identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4.text	03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus agrifoliae Ashmead, 1896</p>
            <p> 
Synergus agrifoliae 
Ashmead, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 189. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus maculatus Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 371 [not  Synergus maculatus Tavares, 1920 ]. Type material: USNM. Synonymized by Weld (1952: 337). </p>
            <p> Synergus obscurus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 57. Type material: CAS. Synonymized by Weld (1952: 337). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 4).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (Ashmead 1896; Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from a gall ‘not unlike  Neuroterus saltatorius (Edwards, 1874) occurring on  Quercus agrifolia ’ (Ashmead 1896: 189) . Also, from small round brown galls, 2.0 mm in diameter located on upper sides of leaves of  Q. agrifolia (Fullaway 1911: 371; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922: 58), as well as from unknown galls on  Q. garryana (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus agrifoliae was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9508FFCFFDE5FF137124FCA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.text	03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus ashmeadi Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus ashmeadi Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 1, 42a)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E31901F1-A222-4DC2-948E-FA0A37BC4FF5</p>
            <p> Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P141, Sierra Fría (Aguascalientes, AGS), 22°11’51.1’’N, 102°35’29.5’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Andricus sp., 2464m,  Q. potosina , (14. ii.2011) 17.ii.2011, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus ashmeadi Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPE (1♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named in honor of Mr. William Harris Ashmead (1855–1908), an American entomologist who specialized on parasitic  Hymenoptera , including gall wasps. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus ashmeadi ,  sp. nov. is the only species that lacks notauli, which at most appear as very shallow, inconspicuous, and hardly traceable grooves visible only under optimal illumination of the specimen. In addition, it is one of a few species that have the mesoscutum uniformly coriaceous-punctate, with conspicuous punctures covering all of the surface (Fig. 1g) (usually entirely alutaceous, coriaceous, or more or less carinated in the rest of species).  Synergus ashmeadi ,  sp. nov. is also characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, with parallel striae covering all of the surface, including the speculum (Fig. 1e); hyaline wings (Fig. 1a); and the mesoscutellum medially coriaceous and laterally and posteriorly wrinkled (Fig. 1g). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0 mm (n = 2).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 1). Body black and yellow. Head mainly yellow, vertex and occiput medially and around the occipital foramen, black. Antenna yellow, the tip somewhat darker. Mesosoma mainly black; pronotum yellow or anterolaterally black and the rest, yellow; mesopleuron completely black or with yellow speculum; mesopleural triangle and tegula, yellow. Metasoma black dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 1b) trapezoid, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5-0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli slightly longer than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, with a few weak wrinkles and very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 1c) is 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles and small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 5.5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles and small punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 1d). 14-segmented (7: 4: 12: 11: 11: 10: 8: 8: 6: 5.5: 4.5: 4: 4: 7.5); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F3–F12. Pedicel about 1.6 times as long as wide; F1 slightly longer than F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment about 2.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 1e). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly coriaceous to weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 1g) about 1.1 times as wide as long, uniformly coriaceous-punctate; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended about 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli absent, at most with two very weakly depressions on the mesoscutum where notauli are usually present; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 1g) rounded, almost as long as wide, anteriorly coriaceous, posteriorly and laterally wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles, not projected; scutellar foveae subquadrate to ovate, well impressed and delimited, the bottom with longitudinal weak carinae and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 1e) regularly and densely striated, interspaces finely coriaceous anteriorly; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3/4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae almost straight and parallel. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet inconspicuous, only the posterior vein somewhat pigmented (Fig. 1h). Rs+M inconspicuous, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Shorter than head plus mesosoma, almost as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 1f). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of very few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended almost 1/3 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 1f, dot line); not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide (very narrow) and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Aguascalientes.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of  Andricus (Fig. 42a) on  Q. potosina . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9508FFCDFDE5FC9F73A0FA62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.text	03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus atra Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus atra Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p>(Figure 2)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus atra 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 86. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Mich’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Gillette’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type No. 27932 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘Acc- No71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCal’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus atra Gill. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779906’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus atra Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♂ &amp; 2♀) with the following labels: ‘Ag. Coll. Mich’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘CollCF Baker’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus atra Gill’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 27932 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus atra Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♂); ‘Mich’ (white label) / ‘C. P. Gillette’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Allotype No. 27932 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus atra Gill. ♂’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus atra Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♂); ‘Manitou, Colo.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘CollCF Baker’ (white label) / ‘Weld thinks this cannot be a type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  atra Gill. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus atra Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♀); ‘Biol. 117’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27932 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960061’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus atra Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus atra belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth areas; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; F1 longer than F2 and antenna of females with 13 segments; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; and syntergum without micropunctures posteriorly or just with a posterodorsal patch never laterally extended. This species differs from others belonging to this group (  S. bicolor ,  S. medullae ,  S. dimorphus ,  S. digressus ,  S. brevicornis and  S. lignicola , see below) by having frons sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, with striae running from toruli towards lateral ocelli (Fig. 2d) (coriaceous, weakly wrinkled and/or with punctures, but never with sharp striae in the rest of species); POL more than 2.0 times as long as OOL (less than 2.0 times in the rest of species); notauli complete but less impressed and interrupted by carinae anteriorly (Fig. 2c) (complete and well defined in their entire length in the rest of species); metasoma, at least in females, as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 2b) (longer than high in the rest of species); and male antenna with 14 segments (15 in the rest of species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0 mm (n = 3).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 2). Mainly dark brown to black. Frons, vertex and occiput dark brown to black, lower face and gena dark yellow to brownish orange with some black surfaces. Antenna yellow, the tip darker. Mesosoma completely dark brown to black, tegulae dark brown. Metasoma dark chestnut to reddish black. Legs testaceous to yellow, with some infuscate areas, coxae dark. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin just slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, with striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli; without punctures (Fig. 2d). Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely striated, with scattered punctures (Fig. 2d). POL: OOL: LOL = 11: 5: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5 (Fig. 2d). Occiput slightly imbricated, with scattered punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 2c). 13-segmented; short, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.3 times as long as F1; pedicel almost 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 about 2.0 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 2.5 times as long as wide and somewhat more than 2.0 times as long as F10.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 2b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.31. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 2c) about as wide as long, with dense and discontinuous weak carinae, interspaces coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, almost reaching 1/2 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but less impressed and visible anteriorly, somewhat interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 2c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly carinated to wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subtriangular, well impressed and delimited, the bottom weakly sculptured and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 2a) anteriorly reticulated, medially and basally more regularly striated, speculum finely striated; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings (Fig. 2b). Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein well defined. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 2b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a small posterodorsal patch of minute micropunctures; not dorsodistally incised, very slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 1.5 mm (n = 2). Antenna 14-segmented; F1 about 2.0 times as long as F2 (fully as long as F2 and F3 together), slightly curved, medially incised, long, more broadened apically than basally. Metasoma shorter and with a more widespread posterodorsal patch of minute micropunctures.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Michigan and Colorado (Gillette 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from an unknown gall and from asexual galls of  Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893) (Gillette 1896) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus atra was described from 3♂ and 6♀ (Gillette 1896: 86). We located and examined 2♂ and 3♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  D. rubens galls were collected from several species of oaks from  Quercus section (Burks 1979: 1092):  Q. arizonica , Q. x  undulata ,  Q. qambelii ,  Q. oblongifolia ,  Q. rugosa ,  Q. turbinella , and  Q. toumeyi . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A950AFFD3FDE5FBE7710BFAD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.text	03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus atripennis Ashmead 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus atripennis Ashmead, 1896</p>
            <p>(Figure 3)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus atripennis 
Ashmead, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 189. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘1657 June 28–83’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 3290 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus atripennis Ashm. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779908’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus atripennis Ashmead, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label).   PARALECTOTYPES (3♀) with the following labels: ‘1657 June 28–83’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type’ (white label) / ‘ Through C. V.  Riley’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 3290 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) ‘USNMENT 00960131’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ atripennis’ (white label, handwritten)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus atripennis Ashmead, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (3♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Along with  Synergus distinctus (see below),  S. atripennis differs from the rest of species known within this genus from the New World by having smoky wings (commonly hyaline in  Synergus ).  Synergus atripennis differs from  S. distinctus by having female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 3c) (14 in  S. distinctus , Fig. 12b); vertex coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures (Fig. 3c) (wrinkled and with some punctures in  S. distinctus , Fig. 12c); mesopleuron with regular, dense and well-marked transversal striae covering all of the surface, except for a small aciculate, almost smooth, spot under the speculum (Fig. 3a) (with regular, widely spaced and well-marked transversal striae covering all of the surface in  S. distinctus , Fig. 12b); in females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 3b) (weakly to not dorsodistally incised in  S. distinctus , Fig. 12a); head amber, except frons, vertex and occiput, black (Fig. 3 b–d) (black in  S. distinctus , Fig. 12 b–c); and legs entirely amber (Fig. 3b) (coxae and trochanters mostly black in  S. distinctus , Fig. 12b). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.5 mm (n = 4).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 3). Black and amber. Face and gena amber, frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna amber. Mesosoma completely black, tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma, except the first segment, which is black, amber. Legs amber. Wings smoky, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 3d) trapezoid, just slightly wider than high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin just slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with scattered small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 3c) is about 2.5 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with scattered small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 13: 9 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 8.5. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 3c). 15-segmented; long, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel shorter than F1; pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.2 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment somewhat more than 3.0 times as long as wide and about 1.3 times as long as F12.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 3b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.42. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 3c) about 1.3 times as wide as long, with dense and discontinuous weak carinae; anterior parallel lines well defined, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and well impressed; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines well impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 3c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae large, circular to ovate, well impressed but posterior margin not well defined, the bottom weakly sculptured and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 3a) more or less regularly striated, more strongly striated basally, medially with a small aciculate, almost smooth, spot; little pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings (Fig. 3b). Fore wing pubescent with moderately long marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; areolet visible and well defined. Rs+M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 3b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and without punctures, following segments finely punctate; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Disholcaspis spongiosa (Karsch, 1880) (=  Holcaspis quercusficula Bassett, 1881 ) (Ashmead 1896). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus atripennis was described from 5♀ (Ashmead 1896: 189). We located and examined 4♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  D. spongiosa galls were collected from  Q. chapmanii and  Q. stellata (Burks 1979: 1093) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9514FFD1FDE5FB697101FCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.text	03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus atripes Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p>(Figure 4)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus atripes 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 96. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Colo 1880’ (orange label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘   Paratype No. 27933 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus atripes n. sp. Gill.’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779910’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (4♂ &amp; 2♀) with the following labels: ‘Colo 1880’ (orange label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘   Allotype No. 27933 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus atripes Gill. ♂’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960072’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♂); ‘Colo 1880’ (orange label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘  Paratype No. 27933 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960196’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♀); ‘Colo 440’ (orange label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘   Paratype No. 27933 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960453’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus atripes Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♂); ‘Colo 1708’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘  Paratype No. 27933 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960212’ (white label, QR code) (2♂) ;   same data as the previous one, but USNMENT 00960056 (1♂) and with a red label ‘  Synergus atripes Gill. ’: 1♀  . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus atripes belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, with non-parallel striae or wrinkles covering all of the surface, sometimes reticulated; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing short, 2.2 times as long as wide; mesoscutum strongly transversely carinated, interspaces sculptured; notauli visible but incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; mesoscutellum entirely carinated to wrinkled; and scutellar foveae inconspicuous to absent.  Synergus atripes is morphologically close to  S. batatoides (see below), from which differs by having frons and vertex sharply and finely striated, with striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli (Fig. 4c), vertex with small punctures (wrinkled and punctate, punctures on vertex stronger, in  S. batatoides ); OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 4c) (1.5 in  S. batatoides ); mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced transversal carinae (Fig. 4b) (strong but dense in  S. batatoides ); tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (very small in  S. batatoides ); and in males, F1 2.0 times as long as F2, and F1 long, slightly curved and slightly expanded apically and basally (F1 1.5 times as long as F2 and F1 strongly curved, kidney shaped in males of  S. batatoides ), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0–3.0 mm (n = 3).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 4). Mainly black. Face and gena brownish orange, frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna yellow to testaceous. Mesosoma black, tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma dark chestnut to reddish black. Legs with dark coxae, hind legs almost completely dark (except joints), first and second pair of legs mostly yellow except for some dark areas near joints. Wings hyaline, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin just slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 4c) sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, with striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli; without punctures. Head in dorsal view is about 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 4c) finely striated and with scattered small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 14: 11: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 5.5 (Fig. 4c). Occiput coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented; short, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about 1.3 times as long as F1; pedicel about 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 about 1.4 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal, the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 4a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 4b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae; anterior parallel lines inconspicuous; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3, sometimes interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 4b) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly carinated to wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles, almost inconspicuous; scutellar foveae inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles. Mesopleuron irregularly striated, striae non-parallel and well impressed, interspaces alutaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings (Fig. 4a). Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.2 times as long as wide; areolet almost inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma (Fig. 4a). About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view. First metasomal segment usually with striae reaching only the half of its length, the anterior half smooth. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a small patch of minute micropunctures (sometimes without punctures); not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about 1.5 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0– 2.5 mm (n = 4). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F2, slightly curved, medially incised, long, weakly broadened apically and basally. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Colorado (Gillette 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette, 1893) (Gillette 1896) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus atripes was described from 6♂ and 10♀ (Gillette 1896: 96). We located and examined 4♂ and 3♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  A. brevipennata was collected from Q. x  undulata ,  Q. gambelii , and  Q. turbinella (Burks 1979: 1093) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9516FFD7FDE5FC9B7060FD66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FCE37676FA01.text	03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FCE37676FA01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus aurofacies Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus aurofacies Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2020</p>
            <p> 
Synergus aurofacies 
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar in Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c) . Zootaxa 4822 (1): 8. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB and USNM . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 8).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Femuros lusum Kinsey, 1937 on  Q. laeta (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FCE37676FA01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FB4070CCFB80.text	03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FB4070CCFB80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus baruensis Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus baruensis Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011</p>
            <p> 
Synergus baruensis 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 14. Type material: MNCN (holotype),  paratypes in MNCN and MEUP . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero (2011: 14).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from undescribed integral and plurilocular galls (provisionally attributed to  Callirhytis ) on leaves and buds of  Q. salicifolia (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5FB4070CCFB80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED.text	03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus batatoides Ashmead 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus batatoides Ashmead, 1885</p>
            <p> 
Synergus batatoides 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 12: 301. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 198) and the diagnosis of  S. atripes (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1881, 1885; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Callirhytis quercusbatatoides (Ashmead, 1881) on  Quercus sp. (Ashmead 1885), probably the live oak  Q. virginiana (Ashmead 1881; Burks 1979; Pujade-Villar et al. 2012a). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus batatoides was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 198). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9510FFD7FDE5F9C17134F9ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C.text	03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus bellus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus bellus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p> 
Synergus bellus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 54. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 202) and the diagnosis of  S. coniferae (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from twig swellings, presumably tuberous galls (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019), on  Q. chrysolepis (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus bellus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 201). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9513FFD4FDE5FF13717FFC7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.text	03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus beutenmulleri Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus beutenmulleri Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 5–6, 42a)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4D3D86BE-201C-4D63-A36D-01DF97AC8B02</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P141,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -102.59153/lat 22.197527)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-102.59153&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.197527">Sierra Fría</a>
                 (Aguascalientes, AGS), 22°11’51.1’’N, 102°35’29.5’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Andricus sp., 2464m,  Q. potosina , (14. ii.2011) 17.ii.2011, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus beutenmulleri Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (1♂ &amp; 1♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.
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            <p> Etymology. Named in honor of William Beutenmüller (1864–1934), American entomologist specializing in  Lepidoptera , but also an active collector and taxonomist of all orders, including  Hymenoptera and gall wasps. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus beutenmulleri ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with non-parallel, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior wide band of micropunctures, weakly dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish.  Synergus beutenmulleri ,  sp. nov. is morphologically close to  S. linnei ,  sp. nov. (see below), from which differs by having the lower face with widely spaced striae (Fig. 6a) (dense in  S. linnei ,  sp. nov. , Fig. 22a); lateral frontal carinae thick and branched distally (Fig. 6a) (narrow and branched in their entire length in  S. linnei ,  sp. nov. , Fig. 22a); and flagellomeres, especially the first ones, slender and long, F1 about 9 times as long as wide (Fig. 6c) (not as slender and long, F1 about 5 times as long as wide in  S. linnei ,  sp. nov. , Fig. 22c), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.2–3.3 mm (n = 2).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 5a, b, e). Body mainly yellow, with some dark surfaces. Frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black; lower face and gena, yellow. Antenna dark yellow to testaceous. Pronotum mainly yellow, anterodorsally black; mesoscutum mainly yellowish orange, tinged with some infuscate surfaces anteriorly and laterally; mesoscutellum yellowish orange; scutellar foveae black; mesopleural triangle black; mesopleuron yellowish orange dorsally and medially, black ventrally; propodeum black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma dorsally, anterolaterally and ventrally, dark chestnut to black, yellow laterally. Legs pale yellow, metatarsi dark. Wings hyaline, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Figs 5e, 6a) subquadrate, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with widely spaced striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae also present. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with some wrinkles, without punctures; frontal carinae thick, branched distally and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 6b) is 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some wrinkles and a few scarce punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 5: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4. Occiput coriaceous.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 6c). 14-segmented (6: 3.5: 13: 13: 13: 13: 13: 11: 9.5: 6.5: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 8); long, filiform and thin; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F3–F12. Pedicel about 1.2 times as long as wide; F1 as long as F2 (F1 sometimes slightly longer), F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment 4.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 6g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum strongly coriaceous to imbricate, with weak carinae ventrally; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Figs 5b, 6i) about 1.2 times as wide as long, weakly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, interrupted by carinae anteriorly, wider and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Figs 5b, 6i) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, well impressed and defined, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 6g) densely and irregularly striated, reticulated anteriorly; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3/4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 6d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae thick, straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 6e).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 5a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet small, only posterior vein well pigmented (Fig. 6f). Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with moderately dense pubescence.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma, 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 5a, 6h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended somewhat more than 1/2 of its length (Fig. 6h, dot line); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 6j), not pointed; following segments not visible, micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 6h).</p>
            <p>MALE (Fig. 5c, d). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.3 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented (6: 3: 10.5: 11.5: 10: 9.5: 8: 7: 6: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 4: 5.5) (Fig. 5c); F1 about as long as F2 or slightly shorter than F2; F1 straight, almost not incised medially, very slightly modified (Fig. 5d). POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 3.5: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Mesopleuron more strongly sculptured, the reticulated sculpture more conspicuous. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum more densely and strongly sculptured. Notauli weakly impressed anteriorly and obscured by the sculpture. Propodeal carinae not well defined. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as wide. Mesosoma completely black, metasoma chestnut, metatibiae infuscate (Fig. 5c).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Aguascalientes.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of  Andricus (Fig. 42a) on  Q. potosina . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9513FFDBFDE5FDE473A0FF86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.text	03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus bicolor Ashmead 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885</p>
            <p>(Figure 7)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus bicolor 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 302. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♂ with the following labels: ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’(white label) / ‘Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus bicolor Ashm. ♂’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779925’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♂  Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig- 2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♂) with the following labels: ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’(white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘July, C. succinipes’ / ‘  Synergus bicolor Ash. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂); ‘Jacksnville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960112’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus bicolor Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus bicolor belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, which has no smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL but less than 2.0 times; F1 longer than F2 and female antenna with 13 segments; lateral pronotum with carinae or wrinkles, at least ventrally; pronotum swollen aside seen from above; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete and well defined in their entire length, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; metasoma, at least in females, longer than high in lateral view; and syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or just with a posterodorsal patch not laterally extended, not dorsodistally incised in females.  Synergus bicolor keys out near  S. medullae (see below), from which differs by having the transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye (Fig. 7d) (equal in  S. medullae ); frons finely wrinkled and with sparse, small piliferous punctures, frontal carinae inconspicuous to absent (Fig. 7d) and vertex coriaceous, with some small punctures (frons and vertex with broad punctures and frontal carinae very narrow, slightly branched and not reaching lateral ocelli in  S. medullae ); margins of pronotum strongly swollen aside and somewhat sharp seen from above (Fig. 7c) (slightly swollen but rounded in  S. medullae ); and mesopleuron covered with irregular, non-parallel, transversal striae (anteriorly coriaceous, the rest of its surface more or less regularly and parallel, transversely striated, in  S. medullae ). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Not found (not examined).</p>
            <p>MALE. Length. Body length 3.0– 3.5 mm (n = 3).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 7). Black and yellowish orange. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma yellowish orange, mesoscutum with some dark surfaces anteriorly; tegulae yellow. Metasoma chestnut to black. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid to rounded, about as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 7d) finely wrinkled and with some small punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is almost 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 7d) coriaceous, with some small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 10: 9 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 15-segmented according to the original description (tips are broken in all the examined specimens); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel longer than F1; pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F2 and strongly curved, kidney-shaped; F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. Just slightly longer than high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 7a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled dorsally, carinated basally; lateral margins of pronotum swollen seen from dorsal view, but without lateral carina. Mesoscutum (Fig. 7c) about as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum and sometimes interrupted by carinae; notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 7c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles, almost inconspicuous; scutellar foveae almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles. Mesopleuron (Fig. 7b) irregularly striated, striae non-parallel and somewhat branched. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae just slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but veins pale. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 7a). First metasomal segment usually with striae reaching only the half of its length, the anterior half smooth. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures, or at least with a small and almost inconspicuous posterodorsal patch.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Andricus quercusfoliatus (Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus bicolor was described from ‘several specimens’ (Ashmead 1885: 302). We located and examined 3♂ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p>Since Ashmead mentions the number of segments of female antenna (13), we assume he found females of this species as well. However, we have not found any female belonging to the type series. In his description, Ashmead does not mention the existence of distinctive traits between females and males but the number of antennomeres (13 in females and 15 in males). Then, we consider females and males show no morphological differences except for the sexual ones. According to the original description, metasoma of both females and males is black. In most of the examined specimens, however, it appears brownish or amber probably due to the pass of time.</p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  Andricus quercusfoliatus is collected from  Q. virginiana (Burks 1979: 1104) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A951CFFD9FDE5FDC37299FF6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FEED7134FCA5.text	03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FEED7134FCA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus brevicornis Ashmead 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus brevicornis Ashmead, 1896</p>
            <p> 
Synergus brevicornis 
Ashmead, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 189. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Saphonecrus brevicornis: Weld (1952) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 102 (3304): 315. </p>
            <p> Synergus brevicornis: Lobato-Vila et al. (2019) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 121 (2): 204 [status verified]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 204) and the diagnoses of  S. atra and  S. dimorphus (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (Ashmead 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from unknown twig galls of  Andricus sp. on  Q. wislizeni (Ashmead 1896) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus brevicornis was examined and the species was commented and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 204). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FEED7134FCA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A.text	03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus campanula Osten-Sacken 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus campanula Osten-Sacken, 1865</p>
            <p> 
Synergus campanula 
Osten-Sacken, 1865 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 376. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 12).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Washington D.C., and Wisconsin (Burks 1979).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) on a white oak, and from similar galls described by Osten-Sacken (1861) on an unknown oak (Osten-Sacken 1865), which may correspond to  Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh, 1869) (=  Holcaspis duricoria Bassett, 1890 ) on  Q. bicolor (Gillette 1896) . Also, from galls of  D. quercusmamma and  Trigonaspis ? quercusforticorne (Walsh, 1864) (=  Biorhiza forticornis (Walsh, 1864 )) (Gillette 1896) , the latter considered incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. (2018). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus campanula was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 11). </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  D. quercusglobulus was found on  Q. alba and  Q. prinoides (Burks 1979: 1092) . Also, recorded from  Q. prinus , but this name applies to two different species:  Q. muehlenbergii and  Q. montana . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FC997297FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955.text	03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus castanopsidis (Beutenmuller 1918)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus castanopsidis (Beutenmüller, 1918)</p>
            <p> 
Periclistus castanopsidis 
Beutenmüller, 1918 . Entomol. News 29: 251. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus castanopsidis: Weld (1926) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 68 (10): 112. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 13).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (Beutenmüller 1918).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Dryocosmus castanopsidis (Beutenmüller, 1917) on  C. chrysophylla (Beutenmüller 1918) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus castanopsidis was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika (2005: 215), and the species was later treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 13). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A951EFFD9FDE5FA1173AEF955	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A951EFFDEFDE5F8F77722FF6E.text	03BF702A951EFFDEFDE5F8F77722FF6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus chiricanus Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus chiricanus Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011</p>
            <p> 
Synergus chiricanus 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 13. Type material: MNCN (holotype),  paratypes in MNCN and MEUP . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero (2011: 13).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from undetermined small galls within buds of  Q. insignis , probably induced by an undetermined species of  Andricus (likely undescribed) (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A951EFFDEFDE5F8F77722FF6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95.text	03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus cibriani Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus cibriani Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017</p>
            <p> 
Synergus cibriani 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila in Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2017) . Zool. Stud. 56 (36): 3. Type material: UB. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 13).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Michoacán (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from spherical galls probably induced by  Disholcaspis on twigs of different undetermined species of  Quercus , and from undetermined spherical galls on the underside of leaves of  Q. glabrescens (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017) . </p>
            <p>Remarks. This species was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 13).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FEEB7768FC95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C.text	03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus citriformis (Ashmead 1885)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus citriformis (Ashmead, 1885)</p>
            <p> 
Ceroptres citriformis 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus niger Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 369. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 683). </p>
            <p> Synergus citriformis: Weld (1922) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 26. </p>
            <p> Synergus elegans Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 4. Type material: MNCN (holotype), paratypes in MNCN and MEUP. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2017: 6). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 14).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida and California (Ashmead 1885; Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922); Panama (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011); and Mexico: Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b, 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology.  Synergus citriformis is considered a generalist species, even though it is mainly associated with galls of  Amphibolips on oaks within the Lobatae section. Found also in association with woolly galls initiated by  Andricus ,  Striatoandricus (arisen by Cuesta-Porta et al. (2020) to include some previously known species within  Andricus ) and  Cynips , and with other gall morphotypes (never tuberous galls) initiated by  Andricus ,  Atrusca ,  Cynips ,  Disholcaspis ,  Dros , and  Loxaulus on oaks of both  Quercus and Lobatae sections (Ashmead 1885; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011; Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b, 2020c). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of both  Ceroptres citriformis and of one its synonyms,  Synergus elegans , was examined and the species was treated by Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2017: 6), as well as treated by Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2018: 437) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 683, 2020c: 14). The type material of  Synergus niger was examined, commented on, and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 683). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9519FFDEFDE5FCBC7098F81C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6.text	03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus colombianus Nieves-Aldrey 2005	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus colombianus Nieves-Aldrey, 2005</p>
            <p> 
Synergus colombianus 
Nieves-Aldrey, 2005 . Can. Entomol. 137: 502. Type material: IAVH (holotype),  paratypes in IAVH, MNCN , and INBio. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020a: 133) and the diagnosis of  S. obtusilobae (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Colombia: Boyacá (Nieves-Aldrey 2005; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020a).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from acorn galls of  Zapatella grahami Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2012 on  Q. humboldtii (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020a) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus colombianus was examined and treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2018: </p>
            <p>606), as well as treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020a: 133).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9519FFDFFDE5F944704AFEA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.text	03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus compressus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus compressus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 8–9, 42b)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1D57F2AF-B5F5-4CD4-B822-761A11783BD9</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P230, Tenextla (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.992775/lat 19.835556)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.992775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.835556">Chignahuapan</a>
                 , PUE), 19°50’8”N, 97°59’34”W’ (white label) / ‘Ex  Andricus sp., 2291m,  Q. crassifolia , (12. iii.2012) 16.v.2012, Juan M. Vanegas-Rico leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus compressus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (1♂ &amp; 1♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same labels as the holotype.
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ compressus’ for compressed, regarding the strongly laterally compressed metasoma of females of this species.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus compressus ,  sp. nov. is characterized and distinguished from other species from the New World by having the metasoma in females strongly laterally compressed. It belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.7–3.0 times as long as wide; POL usually longer than OOL; gena not broadened behind eye; F1 and F2 subequal, antenna long and thin, 14-segmented in females; lateral pronotum alutaceous to coriaceous; mesoscutum finely coriaceous to weakly transversely carinated; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; circumscutellar carina weak; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extended at most 1/3 of its length, moderately to strongly dorsodistally incised in females.  Synergus compressus is morphologically close to  S. filicornis (see below), from which differs by having the base of metacoxae with a small black spot (Fig. 8a) (yellow in  S. filicornis ); metasoma of females strongly laterally compressed (Fig. 9i) and about 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma (Fig. 9j) (ovate seen from above, not strongly compressed, and about as long as head plus mesosoma in  S. filicornis ); syntergum of females posteriorly with an interrupted and incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/4 of its length (Fig. 9 j–k) (complete wide band extended laterally about 1/3 of its length in  S. filicornis ); and F1 of males slightly expanded apically and basally (Fig. 8b) (strongly expanded apically in  S. filicornis ), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.2–3.3 mm (n = 2).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 8a). Body black and yellow. Face, except for gena and a black stripe below toruli, yellow; frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna testaceous to dark brown, joints lighter. Mesosoma almost completely black; posterior margin of pronotum, anterolateral margin of mesoscutum, mesoscutum posteriorly between notauli, posterior half of notauli and mesoscutellum, yellowish orange (sometimes, mesoscutellum with a black spot dorsally); tegulae yellow. Metasoma with a black stripe dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Legs yellow, the base of metacoxae with a small black spot; metatibiae distally and tarsi, infuscate. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 9a) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae shorter to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 9b) finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 9b) is somewhat more than 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures and very weak wrinkles between ocelli. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 5: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 9c). 14-segmented (8: 4: 15: 14: 14: 12: 11: 10: 8.5: 6.5: 5: 4.5: 4.5: 7.5); long, filiform and thin, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F1–F12. Pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 and F2 subequal (F1 at most 1.1 times as long as F2), F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment almost 4.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 9g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous to alutaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 9h) about 1.1 times as wide as long, finely coriaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow, extended somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli narrow and shallow, but complete, anteriorly interrupted by the sculpture, wider and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallow, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 9h) rounded, as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae large, ovate, shallow but well defined, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 9g) finely, regularly and densely striated, except for a smooth spot medially on the speculum; interspaces smooth; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches 3/4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 9d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 9e).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 8a). Radial cell closed, about 2.8 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but basal vein not well pigmented (Fig. 9f). Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 9j), strongly compressed laterally (Fig. 9i). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete and interrupted band of minute micropunctures extended about 1/4-1/5 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 9j, dot line; 9k); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 9i), not pointed; following segments micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 9j).</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.3 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented (6: 4: 10: 10: 9.5: 7: 6: 5: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 6) (Fig. 8b); F1 about as long as F2; F1 straight, weakly incised medially, slightly broadened apically and basally. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 4: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Mesopleuron more strongly sculptured anteriorly. Mesoscutum more strongly sculptured, with some weak transversal elements. Propodeal carinae narrower. Metasoma less laterally compressed. Mesosoma and metasoma, black; antenna lighter, yellowish.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Puebla.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls probably induced by  Andricus (Fig. 42b) on  Q. crassifolia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9518FFDCFDE5FEA37794F9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C.text	03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus confertus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus confertus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p> 
Synergus confertus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 55. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 15).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Andricus confertus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 on  Q. lobata (Mc-Cracken &amp; Egbert 1922). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus confertus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 15). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9525FFE2FDE5FF13713AFC7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.text	03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus coniferae Ashmead 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885</p>
            <p>(Figure 10)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus coniferae 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 301. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♂ with the following labels: ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 2834 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus coniferae Ashm. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802002’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1♂ &amp; 10♀) with the following labels: ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960009’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂); ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘   Paratype No. 2834 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus coniferae Ashm. ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (4♀); ‘Jacknsville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘   Paratype No. 2834 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus coniferae Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus coniferae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (6♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Along with  S. bellus (see above),  S. coniferae can be distinguished from other species from the New World by having the mesoscutum covered with widely spaced transversal carinae with interspaces finely alutaceous or smooth, glossy. It is also characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, with the speculum finely striated, apparently almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing short, about 2.2 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; and notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, but less impressed anteriorly.  Synergus coniferae differs from  S. bellus by having female antenna with 14 segments (13 in  S. bellus ); F1 as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 10b), 1.3 times as long as F 2 in males (1.7 in females, 2.2 in males of  S. bellus ); gena not broadened behind eye (Fig. 10a) (slightly broadened in  S. bellus ); POL about 2.0 times as long as OOL, OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 10a) (POL 1.6 times as long as OOL, OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in  S. bellus ); and circumscutellar carina well defined, somewhat upturned (Fig. 10c) (weak and not well defined in  S. bellus ), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.3–2.5 mm (n = 11).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 10). Rufous. Head rufous, with some darker areas around the ocelli. Antenna testaceous. Mesosoma, including tegulae, rufous. Metasoma rufous, darker posteriorly. Legs rufous. Wings hyaline, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye longer than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 10a) finely coriaceous, glabrous and shining, with small scattered punctures; frontal carinae very narrow, branched, not reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 10a) finely coriaceous, glabrous and shining, with small scattered punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9.5: 5: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, with small scattered punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel as long as F1; pedicel about 1.7 times as long as wide; F1, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 10b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.41. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 10c) about 1.3 times as wide as long, with strong and spaced carinae, interspaces finely alutaceous to smooth; anterior parallel lines inconspicuous; notauli complete but less visible in the anterior 1/3 due to the carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines well impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 10c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly carinated to wrinkled; circumscutellar carina visible and well defined, somewhat upturned; scutellar foveae almost inconspicuous, very shallow and somewhat sculptured, not well defined posteriorly. Mesopleuron (Fig. 10b) strongly striated basally, finely reticulated anteriorly and with the speculum almost smooth, just with some fine striae. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, shorter than mesosoma plus metasoma (Fig. 10b). Radial cell closed, about 2.2 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but basal vein inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Longer than head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 10b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures, or at least with an incomplete narrow band; not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 about 1.3 times as long as F2; F1 long, slightly curved, medially incised, strongly broadened apically and not broadened basally. Metasoma clearly shorter than head plus mesosoma. Body somewhat darker.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Callirhytis quercusventricosa (Bassett, 1864) (=  Cynips conifera Ashmead, 1881 ) (Ashmead 1885), on oaks of Lobatae section (Pénzes et al. 2012). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus coniferae was described from ‘numerous specimens’ (Ashmead 1885: 301). We located and examined 1♂ and 11♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, however,  C. quercusventricosa is found in association with three oaks of the Lobatae section (Burks 1979: 1106):  Q. ilicifolia ,  Q. imbricaria , and  Q. phellos . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9525FFE0FDE5FDE4762BFEA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94.text	03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus cultratus Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus cultratus Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse, 1987</p>
            <p> 
Synergus cultratus 
Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse, 1987 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89 (2): 231. Type material: AMNH (holotype),  paratypes in AMNH, USNM and CAS . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 206).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Guatemala (Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987).</p>
            <p> Biology. Woody tuberous galls on stems of  Q. peduncularis (Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019), one of them probably belonging to a species similar to ‘  Andricus ruginosus Basset, 1890 ’ (considered as incertae sedis by Pujade-Villar 2013). According to Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero (2011), the other galls might correspond to a species of  Andricus that produces galls similar to those of Odontocyinps  championi (Cameron, 1833) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus cultratus was examined and the species was treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 205). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FEA37282FC94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FCBC70D2FA1B.text	03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FCBC70D2FA1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus dawnus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus dawnus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2020</p>
            <p> 
Synergus dawnus 
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar in Lobato-Vila et al. (2020a) . Can. Entomol. 152: 136. Type material: IAVH (holotype),  paratypes in IAVH and UB . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020a: 137) and the diagnosis of  S. obtusilobae (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Colombia: Cundinamarca and Boyacá (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020a).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Zapatella inflata Pujade-Villar &amp; Rodríguez, 2015 and  Z. nievesaldreyi Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2012 on  Q. humboldtii (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020a: 136) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FCBC70D2FA1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842.text	03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus digressus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus digressus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p> 
Synergus digressus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stan. Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 52. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 208) and the diagnoses of  S. atra and  S. dimorphus (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from small twig swellings of an unknown gall on  Q. agrifolia (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) , probably a tuberous gall (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus digressus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 207). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9527FFE0FDE5FB3D7134F842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.text	03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus dimorphus Osten-Sacken 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus dimorphus Osten-Sacken, 1865</p>
            <p>(Figure 11)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus dimorphus 
Osten-Sacken, 1865 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 376. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘  S. dimorphus O.S.’ (white lable, handwritten) / ‘Osten Sacken Coll.’ (white label) / ‘Type 13969’ (red label) / ‘MCZ-ENT 00592792’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus dimorphus Osten-Sacken, 1865 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♂ &amp; 2♀) with the following labels: ‘Osten Sacken Coll.’ (white label) / ‘Type 13969’ (red label) / ‘MCZ-ENT 00592793’ (white label, QR code) / ‘   Paralectotype ♀  Synergus dimorphus Osten-Sacken, 1865 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (2♀ in the same pin); same data, but with the following QR codes: 00592791 (1♂), 00013969 (1♂)  . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus dimorphus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; frons coriaceous, weakly wrinkled and/or with punctures, never with sharp striae running from toruli; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL but less than 2.0 times; F1 longer than F2, antenna of females with 13 segments, 15 in males; margins of pronotum rounded, not swollen aside; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, well defined in their entire length; metasoma of females longer than high in lateral view; and syntergum without micropunctures posteriorly or just with a posterodorsal patch never laterally extended. This species differs from others belonging to this group (  S. digressus ,  S. brevicornis and  S. lignicola ) by having yellow coxae in females (basally black in the rest of species); POL 1.2 times as long as OOL and OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 11c) (POL more than 1.5 times as long as OOL and OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in the rest of species); and metasoma of females as long as head plus mesosoma (shorter in the rest of species), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm (n = 3).</p>
            <p>Color. Black and rufous. Gena brownish orange, lower face infuscate medially; frons, vertex and occiput black. Antenna dark yellow. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and propodeum, black; pronotum and mesopleuron almost completely black, but posterodorsal sides of pronotum and dorsal mesopleuron, dark brown; tegulae dark yellow. Metasoma rufous to chestnut, dorsally black. Legs mainly yellow, tarsi and metatibiae, darker. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye, face subtriangular. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli slightly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with some scattered small punctures; frontal carinae very short, branched, almost inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some scattered small punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 13-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel as long as F1; pedicel about as long as wide; F1 1.5 times as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and about 2.0 times as long as F10.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence. Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum about 1.2 times as wide as long, densely and discontinuously carinated, interspaces finely coriaceous to alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1/4 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum rounded, about as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces strongly coriaceous; circumscutellar carina visible and well defined; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, weakly sculptured, shallow, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely and irregularly striated. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and convergent posteriorly, medially with a weak carina. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma. Radial cell ambiguously closed (especially the posterior third), about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein well pigmented. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view. First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and with a small posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE (Fig. 11). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 2). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 about 1.8 times as long as F2; F1 long, slightly curved, weakly incised medially, more broadened apically than basally. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area; pronotum and mesopleuron almost completely yellow.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Washington D.C. (Osten-Sacken 1865). Also, from Michigan (Gillette 1896) and California (Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922), but these records need to be confirmed.</p>
            <p> Biology. Originally reared from an unknown gall (Osten-Sacken 1865; Gillette 1896; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922). Gillette (1896) presumably obtained this species from ‘woody twig galls on red oaks’, and Fullaway (1911) presumably identified  S. dimorphus from galls of  Cynips multipunctata (Beutenmüller, 1911) on  Q. lobata , which corresponds to  Besbicus conspicuus (Kinsey, 1930) (=  Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctata var. conspicua Kinsey, 1930 ), according to Kinsey (1930), but these records need to be confirmed. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus dimorphus was described from ‘numerous ♀ and two ♂’ (Osten-Sacken 1865: 377). We located and examined 2♂ and 3♀ belonging to the type series deposited in MCZ. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> Kinsey (1930) differentiated several varieties for the gall wasp  Cynips multipunctata , among which  Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctata var. conspicua , now  Besbicus conspicuus following Weld (1951) and Burks (1979), corresponds to the host gall of both  S. dimorphus and  S. ochreus (Kinsey 1930: 230) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9527FFE6FDE5F9077746FB42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.text	03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus distinctus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p>(Figure 12)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus distinctus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 58. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p> Type material (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5806’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (2♂ &amp; 4♀) with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ♂’ (white label) / ‘♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus distinctus McC &amp; Eg’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5806’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂, deposited in CAS); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22’ (white label) / ‘I. McCracken Col.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Ex gall of  Cynips canescens ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24502 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus distinctus McC &amp; Eg’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀, deposited in USNM); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22’ (white label) / ‘I. Mc-Cracken Col.’(white label) / ‘Paratype’(yellow label) / ‘ Paratype No. 24502 U.S. N.M’(red label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀, deposited in USNM); ‘ Mar1915, Stan U Cal’ (white label) / ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ♀ ’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Beut. Coll, rec’d1934’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♀, deposited in USNM); ‘ Mar1915, Stan U Cal’ (white label) / ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 22 ♀ ’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Beut. Coll, rec’d1934’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus distinctus Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960442’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype  Synergus distinctus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1♂ &amp; 1♀, deposited in USNM) </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Along with  Synergus atripennis (see above),  S. distinctus differs from the rest of species known within this genus from the New World by having smoky wings (commonly hyaline in  Synergus ). The main differences between these two species have already been treated (see the diagnosis of  S. atripennis and the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 4.0– 4.5 mm (n = 5).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 12). Black and amber. Head black. Antenna amber, scape dark brown. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma amber, the first metasomal segment, black. Legs amber; coxae and trochanters (except distally), black. Wings slightly smoky, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons between frontal carinae coriaceous to reticulated, with some punctures, and wrinkled outside carinae; frontal carinae well-marked and thick, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex wrinkled and with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 10: 9: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput dorsally with some wrinkles, the rest coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 12b). 14-segmented; long, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel shorter than F1; pedicel about 1.2 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2, F2 just slightly longer than F3; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 4.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 12b). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum strongly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 12c) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with dense discontinuous carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, somewhat interrupted by carinae anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 12c) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; scutellar foveae more or less ovate, large, well defined but shallow, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 12b) with regular, widely spaced and well-marked striae. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae almost straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, as long as body length (Fig. 12b). Radial cell closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; areolet visible, all veins well pigmented. Rs+M visible, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and almost 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 12b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete narrow band of micropunctures (Fig. 12a); weakly to not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 12a), not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 3.5 mm (n = 2). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 just slightly longer than F2; F1 long, straight, almost not incised medially, very slightly broadener apically than basally, the distal part, longer. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, the band of micropunctures more widespread. Metasoma dark brown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890) on  Q. douglasii (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus distinctus was described from an unstated number of specimens (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922: 58, 59). We located and examined 2♂ and 5♀ belonging to the type series: 1♂ and 1♀ deposited in CAS with a ‘Type’ label and 1♂ and 4♀ deposited in USNM. The authors stated that the ‘Types’ were deposited at the Stanford Entomological Museum (later absorbed by CAS) and the ‘Paratypes’, in USNM; however, in the ‘Type’ section they do not specify any details besides the type location of this species. As a result, it has been impossible to determine which of the specimens deposited in CAS is the holotype, necessitating that all the specimens needed to be considered as syntypes. Hence, a lectotype has now been designated from one of the syntype specimens deposited in CAS. </p>
            <p>According to the original description, both metasoma and legs of females are reddish brown, but all the examined specimens have the metasoma amber probably due to the passing of time.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9521FFE4FDE5FA07776AFBB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.text	03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 13–14, 42 c–f)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B5FD9C99-71FB-4372-A372-35892F2C31D5</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: 049, Propiedad La Victoria,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.19155/lat 20.154253)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.19155&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.154253">Barrio la Tlazintla</a>
                 (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.19155/lat 20.154253)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.19155&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.154253">Acaxochitlán</a>
                 , HGO), 20°09’15.31’’N, 98°11’29.58’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Melikaiella bicolor, 2223m ,  Q. laurina , (03.vi.2010) vi.2010, JP-V, A. Equihua &amp; E. Estrada leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (12♂ &amp; 17♀) with the following labels: same as the holotype: 7♂ &amp; 10♀ (2♂ &amp; 2♀ deposited in USNM; the rest deposited in JP-V coll.);  ‘ MEX: 044, Fray Francisco (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.171513/lat 98.739944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.171513&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=98.739944">El Arenal</a>
                 , HGO), 98°44’23.8’’N, 20°10’17.45’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Melikaiella bicolor, 2498m ,  Q. crassifolia , (10.vi.2010) 15.vi.2010, JP-V, A. Equihua &amp; E. Estrada leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♀; deposited in JP-V coll.);   ‘ MEX: P024, Carretera libre a Oaxtepec (Cuautla, MOR)’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Sphaeroteras sp., 1380m,  Q. obtusata , (29.v.2012) 19.ii.2012, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♂  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (2♂; deposited in JP-V coll.);  ‘   MEX: P026, Sant Felipe Neri (Tlalnepantla, MOR), 19°0’29.232’’N, 98°59’38.904’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Melikaiella bicolor, 2099m ,  Q. crassipes , 29.v.2012 (09.vi.2012), E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♀; deposited in JP-V coll.);  ‘   MEX: P071, Barrio La Tlalzintla (Acaxochitlán, HGO), 20°9’28.123’’N, 98°11’40.46’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Melikaiella bicolor, 2510m ,  Q. laurina , (07–08.vi.2010) 21.viii.2010, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♂ &amp; 2♀; deposited in JP-V coll.);   ‘ MEX: P184, Aconco (Tetela de Ocampo, PUE), 19°53’13.38’’N, 97°50’12.443’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex. Undetermined gall, 1159m,  Q. conspersa , (11.ix.2012) 20.ix.2012, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♂  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (2♂; deposited in JP-V coll.);   ‘ MEX: P386, Mazamitla (Mazamitla, JAL), 19°54’56.052’’N, 103°1’21.576’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Neuroterus sp., 2236m,  Q. peduncularis , (14.vi.2019) 01–15.vii.2019, JP-V leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (2♀; deposited in JP-V coll.);   ‘ MEX: P388, Mazamitla (Mazamitla, JAL), 19°54’56.052’’N, 103°1’21.576’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Neuroterus sp., 2236m,  Q. peduncularis , (14. vi.2019) 16–30.vii.2019, JP-V leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype ♀  Synergus diversicolor Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♀; deposited in JP-V coll.). 
            </p>
            <p> Additional material.  1♂ and 4♀ with the same data as MEX: 049 and P071 dissected and gold coated . </p>
            <p> Etymology. From the fusion of two Latin terms, ‘ diversus’ for diverse and ‘ color’ for color, the epithet  diversicolor refers to the color variability of this species. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus diversicolor ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.7–3.2 times as long as wide; gena slightly broadened behind eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; POL longer than OOL; lateral frontal always entirely or distally branched; F1 at least 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; syntergum posteriorly with a conspicuous band of micropunctures extended laterally 1/4–1/3 of its length; and legs entirely yellow, including coxae.  Synergus diversicolor ,  sp. nov. differs from the rest of species of this group (  S. weldi ,  sp. nov. ,  S. medianeroi and  S. pseudofilicornis , see below) by having OOL 1.8 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 14b) (at most 1.4 in the rest of species); and in females, antenna subclavate (Fig. 14c), metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view (slightly longer if we include the hypopygium) and syntergum weakly dorsodistally incised (Figs 13a, c; 14l) (antenna filiform, metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma or longer, longer than high in lateral view and syntergum moderately to strongly dorsodistally incised in females of the rest of species). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 1.8–2.3 mm (n = 16).</p>
            <p>Color. This species has two color morphotypes: i) mainly black with some yellowish orange areas (Fig. 13a), ii) mainly brownish orange with some dark areas (Fig. 13c). The darker morphotype has gena orange, lower face yellow (sometimes with a medial black stripe below toruli), and frons, vertex medially and occiput, black; the lighter morphotype has the head brownish orange except for a black spot in the ocellar area, gena somewhat darker and the surface immediately surrounding the occipital foramen, black. In the darker morphotype, antenna are testaceous, whereas yellowish orange in the lighter morphotype. In the darker morphotype, mesosoma is mainly black, with the lateral sides of pronotum and sometimes also the mesopleural triangle, orange, and the tegulae, yellow; in the lighter morphotype, mesosoma is mainly brownish orange, with the mesopleuron basally, the surface between coxae, anterodorsal pronotum, mesoscutum between notauli and propodeum, black, sometimes with a black spot on the mesoscutellum. In the darker morphotype, metasoma is dark chestnut to black, lighter posteriorly and ventrally, whereas dorsally and anterolaterally black and posterolaterally and basally brownish orange to chestnut in the lighter morphotype. In both morphotypes, legs are light yellow to yellow, and wings are hyaline with pale yellow veins.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 14a) subquadrate to rounded, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, almost reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 14b) is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 3.5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Occiput finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 14c). 14-segmented (5: 3: 7: 6: 6: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 4: 3.5: 3: 3: 5/6); almost filiform, slightly broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F3–F12. Pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 1.2–1.3 times as long as F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment about 2.5-3.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 14h, i). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous (darker morphotype) (Fig. 14j) to strongly coriaceous, with some small punctures and weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (lighter morphotype) (Fig. 14k); anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete, narrow and shallow (especially anteriorly), somewhat interrupted by the mesoscutal sculpture anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum rounded, about as long as wide, coriaceous (darker morphotype) (Fig. 14j) and sometimes with a few weak wrinkles to weakly carinated (lighter morphotype) (Fig. 14k); circumscutellar carina visible and well defined, but not projected; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, small, narrow, smooth bottom, well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 14h, i) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth, glabrous and shining; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3/4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 14e) smooth and not densely pubescent; propodeal carinae narrow, straight, slightly convergent and sometimes somewhat branched posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (Fig. 14f).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 13a, c). Radial cell closed, about 3.0 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein is well pigmented (Fig. 14g). Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma, about as high as long in lateral view (slightly longer if we include the hypopygium) (Figs 13a, c; 14l). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an almost complete band of micropunctures extended laterally somewhat more than 1/4 of its length (less widespread dorsally and ventrally) (Fig. 14l, dot line; 14m); slightly dorsodistally incised, following segments not visible; not pointed (Fig. 14l, m). Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 14l).</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 1.2–1.8 mm (n = 12). Antenna 15-segmented (4.5: 3: 8.5: 6: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 3: 3: 3: 5.5); F1 1.4 times as long as F2; F1 weakly incised medially, not broadened apically nor basally (Fig. 14d). Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and slightly longer than high; syntergum posterior punctuation reaching 1/3 of its length. Some specimens are almost completely black (Fig. 13b), whereas others are lighter (Fig. 13d). Occiput black only around occipital foramen or completely yellow. The dark spot on the vertex is usually less widespread in lighter specimens.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, and Puebla.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Melikaiella bicolor Pujade-Villar, 2014 (Fig. 42c) on  Q. laurina ,  Q. crassifolia , and  Q. crassipes ; from galls of an undetermined species of  Sphaeroteras (Fig. 42d) on leaves of  Q. obtusata ; from an undetermined species of  Neuroterus (Fig. 42f) on leaves of  Q. peduncularis ; and from undetermined small round galls on twigs (Fig. 42e) on  Q. acutifolia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9523FFE8FDE5F989710AFDF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.text	03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus dorsalis (Provancher 1889)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus dorsalis (Provancher, 1889)</p>
            <p>(Figure 15)</p>
            <p> 
Ceroptres dorsalis 
Provancher, 1889 . Addit. Corr. Faune Entomol. Canada Hym., p. 398. Type material: ULQC. </p>
            <p> Synergus splendidus Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 369 syn. nov. Type material: presumably lost. </p>
            <p> Synergus dubiosus Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 372 (synonymized with  S. splendidus by McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922). Type material: presumably lost. </p>
            <p> Synergus dorsalis: Weld in Muesebeck et al. (1951) . U. S. Dep. Agr., Agr. Monog. (2): 611 [not  Synergus dorsalis Cameron, 1883 ] </p>
            <p> Type material of  Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, 1889 (examined). LECTOTYPE (♀) with the following labels: ‘1595’ (yellow label) / ‘56’ (white label) / ‘12’ (orange label) / ‘  Ceroptres dorsalis Prov. ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Lectotype 252,  Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, Coneaw ? 44’ (red label) / ‘ Lectotype  Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, Grahan &amp; Rohwer ’15, Barron ’71, 1595’ (red label). </p>
            <p> Other material examined (17♂ &amp; 35♀). Material determined as  Synergus dorsalis deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘#1621 L. H. Weld’ (white label) / ‘Ex. gall  Callirhytis pomiformis ’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus dorsalis (Prov) (=  splendidus Full ) det. Weld 1937’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (6♂ &amp; 6♀). Material determined as  Synergus splendidus deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 161’ (white label) / ‘I. McCracken Col.’ (white label) / ‘♂’ (white label) / ‘Ex. gall of  Callirhytis pomiformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus splendidus Full., I. McC’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) (2♂); ‘L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 554, Sub. 161’ (white label) / ‘I. McCracken Col.’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ ’ (white label) (2♀); ‘22’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Sacramento Co., Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus splendidus Full. det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (3♂ &amp; 12♀); ‘22’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Marin Co., Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) (2♀); ‘Sacramento Co., Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘On  Quercus wisliceni , 22’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♂ &amp; 1♀); ‘Sept’ (white label) / ‘Sacramento Co., Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V. Riley’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus wisliceni No. 22’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀); ‘ T Pergande Coll.’ (white label) (2♂ &amp; 1♀); ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘California’ (white label, handwritten) (2♂ &amp; 4♀); ‘Cal.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ T Pergande Coll.’ (white label) (1♂ &amp; 2♀); ‘ 2847, Feb·17· 86’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Through C. V.Riley’ (white label) (2♀); ’22 Sept. 85’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Sacramento Co., Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Through C. V.Riley’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus wisliceni ’ (white label, handwritten) (2♀); ‘Alpine, Cal., 1916’(white label) / ‘1621’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus splendidus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀); ‘Azusa, Cal.’ (grey label) / ‘4/20/17’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘1621’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus splendidus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus dorsalis belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments, rarely 15; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; and notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum.  Synergus dorsalis differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (  S. villosus ,  S. ficigerae ,  S. ochreus ,  S. duricorius ,  S. beutenmulleri ,  S. linnei ,  sp. nov. ,  S. erinacei ,  S. nigroornatus ,  S. oneratus and  S. rutulus ) by having females ranging from 4.5 to 5.0 mm in length (at most 4.0 mm in the rest of species); female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 15e) (usually 14 in the rest of species; if 15, then the syntergum has a narrow band of micropunctures posteriorly); tarsal claws with an inconspicuous to absent basal lobe (Fig. 15g) (tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe in the rest of species, as in Figs 6e; 22e); first metasomal segment with striae reaching dorsally only the half of its length (Fig. 15a, c) (completely sulcate dorsally and laterally in the rest of species, as in Figs 6h, j; 22h, j); and syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures (with a posterior band in the rest of the species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 4.5–5.0 mm (n = 36).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 15). Yellow to dark yellow and black. Face and gena yellow to dark yellow; vertex around the ocellar triangle and occiput around the occipital foramen, black. Antenna yellow to dark yellow, the tips somewhat darker. Mesoscutum almost completely black with lateral margin yellow to dark yellow, or only black medially between notauli, the rest being yellow to dark yellow; pronotum except a dorsomedial black spot, mesopleuron, mesopleural triangle and tegulae, yellow to dark yellow; mesoscutellum completely black or only dorsomedially black, laterally and posteriorly yellow; propodeum black, sometimes yellow laterally. Metasoma yellow to dark yellow, first metasomal segment dark or black, the second somewhat tinged with black dorsally. Legs yellow to dark yellow. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye (Fig. 15d). Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 15d) coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles; frontal carinae well marked, not branched and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 15d) coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 2.7: 2.0: 1.3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 1.7. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 15e). 15-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel just slightly longer than wide; F1 as long as F2, F2 just slightly longer than F3; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment almost 3.0 times as long as wide and about 1.2 times as long as F12.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 15a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.31. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 15c) about 1.1 times as wide as long, with dense but weak discontinuous carinae, interspaces coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum. Notauli complete and visible in their whole length, somewhat interrupted by carinae anteriorly, slightly convergent posteriorly. Median mesoscutal line absent. Parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 15c) rounded, about as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, not upturned nor projected; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, shallow, weakly impressed, not well defined posteriorly and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 15b) with regular and dense striae, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with an inconspicuous basal lobe (Fig. 15g).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small, basal vein not well pigmented (Fig. 15f). Rs+M slightly visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma and 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 15a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally but sulci incomplete, not reaching the anterior margin of the segment (Fig. 15a, c). Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly without micropunctures; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed; the following segments, including the hypopygium, minutely punctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5–3.0 mm (n = 17). Antenna 15-segmented. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (Provancher 1889; Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Both the gall and the host tree from which  S. dorsalis was reared are unknown (Provancher 1889).  Synergus splendidus was reared from undetermined galls on  Q. lobata (Fullaway 1911) , and posteriorly obtained from galls of  Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett 1881) (=  C. rossi Kieffer, 1903 , =  C. maculipennis Kieffer, 1904 , =  Andricus yosemite Beutenmüller, 1911 ) on  Q. agrifolia by McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922).  Synergus dubiosus was originally reared from galls of  A. quercuspomiformis on  Q. agrifolia (Fullaway 1911) . Some of the specimens determined as  S. dorsalis deposited in USNM were reared from galls of  A. quercuspomiformis , whereas others determined as  S. splendidus (=  S. dubiosus ) were obtained from unspecified galls on  Q. wislizeni , according to their labels. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus dorsalis was described from an unstated number of females and males (Provancher 1889: 398). We located and examined a single female belonging to the type series (lectotype) deposited in ULQC. </p>
            <p> Synergus splendidus  was described presumably from a single female (Fullaway 1911: 370). According to Mc-Cracken &amp; Egbert (1922), the type of  S. splendidus was deposited in the Stanford Entomological Museum, later absorbed by CAS, but it was found neither in its main type collection nor in the paratype collection of this institution (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). Its current location is unknown, so it is presumably lost  . </p>
            <p> Synergus dubiosus , synonymized with  S. splendidus by McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922), was described from an unstated number of females and males (Fullaway 1911: 372). The type material of this species was probably deposited in the Stanford Entomological Museum as was  S. splendidus and the rest of Fullaway’s types, but as with  S. splendidus , its current location is unknown. </p>
            <p> Weld determined some specimens deposited in the USNM general entomological collection as  Synergus dorsalis . One of these specimens has a label reading ‘  Synergus dorsalis (Prov) (=  splendidus Full ) det. Weld 1937’. These specimens, as well as those of  S. splendidus , are identical to the lectotype of  S. dorsalis , so we are confident that all of them belong to the same species. We assume that Weld examined both the types of  S. dorsalis and  S. splendidus and then proposed (but not formally published) the synonymy of these species. Then, based on Weld’s labels and since both the original description of  S. splendidus and the specimens determined as  S. dorsalis and  S. splendidus deposited in USNM fit with the lectotype of  S. dorsalis , we propose here  S. splendidus Fullaway, 1911 as a synonym of  S. dorsalis (Provancher, 1889) . Furthermore, both the specimens determined as  S. dorsalis by Weld, those determined as  S. splendidus by McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922) and the type material of  S. dubiosus were obtained from galls of  A. quercuspomiformis . </p>
            <p> McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922) synonymized  S. dubiosus with  S. splendidus despite the fact that in the original description of  S. dubiosus it was stated that females have 14-segmented antenna instead of 15 as is present in  S. splendidus . Since we have neither found the type material of  S. splendidus nor of  S. dubiosus , we cannot confirm or refute this synonymy. </p>
            <p> When Weld (1951) transferred  Ceroptres dorsalis Provancher, 1889 to  Synergus , this species became a secondary homonym of  Synergus dorsalis Cameron, 1883 . According to Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse (1987), a new name for  S. dorsalis (Provancher, 1889) is unnecessary:  S. dorsalis (Provancher, 1889) is not a primary homonym of  S. dorsalis Cameron, 1883 since it was originally described as a  Ceroptres , and it is not a secondary homonym of this species because  S. dorsalis Cameron, 1883 became a junior synonym of ‘  Andricus guatemalensis ’ (Cameron, 1883) (incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2011a). Hence, these species are no longer congeneric:  Synergus dorsalis Cameron now belongs to  Andricus (after Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987), whereas  S. dorsalis (Provancher) is an actual  Synergus (after Weld 1951). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A952FFFEFFDE5FC5772BCFAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.text	03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus duricorius Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus duricorius Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p>(Figure 16)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus duricoria 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 93. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   HOLOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Del.’ (white label) / ‘ Ac. Cat. 166’ (orange label) / ‘Biol. 2’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 27942 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘AccNo 71950, USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus duricoria n. sp. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802038’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Holotype ♀  Synergus duricorius Gillette, 1896 ’ (red label). </p>
            <p> Other material examined (1♂ &amp; 1♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘ U.S.A., Minnesota, Anoka County, Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Spr. Sum. 1983, J. Brokaw’ (white label) / ‘Commensal-Parasite in galls of  Disholcaspis quercusmamma on  Quercus macrocarpa ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘20’ (yellow label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus duricoria Gillette’ (white label) / ‘ USNM 2032352’ (white label). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus duricorius belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with non-parallel, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior band of micropunctures; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish.  Synergus duricorius differs from the species sharing these traits (  S. beutenmulleri and S. linnei, sp. nov., see below) by having a narrow band of micropunctures posteriorly on the syntergum, which extends at most 1/5 of its length (a wide band extended laterally somewhat more than 1/2 of its length in these species, Figs 6h; 22h); tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (strong in these species, Figs 6e; 22e); and body of females mostly yellow, head only with a black spot in the ocellar area (Fig. 16c) (frons, vertex and occiput, black in these species, Fig. 5e), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length about 4.0 mm (n = 2).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 16). Mainly yellow. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area and the area surrounding the occipital foramen, which is black. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma mainly yellow, space between coxae and propodeum, black; tegulae light yellow. Metasoma mainly yellow, the first metasomal segment and the syntergum dorsally, black. Legs yellow, metatarsi darker. Wings hyaline, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 16c) coriaceous with some scattered punctures between frontal carinae, weakly wrinkled outside carinae; frontal carinae narrow and branched, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 16c) weakly wrinkled and punctate. POL: OOL: LOL = 12.5: 8: 6 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6.5. Occiput weakly reticulated, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 16a). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; almost as long as the body; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel almost 1.4 times as long as wide; F1 as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 16a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.27. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 16b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with dense but weak discontinuous carinae, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length but shallow and narrow, less impressed anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 16b) about 1.2 times as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae large, more or less ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron completely irregularly striated. Metapleural sulcus reaching about 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 16a). Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible but small, all veins well pigmented. Rs+M visible, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 16a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended about 1/5 of its length; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 3.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 straight, almost not incised medially and very slightly broadened apically and basally. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, the band of micropunctures less widespread. Frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black; lower face and gena light yellow; mesosoma mainly black, dorsolateral pronotum, mesopleural triangle and tegulae, yellow; metasoma yellow, the dorsal black band extended laterally; legs light yellow.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Delaware (Gillette 1896) and Minnesota (authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh, 1869) (Gillette 1896; authors) on and oak from  Quercus section (Pénzes et al. 2012) and on  Q. macrocarpa (authors). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus duricorius was described from a single female (Gillette 1896: 93), which has been found and examined. Since no more specimens where used to describe this species, the only female composing the type series becomes the holotype. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9528FFEDFDE5FA8D72B7FD2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.text	03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 17–18, 42 h–j)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1AF52AE5-6E3B-40E5-B806-83C7F22A6B8D</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P313 (82 rosa), San Juan de Coajomulco (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.9686/lat 19.7531)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.9686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.7531">Jocotitlán</a>
                 , EDO. MEX.), 19°45’11.16’’N, 99°58’6.959’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Femuros repandae, 2630m ,  Q. obtusata , (16.iv.2014) 27.vi.2014, Delia leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (11♂ &amp; 54♀) with the following labels: same as the holotype: 4♂ &amp; 22♀ (1♂ &amp; 3♀ deposited in USNM; the rest deposited in JP-V coll.);  ‘ MEX: P187, Ctra. Federal Perote-Puebla (Perote, VER), 19°32’30”N, 97°16’23”W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Femuros nr  repandae, 2410m ,  Quercus sp., (28.ix.2012) 15.x.2012, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype  Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (2♂ &amp; 9♀; deposited in JP-V coll.);   ‘ MEX: P227, Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19°21’14”N, 99°16’24.22”W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Femuros nr  repandae, 1585m ,  Q. laeta , (21.vi.2013) vii.2013, JP-V leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype  Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (8♀; deposited in JP-V coll.);  MEX: 255 (65 rosa), same MEX: P313, but (18.i.2014) 22.ii-02.iv.2014: 5♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.);  MEX: 256 (63 rosa), same as MEX: 255, but  Q. rugosa , (22.xi.2013) 23.i-03.iii.2014: 2♂ &amp; 4♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.);   MEX: P314 (9 rosa), same as MEX: P313, but  Andricus sp., (16.x.2013) 26.iii.2014: 1♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.);   MEX: 32 rosa, same as MEX: P313 and P314, but Ex.  Neuroterus sp., (16.x.2013) 18.viii.2014: 1♀ (deposited in JP-V coll.);   ‘ MEX: 2797, Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19°21’14”N, 99°16’24.22”W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Femuros nr  repandae, 1585m ,  Q. laeta , (27.v.2017) vi.2017, D. Cibrián leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype  Synergus ebenus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♂ &amp; 3♀ deposited in UB; 2♂ &amp; 1♀ deposited in UACh). 
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ ebenus’ for ebony (deep black color).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus ebenus ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae, the speculum medially finely aciculate to almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles, and frontal carinae absent; F1 at least 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females, almost 2.0 times in males; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated; notauli incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined or shallow; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; in both sexes, body entirely or almost entirely black.  Synergus ebenus ,  sp. nov. keys out near  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. (see below), from which differs by having the body entirely blackish in both sexes (Fig. 19 a–b) (females with head mostly orange, the rest of the body blackish (Fig. 35a), and males not as dark, mesosoma black with yellowish orange surfaces (Fig. 35b) in  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. ); transfacial line as long as height of eye (Fig. 18a) (1.2 in  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. , Fig. 36a); F1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 18c), almost 2.0 times in males (Fig. 18d) (2.0 in both sexes of  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. , Fig. 36 d–e); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum coriaceous and circumscutellar carina well defined (Fig. 18j) (mesoscutum and mesoscutellum weakly but densely transversely carinated and circumscutellar carina weak in  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. , Fig. 36l); radial cell of fore wing 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 18g) (3.0 in  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. , Fig. 36h); and female syntergum not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 18i, k–l) (incised in  S. ruficephalus sp. nov. , Fig. 36m), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.0–3.0 mm (n = 25).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 17a). Body black. Head completely black, except the body of mandibulae and, sometimes, a small brownish orange surface at each side of the oral fovea. Antenna testaceous, the tip somewhat darker. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellowish orange. Metasoma chestnut or black. Legs yellow with coxae, basal half of femorae, distal half of metatibiae and metatarsi, dark brown to black. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 18a) subtrapezoid to rounded, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae present. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits small, inconspicuous; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye slightly shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli slightly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae absent, even though frons is covered by multiple fine discontinuous striae that run from the lower face and surpass toruli, then issue from the dorsal margin of toruli and almost reach lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 18b) is 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 6.5: 3.5: 3 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, with very few small piliferous punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 18c). 14-segmented (6: 4: 6.5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4.5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3: 5); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F1–F12. Pedicel about 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 1.3 times as long as F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment about 3.3 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 18h). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.25. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum coriaceous, somewhat imbricate ventrally; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 18j) about 1.3 times as wide as long, coriaceous with scarce small piliferous punctures; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended about 1/4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3, narrow and shallow, interrupted by the mesoscutal sculpture anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent or just appearing as a small triangular incision; parapsidal lines shallowly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 18j) rounded, slightly longer than wide, coriaceous; circumscutellar carina visible and well defined, weakly projected and upturned; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, very shallow and not well defined, weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 18h) very finely sculptured, with regular and weakly impressed transverse striae covering all of the surface except the speculum medially, which is from finely aciculate to almost smooth; very slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches 4/5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 18e) weakly sculptured and not densely pubescent; propodeal carinae straight and parallel; between the two carinae sometimes appears another weak carinae. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (Fig. 18f).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 19a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein is well pigmented (Fig. 18g). Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Longer than head plus mesosoma, 1.5 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 17a, 18i). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth with an anterolateral pubescence composed of very few setae and posterodorsally with a very small and almost inconspicuous patch of micropunctures (Fig. 18k, l); not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 18k, l), pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE (Fig. 17b). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 1.6–2.1 mm (n = 5). Antenna 15- segmented (6: 4: 10: 5: 5: 5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 3: 3: 3: 5); F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F2; F1 long, slightly curved and medially incised, not broadened apically nor basally (Fig. 18d). POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 3: 3, diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, México, and Veracruz.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Femuros repandae Kinsey, 1937 (Fig. 42i) on twigs of  Q. obtusata and  Q. rugosa Née ; from galls of  Femuros nr  repandae (Fig. 42h) on  Q. laeta and an undetermined species of  Quercus ; and from galls of  Neuroterus sp. on leaves and  Andricus sp. (Fig. 42j) on twigs of  Q. obtusata . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A952AFFF0FDE5FC257723FB7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF0FDE5FADB710BF818.text	03BF702A9537FFF0FDE5FADB710BF818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus equihuai Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus equihuai Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2016</p>
            <p> 
Synergus equihuai 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila in Pujade-Villar et al. (2016c) . Dugesiana 23 (2): 110. Type material: UB. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Pujade-Villar et al. (2016c: 110).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Morelos (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from undetermined inconspicuous galls in acorns (probably induced by a species of  Andricus ) of  Q. rugosa (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016c) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9537FFF0FDE5FADB710BF818	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.text	03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus erinacei Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p>(Figure 19)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus erinacei 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 90, 94. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘N. Y. 2008’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 27943 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus erinacei n. sp. C.P. G’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802049 ’ (white label with a QR code)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1♂ &amp; 6♀) with the following labels: ‘N. Y. 2008’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘   Paratype No. 27943 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus erinacei Gill. ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (2♀); ‘Ia. Exp. Sta.’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘   Paratype No. 27943 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  AccNo 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♀); ‘N. Y. 1726’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus erinacei Gill. ’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960173’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype  Synergus erinacei Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (1♂ &amp; 3♀) </p>
            <p> Other material examined (3♀).   Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘Evanston Ill. 8/23/14’ (white label) / ‘  Ovopositing in Hedgehog Gall’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus erinacei Gill. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀)  ; ‘   W.W. Judd, oak gall, London, Ontario 99, 31.viii.1967 ’ (white label) / ‘B8’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Acraspis erinacei ’ (white label, handwritten) (1♀)  ; ‘   W.W. Judd, oak gall, London, Ontario 83, 3.ix.1967 ’ (white label) / ‘B10’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Acraspis erinacei ’ (white label, handwritten) (1♀)  . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus erinacei belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; gena usually not broadened behind eye (slightly broadened in  S. erinacei ); F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely strongly coriaceous with weak discontinuous transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior band of micropunctures; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow.  Synergus erinacei differs from the species sharing these traits (  S. nigroornatus ,  S. oneratus and  S. rutulus , see below) by having mesosoma and metasoma entirely black in females (Fig. 19 a–b) (mostly yellow, dark yellow or reddish yellow in females of these species, Figs 25a, c; 30 a–g, j; 37a–b); gena slightly broadened behind eye (Fig. 19c) (not broadened in these species); and OOL about 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in females, equal in males (1.2 or 1.3 in both sexes of these species), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length about 3.0 mm (n = 7).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 19). Mainly black. Gena and lower face, yellow; frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black. Antenna yellow to testaceous. Mesosoma black; tegulae yellow. Metasoma black. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins light brown to yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 19c) trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena very slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae narrow and branched, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 10: 7.5: 5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4.5. Occiput coriaceous, with some punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 19b). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically, and as long as the entire body; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1 or just slightly longer; pedicel about 1.8 times as long as wide; F1 as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.5 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 19a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.36. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 19b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, strongly coriaceous with weak discontinuous transversal elements; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, but less impressed anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 19b) about 1.1 times as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae circular, small, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron regularly striated, somewhat branched anteriorly. Metapleural sulcus reaching almost 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a very strong basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 19a). Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet visible, all veins well pigmented but pale. Rs+M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 19a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extended about 1/4 of its length; not dorsodistally incised, slightly pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length about 1.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented according to the original description (antennae of the single examined male are broken). POL:OOL:LOL = 19:10:9.5. OOL about as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, the band of micropunctures extended at least 1/2 of the syntergum length. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: New York, Iowa (Gillette 1896), and Illinois (authors). Also, in Canada: Ontario (authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Acraspis erinacei (Beutenmüller, 1909) (Gillette 1896; authors). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus erinacei was described from 2♂ and 14♀ (Gillette 1896: 94). We located and examined 1♂ and 7♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  A. erinacei produces bud galls (sexual generation) and leaf galls (agamic) on  Q. alba (Burks 1979: 1078) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9537FFF6FDE5F9387056F976	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9531FFF7FDE5F8D3729EFF16.text	03BF702A9531FFF7FDE5F8D3729EFF16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus estradae Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus estradae Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2016</p>
            <p> 
Synergus estradae 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila in Pujade-Villar et al. (2016c) . Dugesiana 23 (2): 111. Type material: UB. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 211) and the diagnosis of  S. macrackenae ,  sp. nov. (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Morelos, and Puebla (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016c; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from woody tuberous galls induced by different species of  Andricus (like asexual galls of  A. quercuslaurinus Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2009 ) on  Q. obtusata ,  Q. affinis , and  Q. rugosa (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016c; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9531FFF7FDE5F8D3729EFF16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.text	03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus ficigerae Ashmead 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885</p>
            <p>(Figures 20, 42g)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus ficigerae 
Ashmead
, 1885
 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 301. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Type No. 2833 U.S.N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus ficigerae Ashm’ (white label with black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802062’ (white label, QR code) / ‘Lectotype ♀  Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label).   PARALECTOTYPES (4♀) with the following labels: ‘ Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘Paratype No. 2833 U.S.N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960045’ (white label, QR code) / ‘Paralectotype ♀  Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (2♀); ‘Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘Paratype No. [blank] U.S.N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus ficigerae ♀ Ashm, type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Paralectotype ♀  Synergus ficigerae Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (2♀). </p>
            <p> Additional material (5♀). Non-type material deposited in USNM (1♀) with the following labels: ‘H. George, Va. Aug 15 · 82’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection TPergande’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus ficigerae Ashm. ’ (white label, handwritten). New material collected in Mexico (4♀) deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P398, Carretera Vallarta-Barra de Navidad, km 182 (Cabo Corrientes, JAL), Ex  Disholcaspis sp.,  Q. magnoliifolia , (13.vi.2019) xii.2019, Pedro Moreno leg. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus ficigerae belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena usually not broadened behind eye; POL as long as OOL or longer; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish.  Synergus ficigerae differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (  S. duricorius ,  S. beutenmulleri ,  S. linnei ,  sp. nov. ,  S. erinacei ,  S. nigroornatus ,  S. oneratus and  S. rutulus ) by having the head mostly rufous, only with some dark surfaces surrounding each ocellus at least in females (Fig. 20c) (mainly yellowish, with a black spot in the ocellar area or with frons, vertex and occiput, black in females of the rest of species); mesosoma rufous or mostly rufous (Fig. 20 a–b) (yellow, dark yellow and/or yellowish orange with some black surfaces or completely black in the rest of species); vertex deeply punctate (coriaceous with some small piliferous punctures and/or weak wrinkles, or weakly wrinkled in the rest of species); and POL about as long as OOL (at least 1.3 in the rest of species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length about 2.0– 3.5 mm (n = 10).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 20). Rufous and yellow. Head mainly rufous, gena and lower face yellowish, with some dark areas surrounding the ocelli. Antenna yellowish. Mesosoma mainly rufous, ventrally black; tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellow, with a dorsal black band, sometimes extended to sides and ventrally. Legs light yellow, metatarsi and tibiae dorsally usually dark. Wings hyaline, veins brownish yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 20c) subtrapezoid to rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6-0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 20c) coriaceous with some punctures and weak wrinkles; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex deeply punctate. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 7: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput punctate.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel about 1.2 times as long as wide; F1 as long as F2 or slightly longer, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 20a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.36. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 20b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with dense but weak carinae; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching 1/4 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but less impressed and visible in the anterior 1/3; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 20b) about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, almost inconspicuous, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae circular, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron regularly striated, sometimes somewhat wrinkled in the upper half, interspaces coriaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae slightly curved and convergent. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 20a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but small. Rs+M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 20a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended about 1/4–1/3 of the syntergum length; not dorsodistally incised or just slightly incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Not examined (types are presumably lost). According to the original description (Ashmead 1885: 301), males have 15-segmented antenna.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885) and Virginia (authors). First time recorded from Mexico: Jalisco (authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Originally reared from galls of  Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (=  Cynips quercussuccinipes Ashmead, 1881 , =  Andricus virens Ashmead, 1885 , =  A. succinipes Ashmead, 1885 , =  Cynips quercusficigera Ashmead, 1885, =  Holcaspis succinipes Ashmead, 1887 , =  H. ficigera Ashmead, 1887 ) (Ashmead 1885; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013). The new material collected in Mexico was reared from galls of  Disholcaspis sp. (Fig. 42g) on  Q. magnoliifolia . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus ficigerae was described from ‘seven specimens’ (Ashmead 1885: 301). We located and examined 5♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated. </p>
            <p> Ashmead (1885) stated that females of  S. ficigerae have 13-segmented antenna, but all the examined females from the type series and the new material found in Mexico have 14-segmented antenna, which was also recorded by Gillette (1896). </p>
            <p> In the original description, Ashmead mentions, as host gall, the species  Holcaspis ficigera Ashmead, 1887 . The combination ‘  Holcaspis ficigera ’ is not mentioned in either of the catalogues prepared by Weld (1951) and Burks (1979). However, Melika et al. (2013) provided some explanations on the synonyms of  Disholcaspis quercusvirens , and  H. ficigera is mentioned. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  D. quercusvirens was found on  Q. virginiana and  Q. minima (Weld 1951; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9530FFF5FDE5FE337078FCF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7.text	03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus filicornis Cameron 1883	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus filicornis Cameron, 1883</p>
            <p> 
Synergus filicornis 
Cameron, 1883 . Biol. Cent.-Am. 1: 72. Type material: NHMUK. </p>
            <p> Synergus similis Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 90, 92. Type material: USNM. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 686). </p>
            <p> 
Synergus furnessana 
Weld, 1913 . Insec. Inscit. Menstr. 1 (10): 134. Type material: ANSP (holotype), paratypes in USNM, MCZ, ANSP, NHMUK, Cornell University, Beutenmüller coll. and Weld coll. Synonymized by Weld (1930: 143). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 687) and the diagnosis of  S. compressus (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Guatemala (Cameron 1883; Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987); Mexico: Aguascalientes, Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Querétaro, and Zacatecas (Weld 1913; Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2018; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b); and USA: Colorado and New Mexico (Gillette 1896; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b).</p>
            <p> Biology.  Synergus filicornis is considered a generalist species, even though it is usually found in association with woolly galls on leaves and stems induced by different  Andricus, Striatioandricus , and  Cynips species on oaks of both  Quercus and Lobatae sections. Associated also with non-woolly galls (never tuberous galls) initiated by different species of  Andricus ,  Atrusca ,  Cynips ,  Disholcaspis ,  Kokkocynips ,  Loxaulus , and other undetermined galls, mainly on oaks from the  Quercus section (Cameron 1883; Weld 1913; Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2018; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus filicornis was redescribed and illustrated by Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse (1987: 234). The type material of  Synergus filicornis , as well as of one of its synonyms,  S. furnessana , was later examined and treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2018: 605).  Synergus filicornis was also treated by Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2018: 438) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 686). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5FD537290FBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984.text	03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus flavens McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus flavens McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p> 
Synergus flavens 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 55. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in USNM . </p>
            <p> Synergus variegatus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 51 (in part). Type material (in part): CAS. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 16). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 17).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Heteroecus flavens (McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922) and  H. pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) (=  Andricus pacificus ) on  Q. vaccinifolia (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) , and from galls of  Trichoteras coquilletti Ashmead, 1897 on  Q. chrysolepis (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus flavens , as well as of its synonym (  S. variegatus ), was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 16). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9532FFF5FDE5F9A7709FF984	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FF1372A8FC7C.text	03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FF1372A8FC7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus forcadellae Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus forcadellae Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2020</p>
            <p> Synergus forcadellae Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2020 in Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 122 (3): 691. Type material: UB (holotype), paratypes in UB and USNM. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 694) and the diagnosis of  S. obtusilobae (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, México, Michoacán, Morelos, and Querétaro (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from woolly galls of  Andricus and  Striatoandricus , as well as from non-woolly galls (never tuberous galls) initiated by  Andricus ,  Atrusca ,  Amphibolips , and  Cynips , mainly on oaks from the  Quercus section (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FF1372A8FC7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD.text	03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus gabrieli Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus gabrieli Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011</p>
            <p> 
Synergus gabrieli 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 12. Type material: MNCN (holotype),  paratypes in MNCN and MEUP . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 698).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of an undescribed species of  Neuroterus on leaf nerves of  Q. sapotifolia , and from woolly galls identified by the descriptors as ‘  Andricus guatemalensis ’ (Cameron, 1883) (incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2011) on leaves of  Q. lancifolia ,  Q. insignis , and  Q. sapotifolia (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus gabrieli was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 698). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FDDF773CFDBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4.text	03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus gilletti Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus gilletti Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017</p>
            <p> 
Synergus gilletti 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017 . Zool. Stud. 56 (36): 9. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB, USNM , and AMNH. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 698).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from woolly galls induced by an undetermined species of  Andricus on leaves of  Q. laeta , and from galls induced by undetermined species of  Atrusca on  Q. laeta and  Q. rugosa (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017) . </p>
            <p>Remarks. This species was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 698).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FB907778FBF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FA4A778CF964.text	03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FA4A778CF964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus grahami Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus grahami Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2019</p>
            <p> 
Synergus grahami 
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar in Lobato-Vila et al. (2019) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 121 (2): 212. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB and USNM . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 213).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from cryptic galls induced by  Loxaulus laeta Pujade-Villar, 2014 and from tuberous galls induced by  Andricus santafe Pujade-Villar, 2013 on twigs of  Q. laeta . Also, from twig swellings of undetermined galls probably induced by  Andricus or  Loxaulus on  Q. crassipes and  Q. laeta (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953DFFFAFDE5FA4A778CF964	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE.text	03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus incisus Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus incisus Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p> 
Synergus incisus 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 92. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 216).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Colorado (Gillette 1896; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019) and New Mexico (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls on twigs of  Callirhytis frequens (Gillette, 1892) (Gillette 1896) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus incisus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 216). </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  C. frequens is associated with oaks of the  Quercus section (Burks 1979: 1102):  Q. gambelii ,  Q. havardii , and ‘  Q. undulata ’ (which could be either  Q. sinuata or  Q. gambelii ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953DFFFBFDE5F8DA7241FFDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18.text	03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus kinseyi Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus kinseyi Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse, 1987</p>
            <p> 
Synergus kinseyi 
Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse, 1987 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89 (2): 237. Type material: AMNH (holotype),  paratypes in AMNH and CAS . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 219).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Guatemala (Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls probably induced by different  Andricus species (like asexual galls of  Andricus peredurus Kinsey, 1920 ) on  Q. peduncularis (Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus kinseyi was examined and the species was treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 219). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FE7D7282FD18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800.text	03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus laeviventris (Osten-Sacken 1861)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus laeviventris (Osten-Sacken, 1861)</p>
            <p> 
Synophrus laeviventris 
Osten Sacken, 1861 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 1: 57. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p> Synergus laeviventris: Osten-Sacken (1865) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 375. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 19).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Washington D.C. (Osten-Sacken 1861; Burks 1979), Colorado, and Michigan (Gillette 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Amphibolips confluenta (Harris, 1841) on  Q. rubra (Osten-Sacken 1861) ; from galls of  Amphibolips quercusspongifica (Osten-Sacken, 1862) ,  Atrusca quercuscentricola (Osten-Sacken, 1861) , as well as from an unnamed gall on  Q. falcata described by Osten-Sacken (1861) (Osten-Sacken 1865); and from galls of  Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893) and  D. quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) (Gillette 1896) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus laeviventris was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 19). </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned neither for  Amphibolips quercusspongifica ,  Atrusca quercuscentricola ,  Disholcaspis rubens nor  D. quercusglobulus . However, and according to Burks (1979),  A. quercusspongifica is associated with oaks of the Lobatae section (  Q. coccinea ,  Q. marilandica , and  Q. velutina );  Atrusca quercuscentricola , with  Q. stellata ;  Disholcaspis rubens , with some species of oaks from  Quercus section (  Q. arizonica , Q. x  undulata ,  Q. gambelii ,  Q. oblongifolia ,  Q. rugosa ,  Q. turbinella , and  Q. toumeyi ); and  D. quercusglobulus , with oaks from  Quercus section (  Q. alba ,  Q. prinoides , and ‘  Q. prinus ’). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5FC3971B1F800	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989.text	03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus laticephalus Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus laticephalus Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011</p>
            <p> 
Synergus laticephalus 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 6. Type material: MNCN. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 21).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from undetermined spherical galls on twigs of  Q. salicifolia (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011) . </p>
            <p>Remarks. This species was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 21).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953CFFFBFDE5F941776BF989	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24.text	03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus lignicola (Osten-Sacken 1862)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus lignicola (Osten-Sacken, 1862)</p>
            <p> 
Cynips (Synerges?) lignicola 
Osten-Sacken, 1862 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 1 (8): 252. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p>Synerges (!) rhoditiformis Walsh, 1864. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 2: 499. Type material: MCZ. Synonymized by Osten-Sacken (1865: 374).</p>
            <p> Synergus lignicola: Osten-Sacken (1865) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4 (3): 374. </p>
            <p> 
Andricus davisi 
Beutenmüller, 1907 . Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23: 463. Type material: USNM (lectotype), paralectotypes in USNM, UB, CAS and MCZ. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 220). </p>
            <p> Synergus davisi: Weld (1922) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 21. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 222) and the diagnosis of  S. atra and  S. dimorphus (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Washington D.C., and Virginia (Beutenmüller 1907; Burks 1979); and Mexico: Hidalgo (Lobato-Vila et al. 2018).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous twig galls of  Callirhytis cornigera (Osten-Sacken, 1865) on  Q. palustris , and from tuberous twig galls of  Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Basset, 1863) on  Q. velutina (Osten-Sacken 1865; Burks 1979); from galls of  Callirhytis quercusgemmaria (Ashmead, 1885) on  Q. ilicifolia (Beutenmüller 1907; Burks 1979); and from asexual tuberous twig galls of  Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2009 on  Q. affinis (Lobato-Vila et al. 2018) . Weld (1951) also mentions  Q. incana and other red oaks. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus lignicola was examined and the species was treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 220). Previously, the type material of its synonym,  S. davisi , was examined and redescribed by Lobato-Vila et al. (2018: 594). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953FFFF8FDE5FF137107FD24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.text	03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus linnei Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus linnei Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 21–22, 42 k–l)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 75FE628D-9141-4B52-835A-892649C83386</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P140, La Cuchilla (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -103.60722/lat 22.326466)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-103.60722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.326466">Concepción del Oro</a>
                 , ZAC), 22°19’35.27’’N, 103°36’26.02’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Disholcaspis sp., 2386m,  Quercus sp., (21.07.2011) viii.2011, C. Carrillo leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus linnei Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (4♀) with the following labels: same as the holotype: 3♀ (deposited in UB);  ‘ MEX: P259, Querétaro (QRO)’ (white label) / ‘Ex. Undetermined gall,  Quercus sp., (25.xi.2011) 24.xii.2011, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype ♀  Synergus linnei Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♀; deposited in USNM). 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology. Named in honor of Carl Linnaeus or Carl von Linné (1707–1778), Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who formalized binomial nomenclature and described the genus  Quercus , with which many gall wasps are associated. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus linnei ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with non-parallel, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior wide band of micropunctures, weakly dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females at least with some dark surfaces, never completely yellowish.  Synergus linnei ,  sp. nov. is morphologically close to  S. beutenmulleri , whose main differences have already been treated (see the diagnosis of  S. beutenmulleri ). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.3–3.8 mm (n = 6).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 21). Body black and yellow. Frons, vertex medially and occiput, black; lower face yellow, sometimes with a small black stripe running between and below toruli, gena somewhat darker than lower face. Antenna testaceous to dark brown. Pronotum mainly yellowish orange, anterodorsally black; mesoscutum mainly black, but notauli and space between notauli posteriorly, orange or reddish orange; mesoscutellum dorsally black or at least with a medial black spot, laterally orange or reddish orange; scutellar foveae black; mesopleural triangle black or orange; mesopleuron and propodeum black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma black dorsally, ventrally and laterally yellowish orange; rarely anterolaterally black. Legs pale yellow, tarsi darker (metatarsi dark brown); sometimes metacoxae has a small basal dark spot. Wings hyaline, veins brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 22a) subquadrate to trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae present. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, weakly wrinkled, without punctures; frontal carinae branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 22b) is 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some wrinkles and a few small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9: 6: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4. Occiput coriaceous, with some small punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Figs 21, 22c). 14-segmented (8: 5: 13: 13: 13: 13: 11: 10: 9: 7: 6: 5: 4.5: 7); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F3–F12. Pedicel about 1.7 times as long as wide; F1 as long as F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment almost 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.5 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 22g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.33. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 22i) about 1.1 times as wide as long, weakly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow but visible, extended somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, interrupted by carinae anteriorly, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line shallowly impressed, interrupted by carinae, sometimes just appearing as a small incision; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 22i) rounded, almost as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina absent; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, weakly sculptured bottom, posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 22g) irregularly and densely striated, sometimes somewhat reticulated anteriorly; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches almost 4/5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 22d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae thick and weakly sculptured, straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 22e).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 21). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, basal vein pale (Fig. 22f). Rs+M inconspicuous, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma, almost 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 21, 22h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended somewhat more than 1/2 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 22h, j); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 22j), not pointed; following segments not visible, micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 22h).</p>
            <p>MALE. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Querétaro and Zacatecas.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from small round galls of  Disholcaspis sp. (Fig. 42k) on twigs of an undetermined species of  Quercus and from small striped-round galls of an undetermined genus (Fig. 42l) on twigs of an undetermined species of  Quercus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A953FFFFFFDE5FC2C7220FD4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FC0F7657FAA0.text	03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FC0F7657FAA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus longimalaris Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus longimalaris Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017</p>
            <p> 
Synergus longimalaris 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila in Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2017) . Zool. Stud. 56 (36): 12. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB, USNM and AMNH . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 22).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, and Morelos (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from different galls induced by  Amphibolips and  Andricus species (never tuberous galls) on oaks of both  Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FC0F7657FAA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FA9C72D8F8D5.text	03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FA9C72D8F8D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus longiscapus Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila in Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus longiscapus Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017</p>
            <p> 
Synergus longiscapus 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila in Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2017) . Zool. Stud. 56 (36): 14. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB, USNM , and AMNH. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 23).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, México, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b, 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Mainly associated with woolly galls initiated by  Andricus , but also with other gall morphotypes (never tuberous galls) initiated by  Andricus ,  Cynips, Disholcapsis ,  Loxaulus ,  Neuroterus and some undetermined small spherical galls on leaves, on oaks of both  Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b, 2020c). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9538FFFFFDE5FA9C72D8F8D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.text	03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 23–24, 42 m–n)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2577D204-CF98-4CE4-B6EA-1E37EE87DFD3</p>
            <p> Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P381, Highway Guadalajara to Morelia km 300 (MICH)’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Neuroterus sp.,  Q. obtusata , (21.vi.2018) 16-30.vi.2018, A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).   PARATYPES (1♂ &amp; 3♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: 270 (rosa 115), San Juan de Coajomulco (Jocotitlán, EDO. MEX.), 19°45’11.16’’N, 99°58’6.959’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Andricus fusiformis, 2630m ,  Q. obtusata , (12.vii.2014) 24.vii.2014, Delia leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype ♀  Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♀);   ‘ MEX: 333, Highway Guadalajara to Morelia km 300 (Urequío, MICH)’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Loxaulus hyalinus ,  Q. obtusata , (21.vi.2018) 16-30.vi.2018, A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype  Synergus macrackenae Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♂ &amp; 2♀). </p>
            <p>Etymology. Named in honor of prof. Mary Isabel McCracken (1866–1955), American entomologist, researcher at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and teacher at Stanford University.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus macrackenae ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye; transfacial line 1.2 or more times as long as height of eye; POL as long as OOL or longer; female antenna with 13 segments and F1 longer than F2; mesoscutum with transversal carinae; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; median mesoscutal line absent; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or just with a small patch; and lower face and gena yellowish in both sexes.  Synergus macrackenae ,  sp. nov. is morphologically close to  S. estradae , from which differs by having lateral frontal carinae absent, frons covered with very fine striae (Fig. 24 a–b) (narrow and weak, but visible, in  S. estradae ); POL 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as OOL, OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in both sexes (Fig. 24b) (POL 2.0 times as long as OOL in females, 3.0 in males, and OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in females, equal in males, in  S. estradae ); pedicel 2.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 24a, c) (slightly longer than wide in  S. estradae ); margins of pronotum swollen aside, somewhat sharp seen from above (Fig. 24i) (rounded in  S. estradae ); in females, syntergum dorsodistally incised (Fig. 24j) (not incised in  S. estradae ); in males, F1 about 1.5 times as long as F2 (Fig. 23d) (2.0 times in  S. estradae ), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0– 3.2 mm (n = 4).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 23a). Body black, yellow and orange. Face and gena, yellow, sometimes with a black spot below toruli; frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black. Antennomeres, except their distal end (which is yellow), dark brown; some specimens have antennomeres of the distal half of antenna completely yellow. Mesosoma almost completely black except posterolateral pronotum and the mesopleural triangle, which are orange; tegulae yellow. Metasoma dark rufous to black; sometimes with a dark orange spot anterolaterally and some orange anteroventrally; hypopygium infuscate. Legs with all coxae black, black more extended in metacoxae; femorae, and especially metafemorae, dark; the rest, yellow. Wings hyaline, veins light brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 24a) rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense and regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short or absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line almost 1.2 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous; instead, some fine striae run from the posterior margin of toruli towards lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 24b) curved, about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 6: 4, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous, with some punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 24c). 13-segmented (6: 4.5: 8: 5.5: 5.5: 5.5: 6: 6: 5: 4: 4: 3.5: 6.5); filiform and thin, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F4–F11. Pedicel about 2.3 times as long as wide; F1 1.5 times as long as F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment about 2.6 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F10.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 24g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly carinated; lateral carina absent, but pronotum bulged, subquadrate seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 24i) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching about 1/4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and deep, interrupted by carinae, slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous or absent. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 24i) rounded, about as long as wide, weakly wrinkled to carinated, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; circumscutellar carina visible, but weak; scutellar foveae subtriangular, well impressed anteriorly but not posteriorly, sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 24g) finely and densely striated, interspaces smooth; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3/4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 24d) alutaceous and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent and branched posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 24e).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length (Fig. 23a). Radial cell closed, but the marginal vein very narrow and weakly pigmented, about 2.8 times as long as wide (Fig. 24f); areolet visible, the basal vein weakly pigmented. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 23a, 24h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posterodorsally with very few minute micropunctures forming an inconspicuous patch (Fig. 24j); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 24j), not pointed; following segments and hypopygium, punctate. Hypopygial spine about 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 24h).</p>
            <p>MALE (Fig. 23b). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.7 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented (7: 4: 8: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4.5: 4.5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 4) (Fig. 23d); F1 about 1.6 times as long as F2; F1 short, curved, strongly incised medially, broadened apically and basally (Fig. 23c). POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 5: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial line 1.1 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma, with a more conspicuous punctuation.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: México and Michoacán.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Loxaulus hyalinus Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2014 (Fig. 42n),  Andricus fusiformis Pujade-Villar, 2014 and from an undetermined species of  Neuroterus (Fig. 42m) on leaves of  Q. obtusata . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9538FF82FDE5F96F7655F99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F.text	03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus medianeroi Pujade-Villar & Castelo-Branco 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus medianeroi Pujade-Villar &amp; Castelo-Branco, 2019</p>
            <p> 
Synergus luteus 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 [non  Synergus luteus Hartig, 1840 ]. Zootaxa 2774: 15. Type material: MNCN (holotype),  paratypes in MNCN and MEUP . </p>
            <p> Synergus medianeroi Pujade-Villar &amp; Castelo-Branco in Lobato-Vila et al. (2019) [new name]. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 121 (2): 223. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 223) and the diagnoses of  S. diversicolor and  S. weldi ,  sp. nov. (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from small twig swelling-like galls of an undescribed species of  Loxaulus or  Bassettia on  Q. sapotifolia (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus medianeroi was treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 223). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FF137758FC3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68.text	03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus medullae Ashmead 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus medullae Ashmead, 1885</p>
            <p> 
Synergus medullae 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 302. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 224) and the diagnoses of  S. atra and  S. bicolor (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous stem galls of  Zapatella quercusmedullae (Ashmead, 1885) (=  Andricus medullae ) (Ashmead 1885; Pujade-Villar et al. 2012b; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019), which is associated with oaks of the Lobatae section from the USA (Burks 1979; Pujade-Villar et al. 2012b):  Q. incana ,  Q. marilandica , and  Q. myrtifolia . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus medullae was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 224). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FD1A7134FA68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC.text	03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus mendax Walsh 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus mendax Walsh, 1864</p>
            <p> Synerges (!)  
mendax 
Walsh, 1864 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 2: 498. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p> Synergus mendax: Osten-Sacken (1865) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4 (3): 378. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 226).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Illinois (Walsh 1864).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous twig galls of  Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Basset, 1863) (=  Cynips q. podagrae Walsh, 1864), probably on  Q. velutina , the black oak (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus mendax was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9544FF83FDE5FBE872B4FBAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4.text	03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus mesoamericanus Ritchie & Shorthouse 1987	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus mesoamericanus Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse, 1987</p>
            <p> 
Synergus mesoamericanus 
Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse, 1987 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89 (2): 239. Type material: AMNH (holotype),  paratypes in AMNH and CAS . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 228).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Guatemala (Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987) and Panama (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls probably induced by a species of  Andricus on  Q. peduncularis in Guatemala (Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987), and from tuberous galls of  Odontocynips championi on  Q. sapotifolia collected in Panama (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus mesoamericanus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 228). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9544FF83FDE5F9B471E4F9B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0.text	03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus mexicanus Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus mexicanus Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p> 
Synergus mexicana 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 96. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus dugesi Ashmead, 1899 . Ent. News 10: 195. Type material: USNM. Synonymized by Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila (2016a: 76). </p>
            <p> 
Synergus multiplicatus 
Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 370. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 231). </p>
            <p> 
Saphonecrus brevis 
Weld, 1926 . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 68: 109. Type material: USNM (holotype), paratypes in USNM, AMNH, CAS, MCZ, Field Museum and Philadelphia Academy, according to the original description. </p>
            <p> Synophrus mexicanus: Weld (1952) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 102 (3304): 316. </p>
            <p> Synergus mexicanus: Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika (2005) . Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 37: 217 [status verified]. </p>
            <p> Synergus brevis: Schwéger et al. (2015b) . Zootaxa 4054 (1): 62. Synonymized by Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila (2016b: 64). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 233).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Arizona, California, and New Mexico; and Mexico: Ciudad de México, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, and Zacatecas (Gillette 1896; Ashmead 1899; Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; Weld 1926; Pujade-Villar et al. 2015b; Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila 2016a, 2016b; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls and fusiform swellings induced by different  Andricus species on twigs of oaks from both  Quercus and Lobatae sections (Ashmead 1899; Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; Weld 1926; Pujade-Villar et al. 2015b; Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila 2016a, 2016b; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus mexicanus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika (2005: 217). The redescription was later improved by Pujade-Villar et al. (2015b: 147).  Synergus mexicanus was also treated by Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila (2016a, 2016b) and Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 231). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FF13724FFDC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FB80762EFB2B.text	03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FB80762EFB2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus nicaraguensis Diaz & Gallardo 1998	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus nicaraguensis Díaz &amp; Gallardo, 1998</p>
            <p> 
Synergus nicaraguensis 
Díaz &amp; Gallardo, 1998 . Rev. Nica. Entomol. 43: 44. Type material: MEL (holotype),  paratypes in MEL and MLP . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero (2011: 9).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Nicaragua (Díaz &amp; Gallardo 1998) and Panama (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from undetermined stem galls similar to  Trigonaspis ? quercusforticorne (Walsh, 1864) (incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2018) on  Q. oleoides from Nicaragua (Díaz &amp; Gallardo 1998); and from stem galls of an undescribed  Disholcaspis species on  Q. lancifolia from Panama (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9547FF80FDE5FB80762EFB2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.text	03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus nigroornatus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus nigroornatus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p>(Figure 25)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus nigro-ornatus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 57. Type material: CAS.  Synergus nigroornatus: Burks in Krombein et al. (1979) . Smith. Inst. Press 1: 1062. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot 554, Sub 95’ (white label) / ‘ ♀ Type’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus nigro-ornatus Mc &amp; Eb’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ California  Academy of Sciences , Type No. 5804’ (white label)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus nigro-ornatus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2018’(red label).   PARALECTOTYPE (1♂) with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot 554, Sub 95’ (white label) / ‘♂ Type’ (red label) / ‘ California  Academy of Sciences , Type No. 5804’ (white label)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♂  Synergus nigro-ornatus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2018’ (red label). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus nigroornatus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; OOL 1.2–1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; gena not broadened behind eye; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely strongly coriaceous with weak discontinuous transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterior band of micropunctures; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow.  Synergus nigroornatus differs from the species sharing these traits (  S. oneratus and  S. rutulus , see below) by having the malar space 0.4 times as long as height of eye (0.6 in these species); transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye (Fig. 25d) (as long as height of eye in these species); head in dorsal view 1.8 times as wide as long (2.1 in these species); tarsal claws with a very small, almost inconspicuous, basal lobe (conspicuous in these species); syntergum posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/4 of its length, almost 1/ 3 in males (wide band extended more than 1/ 3 in both sexes in these species); and, in females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 25b) (weakly to not incised in these species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0 mm (n = 1).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 25). Yellow, with some brownish black areas. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma mainly yellow; dorsomedial pronotum, mesoscutum between notauli, mesoscutellum medially, metanotum, propodeum and mesosoma basally between coxae, black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma yellow, dorsally with a black stripe that not reaches the tip of the syntergum. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.4 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 25d) coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 1.8 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 25d) coriaceous, with some punctures and weak wrinkles. POL: OOL: LOL = 6: 4.5: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3.5. Occiput weakly wrinkled and with some punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented according to the original description (the tip of both antennae is broken); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel longer than F1; pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 25a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.31. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 25c) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with weak and dense discontinuous carinae, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, somewhat interrupted by carinae and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 25c) about 1.2 times as long as wide, weakly wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina visible but weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth (Fig. 25a). Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a very small basal tooth.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 25a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small, the basal vein not well pigmented. Rs+M visible, the last third not well pigmented but reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 25b). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an incomplete narrow band of minute micropunctures extended at most 1/4 of its length; dorsodistally incised, not pointed; following segments and hypopygium also with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 straight, weakly excavated and slightly broadened apically and basally, longer apically after the incision than basally. Metasomal punctuation extended 1/3 of the syntergum length. Mesoscutellum completely black; the black stripe of the mesoscutum expands outside notauli.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Heteroecus pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) (=  Andricus pacificus ) on  Q. chrysolepis (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus nigroornatus was described from 1♂ and 1♀ (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922: 57), which have been located and examined. The female has been designated as lectotype of the type series and deposited in CAS. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9547FF86FDE5FA2E76E2FFFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.text	03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus oaxaquensis Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus oaxaquensis Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 26– 27, 42o)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 111AE88E-3AFD-4E12-A23B-1C019FDC7C14</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: Clark-49, Universidad de la Sierra Sur (UNSIS) (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.58611/lat 16.342958)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.58611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.342958">Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz</a>
                 , OAX), 16°20’34.646’’N, 96°35’10.007’’W’ (white label) / ‘ Ex. Undetermined gall, 1573m,  Q. obtusata , (01.vi.2018) 20.viii.2018, Clark leg.’ (white label)  / ‘ Holotype ♀  Synergus oaxaquensis Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (1♂ &amp; 11♀) with the same data as the holotype (1♀ deposited in USNM; the rest deposited in JP-V coll.) . 
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. Named after the state of Oaxaca (Mexico), from which this new species was collected.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus oaxaquensis ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; POL as long as OOL or longer; antenna 13-segmented in females and F1 longer than F2; mesoscutum with transversal carinae; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; median mesoscutal line weak but visible, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the mesoscutal length; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or with a small patch; body almost completely black in females, face of males somewhat lighter.  Synergus oaxaquensis ,  sp. nov. is morphologically close to  S. ramoni (see below), from which differs by having the transfacial line 1.3 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 27a) (equal in  S. ramoni ); frons and vertex coriaceous, with a few small piliferous punctures and some weak wrinkles between ocelli (Fig. 27 a–b) (deeply punctate in  S. ramoni ); F1 2.0 times as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 27c), 2.3 in males (Fig. 27d) (1.5 in both sexes of  S. ramoni ); areolet of fore wing very small or absent (Figs 26 a–b; 27e) (well defined and pigmented in  S. ramoni ); in females, antenna with 13 segments (14 in  S. ramoni ); in males, face and gena dark brown (Fig. 26b) (yellowish in  S. ramoni ), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0 mm (n = 12).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 26a). Body mainly black. Head black, somewhat dark brown at sides of the oral fovea. Antenna yellow, scape infuscate. Mesosoma black, tegulae yellow. Metasoma black, ventrally and hypopygium, dark brown. Legs with all coxae and femorae at least basally, black; femorae distally, tibiae and tarsi (except metatarsi, which are infuscate), yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellowish brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 27a) rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with irregular and dense striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae also present; lower face somewhat protruded medially seen from the lateral view. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line almost 1.3 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with scarce small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous; instead, multiple fine, outwards-curved striae run from the posterior margin of toruli towards lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 27b) is 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some punctures and weak wrinkles between ocelli. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 5.5: 3.5, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2.5. Occiput coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles dorsally and some punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 27c). 13-segmented (7: 4: 10: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 3.5: 3: 7: 3); short, not reaching the mesoscutellum; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F2–F11. Pedicel about 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 2.0 times as long as F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment almost 3.0 times as long as wide and 2.3 times as long as F10.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 27i). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.35. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous to weakly wrinkled or reticulated; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 27h) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly and densely discontinuously carinated, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and deep, interrupted by carinae, wider and slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line shallow but visible, reaching almost the half of the mesoscutum, more impressed posteriorly; parapsidal lines well impressed, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 27h) rounded, about as long as wide, carinated medially, wrinkled anteriorly and laterally, interspaces alutaceous to coriaceous; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; scutellar foveae deep anteriorly but not well defined posteriorly, large, ovate, strongly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 27g, i) with fine and dense striae medially and in the speculum, finely reticulated anteriorly, irregularly striated basally; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 4/5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 27f).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as mesosoma plus metasoma (Fig. 26a). Radial cell closed, about 2.7 times as long as wide; areolet very small or absent (Figs 26a, 27e). Rs+M visible, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view, at most 1.1 times as long as high (Figs 26a, 27j). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posterodorsally with a small patch of micropunctures visible on its very tip (Fig. 27j, k); not dorsodistally incised, pointed. Hypopygial spine about 2.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae (Fig. 27j).</p>
            <p>MALE (Fig. 26b). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 1). Antenna 15-segmented (6: 4: 11.5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 4: 3.5: 3.5: 3.5: 3: 3: 3: 3.5) (Fig. 27d); F1 about 2.3 times as long as F2; F1 curved, more broadened apically than basally, long, weakly incised medially. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 4: 3.5, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 2. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Lower face not as black, dark brown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Oaxaca.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of an undetermined genus of gall wasps, may be  Andricus or  Loxaulus (Fig. 42o), on twigs of  Q. obtusata . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9541FF85FDE5FBC572CBFC82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.text	03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus obtusilobae (Ashmead 1885) Weld 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus obtusilobae (Ashmead, 1885)</p>
            <p>(Figure 28)</p>
            <p> 
Ceroptres obtusilobae 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus obtusilobae: Weld (1922) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61: 26. </p>
            <p> Type material of  Ceroptres obtusilobae Ashmead, 1885 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Jacksnvile Fla’ (white label) / ‘Type No 14537 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘  Ceroptres obtusilobae Ash’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802224’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Ceroptres obtusilobae Ashmead, 1885 IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus obtusilobae (Ashmead) Weld, 1922 ’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPE (1♀) with the following labels: ‘Jacksnvile Fla’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No 14537 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Ceroptres obtusilobae Ashmead, 1885 IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus obtusilobae (Ashmead) Weld, 1922 ’ (white label). </p>
            <p> Other material examined (3♂ &amp; 9♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘Ironton Mo. Det 178’ (white label) / ‘403’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus obtusilobae (Ashm.) ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀); ‘HopkUS 13685 E’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Reared July 2–19’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus alba ’ (white label) / ‘Falls Church, Va’ (white label) / ‘Middleton Wm Col’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus obtusilobae (Ashm) det. Weld 1937’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960844’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); same data, but with the following USNMENT codes: 00960069 (♂), 00960338 (♂), 000960528 (♀), 00960560 (♀), 0960684 (♀), 00960790 (♀), 00960802 (♀), 00960809 (♂); ‘HopkUS 13685 E’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Reared May 9–18’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus minor (white label) / ‘L. H. Weld collector’ (white label) / ‘Ex. 525’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus obtusilobae Ash. , det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960817’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); ‘Washngtn DC area’ (white label) / ‘JCBridwell coll 1939’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus obtusilobae Ashm. , det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus obtusilobae belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; POL usually longer than OOL; F1 and F2 equal or subequal, antenna 14-segmented in females; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; circumscutellar carina weak; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures.  Synergus obtusilobae differs from the rest of species of this group (  S. colombianus ,  S. dawnus ,  S. personatus ,  sp. nov. ,  S. rufinotaulis ,  S. forcadellae ,  S. compressus ,  sp. nov. and  S. filicornis ) by having the syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extending laterally 1/2 of its length (incomplete or complete band extended at most 1/ 3 in the rest of species); radial cell of fore wing 3.2 times as long as wide (2.7–3.0 in the rest of species); and head of females completely yellow, except for some dark spots close to ocelli (at least with frons, vertex and occiput black, with face and gena more or less yellowish in the rest of species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.5–4.0 mm (n = 11).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 28). Yellow to yellowish brown (ochre). Head yellow with some dark areas surrounding the ocelli. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma, especially mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, dark yellow. Metasoma yellow. Legs yellow, tibiae and metatarsi dark brown to black. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 28c) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous with scarce small punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex weakly wrinkled and with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 15: 12: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 6. Occiput coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 28b). 14-segmented; long, filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment somewhat more than 4.0 times as long as wide and 1.2 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 28a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.43. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum weakly wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 28b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, densely wrinkled to carinated; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but shallow and interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 28b) about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long the body length (Fig. 28a). Radial cell closed, about 3.2 times as long as wide; areolet visible, basal vein not well pigmented. Rs+M visible, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 28a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures extended 1/2 of its length; dorsodistally incised, not pointed; following segments with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine almost 1.5 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length about 3.0 mm (n = 3). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 straight, weakly incised medially, segment under the incision short and not broadened, apically after the incision long and not broadened. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Body darker than in females; frons, vertex, occiput, mesosoma (except pronotum) and metasoma, almost totally black.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885), Virginia, Washington D.C., and Missouri (authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from an ‘unnamed gall’ on  Q. stellata (Ashmead 1885) . The non-type material presented here was reared from unknown galls; one specimen was obtained from galls on  Quercus alba L. (  Quercus section) and another, from galls on  Q. stellata , according to their labels. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus obtusilobae was described from 2♀ (Ashmead 1885: 300), which have been located and examined. One of the females has been designated as lectotype of the type series. </p>
            <p> Ashmead (1885) says females of  S. obtusilobae have 13-segmented antenna, but all the examined females both from the type series and among the non-type specimens have 14-segmemted antenna. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9542FF8BFDE5FCC77739FD4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.text	03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus ochreus Fullaway 1911	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus ochreus Fullaway, 1911</p>
            <p>(Figure 29)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus ochreus 
Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 368. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p> Type material.   LECTOTYPE ♀ (examined) with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 499, Sub. 21’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (red label) / ‘ ochreus’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus ochreus Full , Type’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ California  Academy of Sciences , Type No. 5828’ (white label) / ‘Lectotype ♀  Synergus ochreus Fullaway, 1911 IL-V desig-2019’ (red label).   PARALECTOTYPES (1♀) deposited in USNM (examined) with the following labels: ‘  Steven Creek Canyon, Calif., R. W. Patterson’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 499, Sub. 21’ (white label) / ‘ Cotype’ (pink label) / ‘  Synergus ochreus Full. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Beut. Coll. Rec’d 1939’ (white label) / ‘ Cotype No. 53992, USNM’ (red label)  / ‘   Paralectotype ♀  Synergus ochreus Fullaway, 1911 IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). Two more specimens (sex unknown, not examined) that are deposited in CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.) remain under the category of syntype  . </p>
            <p> Other material examined (24♂ &amp; 22♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘620’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Sonoma Co. Cal.’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Disholcaspis eldoradensis Beut. ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus ochreus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♂); ‘620’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Sonoma Co. Cal.’ (white label) (2♂ &amp; 1♀); ‘Lebec, Calif.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Cut out Nov. 10’ (white label) / ‘  Q. lobata ’ (white label) / ‘Ex. 1662’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘more in USNM’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus ochreus Full. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀); ‘HopkUS, 13651 m’ (white label) / ‘Reared June 4–19’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus durata ’ (white label) / ‘Los Gatos, Calif.’ (white label) / ‘F R Herbert Colr.’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960903’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); same data, but different QR codes: 21♂ &amp; 18♀; ‘HopkUS, 10781 s’ (white label) / ‘Reared July 9–19’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus oblongifolia ’ (white label) / ‘Sycamore Flat., Ariz.’ (white label) / ‘G Hofer Colr.’ (white label) / ‘Ex gall of a Disholcaspis’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus ochreus Full. ?’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960496’ (white label, QR code) (1♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus ochreus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum, without smooth spots; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL as long as OOL or longer; F1 as long as F2, antenna 14 or 15-segmented in females; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a distinct basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures.  Synergus ochreus differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (  S. ficigerae ,  S. duricorius ,  S. beutenmulleri ,  S. linnei ,  S. erinacei ,  S. nigroornatus ,  S. oneratus and  S. rutulus ) by having female with head and mesosoma entirely yellowish brown (ochre) and metasoma entirely yellow (Fig. 29 a–c) (darker, at least with some dark surfaces, in the rest of species, Figs 5 a–b, e; 16a–c; 17a–c; 21; 18a–c; 25a–d; 30a–j; 37a–c); female antenna with 15 segments (14 in the rest of species); gena slightly broadened behind eye (usually not broadened in the rest of species); and syntergum posteriorly with a very narrow band of micropunctures extended laterally at most 1/6 of its length (with a more widespread band of micropunctures, usually extended laterally from 1/4 to more than 1/2 of its length in the rest of species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm (n = 24).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 29). Yellowish brown (ochre). Head yellowish brown, except for some dark areas surrounding the ocelli. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma yellowish brown; tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellow. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons weakly wrinkled; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 29c) is almost 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex weakly wrinkled. POL: OOL: LOL = 12: 9: 6 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput weakly wrinkled with some punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 15-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and about as long as F12.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 29a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum wrinkled; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 29c) about as wide as long, strongly and densely discontinuously carinated; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching somewhat more than 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 29c) about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, large, shallow, smooth, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 29b) regularly, not densely, striated, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, shorter than the body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.4 times as long as wide; areolet small, almost inconspicuous. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and slightly longer than high in lateral view. First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended no more than 1/6 of its length; weakly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine almost 2.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0 mm (n = 24). F1 very weakly incised and curved, slightly broadened. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Frons, vertex, occiput, mesosoma and metasoma, dark; legs yellow, metatibiae and metatarsi, dark.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (Fullaway 1911) and Arizona (authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Cynips multipunctata (Beutenmüller, 1911) on  Q. lobata (Fullaway 1911; Mc-Cracken &amp; Egbert 1922), which now corresponds to  Besbicus conspicuus (Kinsey, 1930) (=  Cynips (Besbicus) multipunctata var. conspicua ) (Kinsey 1930). However, and according to Weld (1951) and Burks (1979),  S. ochreus was obtained from galls of  Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett, 1881) (see remarks). According to the labels of some non-type specimens found in USNM,  S. ochreus is also reared from galls of  Disholcaspis eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909) on  Quercus sp.; from  Disholcaspis sp. on  Q. oblongifolia , in Arizona; and from unspecified galls on  Q. lobata and  Q. dumosa . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus ochreus was described from an unstated number of females (Fullaway 1911: 368), since the original description was based only on females (males are not mentioned as is the case in other descriptions by the same author and paper). We located and examined 2♀ belonging to the type series: 1♀ deposited in CAS with a ‘Type’ red label and 1♀ deposited in USNM, as well as two more syntypes deposited in CAS that were not examined (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). A lectotype has herein been designated and deposited in CAS. </p>
            <p> Weld (1951), and subsequently Burks (1979), stated that the host gall of  Synergus ochreus is  A. quercuspomiformis ; however, this gall is not found on  Q. lobata , so this biological data could be erroneous. For more details on the gall  Cynips multipunctata , see remarks concerning  S. dimorphus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A954CFF89FDE5FC0170F7FA0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.text	03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus oneratus (Harris 1841) Walsh 1864	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841)</p>
            <p>(Figure 30)</p>
            <p> 
Cynips oneratus 
Harris, 1841 . Rpt. Ins. Mass. Injurious to Veg.: 398. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p> Synergus oneratus: Walsh (1864) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 2: 498. </p>
            <p> 
Synergus garryana 
Gillette, 1893 . Can. Entomol. 25: 110 syn. nov. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> 
Synergus oneratus 
var coloradensis Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 91 syn. nov. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus oneratus oneratus: Burks in Krombein et al. (1979) . Smith. Inst. Press 1: 1062. </p>
            <p> Synergus oneratus coloradensis: Burks in Krombein et al. (1979) . Smith. Inst. Press 1: 1062. </p>
            <p> Type material of  Cynips oneratus Harris, 1841 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: on the underside of the insect label, it can be read ‘June, July, 1822, small oak galls (handwritten); ‘102 +’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘M.C.Z. Type 26335’ (red label) / ‘Jan–Jul 2005, MCZ Image Database’ (white label) / ‘MCZ-ENT 00026335’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Cynips oneratus Harris, 1841 IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus (Harris) Walsh, 1864 ’ (white label). </p>
            <p> Type material of  Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893 (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Wash 1053’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Biol 38’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Type No. 27946 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘Acc No 71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus garryana ’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802113’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (1ϐ &amp; 2♀) with the following labels: ‘Wash 1053’ (orange label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘11’ (green label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘   Paratype No. 27946 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus garryana Gill. ’ (white label, handwritten)  / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) (2♀); same labels, but ‘  Allotype No. 27946 U.S. N.M.’ (1ϐ) . </p>
            <p> Type material of  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Colo 1833’ (white label) / ‘118’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘AccNo71950 USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘Type No. 27936 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  S. oneratus coloradensis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00779991’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841) , IL-V det. 2019’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (2ϐ &amp; 1♀) with the following labels: ‘Colo 1723’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Allotype No. 27936 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus var coloradensis Gill. ’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960370’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841) , IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1ϐ); ‘Colo 1723’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27936 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘ USNMENT 00960564’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841) , IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1ϐ); ‘Colo 838’ (white label) / ‘Biol 117’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 27936 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gill ♀ ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960675’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype ♀  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 , IL-V desig- 2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841) , IL-V det. 2019’ (white label) (1♀). </p>
            <p> Other material examined (5ϐ &amp; 16♀). Material determined as  Synergus oneratus coloradensis deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘N.Y. 1710’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Det Gill’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) (1ϐ); ‘12070 z2 Hopk US’ (white label) / ‘Reared June 15-15’ (white label) / ‘ USMENT 00960613’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); ‘HopkUS 10773 us’ (white label) / ‘Reared July 2–19’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus gambelii ’ (white label) / ‘ Colorado Springs, Col’ (white label) / ‘JH Pollock Colo’ (white label) / ‘Ex gall of  Disholcaspis perniciosa ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gill. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960664’ (white label, QR code’ (1♀); ‘12070 z2a Hopk US’ (white label) / ‘Reared June 28–15’ (white label) / ‘  Quercus undulata ’ (white label) / ‘N. Cheyenne Canyon, Colo.’ (white label) / ‘Champlain AB Colr’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus oneratus coloradensis, Midd. det.’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘Ex.  Dish. rubens ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00960623’ (white label, QR code) (1♀); ‘13604 c’ Hopk. U.S. ’ (white label) / ‘Reared June 4– 15 W. Middleton’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960417’ (white label, QR code) (1ϐ &amp; 7♀). Material determined as  Synergus garryana deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘Wash 1317’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00960012’ (white label, QR code) (3ϐ &amp; 4♀); ‘Camp Baldy, Cal.’ (white label) / ‘  Q. dumosa ’ (grey label) / ‘Bred from gall 1653’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus garryana Gill. ’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀); ‘Wash 1317’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Coll CF Baker’ (white label) / ‘  Synergus garryana Gill’ (red label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus oneratus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; POL longer than OOL; OOL 1.2–1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; gena not broadened behind eye; F1 as long as F2, antenna 14-segmented in females; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a distinct and conspicuous basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally more than 1/3 of its length, weakly to not dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow.  Synergus oneratus is morphologically close to  S. rutulus (see below), from which differs by having POL 1.6 times as long as OOL (Fig. 30c) (1.3 in  S. rutulus , Fig. 37c); mesoscutum with weak, dense and discontinuous transversal carinae and median mesoscutal line absent (Fig. 30f, j) (mesoscutum with strong and dense transversal carinae, and median mesoscutal line appearing as a small incision in  S. rutulus , Fig. 37b); radial cell of fore wing 2.3 times as long as wide (2.5 in  S. rutulus ); and syntergum of females weakly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 30a, e, g) (not incised in  S. rutulus , Fig. 37a), among others (see the identification key). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length about 2.5–3.5 mm (n = 20).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 30). Body mainly yellow to black and yellowish orange or rufous. Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area, to yellow with frons, vertex and occiput black. Antenna yellow with the tip somewhat darker, to dark brown with rufous joints. Mesosoma can be yellow or dark yellow with propodeum and mesosoma basally black; yellow and black, with the mesopleuron entirely black, the mesoscutum with a medial dark strip or completely black; or black, sometimes only with the pronotum posteriorly and base of notauli orange or rufous. Tegulae yellow. Metasoma yellow with a more or less extended dorsal black band, to orange or amber with a dorsal black band. Legs yellow, tarsi blackish. Wings hyaline, veins yellow to testaceous.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 30e, i) coriaceous with some weak wrinkles and scarce piliferous punctures; frontal carinae narrow, branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 30e, i) coriaceous with some weak wrinkles and scarce piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 9: 5.5: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4.5. Occiput coriaceous with some weak wrinkles.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 30d, e). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1 or slightly shorter; pedicel almost 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2, F2 about as long as F3 or slightly longer; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 4.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 30a, e, g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous, sometimes with some weak wrinkles basally (Fig. 30b); lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 30f, j) about 1.2 times as wide as long, with weak and dense, discontinuous transversal carinae; anterior parallel lines visible but shallow, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and usually well impressed in their whole length, sometimes less impressed and visible in the anterior 1/3; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 30f, j) about as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina well defined and visible, especially seen from above; scutellar foveae ovate to subquadrate, moderately large, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 30e, g) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae straight and slightly convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as the body length (Fig. 30d). Radial cell closed, about 2.3 times as long as wide; areolet visible, small. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and almost 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 30a, e, g). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended somewhat more than 1/3 of its length, less extended dorsally (Fig. 30g, h); weakly dorsodistally incised to not incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about 2.0 or 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length about 2.0– 2.5 mm (n = 8). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 almost straight, very weakly incised medially and almost not broadened distally nor basally. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Body darker; frons, vertex and occiput black; mesosoma completely black; metasoma chestnut; metatibiae and metatarsi dark; antenna progressively darker towards the tip.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Washington D.C., Michigan, Illinois, Iowa (Harris 1841; Gillette 1896; Burks 1979; authors), Colorado (Gillette 1896; authors), Washington, and Oregon (Gillette 1893, 1896; Burks 1979); also from California (Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; authors), but this distribution needs to be confirmed; and Canada: Ottawa (Gillette 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Andricus (=  Adleria )  quercusstrobilana (Osten-Sacken, 1862) ,  Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette, 1893) ,  Disholcaspis quercusglobulus (Fitch, 1859) and  D. rubens (Gillette, 1893) (Gillette 1896; Burks 1979); from galls very similar to those of  Disholcaspis perniciosa (Bassett, 1890) (=  Holcaspis monticola Gillette, 1893 ) on  Q. garryana (Gillette 1893) , which may correspond to  Disholcaspis eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909) (Burks 1979) ; from galls of  D. eldoradensis on  Q. lobata and  Q. dumosa (Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922), even though this record needs to be confirmed; and from galls of  D. perniciosa on  Q. gambelii , and  D. rubens on Q. x  undulata , according to the labels of some specimens deposited in USNM. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus oneratus was described from an unstated number of specimens (Harris 1841: 398). We located and examined a single female belonging to the type series deposited in MCZ, which has been designated as lectotype. </p>
            <p> Synergus oneratus coloradensis was mentioned for the first time by Gillette (1896: 91) as a  variety and Burks (1979: 1062) considered it as a subspecies. We located and examined 2ϐ and 2♀ deposited in USNM with red labels reading ‘Type’, ‘Allotype’, and ‘Paratype’ respectively, as well as with a USNM accession number. Gillette did not designate a type series for this variety, so we assume that USNM recognized these specimens as the type series (syntypes) of  S. oneratus coloradensis . We designate one of the examined females as lectotype and the rest of specimens as paralectotypes. </p>
            <p> Synergus garryana was described from 5ϐ and 4♀ (Gillette 1896: 92). We located and examined 1ϐ and 3♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM. A lectotype has herein been designated . </p>
            <p> After examining the type material of both subspecies of  S. oneratus (  S. oneratus oneratus and  S. oneratus coloradensis ), we are confident that they must be synonymized despite showing distinct coloration patterns, since Harris himself (1841: 398) states that  Synergus oneratus varies in color. On the other hand, after examining the type material of  S. garryana we found no morphological differences between this species and  S. oneratus , both sharing host galls and distributions. Hence, we propose here  Synergus oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 and  Synergus garryana Gillette, 1893 as new synonyms of  Synergus oneratus (Harris, 1841) . </p>
            <p> The host plants are not mentioned neither in the original description of  S. oneratus nor in the comments given about  S. oneratus coloradensis by Gillette (1896). According to Burks (1979),  A. quercusstrobilana is associated with  Q. bicolor and  Q. macrocarpa ;  A. brevipennata , with Q. x  undulata ,  Q. gambelii , and  Q. turbinella ;  D. quercusglobulus , with  Q. alba ,  Q. prinoides , and ‘  Q. prinus ’ (which could be  Q. muehlenbergii or  Q. montana ); and  D. rubens , with  Q. arizonica , Q. x  undulata ,  Q. gambelii , ‘  Q. oblongifolia ’ (which could be  Q. oblongifolia ,  Q. chrysolepis , or  Q. grisea ),  Q. rugosa ,  Q. turbinella , and  Q. toumeyi . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A954EFF8DFDE5FB4B7188FAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5.text	03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus pacificus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus pacificus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p> 
Synergus pacificus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 56. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p> Synergus profusus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 59. Type material: CAS (lectotype), paralectotypes in CAS and USNM. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 24). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 24).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Heteroecus pacificus (Ashmead, 1896) (=  Andricus pacificus ) on  Q. chrysolepis , and from galls of  Disholcaspis canescens (Bassett, 1890) on  Q. douglasii (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of both  Synergus pacificus and  S. profusus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 24). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A954AFF8DFDE5FA937052F8B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32.text	03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus pedroi Pujade-Villar, Lobato-Vila & Fernandez-Garzon 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus pedroi Pujade-Villar, Lobato-Vila &amp; Fernández-Garzón, 2017</p>
            <p> Synergus pedroi Pujade-Villar, Lobato-Vila &amp; Fernández-Garzón in Lobato-Vila et al. (2017) . Folia Entomol. Mex. (n. s.) 3 (3): 107. Type material: IAVH (holotype), paratypes in IAVH, ICAT and UB. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020a: 139).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Colombia: Boyacá, Cundinamarca, and Santander (Lobato-Vila et al. 2017, 2020a).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Zapatella inflata Pujade-Villar &amp; Rodríguez, 2015 ,  Z. nievesaldreyi Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2012 and  Z. petiolata Pujade-Villar &amp; Caicedo, 2017 on  Q. humboldtii (Lobato-Vila et al. 2017, 2020a). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus pedroi was treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020a: 139), who provided new morphological, distribution, and biological data for this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A954AFF92FDE5F89C71DFFF32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.text	03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 31–32, 42 p–q)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9B812362-9FE3-42A9-821D-777091D2ABBC</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P318 (99 verde), Tunal-El Salto (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.930374/lat 19.70789)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.930374&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.70789">San Felipe del Progreso</a>
                 , EDO. MEX.), 19°42’28.403’’N, 99°55’49.353’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Atrusca sp., 2555m,  Q. glabrescens , (14.ix.2014) 13.x.2014, Delia leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).   PARATYPES (1ϐ &amp; 3♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P183, Road Calpulalpan to San Martín km 208 (Calpulalpan, TLAX)’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Atrusca sp., 2794m,  Q. microphylla , (31.viii.2012) 10.ix.2012, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype ♀  Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1♀);   ‘ MEX: P317 (92 verde), Tunal-El Salto (San Felipe del Progreso, EDO. MEX.), 19°42’28.403’’N, 99°55’49.353’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Atrusca sp., 2555m,  Q. microphylla , (11.viii.2014) 12.x.2014, Delia leg.’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype  Synergus personatus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label) (1ϐ &amp; 2♀). 
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ persona’ for mask, regarding the mask-like black coloration of the head of this species.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus personatus ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including speculum, covered with reticulated wrinkles at least anteriorly; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.7–3.0 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; POL longer than OOL; antenna long and thin, first flagellomeres more than 6.0 times as long as wide and F1 and F2 equal or subequal; lateral pronotum carinated to wrinkled; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; circumscutellar carina weak; tarsal claws bidentate; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures extended at most 1/3 of its length; and basal half of lower face and basal half of gena yellow to yellowish orange, the rest of the head, black.  Synergus personatus ,  sp. nov. is morphologically close to  S. rufinotaulis (see below), from which differs by having mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated, somewhat reticulated anteriorly, interspaces smooth, glabrous and shining (Fig. 32g) (with reticulate wrinkles and coriaceous interspaces covering all of the surface in  S. rufinotaulis ); transfacial line 1.1–1.2 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 32a) (slightly shorter that height of eye in  S. rufinotaulis ); frons and vertex coriaceous, vertex with some small piliferous punctures and weak wrinkles (Fig. 32 a–b) (with reticulated wrinkles in  S. rufinotaulis ); and areolet of fore wing visible (Fig. 32f) (small to inconspicuous in  S. rufinotaulis ). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm (n = 6).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 31). Body black and yellow. Lower half of face and lower half of gena, yellow, the rest of the head, black; rarely, gena completely yellow. Antenna yellowish brown, the distal half usually lighter. Mesosoma almost completely black, but lateral margins of pronotum, base of notauli and margins of mesoscutellum, usually orange; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma black dorsally, yellow laterally and ventrally. Legs yellow, except metacoxae basally, which are black; tarsi infuscate. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 32a) trapezoid to subquadrate, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with well-marked and spaced, regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae also present, but weaker. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin almost straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line 1.2 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae branched in their whole length and reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 32b) is about 2.2 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles and punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7.5: 5.5: 3, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with some weak wrinkles.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 32c). 14-segmented (7: 3.5: 13: 13: 12: 11.5: 10: 9: 8: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 7); filiform and thin, long, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F2–F12. Pedicel about as long as wide; F1 as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3. Last flagellar segment about 3.5 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 32g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.3. Pronotal plate only defined anteriorly, not reaching the pronotal margin. Lateral pronotum very weakly carinated and somewhat wrinkled dorsally; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 32i) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae, especially posteriorly; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, reaching about 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete; narrower, less impressed and somewhat interrupted by the sculpture anteriorly, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line short, just appearing as a small incision; parapsidal lines shallow, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 32i) rounded, about as long as wide, strongly wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak, but visible; scutellar foveae ovate, smooth, well defined and impressed, and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 32g) finely, regularly and densely striated, somewhat reticulated anteriorly, interspaces smooth, glabrous and shining; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches ¾ parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 32d) alutaceous and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae narrow, straight and convergent posteriorly. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe (Fig. 32e).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 31). Radial cell closed, about 3.0 times as long as wide; areolet large, but only posterior vein well pigmented (Fig. 32f). Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 32h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth. with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures reaching about 1/3 of its length (Fig. 32h, dot line), less widespread dorsally (Fig. 32j, dot line); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 32j), not pointed; following segments minutely punctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 1). Transfacial line 1.1 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Lower face medially black, with the black surface reaching the margin of clypeus; all coxae dark basally; metasoma completely dark chestnut to black. Antenna are broken, so we do not know how many flagellomeres do they have.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico. México and Tlaxcala.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of undetermined species of  Atrusca (Fig. 42 p–q) on  Q. microphylla and  Q. glabrescens . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9555FF91FDE5FE0173B6FC12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.text	03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead 1885)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus pomiformis (Ashmead, 1885)</p>
            <p> 
Ceroptres pomiformis 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus flavus Kieffer, 1904 . Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, ser. 2, 11: 133. Type material: USNM (lectotype), paralectotypes in USNM and CAS. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 26). </p>
            <p> Synergus varicolor Fullaway, 1911 . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 371. Type material: USNM. Synonymized by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 26). </p>
            <p> Synergus pomiformis: Weld (1922) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61: 26. </p>
            <p> Synergus variegatus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 51 (in part). </p>
            <p>  Type material (in part): paralectotypes in USNM [not a synonym of  S. pomiformis , see remarks]  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 26).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California) (Fullaway 1911; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c); and Mexico: Baja California (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett, 1881) in the USA (Ashmead 1885; Kieffer 1904; Fullaway 1911; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c). Also, from a gall of an undetermined species of  Amphibolips in Mexico, probably a new species, on  Q. agrifolia (Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus pomiformis , as well as of its synonyms (  S. flavus and  S. varicolor ), was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 26). The type series of  S. variegatus , which was studied by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c), is composed of two species: the actual  S. variegatus , now considered a synonym of  S. flavens , and  S. pomiformis . </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description, but  A. quercuspomiformis is associated with  Q. wislizeni and  Q. agrifolia (Burks 1979; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9556FF91FDE5FD377063FBCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32.text	03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus pseudofilicornis Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus pseudofilicornis Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2018</p>
            <p> 
Synergus pseudofilicornis 
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar in Lobato-Vila et al. (2018) . Southwest. Entomol. 43 (3): 600. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB , UACh, and USNM. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 703) and the diagnoses of  S. diversicolor and  S. weldi ,  sp. nov. (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, Hidalgo, México, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz (Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019, 2020b).</p>
            <p> Biology.  Synergus pseudofilicornis is considered a generalist species, even though it is more frequently reared from asexual tuberous twig galls of  Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2009 on  Q. affinis and  Q. laurina (Pujade-Villar et al. 2012a; Tormos et al. 2014; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018, 2019, 2020b). It can be also obtained from sexual galls of  A. quercuslaurinus (non-tuberous) and from other tuberous galls initiated by different species of  Andricus (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019) . According to Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b), S.  pseudofilicornis can be also reared from woolly galls induced by different  Andricus and  Striatoandricus species, as well as from non-woolly galls (tuberous and non-tuberous) initiated by  Andricus ,  Atrusca ,  Cynips ,  Dros ,  Neuroterus and other undetermined galls on oaks of both  Quercus and Lobatae sections. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The morphological variability of  S. pseudofilicornis , as well as its host preferences, was comprehensively treated and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 704). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9556FF96FDE5F9957009FF32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18.text	03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus punctatus Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus punctatus Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p> 
Synergus punctata 
Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 94. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus punctatus: McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922) . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 49. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 29).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Colorado (Gillette 1896) and California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. According to Gillette (1896) and McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922), this species is associated with galls of  Disholcaspis rubens (Gillette, 1893) ,  D. eldoradensis (Beutenmüller, 1909) , and  Biorhiza eburnea (Bassett, 1890) (=  Dryophanta glabra Gillette, 1894 ) (the latter considered incertae sedis after Pujade-Villar et al. 2018), always reared from oaks from  Quercus section (Burks 1979):  Q. arizonica ,  Q. dumosa ,  Q. gambelii ,  Q. garryana ,  Q. lobata ,  Q. oblongifolia ,  Q. rugosa ,  Q. toumeyi ,  Q. turbinella , and Q. x  undulata . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus punctatus was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar (2017: 17). It was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 29). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FE09767AFD18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E.text	03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus quercuslana (Fitch 1859)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus quercuslana (Fitch, 1859)</p>
            <p> 
Cynips quercus-lana 
Fitch, 1859 . N. Y. Ann. Rep. State Agr. Soc. 18: 814. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Andricus lana: Ashmead (1885) . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 295 [Unjustified emendation for specific name]. </p>
            <p> Synergus lana: Cresson (1887) . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., Supp. Vol.: 180. </p>
            <p> Synergus quercuslana: Burks in Krombein et al. (1979) . Smithson. Ins. Press: 1063. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 705)</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: New York (Fitch 1859) and Iowa (Gillette 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from woolly galls of  Andricus quercusflocci (Walsh, 1864) [=  A. flocci (Osten-Sacken, 1865) ] on leaves of white oaks (Fitch 1859), probably the North American eastern white oak  Quercus alba (Burks 1979) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus quercuslana was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 705). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FC3C71E5FB1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FA3D73B2F8B9.text	03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FA3D73B2F8B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus ramoni Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus ramoni Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011</p>
            <p> 
Synergus ramoni 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 8. Type material: MNCN. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero (2011: 8) and the diagnosis of  S. oaxaquensis (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from undetermined spherical galls on twigs of  Q. salicifolia (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011 ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9551FF96FDE5FA3D73B2F8B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.text	03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus reniformis McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p>(Figures 33–34)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus reniformis 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 53. Type material: CAS (lectotype),  paralectotypes in CAS and USNM . </p>
            <p> 
Synergus magnificus 
Weld, 1957 . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 107: 107 syn. nov. Type material: USNM (holotype),  paratypes in USNM, CAS, AMNH , and FMNH. </p>
            <p> Type material of  Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251’ (white label) / ‘Type ♀ ’ (red label) / ‘reniformis’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ. Coll. L.A.C.M, Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label). PARALECTOTYPES (3ϐ) with the following labels: ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251’ (white label) / ‘Type ϐ’ (red label) / ‘  reniformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ. Coll. L.A.C.M, Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ California Academy of Sciences, Type No. 5812’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ  Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1ϐ, deposited in CAS); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251’ (white label) / ‘ϐ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘I. McCracken col.’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘Ex. gall of  Andricus reniformis ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 24998 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus reniformis McC &amp; Eg’ (white label with a red frame, handwritten) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ  Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1ϐ, deposited in USNM); ‘L.S.Jr.U., Lot. 554, Sub. 251’ (white label) / ‘ϐ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Paratype’ (yellow label) / ‘  Synergus reniformis Egbert’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Beut. Coll. Rec’d1939’ (white label) / ‘ Paralectotype ϐ  Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 , IL-V desig-2019’ (red label) (1ϐ, deposited in USNM). </p>
            <p> Type material of  Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 . HOLOTYPE ♀ (examined) with the following labels: ‘Oregon Caves, Ore. el. 6000’ (white label) / ‘  chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘Ex 1822’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Type No 63004 U.S. N.M’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus magnificus Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) / ‘ USNMENT 00802168’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Holotype ♀  Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 ’ (red label). PARATYPES (7ϐ &amp; 6♀) (examined) with the following labels: ‘Idyllwild, Cal.’ (grey label) / ‘1622’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ Paratype No. 63004 U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960804’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paratype  Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 ’ (red label) (6ϐ &amp; 3♀, deposited in USNM); same data, but without the QR code label: 2♀ (deposited in USNM); ‘Mill Valley Marin Co. Cal.’ (white label) / ‘H. B. Leech Collector’ (white label) / ‘Emerged from cynipid gall on  Quercus chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘Paratype’ (red label) (1ϐ &amp; 1♀, deposited in CAS). Eighty-eight more paratypes (sex unknown, not examined) are deposited in CAS (R. Zuparko pers. comm.). </p>
            <p> Other material examined (2ϐ &amp; 7♀). Material deposited in USNM with the following labels: ‘Kyburz, Cal.’ (grey label) / ‘  Quercus chrysolepis ’ (white label) / ‘1622’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus reniformis McC &amp; Egb’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (1♀); ‘Tahoe City Cal., Aug. 38’ (grey label) / ‘vaccinifolia’ (grey label) / ‘1622’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus reniformis Mc +E, det. Weld’ (white label with a black frame, handwritten) (2ϐ &amp; 3♀). New material reared from galls collected in Mexico with the following location data: MEX: P393, Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (B.C.),  Andricus ? truckeensis,  Q. chrysolepis , (07.iv.2018) 03.v.2018, S. Ordaz leg. (3♀). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus reniformis can be easily separated from other species by having tarsal claws simple, without a basal lobe, and a large size, with females ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 mm in length and males, from 2.0 to 5.0 mm. It is also characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7 times as long as wide; F1 as long as F2; POL longer than OOL; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; first metasomal segment dorsally with striae reaching the half of its length, anterior half smooth (sometimes completely smooth); and syntergum posteriorly with or without punctures, if present then forming either a patch or a band. </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.0–6.0 mm (n = 15).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 33a, c, d, g, h, i). Lower face and gena yellow, except for a black stripe that sometimes appears running from toruli to the oral fovea (Fig. 33h); frons, vertex and occiput, black. Antenna testaceous to dark brown. Mesosoma mainly black; pronotum from almost completely yellow (only with some black spots laterally and dorsally) to black; mesopleuron from almost completely yellow (only tinged with black posteriorly and ventrally) to black; mesopleural triangle and tegulae always yellow; mesosoma dorsally and propodeum always black. Metasoma reddish brown to chestnut, with the basal edge and the hypopygium yellowish, to dark yellow laterally and ventrally, only infuscate anterodorsally. Legs yellow, basal half of hind and mid coxae (rarely the first pair), black. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 33c, d) trapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.4 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye. Toruli situated midheight of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 33c, d) coriaceous with scarce small punctures and weak wrinkles; frontal carinae narrow and weak, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.3 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 33i) coriaceous with small punctures and weak wrinkles. POL: OOL: LOL = 8.5: 6.5: 4 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 5. Occiput coriaceous with some small punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 33f). 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel almost 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2 or F1 slightly longer than F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 4.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 33a, f). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.26. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous, basally with some weak wrinkles; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 33d, i) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with very delicate discontinuous transversal elements not forming true carinae; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete, but shallowly impressed and less visible in the anterior 1/3, interrupted by the sculpture, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line inconspicuous or at most visible as a small triangular incision; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, narrow, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 33d, i) about 1.2 times as long as wide, wrinkled, interspaces coriaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular, moderately large, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 33a, f) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws simple, without a basal lobe (in some specimens, with an inconspicuous tooth) (Fig. 33b, g).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length (Fig. 33a, f). Radial cell closed, about 2.7–2.9 times as long as wide; areolet visible, well pigmented. Rs+M visible, well pigmented, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma and almost 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 33a, f). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally but sulci incomplete, not reaching the anterior margin of the segment (in some specimens, completely smooth). Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly usually with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/3 of its length, less extended dorsally (with very few or without micropunctures, smooth, in some specimens); strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 33d), not pointed; following segments with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine almost 2.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE (Fig. 33e, j). Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.0–5.0 mm (n = 12). Antenna 15-segmented; F1 slightly curved, almost not incised medially nor broadened, longer apically after the incision than basally. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Antenna yellow; pronotum almost completely yellow; metasoma dorsally black, ventrally yellow; sometimes only hind coxae, black.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California and Oregon (Weld 1957; McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922; authors). First time recorded from Mexico: Baja California (authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Originally reared from galls of  Disholcaspis ?  reniformis (McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922) on  Q. vaccinifolia (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) , and from galls of  Andricus ? truckeensis (Ashmead, 1896) on  Q. chrysolepis (Weld 1957) . The new material found in Mexico was reared from galls of  Andricus ? truckeensis on  Q. chrysolepis (authors). Also collected from unknown galls on  Q. chrysolepis and  Q. vaccinifolia in the USA (authors). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus reniformis was described from 7ϐ and 1♀ (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922: 54). We located and examined 3ϐ and 1♀ belonging to the type series: 1♀ and 1ϐ deposited in CAS with a ‘Type’ red label, and 2ϐ deposited in USNM with a ‘Paratype’ yellow label. As we cannot know which of the specimens deposited in CAS is the holotype, since it is not stated in the original description, we designated as lectotype of the type series the female deposited in CAS. </p>
            <p> Synergus magnificus was described from about 120 specimens (Weld 1957: 108). We located and examined 7ϐ and 7♀ belonging to the type series: 6ϐ and 6♀ deposited in USNM, and 1ϐ and 1♀ deposited in CAS, as well as eighty-eight more paratypes deposited in CAS that were not examined . </p>
            <p> The type specimens of  S. magnificus are generally darker than those of  S. reniformis , even though specimens within both type series show a moderate degree of color variability. Despite this, both species share all other diagnostic morphological traits, including having the tarsal claws simple or with an inconspicuous tooth. Furthermore, they were obtained from similar galls (as stated by Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2002), McCracken &amp; Egbert (1922) suggest that  reniformis might be a variety of truckeensis, both probably belonging to a still undescribed genus, according to Dailey &amp; Menke 1980) on oaks from the  Protobalanus section in California and its surroundings. Hence, we propose here  Synergus magnificus Weld, 1957 as a synonym of  Synergus reniformis McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . </p>
            <p> This species shows a high degree of variability in the metasomal punctuation. Weld (1957: 108) recorded that while some specimens show a conspicuous punctuation on the syntergum posteriorly, others have it almost smooth. Both the types of  S. magnificus and  S. reniformis examined have the syntergum micropunctate (Fig. 34a, b), whereas the specimens found in Baja California (Mexico) have the syntergum smooth (Fig. 34c). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9551FF9AFDE5F8987726FB42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.text	03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus ruficephalus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus ruficephalus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 35–36, 42r)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 96CB9BFA-ADEB-4A56-BE07-17E1CEEAB31C</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P394, El Sundhó,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.63452/lat 20.060333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.63452&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.060333">Calpulalpan</a>
                 (Jilotepec, EDO. MEX.), 20°3’37.2’’N, 99°38’4.293’’W’ (white label) / ‘Ex.  Andricus sp., 2688m,  Q. crassipes , (26.ii.2019) 20.iii-13.vi.2019, Chagoyán-García leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus ruficephalus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (3ϐ &amp; 1♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin term ‘ rufus’ for redhead and the Ancient Greek term ‘ cephale’ for head, regarding the color of females’ head of this species, which is dark orange, in contrast to the rest of their body, which is black.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus ruficephalus ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae, the speculum medially finely aciculate to almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide; gena not broadened behind eye; frons and vertex finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles, and frontal carinae absent; F1 at least 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females, almost 2.0 times in males; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated; notauli incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined or shallow; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; in both sexes, body entirely or almost entirely black.  Synergus ruficephalus ,  sp. nov. keys out near  S. ebenus , whose main differences have already been treated (see the diagnosis of  S. ebenus ). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.3 mm (n = 2).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 35a). Head orange, except for a black spot in the ocellar area (the black surface is sometimes extended to the frons) and the occiput, which are black. Antenna mostly dark brown, except the distal 1/3, which is yellowish orange. Mesosoma black, except for the mesopleural triangle, which is orange, and tegulae, which are brownish orange. Metasoma black, dark chestnut to rufous ventrally. Legs black, except metatarsi and joints, which are orange, and tibiae of the first pair, which are dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 36a) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line 1.2 times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye about as long as diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous or absent. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 36b) is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with a few weak wrinkles and some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 5.5: 4, and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented (9: 4: 13: 7: 7: 7: 7: 7: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 4: 7.5) (Fig. 36c); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F1–F12. Pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F2, F2 as long as F3 (Fig. 36e). Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and almost 2.0 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 36i). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.25. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly carinated, interspaces coriaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 36l) about 1.1 times as wide as long, with dense discontinuous weak carinae, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous, reaching about 1/4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli almost complete, faint before reaching the pronotal margin, narrow, interrupted by carinae, slightly convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent or just appearing as a small incision; parapsidal lines shallow, almost inconspicuous, reaching tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 36l) rounded, about as long as wide, weakly carinated to wrinkled, interspaces alutaceous; circumscutellar carina weak but visible; scutellar foveae ovate, well impressed and defined, bottom with longitudinal carinae and separated by a wide septum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 36i) finely and weakly striated, speculum finely aciculate to smooth medially, dorsally finely aciculate; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 3/4 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 36f) weakly wrinkled and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae narrow, straight and parallel. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe (Fig. 36g).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, about as long as body length. Radial cell closed, about 3.0 times as long as wide (Fig. 36h); areolet large, well pigmented. Rs+M weakly pigmented, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell densely setose.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Longer than head plus mesosoma and about 1.4 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 36j). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posterodorsally with a small patch of micropunctures on its very tip (Fig. 36j, dot line; 36k); dorsodistally incised (Fig. 36m), not pointed; following segments and hypopygium, micropunctate. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: body length 2.5 mm (n = 3). Antenna 15-segmented (7: 3: 11: 6: 5.5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 4: 4: 5); F1 slightly curved, moderately medially incised, more broadened apically than basally (Fig. 36d). Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. Antenna yellowish orange; lateral pronotum, mesopleural triangle and tegulae, yellowish orange; mesopleuron, brown or partially yellowish; legs yellow, except metatibiae and all tarsi, which are infuscate (Fig. 35b).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: México.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of  Andricus (Fig. 42r), probably  A. quercuslaurinus Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2009 , on  Q. crassipes . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A955DFF99FDE5FA07700EFCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF99FDE5FC9B7249FAE5.text	03BF702A955EFF99FDE5FC9B7249FAE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus rufinotaulis Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero 2011	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus rufinotaulis Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011</p>
            <p> 
Synergus rufinotaulis 
Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero, 2011 . Zootaxa 2774: 10. Type material: MNCN (holotype),  paratypes in MNCN and MEUP . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. See Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero (2011: 10) and the diagnoses of  S. obtusilobae and  S. personatus (this work). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Panama: Chiriquí (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of an undescribed species of  Cynips , as well as in other spherical detachable galls induced by an unknown cynipid species, presumably another  Cynips , on  Q. sapotifolia (Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A955EFF99FDE5FC9B7249FAE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.text	03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus rutulus McCracken & Egbert 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus rutulus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922</p>
            <p>(Figure 37)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus rutulus 
McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 . Stanford Univ., Pubs., Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 3 (1): 60. Type material: CAS. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   HOLOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ L.S.Jr. U., Lot. 579, Sub. 25’ (white label) / ‘ Congress springs, Vickery col., Oct. 1919 ’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘Stanford Univ., Coll. L.A.C.M, Access’d 1964’ (white label) / ‘ Type rutulus’ (red label, ‘ rutulus’ is handwritten) / ‘  Synergus rutulus McC &amp; Egb.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ California  Academy of Sciences , Type No. 5816’ (white label)  / ‘ Holotype ♀  Synergus rutulus McCracken &amp; Egbert, 1922 ’ (red label). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus rutulus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with parallel and fine transverse striae; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; POL longer than OOL; OOL 1.2–1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; gena not broadened behind eye; F1 as long as F2, antenna 14-segmented in females; lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, at least ventrally; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a distinct and conspicuous basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally more than 1/3 of its length, weakly to not dorsodistally incised in females; and body of females with some dark surfaces, never completely yellow.  Synergus rutulus is morphologically close to  S. oneratus , whose main differences have already been treated (see the diagnosis of  S. oneratus ). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.2 mm (n = 1).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 37). Reddish yellow with some dark areas. Head mainly reddish yellow; frons posteriorly, ocellar area and occiput, black. Antenna yellow, the tips darker according to the original description (tips are broken). Mesosoma mainly reddish yellow to dark yellow; pronotum dorsomedially, mesoscutum anteriorly, scutellar foveae, propodeum and mesopleuron, black or dark brown; tegulae, yellow. Metasoma dark yellow to amber, dorsally with a black stripe. Legs yellow, meso- and metacoxae sometimes with a dark spot basally. Wings hyaline, veins dark yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view subtrapezoid, about 1.3 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projected over mandibles. Malar space almost 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous with some weak wrinkles; frontal carinae branched in their whole length, reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 37c) is about 2.1 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 37c) wrinkled, with some punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 8: 6: 4.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 4.5. Occiput weakly wrinkled, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented according to the original description (tip of antenna broken); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.1 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 37a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.4. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum carinated to imbricate; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 37b) about 1.1 times as wide as long, strongly carinated, carinae more or less continuous, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines inconspicuous; notauli complete, well impressed and wide, sometimes interrupted by carinae; median mesoscutal line visible at most as a small triangular incision; parapsidal lines inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 37b) about 1.2 times as long as wide, strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina well defined but somewhat obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin more or less well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron finely and regularly striated, interspaces weakly alutaceous. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and alutaceous; propodeal carinae narrow, slightly curved and convergent posteriorly. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, basal vein not well pigmented. Rs+M weakly pigmented, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly shorter than head plus mesosoma and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 37a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures occupying its distal half; not incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Disholcaspis plumbella Kinsey, 1920 on  Q. dumosa (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus rutulus was described from a single female (McCracken &amp; Egbert 1922: 60), which has been located and examined. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A955EFF9FFDE5FB6C72A2FF86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.text	03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus shorthousei Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus shorthousei Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2019</p>
            <p> 
Synergus shorthousei 
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar in Lobato-Vila et al. (2019) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 121 (2): 236. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB , UACh and USNM. </p>
            <p> New material examined (5ϐ &amp; 8♀). Material collected from Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P390, Las Cruces, San Luis Huexotla (Texcoco, EDO. MEX.), Ex.  Andricus sp. (tuberous),  Q. microphylla , (05.vii.2018) vii.2018, V.D.C.Ll. leg. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 238).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Guanajuato, Hidalgo, México, Michoacán, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019; authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from woody tuberous galls of different  Andricus species on twigs of oaks of both  Quercus and Lobatae sections (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019; authors). </p>
            <p>Remarks. Some females, among the new specimens that were studied, have the metasoma slightly dorsodistally incised (not incised among specimens from the type series) and the hypopygial spine just slightly longer than wide (about 3.0 times as long as wide among specimens from the type series). Despite these subtle differences, we have no doubt that they belong to the same species, especially given that they were obtained from the same morphotype (and genus) of galls.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FDC372B0FAC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E.text	03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus stelluli Burnett 1976	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus stelluli Burnett, 1976</p>
            <p> Synergus stelluli Burnett, 1976 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78 (3): 270. Type material: presumably lost. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 29).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: California (Burnett 1976).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Andricus stellulus Burnett, 1974 on  Q. dumosa (Burnett 1976) . </p>
            <p>Remarks. This species was treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 29).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9558FF9FFDE5FA8870BCF86E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E.text	03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus striatifrons Pujade-Villar & Lobato-Vila 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus striatifrons Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017</p>
            <p> 
Synergus striatifrons 
Pujade-Villar &amp; Lobato-Vila, 2017 . Zool. Stud. 56 (36): 20. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB, USNM and AMNH . </p>
            <p> New material examined (10ϐ &amp; 22♀). Material collected from Mexico and deposited in UB with the following location data: MEX: P399, Ctra. Mex-Tuxpan, near Lajas Chicas (HGO), 20°2’41.85’’N, 98°28’7.86’’W, Ex  Amphibolips cibriani ,  Q. crassipes , (22.vi.2019) iii–v.2020, JP-V leg. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 30).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Ciudad de México, Hidalgo, México, Tlaxcala, and Zacatecas (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c; authors).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from asexual galls of  Amphibolips hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2011 and  A. zacatequensis Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2011 on  Q. eduardi and  Q. crassipes (Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c). The new material presented here was reared from asexual galls of  A. cibriani Pujade-Villar, 2018 on  Q. crassipes . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9558FF9CFDE5F9EB7221FF6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E.text	03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus succinipedis (Ashmead 1885)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus succinipedis (Ashmead, 1885)</p>
            <p> 
Ceroptres succinipedis 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus succinipedis: Weld (1922) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61 (18): 26. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 30).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885; Burks 1979).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885; Weld 1951; Burks 1979). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus succinipedis was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 30). </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description; however,  S. succinipedis was probably collected from galls on  Q. virginiana or  Q. minima , because these are the only host trees mentioned for  D. quercusvirens (Weld 1951; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FEEB71FAFD3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FC1B7381FABC.text	03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FC1B7381FABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus tenebrosus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus tenebrosus Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2019</p>
            <p> 
Synergus tenebrosus 
Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar in Lobato-Vila et al. (2019) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 121 (2): 240. Type material: UB (holotype),  paratypes in UB and USNM . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2019: 241).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero and México (Lobato-Vila et al. 2019).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls of an undetermined species of  Andricus on twigs of  Q. mexicana and  Q. rugosa . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A955BFF9CFDE5FC1B7381FABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.text	03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus villosus Gillette 1891	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus villosus Gillette, 1891</p>
            <p>(Figure 38)</p>
            <p> 
Synergus villosus 
Gillette, 1891 . Bull. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 3: 202. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Type material (examined).   LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘ Mich’ (white label) / ‘ Ac. Cat. 224’ (white label) / ‘ Gillette’ (white label) / ‘12’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘  Synergus villosus Type, n.sp.’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘na Gil’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘ AccNo 71950, USNM to be loaned only to ColoAgCol’ (white label) / ‘USNMENT 00802410’ (white label, QR code)  / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Synergus villosus Gillette, 1891 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus villosus belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at most 2.5 times as long as wide; POL longer than OOL; F1 as long as F2 and female antenna with 14 segments, rarely 15; mesoscutum with transversal carinae, interspaces sculptured; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; tarsal claws bidentate, with a basal lobe; first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally; and syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures.  Synergus villosus differs from the rest of species sharing these traits (  S. ficigerae ,  S. ochreus ,  S. duricorius ,  S. beutenmulleri ,  S. linnei ,  S. erinacei ,  S. nigroornatus ,  S. oneratus and  S. rutulus ) by having lateral pronotum coriaceous, without transversal carinae nor wrinkles (Fig. 38a) (wrinkled or carinated, sometimes coriaceous but at least with some carinae or wrinkles ventrally in the rest of species); mesoscutum weakly sculptured, imbricated, without carinae nor transversal elements, with some punctures (Fig. 38b) (strongly or weakly, but always densely, transversely carinated, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements not forming true carinae in the rest of species); speculum medially with a small smooth spot (without a smooth spot in the rest of species); and female antenna with 15 segments (14 in the rest of species, except in  S. ochreus ). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 2.1 mm (n = 1).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 38). Black and yellow. Lower face and gena, yellow; frons, vertex medially and occiput, black. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma black; tegulae, yellow. Metasoma yellow lateroventrally and posteriorly, black dorsally and laterodorsally. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 38c) subtrapezoid, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena not broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye. Toruli situated midheight of eye; distance between torulus and eye as long as diameter of torulus; distance between toruli as long as diameter of toruli. Frons (Fig. 38c) finely coriaceous and punctate; frontal carinae narrow and weak, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex finely coriaceous and punctate. POL: OOL: LOL = 16: 9: 8 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 7. Occiput weakly coriaceous and punctate.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 38b). 15-segmented; filiform, nearly as long as the body, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel slightly shorter than F1; pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 and F2 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide and 1.7 times as long as F12.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 38a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.28. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum coriaceous; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 38b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, imbricated, glabrous and shining, with some punctures; anterior parallel lines shallow, reaching 1/3 of the mesoscutum; notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, wider and convergent posteriorly; median mesoscutal line weakly impressed but visible, reaching almost 1/3 of the mesoscutal length; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 38b) about as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae ovate, shallow, weakly sculptured bottom, the posterior margin not well defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron ventrally regularly striated, anteriorly reticulated, speculum striated, medially with a smooth spot. Metapleural sulcus reaching 3/4 of mesopleural height. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length (Fig. 38a). Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet small, almost indistinct. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and about 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 38a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a very narrow band of micropunctures extended at most 1/6 its length; strongly dorsodistally incised, not pointed. Hypopygial spine as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Iowa (Gillette 1891).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Acraspis villosa Gillette, 1888 (Gillette 1891) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus villosus was described from two specimens (Gillette 1891: 203), which seem to be females according to the original description. We located and examined 1♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM, which has been designated as lectotype. The first label of the lectotype reads ‘Mich’ instead of ‘Io’ o ‘Iowa’. Also, Burks (1979) states that this species is known from Michigan instead of Iowa, probably due to what the label of the lectotype says. We believe this to be an error. </p>
            <p> The host plant is neither mentioned in the original description nor in subsequent works; however,  A. villosa is commonly found on leaves of  Q. arizonica ,  Q. grisea ,  Q. macrocarpa , and  Q. gambelii (Burks 1979) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A955BFFA2FDE5FAA47666FC82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.text	03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus virentis (Ashmead 1885) Weld 1922	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus virentis (Ashmead, 1885)</p>
            <p>(Figure 39)</p>
            <p> 
Ceroptres virentis 
Ashmead, 1885 . Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 12: 300. Type material: USNM. </p>
            <p> Synergus virentis: Weld (1922) . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 61: 26. </p>
            <p> Type material of  Ceroptres virentis Ashmead, 1885 (examined). LECTOTYPE ♀ with the following labels: ‘Jacksnville, Fla’ (white label) / ‘Type’ (white label) / ‘Type No. 14536, U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘  Ceroptres virentis Ashm ♀, Type’ (white label, handwritten) / ‘USNMENT 00802411’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Lectotype ♀  Ceroptres virentis Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig-2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus virentis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922 , IL-V det. 2017’ (white label). PARALECTOTYPES (1ϐ &amp; 1♀) with the following labels: ‘Jacksnville, Fla.’ (white label) / ‘Collection Ashmead’ (white label) / ‘ Paratype No. 14536, U.S. N.M.’ (red label) / ‘USNMENT 00960472’ (white label, QR code) / ‘ Paralectotype  Ceroptres virentis Ashmead, 1885 , IL-V desig- 2017’ (red label) / ‘  Synergus virentis (Ashmead) Weld, 1922 , IL-V det. 2017’ (white label). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus virentis belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, covered with fine, regular and dense transversal striae, the speculum medially finely aciculate to almost smooth; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated; notauli incomplete, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined or shallow; and first metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally.  Synergus virentis differs from the rest of species of this group (  S. ebenus and  S. ruficephalus ) by having head, mesosoma and metasoma mostly ochre or amber, antenna yellow and legs pale yellow in both sexes (Fig. 39 a–c) (black or at least with some dark surfaces, never entirely yellow, ochre or amber in these species); gena slightly broadened behind eye (not broadened in these species); frons and vertex alutaceous to finely coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles (Fig. 39b) (finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles in these species); frontal carinae very short, running just a little from toruli, obscured by antenna (absent in these species); F1 and F2 subequal in females, at most 1.2 in males (at least 1.3 in females, 2.0 in males); and syntergum posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures occupying almost 1/3 of its length (just with a posterodorsal patch in these species). </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length about 2.0 mm (n = 2).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 39). Body mainly yellowish brown (ochre). Face and gena, yellow; frons, vertex and occiput, ochre. Antenna yellow. Mesosoma ochre; tegulae, yellow. Metasoma yellowish orange, amber. Legs pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Fig. 39c) subtrapezoid to rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with striae radiating from clypeus. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eye; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; distance between toruli clearly shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons finely coriaceous, without punctures; frontal carinae short, obscured by antenna, almost inconspicuous. Head in dorsal view is about 2.4 times as wide as long. Vertex (Fig. 39b) finely coriaceous, without punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 13.5: 10: 6 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 5.5. Occiput finely coriaceous, without punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna. 14-segmented; filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short. Scape plus pedicel about as long as F1; pedicel about 1.8 times as long as wide; F1 about as long as F2 or just slightly longer, F2 and F3 subequal; the following segments progressively shorter. Last flagellar segment almost 4.0 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 39a). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.36. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly carinated; lateral carina absent, lateral margins of pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 39b) about 1.2 times as wide as long, imbricated, more strongly sculptured posteriorly, interspaces alutaceous; anterior parallel lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous; notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior 1/3; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines weakly impressed, almost inconspicuous. Mesoscutellum about 1.1 times as long as wide, wrinkled; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, obscured by wrinkles; scutellar foveae subtriangular, small, shallow, weakly punctate, posterior margin more or less defined and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 39a) regularly striated basally, speculum finely aciculate, almost smooth. Metapleural sulcus reaching 4/5 of mesopleural height. Propodeum pubescent and weakly sculptured; propodeal carinae straight and parallel. Nucha sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws unknown (all the examined specimens have legs broken).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, slightly longer than the body length. Radial cell closed, about 2.5 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only posterior vein slightly pigmented. Rs+M inconspicuous, not reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. About as long as head plus mesosoma and 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view (Fig. 39a). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with a wide band of minute micropunctures extended almost 1/3 of its length; not dorsodistally incised, pointed; following segments with minute micropunctures. Hypopygial spine as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Similar to female, except for the following: antenna 15-segmented; F1 1.2 times as long as F2; F1 slightly curved and incised medially, slightly broadened basally and apically. Lower face less striated medially (or even without striae). Malar space 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma.</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Florida (Ashmead 1885).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Ashmead, 1881) (Ashmead 1885; Weld 1951; Burks 1979). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus virentis was described from an unstated number of specimens (Ashmead 1885: 300). We located and examined 1ϐ and 2♀ belonging to the type series deposited in USNM and designated one of the females as lectotype. </p>
            <p> The host plant is not mentioned in the original description; however,  S. virentis was probably collected from galls on  Q. virginiana or  Q. minima , because these are the only host trees mentioned for  D. quercusvirens (Weld 1951; Burks 1979; Melika et al. 2013). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9565FFA0FDE5FCC77120FFDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09.text	03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus walshii Gillette 1896	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus walshii Gillette, 1896</p>
            <p> 
Synophrus albipes 
Walsh, 1864 . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 2: 496. Type material: MCZ. </p>
            <p> Synergus albipes: Osten-Sacken (1865) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phil. 4: 377. </p>
            <p> Synergus walshii Gillette, 1896 . Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 23: 97 (new name). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. See Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 32).</p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Illinois (Walsh 1864; Burks 1979) and Michigan (Gillette 1896).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from woolly galls of  Andricus quercusflocci (Walsh, 1864) on leaves of white oaks (Walsh 1864), probably the North American eastern white oak  Q. alba (Burks 1979) . </p>
            <p> Remarks. The type material of  Synergus walshii was examined and the species was redescribed and illustrated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020b: 706). It was also treated by Lobato-Vila et al. (2020c: 32). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9567FFA0FDE5FE75771FFD09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.text	03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus weldi Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar 2021	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus weldi Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 40– 41, 42s)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 768998BB-893F-48E9-990A-6A10D86CB593</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the following labels: ‘ MEX: P038, Cerro del Cubilete (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -101.369965/lat 21.011497)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-101.369965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.011497">Silao</a>
                 , GTO), 21°0’41.389’’N, 101°22’11.872’’W’ (white label) / ‘  Andricus sp., 2512m,  Q. mexicana , (27.vii.2011) 19.viii.2011, E. Estrada &amp; A. Equihua leg.’ (white label) / ‘Holotype ♀  Synergus weldi Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar , IL-V desig-2020’ (red label).  PARATYPES (3♀) deposited in JP-V coll. (UB) with the same data as the holotype.
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. Named in honor of Mr. Lewis Hart Weld (1875–1964), an American entomologist who greatly contributed to the knowledge of gall wasps from over the world, but especially from America.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Synergus weldi ,  sp. nov. belongs to a group of species characterized by having the mesopleuron entirely sculptured, including the speculum; hyaline wings and radial cell of fore wing 2.8–3.2 times as long as wide; gena slightly broadened behind eye; malar space 0.5–0.6 times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye; lateral frontal carinae entirely or distally branched; POL longer than OOL and OOL at most 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli; F1 at least 1.2–1.3 times as long as F2; antenna 14-segmented and filiform in females; mesoscutum coriaceous or with weak to strong discontinuous and dense transversal carinae; notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; syntergum posteriorly with a conspicuous band of micropunctures extended laterally 1/4–1/3 of its length; and legs entirely yellow.  Synergus weldi differs from the rest of species of this group (  S. medianeroi and  S. pseudofilicornis ) by having lateral pronotum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, without carinae nor wrinkles (Fig. 41g) (imbricated to weakly carinated or wrinkled in these species); mesoscutum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures, posteriorly sometimes with a few very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (Fig. 41j) (strongly coriaceous with weak transversal elements to strongly and densely transversely carinated in these species); and circumscutellar carina strong, slightly upturned and projected (Fig. 41g, j) (weak or inconspicuous to absent, not projected nor upturned in these species). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Length. Body length 3.5–4.0 mm (n = 4).</p>
            <p>Color (Fig. 40). Black and yellow. Lower face and gena yellow, except for a medial black stripe between and below toruli; frons and vertex medially, and occiput, black. Basal half of antenna dark brown, progressively lighter towards the tip. Mesosoma black; tegulae pale yellow. Metasoma black dorsally (less widespread posterodorsally), yellow to yellowish orange laterally, lighter basally. Legs yellow, coxae pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brownish.</p>
            <p>Head. In frontal view (Figs 40b, 41a) trapezoid, about 1.1 times as wide as high, gena slightly broadened behind eye. Face faintly pubescent, lower face with dense regular striae radiating from clypeus, reaching eyes and toruli; medial striae short to absent. Clypeus slightly distinct, ventral margin straight, not projected over mandibles. Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Anterior tentorial pits visible; pleurostomal and epistomal sulcus absent. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated slightly under mid-height of eyes; distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of toruli; distance between toruli shorter than diameter of toruli. Frons coriaceous, with a few small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae weak, narrow and branched in their whole length, almost reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view (Fig. 41b) is about 2.0 times as wide as long. Vertex coriaceous, with some small piliferous punctures. POL: OOL: LOL = 7: 4: 3.5 and diameter of lateral ocelli, 3. Occiput coriaceous, with some broad punctures.</p>
            <p>Antenna (Fig. 41c). 14-segmented (8: 4.5: 13.5: 11: 11: 11: 9.5: 8: 7: 6: 5.5: 5: 4.5: 8); filiform, not broadened apically; pubescence dense and short; placodeal sensilla visible on flagellar segments F3–F12. Pedicel about 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 1.2 times as long as F2, F2 as long as F3. Last flagellar segment about 3.2 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as F11.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. About 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view including nucha, with short and not dense pubescence (Fig. 41g). Ratio of length of pronotum medially/laterally: 0.25. Pronotal plate indistinct. Lateral pronotum alutaceous to finely coriaceous; lateral carina absent, pronotum rounded seen from above. Mesoscutum (Fig. 41j) about 1.2 times as wide as long, coriaceous with small piliferous punctures, posteriorly with very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae; anterior parallel lines clearly visible, smooth, reaching somewhat more than 1/4 of the mesoscutal length; notauli complete and visible in their whole length, narrow, wider and convergent posteriorly, somewhat interrupted by carinae anteriorly; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal lines clearly visible, shallow, smooth, surpassing tegulae. Mesoscutellum (Fig. 41j) rounded, about as long as wide, anteriorly coriaceous, laterally and posteriorly with very weak wrinkles; circumscutellar carina visible, slightly upturned and projected; scutellar foveae subtriangular to ovate, weakly sculptured bottom, shallow but traceable and separated by a narrow carina. Mesopleuron (Fig. 41g) finely, regularly and densely striated, interspaces finely alutaceous; slightly pubescent basally. Metapleural sulcus reaches about 4/5 parts of mesopleural height. Propodeum (Fig. 41d) weakly sculptured and densely pubescent; propodeal carinae thick, straight and slightly convergent ventrally. Nucha weakly sulcate dorsally and laterally.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Fig. 41e).</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing pubescent with short marginal setae, longer than body length (Fig. 40a). Radial cell closed and somewhat more than 3.0 times as long as wide; areolet visible, but only the posterior vein is well pigmented (Fig. 41f). Rs+M pale, almost reaching the basal vein. Basal cell with sparsely spaced setae.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Slightly longer than head plus mesosoma, almost 1.5 times as long as high in lateral view (Figs 40a, 41h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally. Syntergum smooth, with an anterolateral pubescence composed of a few setae and posteriorly with an almost complete narrow band of minute micropunctures extended about 1/4 of its length, less widespread dorsally (Fig. 41h, i); strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 41k). The following segments, which are visible, are conspicuously punctate. Hypopygium punctate; hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide and with a few lateral setae; without apical setae.</p>
            <p>MALE. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Mexico: Guanajuato.</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from tuberous galls induced by an undetermined species of  Andricus (Fig. 42s) on twigs of  Q. mexicana . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9567FFA4FDE5FC3B7264FF86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9563FFB2FDE5FDC37206FF33.text	03BF702A9563FFB2FDE5FDC37206FF33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus Hartig 1840	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to  Synergus species from the New World </p>
            <p>1 Radial cell of fore wing completely open (R1 and Rs veins do not reach the wing margin) or partially open (R1 vein partially running along the wing margin).......................................................................... 2</p>
            <p>- Radial cell of fore wing closed along the wing margin (sometimes ambiguously, weakly pigmented)................... 3</p>
            <p> 2 Tarsal claws simple, without a basal lobe. Radial cell of fore wing 2.1 times as long as wide. F1 somewhat more than 1.5 times as long as F 2 in females, almost 2.0 times in males. F1 of males slightly curved and incised medially, not expanded apically nor basally. Syntergum of females not dorsodistally incised and with a pointed apex (see Pujade-Villar et al. 2015b: Figs 1–3; Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 49–50)............................................................  S. mexicanus</p>
            <p> - Tarsal claws bidentate, with a strong basal lobe. Radial cell of fore wing about 3.5 times as long as wide. F1 and F2 subequal in females, F1 about 1.5 times as long as F 2 in males. F1 of males curved and incised medially, more expanded apically than basally. Syntergum of females dorsodistally incised and with a non-pointed apex (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2017: Figs 1–3; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020a: Figs 17–21)................................................................  S. pedroi</p>
            <p>3 Mesopleuron partially smooth, with parallel or subparallel transverse striae or wrinkles not extended into the speculum, which is always entirely not sculptured, glabrous, and shining; sometimes, mesopleuron only has a few transversal striae medially, the rest of its surface being smooth, glabrous, and shining like the speculum (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 1e; 3b; 4d; 5i; 6g; 7j)........................................................................................ 4</p>
            <p>- Mesopleuron entirely sculptured, with parallel or subparallel transverse striae or wrinkles covering all of the surface, including the speculum (as in Figs 6g; 14 h–i; 15b; 22g), which rarely appears very finely aciculate (as in Fig. 18h); sometimes, a small smooth patch can be found in the middle of or under the speculum (as in Figs 3a; 9g), but the rest of its surface is always covered with striae...................................................................................... 24</p>
            <p> 4 Lateral frontal carinae present (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 2a, c–d; 6b–c). Sometimes very short, running just a little from the posterior margin of toruli and eclipsed by antennae, rarely appearing as multiple striae running from lower face and toruli to ocelli (as in  S. striatifrons , see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2017: Fig. 7a, c–d), but always visible. Syntergum with or without punctures; if present, they can form either a posterodorsal patch or a band............................ 5 </p>
            <p>- Lateral frontal carinae completely absent (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 3 a–b). Syntergum with or without punctures, but if present, they form at most a posterodorsal patch, never a band............................................... 17</p>
            <p> 5 Syntergum posteriorly without punctures or just with some micropunctures sometimes forming a posterodorsal patch (except in males of  S. stelluli , which have a narrow band, but in this case the radial cell of fore wing is 2.1 times as long as wide and vertex has some wrinkles in the ocellar area)................................................................ 6 </p>
            <p>- Syntergum posteriorly with a more or less extended band of punctures, occupying from 1/5 to 1/2 of its length.......... 12</p>
            <p> 6 Mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced discontinuous transversal carinae. Lateral pronotum strongly transversely carinate. Notauli complete and well impressed in their whole length, sometimes interrupted by transversal carinae. Pedicel as long as wide. Reared from tuberous galls (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 36–37)...............................  S. mendax</p>
            <p> - Mesoscutal sculpture different; finely coriaceous or coriaceous, coriaceous to imbricated or just with weak, discontinuous and usually dense transversal elements not forming true carinae (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 1b; 4d). Lateral pronotum finely coriaceous, coriaceous or imbricated, sometimes with some carinae in the basal half. Notauli incomplete and usually shallow, faint anteriorly, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum (except in  S. castanopsidis , which are complete but less impressed anteriorly, but in this case the mesoscutum never has strong transversal carinae). Pedicel longer than wide. Reared from different morphotypes of galls, except from tuberous..................................................... 7 </p>
            <p> 7 Radial cell of fore wing very short, 2.1 times as long as wide. Vertex slightly wrinkled in the ocellar area. POL as long as OOL. Malar space 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Scutellar foveae inconspicuous (see Burnett 1976: Figs A–I)......  S. stelluli</p>
            <p> - Radial cell of fore wing longer, at least 2.3 times as long as wide. Vertex coriaceous, with or without small piliferous punctures, but always without wrinkles (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 1b; 4d). POL longer than OOL (except in females of  S. striatifrons , which is subequal, but in this case frons is covered with striae projecting from toruli and lower face). Malar space longer, at least 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Scutellar foveae sometimes small, shallow and/or not well defined posteriorly, but always visible........................................................................................ 8 </p>
            <p> 8 Frons covered with multiple fine striae projecting from lower face and toruli to ocelli. Malar space 0.8 times as long as height of eye. Head in frontal view more or less quadrate, the transfacial line long, 1.3 times as long as height of eye. In females, POL about as long as OOL. Circumscutellar carina projected and upturned (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 7)…..............................................................................................  S. striatifrons</p>
            <p>- Frons coriaceous, without striae. Malar space shorter. Head in frontal view round or trapezoid, the transfacial line as long as height of eye or just slightly longer. In females, POL longer than OOL. Circumscutellar carina weak, neither projected nor upturned............................................................................................ 9</p>
            <p> 9 Notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum. Median mesoscutal line appearing as a short basal sulcus. Scutellar foveae large, subquadrate, weakly sculptured bottom. Female syntergum dorsodistally incised (see Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika 2005: Fig. 1)............................................................................  S. castanopsidis</p>
            <p>- Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior third of the mesoscutum or before reaching the pronotal margin. Median mesoscutal line absent. Scutellar foveae small, ovate or subtriangular, smooth bottom. Female syntergum not dorsodistally incised.... 10</p>
            <p> 10 Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye. Mesoscutum finely coriaceous to reticulated, without transversal elements. Mesopleuron basally and medially with spaced striae. Body mainly brownish yellow to yellow (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 1 a–b).................................................................................  S. agrifoliae</p>
            <p>- Transfacial line as long as height of eye. Mesoscutum coriaceous or imbricated, with weak, discontinuous transversal elements (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 4d). Mesopleuron basally and medially with dense striae. Body mainly black, dark brown or rufous, with some yellowish areas (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 4 c–d)...................................... 11</p>
            <p> 11 Head yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area. Vertex with some small punctures. OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Lateral pronotum dorsally and medially imbricated, weakly wrinkled basally. Scutellar foveae small, ovate. Metasoma about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view, the syntergum with a posterodorsal patch of micropunctures somewhat laterally extended. Hypopygial spine almost 3.0 times as long as wide (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 4 c–d).................................................................................................  S. confertus</p>
            <p> - Head dark brown to black. Vertex without punctures. OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Lateral pronotum coriaceous. Scutellar foveae subtriangular, smooth bottom. Metasoma about as long as high in lateral view, the syntergum posteriorly without punctures or just with a few, not forming a true patch. Hypopygial spine about as long as wide (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 53–54)........................................................................  S. walshii</p>
            <p> 12 Head and body mainly black, except for a yellow or brownish to chestnut halo surrounding the oral fovea (except in males of  S. punctatus , which have the head yellow with a black spot in the ocellar area) (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 8 a–b). Frons and vertex coriaceous or reticulated, without punctures. OOL about as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Circumscutellar carina inconspicuous or absent.......................................................................... 13 </p>
            <p>- Head and body never almost completely black, at most yellowish brown with some dark areas, brownish black or rufous (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 4 a–b, e–f; 5a–b, e–f). Frons and vertex finely coriaceous to coriaceous, with some small punctures. OOL longer than diameter of lateral ocelli. Circumscutellar carina weak, but always visible….................. 14</p>
            <p> 13 In females, head black except for a well delimited yellow halo around the oral fovea; in males, head yellow except for a black spot in the ocellar area. F1 1.4 times as long as F 2 in males. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior third of the mesoscutum. Syntergum with a complete band of micropunctures occupying the distal half of its length (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 6; 8a).............................................................................  S. punctatus</p>
            <p> - Head black in both sexes, except for a not well defined brownish to chestnut halo around the oral fovea. F1 slightly longer than F 2 in males. Notauli complete and visible in their whole length, less impressed anteriorly. Syntergum with an incomplete band of micropunctures occupying about 1/3 of its length (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Figs 2; 3; 8b)........  S. gilletti</p>
            <p>14 Notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, but narrower and less impressed anteriorly (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 4b; 5f)................................................................................ 15</p>
            <p>- Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior half or third of the mesoscutum, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 4f; 5b).................................................................... 16</p>
            <p> 15 POL about as long as OOL. F1 1.5 times as long as F2. Lateral pronotum strongly imbricated to weakly carinated, especially basally (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 5 e–f)..................................................  S. succinipedis</p>
            <p> - POL longer, about 1.8 times as long as OOL. F1 and F2 subequal. Lateral pronotum completely coriaceous (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 4 a–b)........................................................................  S. campanula</p>
            <p> 16 Scutellar foveae large, subquadrangular. In females, syntergum weakly dorsodistally incised and last flagellar segment more than 4.0 times as long as wide. Males almost completely yellow, with the malar space about 0.7 times as long as height of eye and POL 1.7 times as long as OOL (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 4 e–f)................................  S. flavens</p>
            <p> - Scutellar foveae ovate to subtriangular. In females, syntergum not dorsodistally incised and last flagellar segment about 3.0 times as long as wide. Males mainly black, with the malar space about 0.5 times as long as height of eye and POL 2.2 times as long as OOL (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Fig. 5 a–b)….............................................  S. pacificus</p>
            <p> 17 Head strongly transverse in dorsal view, more than 2.5 times as wide as long (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 3C). Malar space about as long as height of eye (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 1B)..............  S. laticephalus</p>
            <p>- Head in dorsal view about 2.0 times as wide as long. Malar space at most 0.8 times as long as height of eye............. 18</p>
            <p> 18 In females, body mainly black, head black except for a brownish orange surface under eyes and around the oral fovea; in males, lower face, gena and antennae (except the last segments), yellowish orange. OOL almost 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Radial cell of fore wing about 2.7 times as long as wide in females, with R1 vein weakly pigmented and Rs vein strongly projected beyond the end of the radial cell along the wing margin in both males and females (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 2–3)......................................................................................  S. aurofacies</p>
            <p>- In both sexes, body mainly yellow, yellowish brown, brown or black and yellow, with head at least with lower face and gena yellow or yellowish brown (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: Figs 4 g–h; 5c–d). OOL about 2.0 or less times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Radial cell of fore wing about 2.4 times as long as wide in females, with R1 vein either weakly pigmented or not, and Rs not so strongly projected in both sexes.............................................................. 19</p>
            <p> 19 Body yellow to yellowish brown or brown. Scutellar foveae large, subquadrate to ovate. Circumscutellar carinae weak, not well defined (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: 5 c–d).......................................................  S. pomiformis</p>
            <p>- Body brown or black with yellowish areas. Scutellar foveae absent, inconspicuous or small and shallow. Circumscutellar carina well defined, sometimes upturned and projected............................................................ 20</p>
            <p> 20 Mesoscutum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, with weak, discontinuous transversal elements not forming true carinae. Notauli complete, reaching the posterior margin of pronotum, narrow. Scutellar foveae small, circular, separated by a wide septum. Syntergum punctuation absent (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020c: 4 g–h)....................................  S. laeviventris</p>
            <p> - Mesoscutum alutaceous to coriaceous or weakly imbricated, never with transversal elements. Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior third or before reaching the pronotal margin (except in  S. longimalaris , which are complete, but in this case the malar space is 0.8 times as long as height of eye and the transfacial line, 1.3 times as long as height of eye). Scutellar foveae shallowly impressed and almost inconspicuous or absent. Syntergum punctuation composed at most by some micropunctures either forming or not a posterodorsal patch......................................................................... 21 </p>
            <p>21 Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye............................................................. 22</p>
            <p>- Malar space longer, 0.8 times as long as height of eye........................................................ 23</p>
            <p> 22 Scape long, longer than F 1 in females and about as long as F 1 in males. F1 as long as F 2 in females and just slightly longer in males. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 5)........  S. longiscapus</p>
            <p> - Scape shorter than F1 and F1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in both sexes. Transfacial line about 1.3 times as long as height of eye (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 9–12)............................................................  S. citriformis</p>
            <p> 23 POL as long as OOL. OOL 2.2 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. F1 1.5 times as long as F2. Notauli complete. Mesoscutellum alutaceous to finely coriaceous or reticulated. Syntergum with a few weak posterodorsal micropunctures forming a small patch; following segments and hypopygium, which is completely covered by the syntergum, not punctate (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 4).............................................................  S. longimalaris</p>
            <p> - POL 1.5 times as long as OOL. OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. F1 1.3 times as long as F2. Notauli almost complete, faint before reaching the pronotal margin. Mesoscutellum anteriorly coriaceous, posteriorly imbricated. Syntergum with a conspicuous posterodorsal patch of micropunctures; following segments and hypopygium, which is visible and projected (not covered by the syntergum), punctate (see Lobato-Vila &amp; Pujade-Villar 2017: Fig. 1)....................  S. cibriani</p>
            <p>24 Wings smoky (Figs 3b; 12b), or hyaline but with a shaded infuscated area on the radial cell (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Figs 17E; 19 A–B)............................................................................... 25</p>
            <p>- Wings entirely hyaline, without infuscated areas (as in Figs 2a; 4a; 8a).......................................... 27</p>
            <p> 25 Wings hyaline, but with a shaded infuscated area on the radial cell. Mesoscutum with strong and widely spaced discontinuous transversal carinae (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 8F). Female mesosoma mostly yellowish orange, metasoma black (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 19A)..........................................  S. nicaraguensis</p>
            <p>- Wings smoky, without a shaded infuscated area on the radial cell. Mesoscutum with weak to moderately strong, dense discontinuous transversal carinae (Figs 3c; 12c). Female mesosoma black, metasoma amber (Figs 3b; 12b)................... 26</p>
            <p> 26 Female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 3c). Vertex coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures (Fig. 3c). Mesopleuron with regular, dense and well-marked transversal striae covering all of the surface, except for a small aciculate, almost smooth, spot under the speculum (Fig. 3a). In females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 3b). Head amber, except frons, vertex and occiput, black (Fig. 3 b–d). Legs entirely amber (Fig. 3b)..........................................  S. atripennis</p>
            <p> - Female antenna with 14 segments (Fig. 12b). Vertex wrinkled, with some punctures (Fig. 12c). Mesopleuron with regular, widely spaced and well-marked transversal striae covering all of the surface (Fig. 12b). In females, syntergum weakly to not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 12a). Head entirely black (Fig. 12 b–c). Legs amber, coxae and trochanters mostly black (Fig. 12b)  S. distinctus</p>
            <p>27 Notauli incomplete, faint in the anterior half or third of the mesoscutum or just before reaching the posterior margin of pronotum (as in Figs 4b; 18j; 36l; 39b), rarely absent (Fig. 1g)..................................................... 28</p>
            <p>- Notauli complete; sometimes narrower or less impressed and interrupted by the sculpture of the mesoscutum anteriorly, but always reaching the posterior margin of pronotum (as in Figs 6i; 22i; 24i; 27h)................................... 33</p>
            <p> 28 Notauli absent; mesoscutum coriaceous-punctate, punctures conspicuous and covering all of the surface; mesoscutellum medially coriaceous, laterally and posteriorly wrinkled (Fig. 1g)...................................  S. ashmeadi ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>- Notauli present, incomplete, faint in the anterior half or third of the mesoscutum or just before reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or transversely carinated, never coriaceous-punctate; mesoscutellum entirely coriaceous, carinated or wrinkled (as in Figs 4b; 18j; 36l; 39b)................................................ 29</p>
            <p>29 Mesoscutum strongly transversely carinated, either with closely or widely spaced carinae (as in Fig. 4b). Scutellar foveae inconspicuous to absent. Mesopleuron with well-impressed transversal, but non-parallel, striae or wrinkles covering all of the surface, sometimes reticulated. Radial cell of fore wing short, 2.2 times as long as wide (as in Fig. 4a). First metasomal segment smooth or with striae reaching dorsally only the half of its length (as in Fig. 4b). Hypopygial spine at least 1.5 times as long as wide............................................................................................... 30</p>
            <p>- Mesoscutum coriaceous, imbricated or weakly and densely transversely carinated. Scutellar foveae visible and traceable, either well defined and well-marked or shallow and less defined posteriorly (Figs 18j; 36l; 39b). Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely transversely striated, speculum medially very finely aciculate to almost smooth (Figs 20h; 36i; 39a). Radial cell of fore wing at least 2.5 times as long as wide (Figs 18g; 36h). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally, with complete striae (Figs 18i, k; 36j, m; 39a). Hypopygial spine as long as wide.............................................. 31</p>
            <p> 30 Frons sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, striae running from toruli to lateral ocelli, without punctures (Fig. 4c). Vertex finely striated, with small piliferous punctures. OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 4c). Mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced transversal carinae (Fig. 4b). Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe. In males, F1 2.0 times as long as F2; F1 long, slightly curved and slightly expanded apically and basally. In both sexes, frons, vertex and occiput, black, the rest of the head lighter (Fig. 4 a–c), and hind legs almost completely black (Fig. 4a)...............................  S. atripes</p>
            <p> - Frons and vertex wrinkled and punctate, punctures on vertex stronger. OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Mesoscutum with strong and dense transversal carinae. Tarsal claws with a very small basal lobe. In males, F1 1.5 times as long as F2; F1 strongly curved, kidney shaped. In females, frons, vertex and occiput, black, the rest of the head lighter; in males, head yellow except for a dark spot in the ocellar area. In both sexes, hind legs yellow, basal half of metacoxae dark (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 1–2).........................................................................  S. batatoides</p>
            <p> 31 In both sexes, head, mesosoma and metasoma completely ochre or amber, antennae yellow, legs pale yellow (Fig. 39 a–c). Gena slightly broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view. Frons and vertex alutaceous to finely coriaceous, without punctures nor wrinkles (Fig. 39b). Frontal carinae very short, running just a little from toruli, obscured by antennae. F1 and F2 subequal in females (1.1), at most 1.2 in males. Syntergum posteriorly with a wide band of micropunctures occupying almost 1/3 of its length........................................................................................  S. virentis</p>
            <p>- In both sexes, head, mesosoma, metasoma, antennae and legs black or at least with some dark surfaces, body never completely yellow, ochre or amber (Figs 17 a–b; 35a–b). Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view (Figs 18a; 36a). Frons and vertex finely coriaceous with some small punctures, sometimes also with very weak wrinkles. Frontal carinae absent (Figs 18 a–b; 36a–b). F1 at least 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females, almost 2.0 times in males. Syntergum with a posterodorsal small patch of micropunctures, sometimes inconspicuous (Figs 18 k–l; 36j–k, m)....................................... 32</p>
            <p> 32 In both sexes, head, mesosoma and metasoma dark brown or black (Fig. 17 a–b). Transfacial line as long as height of eye (Fig. 18a). POL about 2.0 times as long as OOL (Fig. 18b). F1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 18c), almost 2.0 times in males (Fig. 18d). Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum coriaceous; scutellar foveae not well defined, with a weakly sculptured bottom and separated by a narrow carina; circumscutellar carina well defined, slightly projected and upturned (Fig. 18j). Radial cell of fore wing 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 18g). Female syntergum not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 18i, k–l)....  S. ebenus ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - In females, head mostly orange, the rest of the body black or dark (Fig. 35a); males not as dark, mesosoma black with some yellowish orange surfaces (Fig. 35b). Transfacial line 1.2 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 36a). POL 1.5 times as long as OOL (Fig. 36b). F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F 2 in both sexes (Fig. 36 d–e). Mesoscutum weakly but densely transversely discontinuously carinated; mesoscutellum weakly transversely carinated; scutellar foveae well defined, bottom with longitudinal carinae and separated by a wide septum; circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by the sculpture (Fig. 36l). Radial cell of fore wing 3.0 times as long as wide (Fig. 36h). Female syntergum dorsodistally incised (Fig. 36m)... ...  S. ruficephalus ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>33 POL shorter than OOL................................................................................ 34</p>
            <p>- POL as long as OOL or longer.......................................................................... 35</p>
            <p> 34 Female antenna with 15 segments. Frons coriaceous. Mesoscutellum weakly wrinkled and with a median longitudinal depression. Circumscutellar carina well defined, upturned and projected. Mesopleuron irregularly transversely striated, medially with some punctures in both sexes, and with the speculum very finely aciculate in females. Areolet of fore wing absent or very elongated. In males, malar space 0.5 times as long as height of eye. Females ranging from 5.0 to almost 7.0 mm and males, from 3.5 to 4.5 mm (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 28–31)................................................  S. kinseyi</p>
            <p> - Female antenna with 14 segments. Frons coriaceous, but with some fine striae radiating from toruli to ocelli. Mesoscutellum strongly wrinkled, median longitudinal depression absent. Circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles. Mesopleuron with fine, regular and dense transverse striae covering all of the surface, without punctures. Areolet of fore wing always present and easily traceable, never elongated. In males, malar space 0.7 times as long as height of eye. Females ranging from 3.0 to 4.0 mm and males, from almost 3.0 to 3.7 mm (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 38 –48)…...............  S. mesoamericanus</p>
            <p>35 Radial cell of fore wing from 2.0 to about 2.5 times as long as wide............................................ 36</p>
            <p>- Radial cell of fore wing at least 2.7, but usually longer....................................................... 58</p>
            <p>36 Mesoscutum with widely spaced transversal carinae, the interspaces between carinae very finely alutaceous to smooth, glossy (as in Fig. 10c)....................................................................................... 37</p>
            <p>- Mesoscutum with dense, rarely widely spaced, transversal carinae, the interspaces between carinae alutaceous or coriaceous, never smooth nor glossy; mesoscutum rarely strongly coriaceous with some weak and dense transversal elements or imbricated (as in Figs 6i; 22i; 29c)................................................................................ 38</p>
            <p> 37 Female antenna with 13 segments. F1 1.7 times as long as F 2 in females, 2.2 in males. Gena slightly broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view. Malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye. POL 1.6 times as long as OOL, OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Circumscutellar carina weak, not well defined, obscured by wrinkles. Syntergum always with a conspicuous posterodorsal patch of micropunctures (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 3–4).....................  S. bellus</p>
            <p> - Female antenna with 14 segments. F1 as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 10b), F1 1.3 times as long as F 2 in males. Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view (Fig. 10a). Malar space 0.7 times as long as height of eye. POL about 2.0 times as long as OOL, OOL 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 10a). Circumscutellar carina well defined, somewhat upturned (Fig. 10c). Syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures, rarely with an inconspicuous incomplete narrow band............................................................................................  S. coniferae</p>
            <p>38 F1 and F2 equal or subequal in both sexes. F1 of females usually with 14 segments, rarely 15 (never 13)............... 39</p>
            <p>- F1 longer than F2, F1 always 1.2 or more times as long as F 2 in both sexes. F1 of females usually with 13 segments, rarely 14 (never 15).......................................................................................... 49</p>
            <p> 39 Female ranging from 4.5 to 5.0 mm. Female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 15e). Tarsal claws with an inconspicuous to absent basal lobe (Fig. 15g). First metasomal segment with striae reaching dorsally only the half of its length (Fig. 15a, c). Syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures................................................................  S. dorsalis</p>
            <p>- Female at most 4.0 mm in length, but usually smaller. Female antenna with 14 segments, rarely 15 (in this case, syntergum posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures). Tarsal claws with a basal lobe, which can be small or acute and strong, but always distinct (as in Figs 6e; 22e). First metasomal segment sulcate dorsally and laterally, with complete striae (as in Figs 6h, j; 22h, j). Syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures, which can be either complete (reaching the ventral margin of the tergite), incomplete, narrow or wide, but always present and visible......................................... 40</p>
            <p> 40 Lateral pronotum coriaceous, without transversal carinae nor wrinkles (Fig. 38a). Mesoscutum weakly sculptured, imbricated, without carinae nor transversal elements, with some punctures (Fig. 38b). Speculum medially with a small smooth spot. Female antenna with 15 segments (Fig. 38b)................................................................  S. villosus</p>
            <p> - Lateral pronotum wrinkled or carinated, sometimes coriaceous but at least with some carinae or wrinkles ventrally (as in Figs 6g; 22g). Mesoscutum strongly or weakly, but always densely, transversely carinated, rarely coriaceous with weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (as in Figs 6i; 22i). Speculum completely transversely striated or wrinkled, without a smooth spot medially (as in Figs 6g; 22g). Female antenna with 14 segments (except in  S. ochreus , which has 15; in this case, body of females is completely ochre, POL is 1.3 times as long as OOL and, in females, the last flagellar segment is subequal to the penultimate)......................................................................................... 41 </p>
            <p> 41 Female with head and mesosoma entirely yellowish brown (ochre), metasoma entirely yellow (Fig. 29 a–c). Female antenna with 15 segments. Gena slightly broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view. Syntergum posteriorly with a very narrow band of micropunctures extended laterally at most 1/6 of its length...........................................  S. ochreus</p>
            <p> - Female with head, mesosoma and/or metasoma darker; head at least with a dark spot in the ocellar triangle, usually with frons, vertex and occiput black (rarely only with some dark surfaces surrounding each ocellus, Fig. 20c); mesosoma darker, usually with more dark surfaces or entirely black; metasoma yellowish and with a more or less extended dorsal black stripe, or entirely black (Figs 5 a–b, e; 16a–c; 19a–c; 21; 18a–c; 25a–d; 30a–j; 37a–c). Female antenna with 14 segments. Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view (except in  S. erinacei ). Syntergum posteriorly with a more widespread band of micropunctures, extended laterally from 1/4 to more than 1/2 of its length (except in  S. duricorius )......................... 42 </p>
            <p> 42 Head mostly rufous, only with some dark surfaces surrounding each ocellus at least in females (Fig. 20c). Mesosoma rufous or mostly rufous (Fig. 20 a–b). Vertex deeply punctate. POL about as long as OOL (Fig. 20 a–c).................  S. ficigerae</p>
            <p>- Head mainly yellowish, with a black spot in the ocellar area or with frons, vertex and occiput, black, at least in females. Mesosoma yellow, dark yellow and/or yellowish orange with some black surfaces or completely black (Figs 5 a–b, e; 16a–c; 19a–c; 21; 25a–d; 30a–j; 37a–c). Vertex coriaceous with some small piliferous punctures and/or weak wrinkles or weakly wrinkled, never deeply punctate (as in Figs 6b; 22b). POL at least 1.3 times as long as OOL, but usually longer.................. 43</p>
            <p>43 Mesopleuron covered with non-parallel (irregular), dense, transverse striae, somewhat reticulated anteriorly (as in Figs 6g; 22g)............................................................................................... 44</p>
            <p>- Mesopleuron covered with parallel (regular), fine and dense, transverse striae, not reticulated anteriorly (as in Figs 25a; 30g)................................................................................................... 46</p>
            <p> 44 Syntergum posteriorly with a narrow band of micropunctures extended laterally at most 1/5 of its length (less widespread in males). Clypeus slightly projected over mandibles. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. In females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 16a). Head of females yellow, except for a black spot in the ocellar area and around the occipital foramen (Fig. 16c); mesosoma yellow, only black between coxae and propodeum (Fig. 16 a–b)…...................  S. duricorius</p>
            <p>- Syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally somewhat more than 1/2 of its length (Figs 6h; 22h). Clypeus straight, not projected over mandibles (Figs 6a; 22a). Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe (Figs 6e; 22e). In females, syntergum weakly dorsodistally incised (Figs 6j; 22j). Head of females with frons, vertex and occiput, black, the rest yellow (sometimes with a black stripe running between and below toruli) (Fig. 5e); mesosoma with more dark surfaces (Figs 5 a–b; 21)...................................................................................... 45</p>
            <p> 45 Lower face with widely spaced striae radiating from clypeus; malar space at most 0.5 times as long as height of eye; transfacial line as long as height of eye or slightly shorter; lateral frontal carinae thick and branched only distally, just before reaching lateral ocelli (Fig. 6a). Head in dorsal view 2.1 times as wide as long (Fig. 6b). Flagellomeres, especially the first ones, slender and long, F1 about 9 times as long as wide; scape plus pedicel 0.7 times as long as F1 (Fig. 6c). Median mesoscutal line absent (Fig. 6i).........................................................................  S. beutenmulleri ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - Lower face with dense striae radiating from clypeus; malar space 0.6 times as long as height of eye; transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye; lateral frontal carinae narrow and branched in their entire length, reaching lateral ocelli (Fig. 22a). Head in dorsal view 2.3 times as wide as long (Fig. 22b). Flagellomeres not as slender and long, F1 about 5 times as long as wide; scape plus pedicel as long as F1 (Fig. 22c). Median mesoscutal line shallow and interrupted by the transversal sculpture, sometimes appearing as a small incision, but always visible (Fig. 22i)...............................  S. linnei ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 46 In females, both mesosoma and metasoma entirely black (Fig. 19 a–b). Gena slightly broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view (Fig. 19c). OOL about 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in females, equal in males. Pedicel 1.8 times as long as wide (Fig. 19c). Syntergum of females not dorsodistally incised, with a pointed apex (Fig. 19a).............  S. erinacei</p>
            <p>- In females, mesosoma and metasoma mostly yellow, dark yellow or reddish yellow, always with some black surfaces (Figs 25a, c; 30 a–g, j; 37a–b). Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view. OOL about 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in both sexes. Pedicel at most 1.5 times as long as wide. Syntergum of females weakly to strongly dorsodistally incised; if not incised, then the metasoma does not end in a pointed apex (Figs 25b; 30a, e, g; 37a).................... 47</p>
            <p> 47 Malar space 0.4 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye (Fig. 25d). Head in dorsal view 1.8 times as wide as long. Tarsal claws with a very small, almost inconspicuous, basal lobe. Syntergum posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/4 of its length (almost 1/ 3 in males). In females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 25b).......................................................  S. nigroornatus</p>
            <p>- Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial line as long as height of eye. Head in dorsal view 2.1 times as wide as long. Tarsal claws with a conspicuous basal lobe. Syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally more than 1/3 of its length in both sexes. In females, syntergum weakly to not dorsodistally incised (Figs 30a, e, g; 37a)........................................................................................... 48</p>
            <p> 48 Clypeus straight, not projected over mandibles. POL 1.6 times as long as OOL (Fig. 30c). Mesoscutum with weak, dense and discontinuous transversal carinae; median mesoscutal line absent (Fig. 30f, j). Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Radial cell of fore wing 2.3 times as long as wide. Syntergum of females weakly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 30a, e, g)......  S. oneratus</p>
            <p> - Clypeus slightly projected over mandibles. POL 1.3 times as long as OOL (Fig. 37c). Mesoscutum with strong, dense, more or less continuous transversal carinae; median mesoscutal line appearing as a small incision (Fig. 37b). Tarsal claws with a regular, acute basal lobe. Radial cell of fore wing 2.5 times as long as wide. Syntergum of females not dorsodistally incised (Fig. 37a)...........................................................................................  S. rutulus</p>
            <p>49 Syntergum posteriorly with a complete band of micropunctures extended laterally from 1/4 to 1/2 of its length.......... 50</p>
            <p>- Syntergum posteriorly without micropunctures or just with a posterodorsal patch, rarely somewhat extended laterally..... 51</p>
            <p> 50 Body black and yellow. Frontal carinae narrow, branched before reaching lateral ocelli. Head in dorsal view 2.3 times as wide as long. F1 1.2–1.3 times as long as F2. Circumscutellar carina weak, obscured by wrinkles. Scutellar foveae separated by a narrow carina. Tarsal claws with a small basal lobe. Syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band extended laterally 1/2 of its length; in females, syntergum strongly dorsodistally incised (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 26–27).........  S. incisus</p>
            <p> - Body, including head, antennae and legs, almost entirely black. Frontal carinae not well defined; especially in females, frons covered with multiple fine striae running from lower face and toruli towards ocelli. Head in dorsal view 2.0 times as wide as long. F1 1.5–1.6 times as long as F2. Circumscutellar carina well defined, moderately strong and upturned. Scutellar foveae separated by a wide septum. Tarsal claws with a strong basal lobe. Syntergum posteriorly with a complete band extended laterally 1/4 of its length (1/3 dorsally); in females, syntergum not dorsodistally incised, metasoma with a slightly pointed apex (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 63–72)............................................................  S. tenebrosus</p>
            <p> 51 Head in frontal view quadrate. OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Female antenna with 14 segments. Lateral pronotum coriaceous to imbricated, without carinae nor wrinkles. Scutellar foveae quadrate, shallow, not well defined posteriorly. Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely striated, with a small smooth spot in the basal half of the speculum. Syntergum posterodorsally with a conspicuous patch of micropunctures somewhat laterally extended; in females, syntergum weakly dorsodistally incised (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 51–62).........................................  S. shorthousei</p>
            <p>- Head in frontal view trapezoid to rounded. OOL usually less than 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli, rarely 1.7. Female antenna with 13 segments. Lateral pronotum either with carinae or wrinkles. Scutellar foveae subtriangular or ellipsoidal, either well defined or not, rarely inconspicuous. Mesopleuron either finely and regularly striated or not, but always without a smooth spot under the speculum. Syntergum posterodorsally without micropunctures or just with a small, sometimes inconspicuous, patch, never laterally extended; in females, syntergum not dorsodistally incised........................... 52</p>
            <p> 52 Frons sharply and finely striated beneath toruli, striae running from toruli towards lateral ocelli (Fig. 2d). POL more than 2.0 times as long as OOL. Notauli complete but less impressed and interrupted by carinae anteriorly (Fig. 2c). Metasoma, at least in females, as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 2b). Male antenna with 14 segments........................... ..  S. atra</p>
            <p>- Frons coriaceous, weakly wrinkled and/or with punctures, but never with sharp striae running from toruli. POL less than 2.0 times as long as OOL. Notauli complete and well defined in their entire length (as in Fig. 7c). Metasoma, at least in females, longer than high in lateral view. Male antenna always with 15 segments.......................................... 53</p>
            <p>53 Gena broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view. Margins of pronotum swollen aside seen from above, sometimes somewhat sharp (as in Fig. 7c)..………………………………………………… 54</p>
            <p>- Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view. Margins of pronotum not swollen aside seen from above, margins rounded.......................................................................................... ... 55</p>
            <p> 54 Transfacial line slightly longer than height of eye (Fig. 7d). Frons finely wrinkled and with sparse, small piliferous punctures; frontal carinae inconspicuous to absent (Fig. 7d). Vertex coriaceous, with some small punctures. POL 1.6 times as long as OOL. Margins of pronotum strongly swollen aside and somewhat sharp seen from above (Fig. 7c). Mesopleuron covered with irregular, non-parallel, transversal striae (Fig. 7b).....................................................  S. bicolor</p>
            <p> - Transfacial line as long as height of eye. Frons and vertex with broad punctures, interspaces coriaceous; frontal carinae very narrow, slightly branched, not reaching lateral ocelli. POL almost 2.0 times as long as OOL. Margins of pronotum slightly swollen aside but rounded seen from above. Mesopleuron anteriorly coriaceous, the rest of its surface more or less regularly and parallel, transversely striated (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 34–35)...............................  S. medullae</p>
            <p> 55 In females, coxae yellow. POL 1.2 times as long as OOL; OOL 1.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 11c). Scape plus pedicel as long as F1; pedicel as long as wide. In females, metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma. In males, malar space 0.7 times as long as height of eye...............................................................  S. dimorphus</p>
            <p>- In females, coxae basally black. POL more than 1.5 times as long as OOL; OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. Scape plus pedicel longer than F1; pedicel at least 1.5 times as long as wide. In females, metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma. In males, malar space at most 0.6 times as long as height of eye......................................... 56</p>
            <p> 56 Head in frontal view subtrapezoid, as wide as high. Toruli situated mid-height of eyes. Pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide. Scutellar foveae inconspicuous, separated by a narrow carina. First metasomal segment entirely sulcate dorsally and laterally. In males, F1 almost 1.5 times as long as F2; F1 slightly expanded apically and basally (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 9–11)...........................................................................................  S. digressus</p>
            <p>- Head in frontal view rounded, about 1.2 times as wide as high. Toruli situated under mid-height of eyes. Pedicel 2.0 times as long as wide. Scutellar foveae shallow but visible, not well defined posteriorly, separated by a wide septum. First metasomal segment dorsally with striae reaching the half of its length, anterior half smooth. In males, F1 almost 2.0 times as long as F2; F1 strongly expanded apically, weakly basally............................................................. 57</p>
            <p> 57 Frons and vertex coriaceous, with small and sparse piliferous punctures; frontal carinae weak but visible, not reaching lateral ocelli. Fore wing with moderately long marginal setae, the basal cell with sparse spaced setae, and the radial cell ambiguously closed along the wing margin, the R1 vein appearing weakly pigmented. Mesosoma completely black in both sexes (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 5–6)...............................................................  S. brevicornis</p>
            <p>- Frons and vertex weakly wrinkled, with small and sparse piliferous punctures; frontal carinae very short, running just a little from the posterior margin of toruli, almost inconspicuous. Fore wing with short marginal setae, the basal cell with dense, closely spaced setae, and the radial cell clearly closed along the wing margin, the R1 vein appearing well-pigmented. Mesosoma with pronotum mainly yellowish orange, mesopleuron dorsally and medially orange and basally black in both sexes (see</p>
            <p> Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 32–33).............................................................  S. lignicola</p>
            <p>58 Syntergum posteriorly without punctures or just with a few posterodorsal micropunctures forming at most a small patch... 59</p>
            <p>- Syntergum posteriorly with a band of micropunctures, which can be either incomplete (not reaching the ventral edge of the metasoma) or complete (reaching the ventral edge of the metasoma), narrow or wide............................... 66</p>
            <p> 59 Tarsal claws simple, at most with an inconspicuous basal prominence not forming a lobe (Fig. 33b, g). First metasomal segment dorsally with striae reaching the half of its length, anterior half smooth; sometimes completely smooth (Fig. 33d, i)...........................................................................................  S. reniformis (part) * </p>
            <p>- Tarsal claws always bidentate, either with a small or a strong basal lobe, but always conspicuous (as in Figs 24e; 27f). First metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally (as in Figs 24h, j; 27j)................................ 60</p>
            <p> 60 Female antenna with 15 segments. F1 as long as F2. Mesoscutum imbricated, at most with very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 51–52).....................................  S. quercuslana</p>
            <p>- Female antenna with 13 or 14 segments. F1 longer than F2, at least 1.2 times as long. Mesoscutum with transversal carinae, either weak or strong, but conspicuous (as in Figs 24i; 27h)................................................... 61</p>
            <p>61 Body, including head and legs, almost completely black in females; face of males somewhat lighter. Median mesoscutal line weak but visible, reaching 1/3 or 1/2 of the mesoscutal length (as in Fig. 27h).................................... 62</p>
            <p>- Body lighter, lower face and gena always yellowish in both sexes. Median mesoscutal line absent.................... 63</p>
            <p> 62 Transfacial line 1.3 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 27a). Frons and vertex coriaceous, at most with a few small piliferous punctures and some weak wrinkles between ocelli (Fig. 27 a–b). OOL about 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 27b). F1 2.0 times as long as F 2 in females (Fig. 27c), 2.3 in males (Fig. 27d). Areolet of the fore wing very small or absent (Figs 26 a–b; 27e). In females, metasoma as high as long in lateral view (Fig. 27j) and antenna with 13 segments. In males, face and gena dark brown (Fig. 26b).......................................................  S. oaxaquensis ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - Transfacial line as long as height of eye (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 1C). Frons and vertex deeply punctate (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Figs 1C; 2F). OOL 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2F). F1 about 1.5 times as long as F 2 in both sexes (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Figs 5C; 6G). Areolet of the fore wing visible, well defined and pigmented (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 17C). In females, metasoma longer than high in lateral view (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 13F) and antenna with 14 segments. In males, face and gena yellowish (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 18E)...........................  S. ramoni</p>
            <p> 63 Female antenna with 13 segments. Malar space 0.6 or more times as long as height of eye (except in males of  S. estradae , which is 0.5). Transfacial line 1.2 or more times as long as height of eye. Toruli situated clearly under mid-height of eyes, almost in line with the base of the eyes (as in Fig. 24a). Radial cell of fore wing undoubtfully closed along the wing margin, R1 vein well pigmented; 2.7 or 2.8 times as long as wide................................................................ 64 </p>
            <p>- Female antenna with 14 segments. Malar space at most 0.5 times as long as height of eye in both sexes. Transfacial line about as long as height of eye. Toruli situated just slightly under mid-height of eyes. Radial cell of fore wing ambiguously closed along the wing margin, R1 vein not well pigmented; 3.0 or more times as long as wide................................... 65</p>
            <p> 64 Head in frontal view trapezoid. Lateral frontal carinae narrow, weak, branched, not reaching lateral ocelli, but visible. POL 2.0 times as long as OOL in females, 3.0 in males; OOL 1.5 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in females, equal in males. Pedicel slightly longer than wide. Margins of pronotum not swollen aside, pronotum margins rounded seen from above. In females, syntergum not dorsodistally incised. In males, F1 2.0 times as long as F2 (see Pujade-Villar et al. 2016: Fig. 2 a–j)…...........................................................................................  S. estradae</p>
            <p> - Head in frontal view rounded (Fig. 24a). Lateral frontal carinae absent, frons covered with very fine striae (Fig. 24 a–b). POL 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as OOL; OOL 2.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli in both sexes (Fig. 24b). Pedicel 2.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 24a, c). Margins of pronotum swollen aside, pronotum margins somewhat sharp seen from above (Fig. 24i). In females, syntergum dorsodistally incised (Fig. 24j). In males, F1 about 1.5 times as long as F2 (Fig. 23d)..........................................................................................  S. macrackenae ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 65 Lateral frontal carinae strong, not branched, almost reaching lateral ocelli (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2B). Pedicel 1.2 times as long as wide; F1 1.2 times as long as F 2 in females, 1.7 in males (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Figs 5I; 6D). Scutellar foveae separated by a wide septum (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 9D). Metasoma in lateral view 1.3 times as long as high (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 14B).........................  S. chiricanus</p>
            <p> - Lateral frontal carinae weak, narrow, not branched and not reaching lateral ocelli. Pedicel 1.8 times as long as wide; F1 1.5 or 1.6 times as long as F 1 in both sexes. Scutellar foveae separated by a narrow carina. Metasoma in lateral view as high as long (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 12–25)..........................................................  S. grahami</p>
            <p>66 F1 as long as F2, rarely almost 1.1 times as long (subequal)................................................... 67</p>
            <p>- F1 at least 1.2 or 1.3 times as long as F2, sometimes longer................................................... 76</p>
            <p> 67 Tarsal claws simple, at most with an inconspicuous basal prominence not forming a lobe (Fig. 33b, g). First metasomal segment dorsally with striae reaching the half of its length, anterior half smooth; sometimes completely smooth (Fig. 33d, i)............................................................................................  S. reniformis (part) * </p>
            <p>- Tarsal claws bidentate, with a more or less strong basal lobe (as in Figs 9e; 14f; 32e; 41e). First metasomal segment completely sulcate dorsally and laterally (as in Figs 9i; 14l; 32j; 41k)..................................................... 68</p>
            <p> 68 Large specimens, females ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 mm in length and males, from 3.0 to 5.0 mm. POL as long as OOL in both sexes. Circumscutellar carina very strong and upturned. In females, metasoma very long in lateral view, much longer than head plus mesosoma and about 1.7 times as long as high (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2019: Figs 7–8)…................  S. cultratus</p>
            <p> - Specimens not as large, females measuring at most 4.0 mm in length and males, at most 3.0 mm. POL at least 1.2 times as long as OOL (except in females of  S. forcadellae , but in this case the mesoscutum is coriaceous-punctate and the syntergum in females is from weakly to not dorsodistally incised). Circumscutellar carina weak, inconspicuous or absent (as in Fig. 32i). In females, metasoma not as long in lateral view, as long or just slightly longer than head plus mesosoma and at most 1.3 times as long as high......................................................................................... 69 </p>
            <p> 69 Syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extending laterally 1/2 of its length. Radial cell of fore wing 3.2 times as long as wide. Head of females completely yellow, except for some dark spots close to ocelli (Fig. 28 a–c)  S. obtusilobae</p>
            <p>- Syntergum posteriorly either with a complete or an incomplete band, extended at most 1/3 of its length. Radial cell of fore wing 2.7 to 3.0 times as long as wide. Head of females at least with frons, vertex and occiput black, face and gena more or less yellowish............................................................................................. 70</p>
            <p>70 Antenna at most surpassing the mesoscutellum and reaching the metasoma; basal flagellomeres about 4.0 or 5.0 times as long as wide. Gena slightly broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view............................................ 71</p>
            <p>- Antenna long, as long as the body length or almost reaching the tip of the metasoma, and thin, with flagellomeres, especially the basal ones, more than 6.0 times as long as wide. Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view.......... 72</p>
            <p> 71 Malar space 0.4 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial line 0.8 times as long as height of eye. Frons and vertex weakly wrinkled and punctate. Areolet of the fore wing very small to absent. Syntergum posteriorly with a complete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/3 of its length. Basal half of metacoxae black. Antenna and wing veins, dark brown. F1 of males from moderately to strongly expanded apically (see Nieves-Aldrey 2005: Figs 1; 2; 3 a–b)…........  S. colombianus</p>
            <p> - Malar space about 0.6 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial line as long as height of eye. Frons and vertex mostly coriaceous and punctate, rarely with a few weak wrinkles. Areolet of the fore wing conspicuous, however it is not delimited by distinct veins. Syntergum posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally at most 1/4 of its length. Metacoxae yellow, rarely with a small, dark spot. Antenna and wing veins, yellow to testaceous. F1 of males slightly expanded apically (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020a: Figs 4–16).....................................................  S. dawnus</p>
            <p>72 Basal half of lower face and basal half of gena, yellow to yellowish orange, the rest of the head, black (as in Fig. 31); black surfaces more expanded in males. Lateral pronotum carinated to wrinkled or somewhat reticulated (as in Fig. 32g). Mesopleuron with reticulated wrinkles covering all of the surface (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 11D) or, at least, somewhat reticulated anteriorly (Fig. 32g).......................................................................... 73</p>
            <p>- Lower face and gena entirely yellowish, the lower face sometimes with a median dark stripe under toruli (as in Fig. 8 a–b). Lateral pronotum alutaceous to coriaceous, without carinae nor wrinkles (like Fig. 9g). Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely transversely striated, usually with a small smooth spot under toruli (as in Fig. 9g).................................. 74</p>
            <p> 73 Mesopleuron finely, regularly, and densely striated, somewhat reticulated anteriorly, interspaces smooth, glabrous, and shining (Fig. 32g). Transfacial line 1.1 to 1.2 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 32a). Frons and vertex coriaceous, vertex with some small piliferous punctures and weak wrinkles (Fig. 32 a–b). Areolet of fore wing visible (Fig. 32f).….  S. personatus ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - Mesopleuron with transversal striae obscured by reticulated wrinkles, especially anteriorly, interspaces coriaceous (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 11D). Transfacial line slightly shorter than height of eye (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2D). Frons and vertex with reticulated wrinkles (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Figs 2D; 4 G–H). Areolet of fore wing small to inconspicuous (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 17F)......................  S. rufinotaulis</p>
            <p> 74 Mesoscutum coriaceous-punctate, sometimes with very weak and discontinuous transversal elements not forming true carinae. Mesopleuron entirely finely, regularly and densely transversely striated, without a small smooth spot under the speculum. Radial cell of fore wing ambiguously closed, R1 vein not well pigmented. In females, mesoscutellum medially finely coriaceous, posteriorly with some weak wrinkles, metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and syntergum not dorsodistally incised (rarely weakly incised) (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 19–42)...................................  S. forcadellae</p>
            <p>- Mesoscutum coriaceous to weakly transversely carinated, without punctures. Mesopleuron finely, regularly and densely transversely striated, usually with a small smooth spot under the speculum (as in Fig. 9g). Radial cell of fore wing conspicuously closed, R1 vein well pigmented. Mesoscutellum entirely wrinkled in both sexes (as in Fig. 9h). In females, metasoma longer than head plus mesosoma and syntergum moderately to strongly dorsodistally incised (as in Fig. 9i)................... 75</p>
            <p> 75 Base of metacoxae with a small black spot, the rest yellow (Fig. 8a). In females, scape plus pedicel shorter than F1 (Fig. 9c). Mesoscutum finely coriaceous in females (Fig. 9h), strongly coriaceous in males. Metasoma of females strongly laterally compressed (Fig. 9i); in lateral view, about 1.3 times as long as head plus mesosoma and almost 1.4 times as long as high (Fig. 9j). Syntergum of females posteriorly with an interrupted and incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/4 of its length (Fig. 9 j–k). F1 of males slightly expanded apically and basally (Fig. 8b)................  S. compressus ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - Metacoxae entirely yellow. In females, scape plus pedicel longer than F1. Mesoscutum from strongly coriaceous to weakly carinated in females, more strongly carinated in males. Metasoma of females ovate seen from above, not strongly compressed; about as long as head plus mesosoma or just slightly longer and about 1.2 times as long as high in lateral view. Syntergum of females posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/3 of its length. F1 of males strongly expanded apically, not expanded basally (see Ritchie &amp; Shorthouse 1987: Figs 2, 6, 10, 14, 20; Lobato-Vila et al. 2020b: Figs 13–18).................................................................................... ..  S. filicornis</p>
            <p> 76 Female antenna with 13 segments. Malar space 0.8 times as long as height of eye in females, 0.6 in males. Transfacial line 1.2 times as long as height of eye in females, 1.1 in males. Mesoscutum with strong, widely spaced and continuous transversal carinae. Yellow legs with black coxae. Females ranging from 4.1 to 4.5 mm in length and males, from 3.2 to 3.7 mm (see Pujade-Villar et al. 2016: Fig. 1 a–h)…............................................................ ..  S. equihuai</p>
            <p>- Female antenna with 14 segments. Malar space 0.5 to 0.6 times as long as height of eye in both sexes. Transfacial line as long as height of eye or shorter in both sexes. Mesoscutum coriaceous (as in Figs 14 j–k; 41j) or weakly to strongly transversely carinated, but carinae always discontinuous and densely spaced (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 9 A–C; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018: Fig. 5a). Legs entirely yellow, including coxae. Females less than 4.0 mm in length and males, less than 3.0 mm.... .................................................................................................. 77</p>
            <p> 77 Lateral frontal carinae strong, high, not branched, almost reaching lateral ocelli (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2C). OOL as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 4F)..............  S. baruensis</p>
            <p>- Lateral frontal carinae weak, narrow or moderately strong, but always entirely or distally branched, almost reaching lateral ocelli (Figs 14a, 41b; see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2A, F; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018: Fig. 4a). OOL at least 1.3 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli.................................................................. 78</p>
            <p> 78 Gena not broadened behind eye, not visible in frontal view (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2A). Syntergum posteriorly with a minute, obsolete narrow band of micropunctures (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 14A). Radial cell of fore wing 3.4 times as long as wide (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 17G). Females small, ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 mm in length................................................................................ ..  S. gabrieli</p>
            <p>- Gena slightly broadened behind eye, visible in frontal view. Syntergum posteriorly with a conspicuous band of micropunctures extended laterally from 1/4 to 1/3 of its length. Radial cell of fore wing 2.8 to 3.2 times as long as wide. Females ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 mm........................................................................................ 79</p>
            <p> 79 OOL 1.8 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 14b). In females, antenna subclavate, slightly broadened apically (Fig. 14c), and metasoma shorter than head plus mesosoma and about as long as high in lateral view (slightly longer if we include the hypopygium, with is projected beyond the apex of the metasoma) (Figs 13a, c; 14l). Also in females, syntergum weakly dorsodistally incised (Fig. 14l)........................................................  S. diversicolor ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>- OOL at most 1.4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocelli. In females, antenna filiform, not broadened apically, and metasoma as long as head plus mesosoma or longer and longer than high in lateral view. Also in females, syntergum moderately to strongly dorsodistally incised........................................................................... 80</p>
            <p> 80 Lateral pronotum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, without carinae nor wrinkles (Fig. 41g). Mesoscutum alutaceous to finely coriaceous, with small piliferous punctures, posteriorly sometimes with a few very weak transversal elements not forming true carinae (Fig. 41j). Circumscutellar carina strong, slightly upturned and projected (Fig. 41g, j).......... …  S. weldi ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>- Lateral pronotum imbricated to weakly carinated or wrinkled. Mesoscutum strongly coriaceous with weak transversal elements to strongly and densely transversely carinated. Circumscutellar carinae visible but weak, obscured by wrinkles, or inconspicuous to absent, never projected nor upturned (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Figs 9B, 11E; Lobato-Vila et al. 2018: Fig. 5a, b)…............................................................................................ 81</p>
            <p> 81 Transfacial line as long as height of eye (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 2F). Pronotum rounded and not swollen aside seen from above; mesoscutellum strongly wrinkled; circumscutellar carina inconspicuous to absent (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 9B). Radial cell 3.2 times as long as wide and ambiguously closed, R1 vein not well pigmented (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 17I). Syntergum posteriorly with a complete wide band of micropunctures extended laterally 1/3 of its length (see Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Medianero 2011: Fig. 14D). In males, F1 2.0 times as long as F2...................................................................................................  S. medianeroi</p>
            <p> - Transfacial line 0.8 times as long as height of eye (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2018: Fig. 4a). Pronotum rounded but slightly swollen aside seen from above; mesoscutellum strongly coriaceous to weakly transversely carinated; circumscutellar carina weak but visible, somewhat obscured by wrinkles (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2018: Fig. 5a). Radial cell 2.8 times as long as wide and conspicuously closed, R1 vein well pigmented. Syntergum posteriorly with an incomplete band of micropunctures extended laterally about 1/4 of its length (see Lobato-Vila et al. 2018: Fig. 5 c–d). In males, F1 1.2 times as long as F2..................................................................................................  S. pseudofilicornis</p>
            <p> *  Synergus reniformis (=  S. magnificus ) is keyed out twice as it can have a posterior band of micropunctures on the syntergum or just a small posterodorsal patch (which is sometimes inconspicuous). </p>
            <p>Unplaced species</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9563FFB2FDE5FDC37206FF33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
03BF702A9575FFB2FDE5FEEB712BFD24.text	03BF702A9575FFB2FDE5FEEB712BFD24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synergus magnus Gillette 1891	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synergus magnus Gillette, 1891 nomen dubium </p>
            <p> Synergus magnus Gillette, 1891 . Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 3: 202. Type material: presumably lost. </p>
            <p>Distribution. USA: Michigan (Gillette 1891).</p>
            <p> Biology. Reared from galls of  Amphibolips cookii Gillette, 1888 (Gillette 1891) , which produces bud galls on  Q. rubra (Burks 1979) . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Synergus magnus was described from a single female (Gillette 1891: 202), whose current location is unknown. According to the original description, the female has 15-segmented antenna, a trait that it shares only with a few species from the New World. However, the description of  S. magnus is insufficient to decide whether it is a valid species or a synonym of one of these species with females with 15-segmented antenna. Based on the traits provided by Gillette (1891),  S. magnus might well be a synonym of  S. dorsalis , but we first need to find and examine the holotype of  S. magnus to confirm this assumption. Hence, we consider  S. magnus as nomen dubium until its type material is found and studied in detail. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF702A9575FFB2FDE5FEEB712BFD24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lobato-Vila, Irene;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Lobato-Vila, Irene, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2021): The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species. Zootaxa 4906 (1): 1-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4906.1.1
