentis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922, IL-V det. 2017 ’ (white label).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus virentis belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae, the speculum medially finely aciculate to almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated; notauli incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined or shallow; and first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally. Synergus virentis differs from the rest of species of this group (S. ebenus and S. ruficephalus) by having head, mesosoma and metasoma mostly ochre or amber, antenna yellow and legs pale yellow in both sexes (Fig. 39 a – c) (black or at least with some dark surfaces, never entirely yellow, ochre or amber in these species); gena slightly broadened behind eye (not broadened in these species); frons and vertex alutaceous to finely coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles (Fig. 39 b) (finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles in these species); frontal carinae very short, running just a little from toruli, obscured by antenna (absent in these species); F 1 and F 2 subequal in females, at most 1.2 in males (at least 1.3 in females, 2.0 in males); and syntergum posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures occupying almost 1 / 3 of its length (just with a posterodorsal patch in these species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	description	Redescription FEMALE. Length. Body length about 2.0 mm (n = 2). Color (Fig. 39). Body mainly yellowish brown (ochre). Face and gena, yellow; frons, vertex and occiput, ochre. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma ochre; tegulae, yellow. Metasoma yellowish orange, amber. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow. Head. In frontal view (Fig. 39 c) subtrapezoid to rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae short, obscured by antenna, almost inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is about 2.4 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 39 b) finely coriaceous, without punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 13.5: 10: 6 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 5.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, without punctures. Antenna. 14 - segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F 1; pedicel about 1.8 times as long as wide; F 1 about as long as F 2 or just slightly longer, F 2 and F 3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment almost 4.0 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 39 a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.36. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 39 b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, imbricated, more strongly sculptured posteriorly, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1 / 3; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum about 1.1 times as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subtriangular, small, shallow, weakly punctate, posterior margin more or less defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 39 a) regularly striated basally, speculum finely aciculate, almost smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 4 / 5 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws unknown (all the examined specimens have legs broken). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only posterior vein slightly pigmented. Rs + M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 39 a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a wide band of minute micropunctures extended almost 1 / 3 of its length; not dorsodistally incised, pointed; following segments with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: antenna 15 - segmented; F 1 1.2 times as long as F 2; F 1 slightly curved and incised medially, slightly broadened basally and apically. Lower face less striated medially (or even without striae). Malar space 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885; Weld 1951; Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus virentis was described from an unstated number of specimens (Ashmead 1885: 300). We located and examined 1 ϐ and 2 ♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM and designated one of the females as lectotype. The host plant is not mentioned in the original description; however, S. virentis was probably collected from galls on Q. virginiana or Q. minima, because these are the only host trees mentioned for D. quercusvirens (Weld 1951; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 32).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Illinois (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979) and Michigan (Gillette 1896).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from woolly galls of Andricus quercusflocci (Walsh, 1864) on leaves of white oaks (Walsh 1864), probably the North American eastern white oak Q. alba (Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of Synergus walshii was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 b: 706). It was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020 c: 32).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	description	(Figures 40 – 41, 42 s) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 768998 BB- 893 F- 48 E 9 - 990 A- 6 A 10 D 86 CB 593	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P 038, Cerro del Cubilete (Silao, GTO), 21 ° 0 ’ 41.389 ’’ N, 101 ° 22 ’ 11.872 ’’ W’ (white label) / ‘ Andricus sp., 2512 m, Q. mexicana, (27. vii. 2011) 19. viii. 2011, E. Estrada & A. Equihua leg. ’ (white label) / ‘ Holotype ♀ Synergus weldi Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig- 2020 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (3 ♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Mr. Lewis Hart Weld (1875 – 1964), an American entomologist who greatly contributed to the knowledge of gall wasps from over the world, but especially from America.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synergus weldi, sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.8 – 3.2 times as long as wide; gena slightly broadened behind eye; malar space 0.5 – 0.6 times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; lateral frontal carinae entirely or distally branched; POL longer than OOL and OOL at most 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; F 1 at least 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as F 2; antenna 14 - segmented and filiform in females; mesoscutum coriaceous or with weak to strong discontinuous and dense transversal carinae; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; syntergum posteriorly with a conspicuous band of micropunctures extended laterally 1 / 4 – 1 / 3 of its length; and legs entirely yellow. Synergus weldi differs from the rest of species of this group (S. medianeroi and S. pseudofilicornis) by having lateral pronotum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, without carinae nor wrinkles (Fig. 41 g) (imbricated to weakly carinated or wrinkled in these species); mesoscutum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures, posteriorly sometimes with a few very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (Fig. 41 j) (strongly coriaceous with weak transversal elements to strongly and densely transversely carinated in these species); and circumscutellar carina strong, slightly upturned and projected (Fig. 41 g, j) (weak or inconspicuous to absent, not projected nor upturned in these species).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	description	Description FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.5 – 4.0 mm (n = 4). Color (Fig. 40). Black and yellow. Lower face and gena yellow, except for a medial black stripe between and below toruli; frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black. Basal half of antenna dark brown, progressively lighter towards the tip. Mesosoma black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma black dorsally (less widespread posterodorsally), yellow to yellowish orange laterally, lighter basally. Legs yellow, coxae pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brownish. Head. In frontal view (Figs 40 b, 41 a) trapezoid, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus slightly distinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with a few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae weak, narrow and branched in their whole length, almost reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 41 b) is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 4: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous, with some broad punctures. Antenna (Fig. 41 c). 14 - segmented (8: 4.5: 13.5: 11: 11: 11: 9.5: 8: 7: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 8); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F 3 – F 12. Pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F 1 1.2 times as long as F 2, F 2 as long as F 3. Last flagellar segment about 3.2 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as F 11. Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 41 g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially / laterally: 0.25. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum alutaceous to finely coriaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 41 j) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with small piliferous punctures, posteriorly with very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae; anterior parallel lines clearly visible, smooth, reaching somewhat more than 1 / 4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, narrow, wider and convergent posteriorly, somewhat interrupted by carinae anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines clearly visible, shallow, smooth, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 41 j) rounded, about as long as wide, anteriorly coriaceous, laterally and posteriorly with very weak wrinkles; circumscutellar carina visible, slightly upturned and projected; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, weakly sculptured bottom, shallow but traceable and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 41 g) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces finely alutaceous; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 4 / 5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 41 d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae thick, straight and slightly convergent ventrally. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally. Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 41 e). Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 40 a). Radial cell closed and somewhat more than 3.0 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein is well pigmented (Fig. 41 f). Rs + M pale, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae. Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, almost 1.5 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 40 a, 41 h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an almost complete narrow band of minute micropunctures extended about 1 / 4 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 41 h, i); strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 41 k). The following segments, which are visible, are conspicuously punctate. Hypopygium punctate; hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae. MALE. Unknown.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico: Guanajuato.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of Andricus (Fig. 42 s) on twigs of Q. mexicana.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9563FFB2FDE5FDC37206FF33.taxon	discussion	* Synergus reniformis (= S. magnificus) is keyed out twice as it can have a posterior band of micropunctures on the syntergum or just a small posterodorsal patch (which is sometimes inconspicuous). Unplaced species	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9575FFB2FDE5FEEB712BFD24.taxon	distribution	Distribution. USA: Michigan (Gillette 1891).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9575FFB2FDE5FEEB712BFD24.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Reared from galls of Amphibolips cookii Gillette, 1888 (Gillette 1891), which produces bud galls on Q. rubra (Burks 1979).	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9575FFB2FDE5FEEB712BFD24.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synergus magnus was described from a single female (Gillette 1891: 202), whose current location is unknown. According to the original description, the female has 15 - segmented antenna, a trait that it shares only with a few species from the New World. However, the description of S. magnus is insufficient to decide whether it is a valid species or a synonym of one of these species with females with 15 - segmented antenna. Based on the traits provided by Gillette (1891), S. magnus might well be a synonym of S. dorsalis, but we first need to find and examine the holotype of S. magnus to confirm this assumption. Hence, we consider S. magnus as nomen dubium until its type material is found and studied in detail.	en	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
