taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 703 (Fig. 3), measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 688, specimen # 17, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 689, # 18 [7 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 704, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70000, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70001, 1 colony, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 690, # 19 [24 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / disporella-calcitrapa / Etymology. From middle Latin, calcitrapa, caltrops, spiked weapons tossed on the ground to disable warhorses. Noun in apposition.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Encrusting lichenoporid with a fan-shaped mature growth form. Distinguished from the one other interstitial species known by its different angle of branching, more densely pustulose surface and the presence of cancellae and minute spiked spinules inside zooids.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusts on interstitial sand or shell grains, sometimes curving over the edge of a grain. The settled larva metamorphoses into a primary zooid in the form of a bulb with a tubular opening. Additional tubular zooids follow, branching fanlike into several rows of zooids, the angle of branching about 90 degrees. The pustulose upper surface of the colony is reinforced by many irregular pointed tubercles. Zooid tube openings are oval to round with one to three projecting tubercles. Between zooid tubes are rounded cancellae of various sizes. Both cancellae and zooids have with internal mace-shaped calcified spinules, spiked balls of calcification raised on short pedestals. Polypides with about 8 translucent white tentacles. No colonies with gonozooids were found in our material.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is similar in colony form to Disporella plumosa Winston & Håkansson, 1986 from the Florida interstitial bryozoan fauna. However, Disporella plumosa has smoother surface calcification, more fimbriate tube openings, and lacks the spikes of calcification found in the internal spaces of the Brazilian colonies. Ramalho et al. (2009) noted internal mace-shaped spinules in cancellae of Patinella tonica (Marcus, 1955) from Rio de Janeiro, but they are absent in zooid tubes as seen in Disporella calcitrapa sp. nov. (Fig. 3 D). Disporella pila Marcus, 1955 has somewhat similar mural spinules (Ramalho et al. 2009, fig. 9 D), but its circular colony form and irregularly oriented central autozooid tubes are distinct.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.taxon	description	Alderina irregularis: Canu & Bassler 1928 a: 27, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 32, fig. 4; Hastings 1930: 708, pl. 3, figs 11 – 12; Osburn 1940: 363; Marcus 1941: 15, pl. 1, fig. 2. Alderina smitti Osburn, 1950: 59, pl. 6, fig. 2; Winston & Håkansson 1986: 11, figs 17 – 18.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MZUSP 706 (Fig. 4) measured specimen # 1 on SEM stub, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70002, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 205.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting. Zooids oval in shape, the oval frontal membrane underlain by a depressed cryptocyst with aligned beads of calcification. Orifice marked on distal wall skeleton by indentations. Gymnocyst smooth and narrow, but with several projecting tubercles. Large lateral pore chambers are visible at growing edge. No avicularia. Ooecia broad, thickened crescents of calcification.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Alderina smitti was first reported from Brazil under the name Alderina irregularis (Smitt, 1873) on shells in Paraná state, southern Brazil (Marcus 1941). This species was rare in our samples, but is one of the few species that appear in both Floridan and Brazilian sand faunas, although zooids from Brazilian populations are about 25 % larger than those from Florida. Osburn’s original description of the species (Osburn 1950, p. 60) recorded it as occurring in Florida, the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico as well as from southern California on the Pacific coast. It can become reproductively mature after producing only 3 – 4 zooids from the site of larval metamorphosis.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tropical western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Eastern Pacific.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 713 (Fig. 5 A – C,), measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 205. Paratypes: MZUSP 685, specimen # 14, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 686, # 15 [4 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 715 (Fig. 5 D), BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 716, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70007, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70008, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 708, BIOTA Stn 205. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / ammatophora-arenacea /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin arenaceus, of sand, for its habit of encrusting small substrata in sand-bottom areas.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Characterized by small zooid size, large tubercles at proximal edges of zooids, broad ooecia, and closely connected zooids with tubules between them.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Zooids oval in outline, closely connected by tubules, which are sometimes hidden by gymnocystal development. Inside lateral rim of zooids is a beaded cryptocyst. Cryptocyst extending over proximal half of zooid and around the lateral edges of the triangular to bell-shaped opesia which occupies most of the distal half of the zooid. Irregularly shaped calcified tubercles develop at the proximal ends of zooids. Ooecia imperforate, with a convex proximal rim, endooecium not exposed; short in length, but equal to or greater than zooids in width. Polypides with 11 tentacles. Ancestrula similar to later zooids, the proximal margin crenulated.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ammatophora arenacea sp. nov. was found encrusting shell grains and larger pieces of broken mollusk shells in interstitial habitats. The encrusting unilaminar colonies of small zooids with a depressed cryptocyst and large nodular kenozooids, as well as the flattened imperforate ooecium seem to place this species in the genus Ammatophora, along with Ammatophora nodulosa, an Eastern Atlantic species which, according to Hayward & Ryland (1998, p. 200), occupies a similar habitat on offshore shell gravels “ where it forms part of a characteristic community of cheilostomate bryozoans adapted for living on the smallest shell substrata. ” The short, often hidden tubules connecting the zooids might indicate a relationship with Mollia. However, unlike Mollia species, the zooids are not attached to the substratum by rhizoids, but are directly attached by the basal wall (although holes, like those for rhizoids are present in the basal wall and can be seen in the broken zooids in Fig. 5 B). Only one morphologically similar species has been recorded from Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008). Mollia elongata was described by Canu & Bassler (1928 b) from deeper-water stations. It has much larger zooids and more voluminous ooecia immersed in the zooid (see Marcus 1949, fig. 18), distinct from other Mollia species. Souto et al. (2010) also noted confusion between some characters of specimens assigned to Mollia and to other Calloporidae, suggesting the need for reexamination of Mollia elongata, which may be more closely related to Ammatophora arenacea.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8BDB5AFF7BBC447BEC225E.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus. Cymulopora Winston & Håkansson, 1986. Also included, Crepis Jullien, 1883.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8BDB5AFF7BBC447BEC225E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony repent, with uniserial chains of zooids branching laterally. Zooids oval to pyriform, with gymnocystal wall forming a tubular proximal cauda. Cryptocyst well developed, imperforate, with opesia occupying distal half of the total zooidal length. No avicularia or other heterozooids. No spines. Ooecia endozooidal or prominent.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8BDB5AFF7BBC447BEC225E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus Cymulopora was first assigned to Microporidae Gray, 1848 owing to similarities with Mollia Lamouroux, 1816. Reverter-Gil et al. (2011) suggested affinities between Cymulopora and Crepis Jullien, 1883 owing to the presence of uniserial colonies, zooids with a gymnocystal cauda and an extensive cryptocyst; Crepis is distinguished by the presence of very long proximal gymnocystal caudae and prominent ooecia (present in Crepis harmelini Reverter-Gil, Souto & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2011; ovicell unknown in others). In addition, they also noted that the Microporidae includes genera with a reduced gymnocyst and cryptocyst with two or more opesiules (sometimes confluent with opesiae) and assigned both Crepis and Cymulopora to Calloporidae sensu lato. The presence of a gymnocystal cauda and the absence of articulated oral spines and other heterozooids leads us to erect here a new family of Calloporoidea, Cymuloporidae fam. nov., to accommodate Cymulopora and Crepis.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MZUSP 687, # 16 [16 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 709 (Fig. 6), measured specimen # 1 on SEM coverslip, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70003, measured specimens # 2 and # 3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70004, one specimen from BIOTA Stn 211.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, uniserial, composed of chains of zooids that bud in both directions from the ancestrula. Zooids oval to pyriform with high lateral walls forming a raised oval rim and a short tubular caudal region. Smooth sunken cryptocyst extending to the bell-shaped opesia that occupies the distal half of the total zooid length. No avicularia. Ovicell endozooidal; marked by a thickening of calcification at the distal end of the mural rim.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Winston & Håkansson (1986) described the new genus and species Cymulopora uniserialis, characterized by a smooth cryptocyst, triangular opesia, endooecial ooecia and the absence of avicularia. This is the first record of this species since its original description.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Florida and Brazil (São Paulo state).	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.taxon	description	Antropora leucocypha: Shier 1964: 613; Winston 1982: 123, fig. 36; Winston & Håkansson 1986: 9, figs 14 – 16.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MZUSP 0 25, Crassimarginatella leucocypha, E. Marcus coll., 14 January 1938, Sangava, São Paulo, Brazil, 20 m. MZUSP 674, # 4 [2 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 698, # 29 [several colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 712 (Fig. 7), measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70005, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70006, BIOTA Stn 208.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.taxon	description	Description. Colonies encrusting shells of living and dead gastropods. Interstitial specimens encrusting shells of very small gastropods or shell grains. Zooids oval to irregular in outline, depending on shape of underlying substratum. Lateral walls composed of thickened gymnocyst with scattered tubercles. Frontal membrane underlain by cryptocystal rim with rows of granules, rim narrowed distally but orifice outline not skeletally marked. Basal walls well calcified, fortified internally with thick vertical ridges. Triangular or rounded kenozooids with a similar cryptocyst occurring between autozooids, occasionally replaced by small avicularia with semicircular mandibles (e. g. Fig. 7 C). Ooecia indicated by a narrow thickened distal crescent of calcification.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Marcus (1937) described Akatopora leucocypha (as Crassimarginatella) from Santos, São Paulo state, Brazil, and noted similarities between his specimens and Antropora tincta (Hastings, 1930). Tilbrook (1998) suggested that A. leucocypha may be a junior synonym of Antropora tincta or Antropora minor (Hincks, 1880). Gordon (1986) had previously suggested that both A. leucocypha and A. tincta should be included in Akatopora; both resemble the type species, Akatopora clausentina Davis, 1934, in having a much-reduced cryptocyst (hence a relatively large opesia) and small kenozooids in the angles between autozooids. The latter species is characterized by a pinkish color, rather than grayish to white as in A. leucocypha. Akatopora leucocypha is also distinguished by the lack of avicularian condyles and in having a semicircular mandible (as shown in Marcus 1937, pl. 8, fig. 20 A). Antropora minor, also reported from Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008) is distinguished by a wider proximal cryptocyst and the presence of large vicarious avicularia (Tilbrook 1998). Although it has a somewhat reduced cryptocyst, it has many small avicularia at the interzooidal angles and probably should be retained in Antropora. Although A. leucocypha colonies are more abundant on larger substrata, we include the species here because it is common on sand- to gravel-size shells (e. g. those of very small gastropods) and shell fragments. As in Alderina smitti, the Brazilian specimens are larger in size than Floridan specimens (Winston & Håkansson 1986). Opesia measurements are comparable, indicating a more extensive cryptocyst in Brazilian zooids.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cape Hatteras to Brazil, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF86DB59FF7BBC8D78B92204.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MZUSP 673, # 3 [10 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 717 (Fig. 8), measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70009, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF86DB59FF7BBC8D78B92204.taxon	description	Description. Colonies encrusting sand grains. Colony may completely cover a grain, but does not build a structure that engulfs the grain. Zooids oval, frontal wall membranous, surrounded by a narrow beaded cryptocyst. Zooids bud round to oval interzooecial vibracula, with a raised tubercle, a figure-eight shaped opesia and palate and long curved vibracular setae, hinging on the central condyles. Brood chambers endozooidal, marked only by a hooded distal thickening of calcification.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF86DB59FF7BBC8D78B92204.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the first record of this species for Brazil. Living Vibracellina colonies can rock sand grains with their vibracula, but do not have the ability to move through the sand that other cupuladriids possess. Distribution. Cape Hatteras to Brazil, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 718 (Fig. 9 A), BIOTA Stn 208. Paratypes: MZUSP 675, # 5 [22 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 719 (Fig. 9 B, C), BIOTA Stn 208. MZUSP 720, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 209; MZUSP 721, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 206 iB (from macrofauna sample), 23 ° 34 ’ 936 ” S, 45 ° 16 ’ 54 ” W, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; VMNH 70010, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70011, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70012, colony fragments, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70013, juvenile colony, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70014, juvenile colony, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 700, # 31 [5 colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 705, BIOTA Stn 211. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / discoporella-gemmulifera /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the diminitive, gemmula, of the Latin, gemma, bud and – fer, Latin suffix, meaning bear or carry, carrying little buds.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Discoporella with relatively flat bowl shape, red to brownish pink in life; granular cryptocyst with distal semicircular opesia and 6 – 9 small opesiules; polypides with 13 tentacles.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	description	Description. Free-living colonies a few mm in size and, if intact, bowl-shaped, with outer surface convex, undersurface concave, red to brownish pink in life. Colonies undergoing fragmentation may have more irregular or angular shapes, with several subcolonies forming at colony edges. Zooids rhomboidal, about 0.42 mm in length and 0.30 mm in width, arranged in a regular pattern. The frontal surface is a granular cryptocyst with a distal semicircular opesia, about 0.11 mm by 0.12 mm, a little larger than the operculum, and a proximal area containing 6 or more small opesiules. At the distal end of each zooid is a vibraculum with a chamber about 0.12 mm long and 0.10 mm wide. It has a long curved mandible about 0.62 mm in length and 0.03 mm wide at the base, but tapering to a sharp point). These serve to move the colony through the sediment, and to clean its surface. Polypides with about 13 tentacles. Brooding internal in autozooids; no ovicells occur. Non-feeding larvae settle in a short time on a grain of sand, produce an ancestral triad and continue to bud new zooids until the grain is enveloped.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Brazilian specimens are distinguished from Eastern Atlantic Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance, 1823) in the number of cryptocystal opesiules (8 – 14 in D. umbellata vs 6 – 9 in D. gemmulifera sp. nov.) and number of polypide tentacles (14 – 16 in D. umbellata (Cook 1985) vs 13 in D. gemmulifera). Discoporella gemmulifera also differs from the Caribbean Discoporella studied by Herrera-Cubilla et al. (2008). Two of them, D. scutella Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner & Jackson, 2008 and D. peltifera Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner & Jackson, 2008, have larger zooids and determinate growth, although D. peltifera can regenerate from fragments. Discoporella triangula Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner & Jackson, 2008 has very small conical colonies with determinate growth, and Discoporella terminata Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner & Jackson, 2008 has a flat discoidal colony with determinate growth. The most similar species in terms of zooid size and growth pattern is Discoporella bocasdeltoroensis Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner & Jackson, 2008. It has a wider range in number of opesiules (3 – 10), very spiny opesiule edges, larger avicularian zooids, a conical colony shape and, like the others, showed no evidence of the colonial budding seen in D. gemmulifera. The biology of the Brazilian species was studied by Marcus & Marcus (1962). Discoporella gemmulifera has an amazing ability to reproduce asexually by fragmentation, with subcolonies developing at the edges of parent colony then splitting off from it. Discoporella colonies, like those of other free-living species, are so well integrated that their behavior is that of a cormidium and like a unitary organism. Vibracula move in coordination to row the colony from place to place or unbury it from sediment. The species’ distribution and ecology in Brazil has also been studied by Braga (1967) and Tommasi et al. (1972). Discoporella gemmulifera prefers very fine sand with relatively stable conditions and full marine salinity. It is found in s and-bottom habitats on the continental shelf from a few meters to about 150 m depth.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Brazilian species, previously reported from Amazonas River mouth, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná, is part of the Discoporella umbellata species complex, with members known from both sides of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the eastern Pacific.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Syntype: NHMUK 1948.2.16.65, Smittipora sawayai, E. Marcus det., São Paulo, Brazil. Additional material: MZUSP 684, specimen # 13 b, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 699, # 30 [6 colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 707, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 714 (Fig. 10 A – C), BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 722, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 723 (Fig. 10 D – E), measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70015, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / smittipora-sawayai /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542.taxon	description	Description. Colonies encrusting, single-layered, calcification glassy white in color. Zooids oval to subhexagonal, about 0.38 mm long and 0.28 mm wide, with a trifoliate to bell-shaped opesia, about 0.14 long and 0.12 mm wide, with a curving proximal margin. Operculum hemispherical, about 0.06 mm in length and 0.08 mm in width, with a straight proximal margin. Frontal membrane underlain by a beaded cryptocyst, rising to narrow lateral walls, expanded proximally into one of more triangular to rounded tuberosities at the junctions of zooid walls. Rhombic interzooecial avicularia, about 0.30 mm long and 0.15 mm wide, with similar beaded cryptocyst and proximal tubercles, may occur between zooids; mandibles broad, with a median narrow rachis, thickly chitinized. Polypides translucent white with 11 – 12 tentacles and a lophophore diameter of 0.34 mm. Ovicell endozooidal, marked by a thickening of calcification at the distal end of the mural rim.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is found on small subtidal shell fragments and pebbles. Against a white or transparent substratum, it is visible only by the golden color of the opercula and avicularian mandibles. This species is very similar to Floridina parvicella Canu & Bassler, 1923 found in the Floridan interstitial fauna (Winston & Håkansson 1986), but the Floridan species has an opesia smaller relative to zooid size. In addition, the lower margin of the opesia of F. parvicella is straighter, not as convexly curved, and in many zooids has a distinct central lip and an opening of the avicularian zooid more elongate.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 724 (Fig. 11 B – D), measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 205. Paratypes: MZUSP 725, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70016, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 694, # 23 [2 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for BIOTA station 205, off Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil. The first part of the locality name Caraguata is used for the commonest species found on sand grains. Used as a noun in apposition.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Interstitial Puellina with a very convex frontal shield made up of 5 – 6 pairs of costae, a distinct central keel, and 5 orificial spines, ovicells produced by the distal zooid.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, on shell grains, with a preference for concave surfaces. Zooids oval, about 0.25 – 0.35 mm in length and 0.18 – 0.25 mm in width. Smooth lateral gymnocyst extending in a narrow rim below the outer edges of the costate frontal shield. Frontal shield convex, composed of 6 – 7 pairs of rounded costae. Outer edge of each costa with a rounded tubercle. At midline on distal half of zooids additional tubercles coalesce and project as a keel. Between the costae are rows of pores, 2 – 4 small pores and a larger pore at the outer edge of the rows. First pair of costae fused in a V-shape with a central lacuna. Orifice semicircular, surrounded distally and laterally by 5 (rarely 6) large tubular spines. No avicularia or kenozooids. Ooecia transversely oval, imperforate, about 0.2 mm wide and 0.15 mm long, with a central keel. Two or four oral spines visible on ovicelled zooids.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the commonest Puellina species in the Brazilian interstitial encrusting fauna. The species resembles interstitial Puellina parva (Winston & Håkansson, 1986) from Florida, but the species differ in the size of autozooids, larger in Brazilian colonies, and the number of oral spines, five in P. caraguata sp. nov. vs six in P. parva.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 726, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 208. Paratype: VMNH 70017, BIOTA Stn 211.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for BIOTA station 205, off Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil; the second half of the locality name is used for the second and much less abundant interstitial Puellina found there. Derivation of the name is – tuba, for the rest of the locality name, and also for its curved tubular spines (Latin, tubus, pipe).	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Somewhat larger than the preceding species, with flat costal shield composed of 8 – 9 rows of costae, 5 orificial spines, raised, V-shaped first row of costae, and first costal pores with papillae, ovicell produced by distal zooid.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting shell grains and fragments. Zooids oval to subrhombic, about 0.39 mm in size; costal shield made up of 8 – 9 pair of costae, covering most of frontal wall. Between rows of costae are 5 – 6 small intercostal pores. Frontal surface relatively flat except for low tubercles at outer ends of some costae, and a sharp conical point formed by the raised V of the joined first pair of costae. Orifice slightly more than semicircular, margins smooth, with 5 long, curving, tubular orificial spines (usually broken off). Short, triangular, papillae may protrude from first costal pores just below the orifice (visible only in live or preserved non-skeletal material). No avicularia. Ooecia produced by distal zooid, imperforate, helmet shaped, with central proximal tubercle. Ovicelled zooids with 4 oral spines.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is similar to the previous species, Puellina caraguata sp. nov., but differs from it in its larger size, flatter frontal surface, longer ovicells and greater number of costae. The enlarged first pair of marginal pores have chitinous setae, another difference, but these can be seen only in non-skeletal colonies.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 727 (Fig. 13), measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 728, measured specimen # 2 [3 colonies], BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70018, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70019, BIOTA Stn 208.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin spicatus, spiked.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Flattened costae with spike-like tubercles at lateral edges and near centers of costae, small intercostal pores and 4 thick curved oral spines, the proximalmost pair sometimes fused in a bridge over the orifice.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting on shell grains. Zooids oval, frontal shield made up of about 7 pairs of flat costae, fused at zooid midpoint. They are separated from each other by rows of small pores. Raised, pointed hollow tubercles occur at the outer edge and near the center of each costa, giving the frontal shield a spiked appearance. Orifice smooth and semicircular distally, its proximal edge shallowly convex and showing a faintly uneven surface at high magnification. There are 4 thick, hollow orificial spines. Both pairs bend toward each other, the proximal pair very thick and curving toward the center of the orifice, if not broken off, finally fusing into a bridge across the orifice. No avicularia. No ovicells observed in our material.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Collarina spicata sp. nov. is characterized by costae with spike-like tubercles with lumen pores and thick oral spines. This species is distinguished from Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826) by the absence of avicularia and the number and size of the intercostal pores (see Bishop 1988; Hayward & McKinney 2002). The zooidal shape of Collarina spicata resembles that described for Floridan Reginella floridana (Smitt, 1873) (see Winston 2005). Cheetham & Sandberg (1964) assigned the Atlantic Cribrilaria figularis var. floridana Smitt, 1873 to Reginella Jullien, 1886 owing to the presence of zooids with fused costae, some lumen pores and a bifid orifice. Reginella has hyperstomial ovicells with pores and a median keel, while no ovicell has been found in Reginella floridana. Arnold & Cook (1997) noted that some species were misassigned to Reginella and require reexamination. Bock & Cook (2001) noted similarities in zooidal morphology of R. floridana and species of Corbulipora MacGillivray, 1895, although that genus is clearly distinguished by its multiphased colonies and bifenestrate ovicells. The recently described genus Corbuliporina Vieira et al. (2010) from the Brazilian coast also has zooids with fused coastae and lumen pores, but is distinguished by having colonies with two phases (encrusting and erect), porous ovicells and helmet-shaped interzooidal avicularia. Thus, the Atlantic species Cribrilaria figularis var. floridana as well as the new species are here assigned to Collarina (hence, Collarina floridana comb. nov.). Like most of the interstitial encrusting species discovered so far, Collarina spicata is characterized by its small size, lack of avicularia, and spines and tubular projections that may buffer zooids against abrasion in its often unstable habitat.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin rosa, via French / English rosette, a small circular flower-like decoration.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Zooids with 6 oral spines, 2 slender and 4 thick and curved, a raised costal shield reduced to a rosette, a small porous area surrounded by a circular rim and costae only faintly visible or lost with increasing secondary calcification.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.taxon	description	Description. Colonies encrusting sand grains. Zooids oval, lateral walls very high, gymnocyst expanded to cover most of zooid surface; slitlike marginal pores may be visible at margin of lateral and frontal wall calcification. A central circular to oval ring of calcification surrounds the very reduced and fused costal area. In newly developed zooids the raised central area can be seen to be composed of a fused first pair of costae and several irregularly spaced costae and pores below that area. As zooids age this area becomes more calcified and the central area fills in to become a “ rosette ”. Zooidal orifice hoof-shaped, surrounded by 2 delicate distal and 4 thick lateral outward curving hollow spines, broken off in most specimens. Proximal edge of orifice marked by fused vertical plates or spines, thickly calcified and distinctly raised. No avicularia. Ovicells hyperstomial, smooth. Ancestrula with a larger, more proximally convex orifice, faint impression of first pair of costae and 6 orificial spines similar to those of autozooids. Polypides with 9 translucent white tentacles (Fig. 25 D – F).	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species most closely resembles interstitial Reginella repangulata Winston & Håkansson, 1986 from Atlantic Florida, but has more orificial spines, six vs two, and an even more raised and reduced costal shield in which costae are distorted and fused together. Arnold and Cook (1997) noted differences between frontal-shield morphology in R. repangulata and Reginella furcata (Hincks, 1882), the type species of Reginella. They also suggested that a new genus should be introduced to accommodate the Atlantic material. Despite similarities between the Floridan and Brazilian specimens, Rosulapelta rosetta sp. nov. is readily distinguished from Rosulapelta repangulata comb. nov. by its much-reduced costal shield and the presence of smooth ovicells.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBA967FCE22E6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Rosulapelta rosetta sp. nov.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBA967FCE22E6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin rosula, little rose, and peltus, small shield, for the characteristic decoration of frontal shield.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBA967FCE22E6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Zooids with oral spines, a raised costal shield reduced to a rosette, a small porous area surrounded by a circular rim, and smooth or pseudoporous hyperstomial ooecium not closed by operculum.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 701, BIOTA Stn 212 iA, Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil, 17 December 2001, on shell. Paratypes: MZUSP 702, BIOTA Stn 212 iA, Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil, 17 December 2001, on shell; MZUSP 734, Biota Stn 211; VMNH 70022, BIOTA Stn 209.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin calx, calcis, lime, because of its preference for grains of calcium carbonate, such as fragments of mollusk shell.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Calcareous sand-grain encruster. It can be distinguished from the other known sand-dwelling species, Hippothoa balanophila Winston & Håkansson, 1986, by its smaller, keeled zooids and by the shape and position of female zooids, as well as their ovicell and orifice shape.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	description	Description. Colony uniserial, encrusting shell grains. Zooids elongate-oval, frontal shield imperforate, with a rugged keel of calcification marking the midpoint of each zooid. Each is connected to the next by a relatively short cauda, the stolonlike proximal extension of the zooid. Two kinds of zooids, autozooids and female zooids occur. Autozooids have a keyhole-shaped orifice, with transversely oval anter, short rounded condyles, and a narrower Ushaped sinus. Female zooids branch from the center of lateral wall of an autozooid and are oriented in the opposite direction to it. They are shorter than autozooids, but show the same ridged midline keel extending up to the edge of the orifice, which has an elongate transverse-D shape, with similar rounded condyles and a very slightly sinuate poster. Ooecia are transversely oval in shape with a few vertical striations and a central less-calcified spot.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Marcus (1941) used the name Hippothoa distans MacGillivray, 1869 for the São Paulo specimens. Hippothoa distans was described from Australia and is distinguished from Brazilian colonies, here described as Hippothoa calcicola sp. nov., in possessing female zooids with a broad U-shaped sinus and denticles (Morris 1980). Hippothoa calcicola resembles Hippothoa balanophila from the Florida bryozoan sand fauna, and like it, is highly cryptic in habit, occurring in crevices and sheltered next to calcified polychaete tubes. Hippothoa calcicola differs in its zooid size, being larger than that of H. balanophila, and by its more flattened orifice. Hippothoa flagellum (Manzoni, 1870) has a similar female zooid, but the autozooidal orifice is deeper and narrower than that of Hippothoa calcicola (see Hayward & McKinney 2002).	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 735 (Fig. 16 A, B, D – F), Biota Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 682, # 12 [2 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 681, specimen # 11, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 736 (figured in Winston & Migotto 2005), Biota Stn 211; MZUSP 737, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 738, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70023, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 683, # 13 a [1 colony], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the large island of Ilhabela near which three of the BIOTA sand-fauna collections were obtained.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sand-grain encrusting, having both autozooids and female zooids with similar orifices, keyhole shaped, with sinus a rounded V-shape. Zooeciules found both on ovicells and between zooids.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting on sand grains, particularly in hollows or crevices in shell grains. Zooids of three types, autozooids, female zooids with ovicells and zooeciules. Zooids oval, rhombic, or irregularly polygonal. Frontal walls smooth, evenly perforated by large round pores, except for central portion which, proximal to orifice is raised into a large imperforate tubercle. Autozooidal orifice keyhole shaped, with a round anter and a shallow rounded V-shaped sinus. Female zooids and ovicells with similar frontal wall structure. Orifice of ovicelled zooids similar to that of autozooids but slightly broader and with a wider sinus. Ooecia rounded, with a zooeciule embedded in distal center of each. Zooeciule orifice very small and hoof-shaped with a very shallow sinus. Additional zooeciules may occur between zooids.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is very similar to the Trypostega species found in the Florida sand fauna. However, in that species, ovicelled zooids have a sinus that is a broad shallow U in contrast to the deeper narrower U shaped sinus of autozooids, whereas the orifice sinus in ovicelled zooids of Trypostega ilhabelae sp. nov. is a shallow Vshape. Zooeciules, except those upon ovicells, may be lacking.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 739 (Fig. 17 E – F), measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 740, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 741 (Fig. 17 A – D), BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 695, specimen # 26, Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 696, # 27 [8 colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; VMNH 70024, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70025, BIOTA Stn 205. Additional material: MZUSP 697, # 28 [several colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / reptadeonella-granulosa /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Feminine diminutive form of Latin adjective, granulosus, granular, for the shape of its zooids, like tiny rough-textured seeds.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Reptadonella with small white colonies, small zooids with round spiramen placed at zooid center, very thick frontal-shield calcification with radiating ridges, and a thick peristome bearing a membranous area in place of an avicularium.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	description	Description. Colonies small, forming bumpy whitish encrusting patches on small substrata, such as sand grains and shell fragments. Zooids about 0.30 – 0.40 mm long and 0.20 – 0.26 mm wide. Frontal walls thick and convex, with ridges of calcification radiating from between the marginal pores toward the central round spiramen. The distal end of each is raised into a short thick peristome surrounding the semicircular orifice. The peristome bears a membranous area rather than an avicularium. Polypides with 11 – 12 translucent white tentacles. Gonozooids with a broader distal region, a transversely elongated orifice, and more pores above the orifice (although these are hard to see because of the convexity of all zooids of this species).	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Like other members of the interstitial encrusting fauna, colonies of this species are translucent white, very hard to distinguish against a white shell surface. This species may be found on larger shell fragments than some of the other sand fauna species, and colonies may contain several dozen zooids. Reptadeonella granulosa sp. nov. is readily distinguished from other Reptadeonella species reported from Brazil by its small zooid size, robust frontal shield and short thick peristome with a membranous avicularium-like polymorph lacking a mandible. This species is quite likely what Marcus (1939, p. 152, pl. 11, fig. 19 A, B) reported from Paraná state as Adeona tubulifera (Canu & Bassler, 1930), which is a much larger species from the Galápagos.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 742 (Fig. 18), measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratype: VMNH 70026, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin, irregularis, not according to rule, for the off-center sharply projecting point of the peristome.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sand-encrusting Drepanophora with an irregularly projecting spike at the edge of the peristome and no peristomial avicularium. The laterally pierced ovicell is smaller in size relative to zooid size than that of the closely related Drepanophora torquata Winston & Håkansson, 1986 of the Floridan sand fauna.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	description	Description. Very small uni- to pluriserial colonies attached to shell-grain substrata. Zooids oval, with a convex, coarsely beaded frontal shield and marginal pores. The distal end is raised in a thickly calcified peristome; in the colonies where it has not been broken off a projection comes to a sharp point on one side of the peristome. The primary orifice is rounded with a thorn-like denticle on one side of its proximal edge. Ooecia are rounded helmets with smooth distal and rugose lateral calcification and two large round lateral pores.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Brazilian species differs from its Florida congener, Drepanophora torquata, primarily in its larger and narrower zooids (mean length 0.389 vs 0.278 mm and mean width 0.222 vs 229 mm) and the proportionately enlarged peristomial projection and smaller orificial denticle. Neither of the interstitial species has the peristomial avicularia found in some zooids of Drepanophora species known from larger substrata.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 762, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m. Paratypes: MZUSP 671, # 1 [2 specimens], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin sabulosus, sandy; from sabulum sand.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.taxon	description	Description. Colonies encrusting, unilaminar, on small mineral grains. Zooids relatively flat with regular small funnel-shaped pseudopores and 1 – 4 large marginal pores at the zooidal corners. Zooids have raised lateral edges, with distinct margin. Orifice almost circular with a shallow, subquadrate proximal sinus and small, downward sloping condyles. Peristome developed as a strong and conspicuous collar around the orificial fringe. Articulated oral spines absent. Avicularia absent. Ovicell hyperstomial, smooth ooecium, with raised proximal calcified band.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A single colony of Allotherenia sabulosa sp. nov. was found on a sand grain from Station 211 and three additional specimens from near station 205.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Allotherenia sabulosa sp. nov.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek, allos, other, for the similar appearance to Therenia David & Pouyet, 1978, a related escharinid genus.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Escharinidae with pseudoporous frontal shield, and developed proximal collar. Orifice almost circular, with shallow proximal sinus; condyles present; articulated oral spines absent. Avicularia absent. Ovicells hyperstomial, with smooth ooecium, closed by operculum of maternal zooid.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Allotherenia gen. nov. is closely related to Therenia by virtue of its similar frontal shield, perforated by numerous pseudopores and with a few larger marginal pores (see Berning et al. 2008); it is distinguished from Therenia by the hyperstomial ovicell and absence of avicularia. Bryopesanser Tilbrook, 2006, also has a perforated frontal wall and hyperstomial ovicells, but has oral spines and paired lateral-oral avicularia with fan-shaped mandibles.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 744 (Fig. 20 A, C, D), measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 672, # 2 [5 specimens], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 743, Biota Stn 211; MZUSP 745 (Fig. 20 E, F), measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70027, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 710, BIOTA Stn 211. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / bryopesanser-tilbrooki /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Kevin Tilbrook, in recognition of his contribution to the taxonomy of Bryopesanser species.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Bryopesanser with multiporous frontal shield, small paired avicularia, 7 oral spines (6 in ovicelled zooids), and almost semicircular orifice with shallow, subquadrate sinus.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	description	Description. Colonies encrusting in a single layer on small mineral or shell grains. Zooids are relatively flat, with a beaded frontal surface texture, regularly penetrated by small, irregular, multiporous pseudopores. Zooids have raised lateral edges, their margins distinct. Distal end of zooid with a flattened peristome whose shape reflects the outline of the orifice within it. Orifice almost semicircular anteriorly, with a shallow subquadrate sinus and sloping condyles with a posteriorly crimped edge. Seven long, angled and jointed hollow spines surround the distal and lateral rim of the peristome and orifice; bases of spines brown in color. Small triangular avicularia with a rounded base and a complete cross-bar occur on some zooids, lateral to the orifice, with the mandible oriented distally. Ooecium semicircular, solidly calcified, with a flattened proximal edge; ovicelled zooids with 6 oral spines. Polypides with 11 translucent white tentacles.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species resembles Bryopesanser pesanseris (Smitt, 1873), also reported from the Brazilian coast (Tilbrook 2012), but differs from it in orifice shape and in the presence of a frontal shield with multiporous pseudopores. The specimens from São Paulo reported as Mastigophora pesanseris (MZUSP, unregistered specimen; Marcus collection # 38) differ from Bryopesanser tilbrooki n. sp. in the shape of the orifice and sinus, and the more porous frontal wall; these specimens belong to a distinct species. The multiporous pseudopores found in Bryopesanser tilbrooki were also reported in six other species, Bryopesanser capitaneus Tilbrook, 2006, Bryopesanser crebicolis Tilbrook, 2012, Bryopesanser grandicella (Canu & Bassler, 1929), Bryopesanser gardineri Tilbrook, 2012, Bryopesanser labiones Tilbrook, 2012 and Bryopesanser tonsillorum Tilbrook, 2012). However, Bryopesanser tilbrooki is readily distinguished from other species of the genus in having an orifice with a subquadrate sinus and well-developed condyles.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Psammocleidochasma tridentatum sp. nov.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek, psammos, sand.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. ‘ Cleidochasma - like’, but sand-emcrusting and having a relatively smaller size of colony and autozooids, a tatiform ancestrula, no avicularia, uniserial to pluriserial growth, and thickened calcification of ovicells, as well as a raised peristome with 3 – 4 projecting solid tubercles arranged distally and laterally on its rim. Ooecium imperforate with semicircular frontal area.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Recent revisions of species originally placed in the the genus Cleidodochasma have led to the discovery that at least two groups of species, belonging to different families, are involved (Soule et al. 1991; Cook & Bock 1996). The two sand-dwelling species attributed to this genus, Psammocleidochasma tridentatum sp. nov. from Brazil and Psammocleidochasma angustum (Winston & Håkansson, 1986) comb. nov. from Florida are distinctive in habitat and morphology and appear to belong with encrusting genera such as Plesiocleidochasma Soule, Soule & Channey, 1991 (= Schedocleidochasma Soule, Soule & Channey, 1991; see Berning 2012) and relatives, now placed in the Phidolophoridae. Owing to their distinctive suite of characters we have placed the two sand-dwelling forms in the new genus.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 746 (Fig. 21 A, E), BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 691, specimen # 20, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 692, # 21 [7 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 747, specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn # 3; MZUSP 748 (Fig. 21 F), BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 749, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70028, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70029, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70030, BIOTA Stn 205. Additional material: MZUSP 693, # 22 [several colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 711, BIOTA Stn 211. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / psammocleidochasma-tridentatum /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin, tridentatum, three-toothed, aluding to the three tubercles, one proximal and two lateral, which adorn the peristome.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sand-encrusting Psammocleidochasma with 3 peristomial tubercles arranged laterally and proximally.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting on sand grains, including very small mineral grains. Zooids oval, convex, frontal shield smoothly and thickly calcified, imperforate except for a very few small marginal pores; zooid margins indistinct. Distal end of zooids raised in a thick collar made up of a very thick proximal tubercle and 2 lateral tubercles. Orifice keyhole shaped, anter transversely oval, ending in two rounded, proximomedially pointed condyles, poster a narrow to broad, shallowly concave sinus. Articulated oral spines 2 – 3, often obscured by distal calcification. No avicularia. Reproduction precocious; ovicells may occur only 2 zooids from ancestrula. Ovicells thickly calcified, with a central tubercle and vertical proximal wall ending in an opening that is separate from the operculum. Ancestrula tatiform with a thick mural rim and 5 hollow spines. Polypides with 7 – 8 translucent white tentacles.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species prefers the ridges and raised edges of grains, including very small and sharp-edged mineral grains. It is the most abundant species found encrusting sand in the Brazilian fauna. The Brazilian species is very similar to the interstitial Floridan species Psammocleidochasma angustum, however that species has four peristomial tubercles, arranged distolaterally and proximolaterally along the rim of the peristome.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 679, specimen # 9, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m. Paratypes: MZUSP 680, # 10 [7 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 750, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 751, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 752, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 753, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70031, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70032, BIOTA Stn 205. Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / celleporina-abstrusa /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin abstrusus, hidden, concealed.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colonies encrusting sand grains or shell fragments, zooids semi-erect to erect with thick-rimmed and circular peristomes; frontal shield smooth with few marginal pores, plus 2 – 4 pores on peristome. Orifice with rounded anter, narrow condyles and shallow V-shaped sinus. Avicularia absent.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	description	Description. Encrusting colony form varies from uniserial runners on narrow grains to multiserial expansions where space permits. Zooids are semi-erect to erect, distal halves rising as a thick-rimmed circular peristome. Frontal shield smoothly calcified, but with a few marginal pores visible. There may be 2 – 4 additional pores upon the upper rim of the thick peristome. Primary orifice comprising rounded anter with smoothly calcified distal rim, long, narrow condyles, and a shallow V-shaped sinus. No avicularia. The small membrane-covered skeletal foramina on the peristomial rim may take the place of the avicularia seen in larger Celleporina species. Ooecium circular in outline with two layers, a smooth ectooecial rim surrounding a broad inner layer, with a few small pseudopores where the two layers meet; ovicell opens into distal part of peristome, well above the operculum. Polypides with 8 – 9 translucent white tentacles.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Fresh colonies clearly show the combination of characters: erect heavily calcified zooids with few marginal pores, sinuate primary orifice encircled by a distinct thick-rimmed peristome, and a subrounded ovicell with a broad tabula. Celleporina species can have very small colonies, although they are often nodular. Like many other sand-grain species, most of the specimens we found were worn and abraded; living or recently dead colonies were a minority.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 754, measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 208. Paratypes: MZUSP 755, measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 756, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70033, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70034, BIOTA Stn 208.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin sabulum, sabulonis, of coarse sand, gravel.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from Hippoporella pusilla (Smitt, 1873), another species found encrusting small grains, in the scalloped proximal border of its ovicell and in the presence of small triangular avicularia on some zooids.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	description	Description. Small colonies encrusting calcareous substrata, shell grains, worm tubes, dead mollusk shells, etc. Zooids also small, oval to subhexagonal, their distal ends raised into a peristome with a single proximal tubercle that is conical when first developed, but which may become broader and / or broken in age. Small distinct marginal pores, frontal shield consisting of rough-textured calcification, with a smoother texture on the peristomial rim. Primary orifice hoof shaped, wider at the proximal edge, with a subcircular anter, and small triangular condyles dividing anter from a very shallow and broad poster. Articulated oral spines 4 – 5 (usually broken off at base) around distal half of orifice. Small triangular avicularia may occur on one or both sides of zooids; they are most often present in ovicelled zooids. Ooecia shallow imperforate caps with a central peak or tubercle. They have a scalloped proximal margin, opening into the maternal zooid peristome above the operculum.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is one of several Hippoporella species characteristic of calcareous substrata, such as shell and beach rock, in warm-water areas. These pioneering species, whose small colonies can be found on the insides of recently dead bivalve shells and other recently submerged substrata, reproduce early, and probably do not live very long.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	materials_examined	Lz Wz Lo Wo Lov Wov N 16 16 10 10 4 4 Mean 0.299 0.222 0.070 0.075 0.081 0.122 SD 0.062 0.035 0.010 0.012 0.018 0.017 Min 0.180 0.162 0.054 0.054 0.072 0.108 Max 0.414 0.270 0.090 0.090 0.108 0.144 Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 757 (Fig. 24 B, D), measured specimen # 2, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 758 – 759, BIOTA Stn 211. MZUSP 760 (Fig. 24 A, C), measured specimen # 1, BIOTA Stn 205. MZUSP 761, measured specimen # 3, BIOTA Stn 211. VMNH 70035, BIOTA Stn 211.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	description	Supplementary video. http: // cifonauta. cebimar. usp. br / taxon / hippoporella-castellana /	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin castellum, diminutive of fort or castle.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sand-grain encrusting Hippoporella with 5 peristomial tubercles and an ovicell with a central tubercle.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting grains of sand or shell, found most frequently on the edges of grains. Zooids erect, covered by smooth to rugose calcification with only marginal pores. Distal end of zooid is raised in a thick spiny peristome around the immersed primary orifice. Five conical or flat-topped projecting calcified tubercles, like castle turrets, ring the circular peristome rim. Primary orifice broad hoof-shaped. No avicularia. Ooecium also heavily calcified, broadly oval, with a projecting central tubercle and at least in some cases the suggestion of a lesscalcified central area; they are raised above the orifice at the level of the projecting tubercles of the peristome and have a vertical proximal wall with slight lateral indentations, opening well above the operculum of the maternal zooid. Polypides with 10 translucent white tentacles	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles interstitial Trematooecia psammophila Winston & Håkansson, 1986 from Florida in some characters, but it has a different ovicell, lacking the grid of pores that characterizes that species, and the new species has five projecting tubercles, instead of four as in T. psammophila. The non-porous ovicell of the new species with its central projection, as well as its hoof-shaped orifice, place it in Hippoporella. Both Hippoporella castellana and Trematooecia psammophila seem to prefer the ridge and raised edges of grains, and to settle on smaller rather than larger grain sizes.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	distribution	Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.	en	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
