taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BE5F1CFFECFFEBFF74FB55C8C1F89E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pleurotoma (Drillia) scitecostata Sowerby, 1903	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFECFFEBFF74FB55C8C1F89E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Kilburn (1986), Tropidoturris is an endemic genus represented by five species and one subspecies from the continental shelf and slope of southeastern Africa. The genus is morphologically very distinctive being characterized by its biconical shape, strong shoulder keel, deep anal sinus and paucispiral protoconch. Kilburn (1986: 645) compared Tropidoturris with Corinnaeturris Bouchet & Warén, 1980 and Carinotropis Bernasconi & Robba, 1984. However, members of Corinnaeturris have shouldered but not keeled teleoconch whorls, a granulose surface, and carinate protoconch whorls. The genus Corinnaeturris is currently assigned to the family Clathurellidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858. Similarly, Carinotropis, based on Carinotropis nitida Bernasconi & Robba, 1984 from the Pliocene of Italy (considered by Della Bella & Scarponi (2007) a junior synonym of the Miocene Drillia michelottii var. minima Montanaro, 1937) has a carinate protoconch and a much shorter base than Tropidoturris. In Tropidoturris scitecostata (Sowerby, 1903), type species of the genus, the sculpture is predominantly axial while in other members, such as T. fossata notialis Kilburn, 1986, T. simplicicingula simplicicingula (Barnard, 1958), T. simplicicingula pondo Kilburn, 1986 and T. planilirata Kilburn, 1986, it is spiral. In T. fossata (Sowerby, 1903) and T. anaglypta Kilburn, 1986 the axial ribs are weak and “ crenellate the shoulder keel ” (Kilburn, 1986: 645). Operculum and radula were described by Kilburn (1986: 645).	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEFFFE9FF74F9E1CED7FE50.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Iredalea subtropicalis Oliver, 1915	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEFFFE9FF74F9E1CED7FE50.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kilburn (1988) remarked the close resemblance in shell characters of members of Iredalea Oliver, 1915 and the monotypic Crassopleura Monterosato, 1884, based on Pleurotoma maravignae Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838 from the eastern Atlantic to the Mediterranean Sea, but suggested that the two genera can be distinguished on the basis of radular features. More recently Scarponi & Della Bella (2004), while discussing Crassopleura maravignae, noted that two forms of this species can be recognized on the basis of the number of axial ribs, namely a Pliocene form bearing 14 – 18 axial ribs on the last whorl and a Pleistocene one with more numerous ribs (21 – 25). The authors also remarked that the parietal pad of C. maravignae tends to form a moderately deep, narrow and posteriorly directed spout with the end of the outer lip. According to Scarponi & Della Bella (2004) this feature, not observed in members of Iredalea, supports recognition of Crassopleura and Iredalea as distinct genera. However, in the Pliocene specimen of C. maravignae (Scarponi & Della Bella, 2004: plate 1, fig. 2), the posterior spout is rather weak or even absent as in the recent specimens figured in the WoRMS register (Appeltans et al., 2012) (accessed at http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 139659). Thus, this stated difference is, in our opinion, of very doubtful value. In this paper Iredalea is retained as a valid genus in accord with Kilburn (1988). In addition to the Recent species revised by Kilburn (1988) and recognized in the WoRMS register, Scarponi & Della Bella (2004: 24) recognized Drillia (Cymatosyrinx) stoppanii Cipolla, 1914 from the Pliocene of Italy as a fossil member of the genus Iredalea.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEFFFE8FF74FF21C9C7FA43.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (MNHN 26614). 4 Paratypes (2 from stn. CC 3175 (MNHN 26615); 1 from stn. CP 3143 (MNHN 26617); 1 from stn. CP 3133 (MNHN 26618); 1 (coated) from stn. CC 3175 (MZB 60071). Type locality: Mozambique Channel (Maputo transect), 25 ° 34 ’ S 34 ° 11 ’ E, 155 – 165 m. Material examined: Mozambique Channel (Maputo transect): 25 ° 34 ’ S 34 ° 11 ’ E, 155 – 165 m. [N / O “ Vizconde de Eza ” MAINBAZA, stn. CC 3175] (holotype and 3 paratypes); 25 ° 11 ’ S 35 ° 10 ’ E, 200 – 201 m. [N / O “ Vizconde de Eza ” MAINBAZA, stn. CP 3133] (1 paratype); 23 ° 32 ’ S 35 ° 46 ’ E, 264 – 277 m. [N / O “ Vizconde de Eza ” MAINBAZA, stn. CP 3143] (1 paratype).	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEFFFE8FF74FF21C9C7FA43.taxon	description	Description: Shell (fig. A – C) fusiform-biconic (b / l 0.37 – 0.39; a / l 0.49 – 0.54), with a high spire; base tapering, shallowly excavated. Protoconch of 1 ½ strongly convex whorls (fig. F – G) with a series of weak axial growth ribs at termination; under SEM (fig. H) the protoconch surface is seen to be sculptured by microscopic rows of spiral threads more evident on terminal part. Protoconch diameter: 0.75 – 0.90 mm. Teleoconch of up to 5 whorls sharply shouldered at mid-whorl height, sutural ramp broad, shallowly concave. First teleoconch whorl with a prominent peripheral cord; in some specimens a second weaker cord just below the peripheral one. Two prominent spiral cords on second whorl, increasing to 3 on antepenultimate and penultimate whorls (in some specimens with a fourth narrow spiral cord at level of abapical suture) (fig. D). Last whorl with 3 – 5 spiral cords; 11 – 14 cords on base and rostrum. Axial sculpture of fine to relatively prominent growth lines. No axial ribs. Under SEM (fig. E) the surface of sutural ramp and the interspaces, between spiral cords, are seen to be covered by microscopic rows of slightly wavy spiral threads. Aperture narrowly lanceolate, tapering slightly towards base, truncated posteriorly at sinus. Columella and parietal region weakly convex, columellar callus thin. Siphonal canal short, shallowly notched. Outer lip thin. Anal sinus deep, relatively broad, occupying entire sutural ramp. Color uniform pale orange-yellow. Dimensions: Holotype: 11.1 x 4.3 mm, aperture height 6.0 mm; largest paratype (CP 3143): 13.2 x 5.1 mm, aperture height 7.2 mm; smallest paratype (CC 3175): 9.7 x 3.8 mm, aperture height 4.8 mm.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEFFFE8FF74FF21C9C7FA43.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the research vessel “ Vizconde de Eza ” used in the dredging of the type material.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEFFFE8FF74FF21C9C7FA43.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tropidoturris vizcondei sp. nov. is comparable only to Tropidoturris simplicicingula simplicicingula (Barnard, 1958) and T. planilirata Kilburn, 1986 in the complete lack of axial sculpture, but otherwise differs distinctly from both species mainly in its smaller dimensions (up to 13.2 mm versus 19.8 in T. simplicicingula simplicicingula and 16.8 mm in T. planilirata), and in possessing fewer teleoconch whorls (up to 5 whorls versus 6 in T. simplicicingula simplicicingula and 5 ½ in T. planilirata) sculptured by fewer spiral cords. In particular, Tropidoturris vizcondei sp. nov. has 3 – 4 and 3 – 5 spiral cords on penultimate and last whorl respectively while T. simplicicingula simplicicingula and T. planilirata have respectively 6 – 10 and 4 – 5 spiral cords (excluding peripheral cord) on abapical part of penultimate whorl. Furthermore, T. planilirata has 1 – 2 spiral cords on sutural ramp which are totally absent in T. vizcondei. The shell of T. vizcondei is uniform pale orange-yellow while that of both T. planilirata and T. simplicicingula simplicicingula is more vividly patterned with brown blotches. Finally, in Tropidoturris vizcondei the anal sinus seems broader than in any of its described congeners.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEEFFE9FF74FDB9C916F86F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype (MZB 60072) and 3 paratypes (MZB 60073); 1 paratype (MNHN-IM- 2012 - 2532). Type locality. Offshore Gulf of Aden, trawled by local fishermen at 200 – 400 m in 1994. Material examined. The type material.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEEFFE9FF74FDB9C916F86F.taxon	description	Description. Shell rather solid (fig. I – J), narrowly claviform (b / l 0.43 – 0.45; a / l 0.39 – 0.46) with high, acute spire and short base. Protoconch somewhat conical of 1 ¾ whorls. Protoconch diameter: 0.75 mm (holotype). Teleoconch of up to 7 whorls with slight, rounded shoulder at about mid-whorl height, sutural ramp concave, suture shallow. Sculpture of numerous, narrow axial ribs (fig. K), as broad as interspaces, opisthocline with a prosocline inflexion on sutural ramp; sixteen to 17 axial ribs on antepenultimate and penultimate whorl, 17 – 18 on last whorl. Adapical part of whorl surface sculptured on last two whorls by indistinct spiral lines; 7 – 8 spiral grooves, with a tendency to form rectangular granules where crossing axial ribs, on the rostrum. Aperture oblong-ovate, columella relatively straight with a moderately thick callus, its outer edge slightly raised; parietal region concave, parietal pad filling posterior angle of aperture, constricting anal sinus. Siphonal canal short, broad, slightly obliquely notched. Outer lip with a distinct stromboid notch in the abapical part, almost straight in lateral view, with a cutting edge. Anal sinus moderately deep, openly and asymmetrically U-shaped, directed slightly adapically. Color yellowishwhite with a single brown band margining abapical suture on penultimate whorl, occupying the median zone on the last whorl; columella and protoconch white. Dimensions: Holotype: 17.2 x 7.7 mm, aperture height 6.8 mm; largest paratype (MZB): 20.2 x 9.1 mm, aperture height 9.3 mm; smallest paratype (MZB): 14.7 x 6.4 mm, aperture height 6.6 mm.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEEFFE9FF74FDB9C916F86F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. adenensis, alluding to the fact that the new species is described from the Gulf of Aden.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEEFFE9FF74FDB9C916F86F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species represents the first record of the genus Iredalea from the Gulf of Aden. Kilburn (1988) reported two Iredalea species from southern Africa, namely Iredalea inclinata (Sowerby, 1893) and I. exilis (Pease, 1868). Iredalea adenensis sp. nov. is comparable in size to I. inclinata, reported from Mauritius and Reunion Island to Natal, but has more numerous axial ribs (16 – 18 versus 12 – 15 on later two teleoconch whorls), higher periphery (median rather than at about abapical third of whorl), fewer protoconch whorls (1 ¾ versus 2 ½), deeper anal sinus and very different colour pattern. In particular, I. adenensis has a yellowish-white shell with a single brown band margining abapical suture on penultimate whorl occupying the median zone on the last whorl, while the shell of I. inclinata is patterned with deep brown forming three bands on last whorl (Kilburn, 1988: 187). Weinkauff in Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1876 described Pleurotoma polygonalis from Zanzibar which, according to Kilburn (1988: 187), may prove to be an earlier name for Iredalea inclinata. The shell of Pleurotoma polygonalis was described as “ albida, zonis fuscis picta ” with “ flavidulo bifasciata ” aperture (page 100, pl. 21 figs 7,9). As remarked by Kilburn (1988), the original figure of Pleurotoma polygonalis is rather indistinct but the drawing in lateral view clearly shows two brown bands at level of aperture, thus differing from Iredalea adenensis which has a single brown band. Apart from the presence of spiral bands, the shell of I. adenensis is yellowish-white while that of P. polygonalis is patterned with brown (“ zonis fuscis picta ”). The new species resembles I. exilis Pease, 1860 reported from Polynesia to southern Africa, in possessing a brown band in the median zone of last whorl but otherwise differs mainly in its much larger shell (up to mm 20 mm versus 8 mm or less), shape (claviform rather than pupoid) and in possessing a paucispiral protoconch (1 ¾ versus about 4 whorls).	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFE8FFEFFF74FF64CFD4FADA.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Carinodrillia (Buchema) tainoa Corea, 1934	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFE8FFEFFF74FF64CFD4FADA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Corea (1934) proposed Buchema as a subgenus of Carinodrillia Dall, 1919, a genus represented in tropical Americas, with Carinodrillia (Buchema) tainoa Corea, 1934, originally described from Puerto Rico, selected as type species. The author described five new species and recognised Drillia interpleura Dall & Simpson, 1901 as belonging to Buchema. Later, Fargo (1953: 375) proposed Carinodrillia (Buchema) pylonia Fargo, 1953 from the Pliocene of Florida but the species has recently been referred to the genus Compsodrillia Woodring, 1928 by Scarponi & Della Bella (2004: 65). In his revision, Powell (1966: 105) retained the systematics proposed by Corea (1934) and provided a list of Buchema species. McLean (1971 b) used Buchema as a full genus and assigned Pleurotoma granulosa Sowerby, 1834 to the genus. Additional Buchema species were recognised by Van Regteren Altena (1975) and Maes (1983). The WoRMS register of marine species (Appeltans et al., 2012) lists eleven Buchema species of which the Buchema dichroma Kilburn, 1988 represents the sole species reported from Africa. Previous authors (Abbott, 1974; Fernandes et al., 1995; Kilburn, 1988) noted the morphological resemblance between Buchema Corea, 1934 and Crassispira Swainson, 1840, suggesting the possibility that the two taxa may prove synonyms. However, species assigned to Buchema differ widely from Pleurotoma bottae Kiener, 1839, type species of Crassispira, in their usually smaller dimensions, stronger spiral sculpture, different structure of the anal sinus (i. e. presence of a parietal nodule restricting entrance to anal sinus), shorter aperture and vividly patterned shells. Buchema is characterized by the presence of a secondary teleoconch sculpture consisting of both axial and spiral threads, which gives the shell surface a “ cloth-like pattern ” (see fig. M and Corea, 1934: plate 3). A further morphological character potentially useful in distinguishing Buchema from Crassispira is the protoconch sculpture. In both genera the protoconch is initially smooth then developing stout axial ribs but in Buchema the terminal portion is typically sculptured by thinner axial ribs. Corea (1934) described the protoconch of Buchema as follows: “ the early whorls smooth, succeeded by a finely axially, closely lirate portion that passes into an axially slender ribbed part, which in turn passes into the postnuclear sculpture ”. In their recent classification of Conoidea, Bouchet et al. (2011) retained Buchema and Crassispira as distinct genera belonging to different families. Kilburn (1988) proposed the genus Psittacodrillia which is morphologically very similar to Buchema but differs in lacking a distinct subsutural cord, labial varix and fasciole. The new species from Somalia described below shares with American members of Buchema all diagnostic morphological characters and is accordingly considered the first eastern Africa record of the genus Buchema.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFE8FFECFF74FAC2CC97FC34.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype (MZB 60074) and 2 paratypes (MZB 60075); 1 paratype (MNHN-IM- 2012 - 2533) Type locality. Offshore Mogadishu (Somalia), trawled by local fishermen at unknown depth in 1989 – 1990. Material examined. The type material.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFE8FFECFF74FAC2CC97FC34.taxon	description	Description. Shell (fig. L – M) claviform (b / l 0.34 – 0.35; a / l 0.33 – 0.35), with a high, slightly inflated spire, blunt apex and subcylindrical last whorl. Protoconch (fig. O) bluntly conical of 1 ¾ – 2 whorls; first 1 ½ sculptured by stout axial ribs; last portion with thinner, closely spaced ribs crossed by spiral threads. Protoconch diameter: 0.74 – 0.86 mm. Teleoconch of 5 ½ – 5 ¾ convex whorls, with periphery at ⅔ – ¾ of whorl height; subsutural margin forming a weak cord. Sculpture of prominent, opisthocline axial ribs crossed by low, flat-topped spiral cords becoming swollen over axial ribs. Axial ribs straight, but slightly arcuate over sutural ramp where they are weaker, narrower than their intervals, projecting most at periphery, fading across base at level of parietal region. Eight to 9 axial ribs on penultimate whorl, 9 – 10 on last whorl. Spiral sculpture of three main spiral cords, the upper one rather more slender than the others. Additional 1 – 2 cords, weaker than others, develop on later two teleoconch whorls. Interspaces between spiral cords sculptured by low spiral threads which decussate dense, fine axial lines (fig. P). On later two teleoconch whorls about 3 – 7 spiral threads, varying in strength, in each interval between spiral cords. Sutural ramp with a low, feeble to nearly obsolete spiral lira preceded by 2 – 5 threads and followed by others 6 – 7. Aperture narrow, quadrangular. Columella straight, with relatively thick callus, its outer edge not raised; parietal pad forming a prominent nodule, which greatly restricts entrance of anal sinus. Outer lip with a slight stromboid notch in the abapical part, almost straight in lateral view, with a cutting edge, preceded by a varicoid rib. Anal sinus moderately deep, C-shaped. Color: a) brownish orange with ivory white spiral cords where they cross the axials. Interior of the aperture orange-yellow; b) uniform dark brown. Dimensions: Holotype 9.9 x 3.5 mm; aperture 3.5 mm; largest paratype (MZB): 10.6 x 3.6 mm, aperture 3.5 mm.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFE8FFECFF74FAC2CC97FC34.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after professor John K. G. Shearman (1931 – 2003) well known art historian.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFE8FFECFF74FAC2CC97FC34.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species differs distinctly from all its described congeners. Of the five Buchema species from Puerto Rico proposed by Corea (1934), Buchema shearmani sp. nov. superficially resembles in general features the type species Carinodrillia (Buchema) tainoa Corea, 1934 but the latter is larger (14.2 mm versus up to 10.6 mm in length), with a much broader and stronger shoulder. Furthermore, shell colour of B. shearmani varies from brownish orange with ivory white spiral cords to uniform dark brown while B. tainoa has a brown shell with interspaces darker than the axial ribs and “ summit of the whorls marked by brown spots separated by lightercolored intervals ” (Corea, 1934). Buchema shearmani differs from the southern Africa Buchema dichroma Kilburn, 1988 in its much narrower shell (b / l 0.34 – 0.35 versus 0.43 – 0.47), sculptured by much fewer and weaker spiral cords and very different colour pattern (brownish orange with ivory white spiral cords or uniform dark brown versus bicolored yellow and violet) (Kilburn, 1988: 244, figs. 188 – 189). Buchema dichroma further differs from both Buchema shearmani and other Buchema species described by Corea (1934) in details of the protoconch which consists of smooth whorls except for few weak axial riblets crossed by feeble spiral striae near termination (Kilburn, 1988: 246). Actually the morphologically closest species is probably Crassispira soamanitraensis Bozzetti, 2008, from Madagascar, which is comparable in dimensions and color and may prove referable to the genus Buchema. However, Crassispira soamanitraensis differs from the new species in having stronger, more closely spaced spiral cords.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEBFFECFF74FBD8C9E1F8E3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pleurotoma bottae Kiener, 1839	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEBFFECFF74FBD8C9E1F8E3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus Crassispira is represented mainly in West America and in the Caribbean by numerous Tertiary to Recent species (Powell, 1966; Appeltans et al., 2012). Powell (1966) did not recognize any Crassispira species from Africa and listed only three Recent taxa as Indo-Pacific members of the genus, namely Drillia aesopus Schepman, 1913 (Indonesia), Clavatula sinensis Hinds, 1843 (New Guinea, Straits of Macassar and China Sea) and Drillia tasconium Melvill and Standen, 1901 (Gulf of Oman). However, the inclusion of these Indo- Pacific species in Crassispira is uncertain: in current literature D. aesopus and C. sinensis are usually regarded as members of the genus Inquisitor Hedley, 1918 (see Tucker, 2004 for detailed references) while D. tasconium can be assigned to Drillia Gray, 1838 (Kilburn, 1988). Regional revision by Fernandes et al. (1995) and subsequent contributors (Nolf, 2009; Rolán et al., 2007; Ryall et al., 2009) indicate that at least fifteen Crassispira species occur in West Africa. Kilburn (1988) described Crassiclava balteata from southern Africa, which belongs to a group listed as a synonym of Crassispira by Appeltans et al. (2012). More recently, Bozzetti (2008) and Kilburn & Dekker (2008) described new Crassispira species respectively from Madagascar and Red Sea. Crassispira tuckerana Bonfitto & Morassi, 2011, the sole Crassispira species previously described from Somalia (Bonfitto & Morassi, 2004), is morphologically distinctive and may prove referable to a genus distinct from Crassispira. The new species described below closely resemblances the type species Pleurotoma bottae Kiener, 1839 in all morphological features and can accordingly be assigned to genus Crassispira with confidence.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEBFFEDFF74F8CACE9AFA19.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype (MZB 60076); 1 paratypes (MZB 60077); 1 paratype (MNHN-IM- 2012 - 2534). Type locality. Offshore Mogadishu (Somalia), trawled by local fishermen at unknown depth in 1989 – 1990. Material examined. The type material.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEBFFEDFF74F8CACE9AFA19.taxon	description	Description. Shell rather solid (fig. Q-R), elongate-ovoid (b / l 0.42 – 0.46; a / l 0.43 – 0.47) with strongly gradate spire, last whorl not or weakly excavated with a relatively short rostrum. Protoconch narrowly domed of about 1 ¾ whorls, termination ill-defined, surface eroded. Protoconch diameter: about 1.2 mm. Teleoconch of 6 – 7 whorls with distinct, rounded shoulder at mid-whorl height, suture moderately deep bordered by a moderately strong, undulating subsutural fold. Sutural ramp wide, shallowly concave. Sculpture of broad, rounded, slightly opisthocline axial ribs extending from abapical suture to shoulder, rapidly vanishing on sutural ramp. Axial ribs separated by interspaces narrower than them, extending across upper part of base on last whorl. Seven to 8 axial ribs on penultimate whorl, increasing to 8 – 9 on last whorl (including a varicoid rib at level of outer lip). Spiral sculpture of shallowly incised grooves: 4 – 6 between shoulder and abapical suture on later two teleoconch whorls. Last whorl with 7 – 10 grooves on base and 5 – 7 cords on the rostrum. Whorls covered by dense, relatively rough axial growth lines particularly evident on sutural ramp. Aperture narrow, elongate-ovate. Columella straight with a thick callus, its outer edge free, fasciole strong, false umbilicus deep; parietal region with a low, rounded nodule at suture not significantly constricting opening of anal sinus. Siphonal canal short, narrow, deep, its anterior tip notched. Outer lip not or only feebly crenulated, preceded by a broad varix. No stromboid notch. Anal sinus relatively shallow, openly U-shaped with diverging sides. Color moderate brown with yellowish-white first teleoconch whorl and protoconch. Dimensions: Holotype: 21 x 8.9 mm, aperture height 9.2 mm; paratype (MZB): 20 x 9.2 mm, aperture height 9.5 mm (decollated); paratype (MNHN): 19.4 x 8.6 mm, aperture height 8.9 mm.	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEBFFEDFF74F8CACE9AFA19.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Alluding to the fact that the new species is described from off Mogadishu (Somalia).	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
03BE5F1CFFEBFFEDFF74F8CACE9AFA19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Crassispira somalica sp. nov. represents the first Recent species described from eastern Africa bearing “ typical ” Crassispira features. The new species differs distinctly from the few Tertiary Crassispira species reported from eastern Africa and the West Indian Ocean. In particular, Crassispira jamviniensis Cox, 1927 from the Miocene of Pemba Island has a narrower shell with well developed sculpture of numerous raised spiral cords rather than grooves. Harzhauser (2007) reported an undescribed Crassispira species from the Late Miocene of Oman, which differs from Crassispira somalica sp. nov. in possessing a much narrower and higher spire, more prominent subsutural fold, more deeply excavate sutural ramp and more deeply incised spiral grooves. The very variable European Tertiary Crassispira pustulata (Brocchi, 1814) may resemble C. somalica in shape and type of spiral sculpture, but the former has more deeply incised spiral grooves, more prominent subsutural fold and longer siphonal canal. Among described Recent species, Crassispira somalica sp. nov. is reasonably comparable only to the west African members of the genus. The new species resembles Crassispira consociata (E. A. Smith, 1877) in shape, dimensions (20.4 mm in length for the holotype) and number of axial ribs but otherwise differs in type of spiral sculpture (spiral grooves rather than spiral cords forming nodules at points of intersections with the axial ribs) and color (moderate brown rather than light brown to cream but Fernandes et al., 1995: 296 also reported almost white shells). Apart from the difference in type of spiral sculpture, the new species is further distinguished from other west African species such Crassispira carbonaria (Reeve, 1843) and Crassispira funebralis Fernandes, Rolán & Otero-Schmitt, 1995 in its much smaller dimensions (up to 21 mm versus 30 mm or more in length) and in possessing a lighter color (moderate brown versus dark brown-blackish).	en	Morassi, Mauro, Bonfitto, Antonio (2013): Four new African turriform gastropods (Mollusca: Conoidea). Zootaxa 3710 (3): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.5
