identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B10F76FF8FDB51FF7BBECA7AF727BF.text	03B10F76FF8FDB51FF7BBECA7AF727BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Disporella Gray 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Disporella Gray, 1848</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF8FDB51FF7BBECA7AF727BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8FDB51FF7BBE73795B27F6.text	03B10F76FF8FDB51FF7BBE73795B27F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lichenoporidae Smitt 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1867</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF8FDB51FF7BBE73795B27F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.text	03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Disporella calcitrapa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Disporella calcitrapa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 3, 25 B; Table 1)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 703 (Fig. 3), measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 688, specimen #17, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 689, #18 [7 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 704, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70000, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70001, 1 colony, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 690, #19 [24 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m</p>
            <p> Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/disporella-calcitrapa/ Etymology. From middle Latin,  calcitrapa , caltrops, spiked weapons tossed on the ground to disable warhorses. Noun in apposition. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Encrusting lichenoporid with a fan-shaped mature growth form. Distinguished from the one other interstitial species known by its different angle of branching, more densely pustulose surface and the presence of cancellae and minute spiked spinules inside zooids.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusts on interstitial sand or shell grains, sometimes curving over the edge of a grain. The settled larva metamorphoses into a primary zooid in the form of a bulb with a tubular opening. Additional tubular zooids follow, branching fanlike into several rows of zooids, the angle of branching about 90 degrees. The pustulose upper surface of the colony is reinforced by many irregular pointed tubercles. Zooid tube openings are oval to round with one to three projecting tubercles. Between zooid tubes are rounded cancellae of various sizes. Both cancellae and zooids have with internal mace-shaped calcified spinules, spiked balls of calcification raised on short pedestals. Polypides with about 8 translucent white tentacles. No colonies with gonozooids were found in our material.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is similar in colony form to  Disporella plumosa Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986 from the Florida interstitial bryozoan fauna. However,  Disporella plumosa has smoother surface calcification, more fimbriate tube openings, and lacks the spikes of calcification found in the internal spaces of the Brazilian colonies. Ramalho et al. (2009) noted internal mace-shaped spinules in cancellae of  Patinella tonica (Marcus, 1955) from Rio de Janeiro, but they are absent in zooid tubes as seen in  Disporella calcitrapa sp. nov. (Fig. 3 D).  Disporella pila Marcus, 1955 has somewhat similar mural spinules (Ramalho et al. 2009, fig. 9D), but its circular colony form and irregularly oriented central autozooid tubes are distinct. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF8FDB56FF7BBF0579672059	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BB84E791A213B.text	03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BB84E791A213B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alderina Norman 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Alderina Norman, 1903</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BB84E791A213B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBBF779592172.text	03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBBF779592172.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calloporidae Norman 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Calloporidae Norman, 1903</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBBF779592172	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBAD0793A2399.text	03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBAD0793A2399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheilostomata Busk 1852	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Order  Cheilostomata Busk, 1852</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBAD0793A2399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBB62797522E7.text	03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBB62797522E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flustrina Smitt 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Infraorder  Flustrina Smitt, 1868 (part) </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBB62797522E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBB2B79F6225E.text	03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBB2B79F6225E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neocheilostomina	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Suborder  Neocheilostomina d’Hondt, 1985 (part) </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF89DB57FF7BBB2B79F6225E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.text	03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alderina smitti Osburn 1950	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Alderina smitti Osburn, 1950</p>
            <p>(Fig. 4; Table 2)</p>
            <p> Membranipora irregularis Smitt, 1873: 8 , pl. 2, fig. 63; Osburn 1914: 194. (Homonym of  Membranipora irregularis d’Orbigny, 1839: 17). </p>
            <p> Alderina irregularis: Canu &amp; Bassler 1928a: 27 , pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 32, fig. 4; Hastings 1930: 708, pl. 3, figs 11–12; Osburn 1940: 363; Marcus 1941: 15, pl. 1, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Alderina smitti Osburn, 1950: 59 , pl. 6, fig. 2; Winston &amp; Håkansson 1986: 11, figs 17–18. </p>
            <p>Material examined. MZUSP 706 (Fig. 4) measured specimen #1 on SEM stub, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70002, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 205.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting. Zooids oval in shape, the oval frontal membrane underlain by a depressed cryptocyst with aligned beads of calcification. Orifice marked on distal wall skeleton by indentations. Gymnocyst smooth and narrow, but with several projecting tubercles. Large lateral pore chambers are visible at growing edge. No avicularia. Ooecia broad, thickened crescents of calcification.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Alderina smitti was first reported from Brazil under the name  Alderina irregularis (Smitt, 1873) on shells in Paraná state, southern Brazil (Marcus 1941). This species was rare in our samples, but is one of the few species that appear in both Floridan and Brazilian sand faunas, although zooids from Brazilian populations are about 25% larger than those from Florida. Osburn’s original description of the species (Osburn 1950, p. 60) recorded it as occurring in Florida, the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico as well as from southern California on the Pacific coast. It can become reproductively mature after producing only 3–4 zooids from the site of larval metamorphosis. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Tropical western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Eastern Pacific.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF89DB54FF7BB8887F252294	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB54FF7BB846795E2103.text	03B10F76FF8ADB54FF7BB846795E2103.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ammatophora Norman 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Ammatophora Norman, 1903</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF8ADB54FF7BB846795E2103	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.text	03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ammatophora arenacea	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ammatophora arenacea sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 5; Table 3)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 713 (Fig. 5 A–C,), measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205. Paratypes: MZUSP 685, specimen #14, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 686, #15 [4 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 715 (Fig. 5 D), BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 716, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70007, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70008, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 708, BIOTA Stn 205.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/ammatophora-arenacea/</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin arenaceus, of sand, for its habit of encrusting small substrata in sand-bottom areas.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Characterized by small zooid size, large tubercles at proximal edges of zooids, broad ooecia, and closely connected zooids with tubules between them.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Zooids oval in outline, closely connected by tubules, which are sometimes hidden by gymnocystal development. Inside lateral rim of zooids is a beaded cryptocyst. Cryptocyst extending over proximal half of zooid and around the lateral edges of the triangular to bell-shaped opesia which occupies most of the distal half of the zooid. Irregularly shaped calcified tubercles develop at the proximal ends of zooids. Ooecia imperforate, with a convex proximal rim, endooecium not exposed; short in length, but equal to or greater than zooids in width. Polypides with 11 tentacles. Ancestrula similar to later zooids, the proximal margin crenulated.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Ammatophora arenacea sp. nov. was found encrusting shell grains and larger pieces of broken mollusk shells in interstitial habitats. The encrusting unilaminar colonies of small zooids with a depressed cryptocyst and large nodular kenozooids, as well as the flattened imperforate ooecium seem to place this species in the genus  Ammatophora , along with  Ammatophora nodulosa , an Eastern Atlantic species which, according to Hayward &amp; Ryland (1998, p. 200), occupies a similar habitat on offshore shell gravels “where it forms part of a characteristic community of cheilostomate bryozoans adapted for living on the smallest shell substrata.” </p>
            <p> The short, often hidden tubules connecting the zooids might indicate a relationship with  Mollia . However, unlike  Mollia species, the zooids are not attached to the substratum by rhizoids, but are directly attached by the basal wall (although holes, like those for rhizoids are present in the basal wall and can be seen in the broken zooids in Fig. 5 B). </p>
            <p> Only one morphologically similar species has been recorded from Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008).  Mollia elongata was described by Canu &amp; Bassler (1928b) from deeper-water stations. It has much larger zooids and more voluminous ooecia immersed in the zooid (see Marcus 1949, fig. 18), distinct from other  Mollia species. Souto et al. (2010) also noted confusion between some characters of specimens assigned to  Mollia and to other  Calloporidae , suggesting the need for reexamination of  Mollia elongata , which may be more closely related to  Ammatophora arenacea . </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF8ADB55FF7BB880796722E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF8BDB5AFF7BBC447BEC225E.text	03B10F76FF8BDB5AFF7BBC447BEC225E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymuloporidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Cymuloporidae fam. nov. </p>
            <p> Type genus.  Cymulopora Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986 . Also included,  Crepis Jullien, 1883 . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Colony repent, with uniserial chains of zooids branching laterally. Zooids oval to pyriform, with gymnocystal wall forming a tubular proximal cauda. Cryptocyst well developed, imperforate, with opesia occupying distal half of the total zooidal length. No avicularia or other heterozooids. No spines. Ooecia endozooidal or prominent.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The genus  Cymulopora was first assigned to  Microporidae Gray, 1848 owing to similarities with  Mollia Lamouroux, 1816 . Reverter-Gil et al. (2011) suggested affinities between  Cymulopora and  Crepis Jullien, 1883 owing to the presence of uniserial colonies, zooids with a gymnocystal cauda and an extensive cryptocyst;  Crepis is distinguished by the presence of very long proximal gymnocystal caudae and prominent ooecia (present in  Crepis harmelini Reverter-Gil, Souto &amp; Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2011 ; ovicell unknown in others). In addition, they also noted that the  Microporidae includes genera with a reduced gymnocyst and cryptocyst with two or more opesiules (sometimes confluent with opesiae) and assigned both  Crepis and  Cymulopora to  Calloporidae sensu lato. The presence of a gymnocystal cauda and the absence of articulated oral spines and other heterozooids leads us to erect here a new family of Calloporoidea,  Cymuloporidae fam. nov., to accommodate  Cymulopora and  Crepis . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF8BDB5AFF7BBC447BEC225E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495.text	03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymulopora uniserialis Winston & Hakansson 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cymulopora uniserialis Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986</p>
            <p>(Figure 6; Table 4)</p>
            <p> Cymulopora uniserialis Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986: 16 , figs 31–36. </p>
            <p>Material examined. MZUSP 687, #16 [16 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 709 (Fig. 6), measured specimen #1 on SEM coverslip, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70003, measured specimens #2 and #3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70004, one specimen from BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting, uniserial, composed of chains of zooids that bud in both directions from the ancestrula. Zooids oval to pyriform with high lateral walls forming a raised oval rim and a short tubular caudal region. Smooth sunken cryptocyst extending to the bell-shaped opesia that occupies the distal half of the total zooid length. No avicularia. Ovicell endozooidal; marked by a thickening of calcification at the distal end of the mural rim.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Winston &amp; Håkansson (1986) described the new genus and species  Cymulopora uniserialis , characterized by a smooth cryptocyst, triangular opesia, endooecial ooecia and the absence of avicularia. This is the first record of this species since its original description. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Florida and Brazil (São Paulo state).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBBDB79F42495	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBB8079E422C9.text	03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBB8079E422C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cymulopora Winston & Hakansson 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Cymulopora Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF84DB5AFF7BBB8079E422C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB5BFF7BBAD6790F2393.text	03B10F76FF85DB5BFF7BBAD6790F2393.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akatopora Davis 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Akatopora Davis, 1934</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF85DB5BFF7BBAD6790F2393	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB5BFF7BBA96796C23D3.text	03B10F76FF85DB5BFF7BBA96796C23D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antroporidae Vigneaux 1949	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Antroporidae Vigneaux, 1949</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF85DB5BFF7BBA96796C23D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.text	03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akatopora leucocypha (Marcus 1937) Marcus 1937	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Akatopora leucocypha (Marcus, 1937)</p>
            <p>(Figure 7, Table 5)</p>
            <p> Crassimarginatella leucocypha Marcus, 1937: 46 , pl. 8, fig. 20A, pl. 9, figs 20B–C; 1938: 20, pl. 3II, figs 8A–B.  Conopeum reticulum (part): Osburn 1940: 351. </p>
            <p> Antropora leucocypha: Shier 1964: 613 ; Winston 1982: 123, fig. 36; Winston &amp; Håkansson 1986: 9, figs 14–16. </p>
            <p> Material examined. MZUSP 0 25,  Crassimarginatella leucocypha, E. Marcus coll., 14 January 1938, Sangava, São Paulo, Brazil, 20 m. MZUSP 674, #4 [2 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 698, #29 [several colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 712 (Fig. 7), measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70005, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70006, BIOTA Stn 208. </p>
            <p>Description. Colonies encrusting shells of living and dead gastropods. Interstitial specimens encrusting shells of very small gastropods or shell grains. Zooids oval to irregular in outline, depending on shape of underlying substratum. Lateral walls composed of thickened gymnocyst with scattered tubercles. Frontal membrane underlain by cryptocystal rim with rows of granules, rim narrowed distally but orifice outline not skeletally marked. Basal walls well calcified, fortified internally with thick vertical ridges. Triangular or rounded kenozooids with a similar cryptocyst occurring between autozooids, occasionally replaced by small avicularia with semicircular mandibles (e.g. Fig. 7 C). Ooecia indicated by a narrow thickened distal crescent of calcification.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Marcus (1937) described  Akatopora leucocypha (as  Crassimarginatella ) from Santos, São Paulo state, Brazil, and noted similarities between his specimens and  Antropora tincta (Hastings, 1930) . Tilbrook (1998) suggested that  A. leucocypha may be a junior synonym of  Antropora tincta or  Antropora minor (Hincks, 1880) . Gordon (1986) had previously suggested that both  A. leucocypha and  A. tincta should be included in  Akatopora ; both resemble the type species,  Akatopora clausentina Davis, 1934 , in having a much-reduced cryptocyst (hence a relatively large opesia) and small kenozooids in the angles between autozooids. The latter species is characterized by a pinkish color, rather than grayish to white as in  A. leucocypha .  Akatopora leucocypha is also distinguished by the lack of avicularian condyles and in having a semicircular mandible (as shown in Marcus 1937, pl. 8, fig. 20A).  Antropora minor , also reported from Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008) is distinguished by a wider proximal cryptocyst and the presence of large vicarious avicularia (Tilbrook 1998). Although it has a somewhat reduced cryptocyst, it has many small avicularia at the interzooidal angles and probably should be retained in  Antropora . </p>
            <p> Although  A. leucocypha colonies are more abundant on larger substrata, we include the species here because it is common on sand- to gravel-size shells (e.g. those of very small gastropods) and shell fragments. As in  Alderina smitti , the Brazilian specimens are larger in size than Floridan specimens (Winston &amp; Håkansson 1986). Opesia measurements are comparable, indicating a more extensive cryptocyst in Brazilian zooids. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Cape Hatteras to Brazil, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF85DB58FF7BBB1678D126FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF86DB58FF7BBFFD7956256C.text	03B10F76FF86DB58FF7BBFFD7956256C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cupuladriidae Lagaaij 1952	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Cupuladriidae Lagaaij, 1952</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF86DB58FF7BBFFD7956256C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF86DB58FF7BBC35799C2534.text	03B10F76FF86DB58FF7BBC35799C2534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibracellina Canu & Bassler 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Vibracellina Canu &amp; Bassler, 1917</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF86DB58FF7BBC35799C2534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF86DB59FF7BBC8D78B92204.text	03B10F76FF86DB59FF7BBC8D78B92204.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibracellina laxibasis Canu & Bassler 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vibracellina laxibasis Canu &amp; Bassler, 1928</p>
            <p>(Fig. 8, Table 6)</p>
            <p> Vibracellina laxibasis Canu &amp; Bassler, 1928a: 23 , pl. 32, fig. 2; Winston &amp; Håkansson 1986: 13, figs 21–24.  Vibracellina caribbea Osburn, 1947: 11 , pl. 1, figs 1–2. </p>
            <p>Material examined. MZUSP 673, #3 [10 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 717 (Fig. 8), measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70009, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies encrusting sand grains. Colony may completely cover a grain, but does not build a structure that engulfs the grain. Zooids oval, frontal wall membranous, surrounded by a narrow beaded cryptocyst.</p>
            <p>Zooids bud round to oval interzooecial vibracula, with a raised tubercle, a figure-eight shaped opesia and palate and long curved vibracular setae, hinging on the central condyles. Brood chambers endozooidal, marked only by a hooded distal thickening of calcification.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This is the first record of this species for Brazil. Living  Vibracellina colonies can rock sand grains with their vibracula, but do not have the ability to move through the sand that other cupuladriids possess. Distribution. Cape Hatteras to Brazil, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF86DB59FF7BBC8D78B92204	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB59FF7BBF68795126E1.text	03B10F76FF87DB59FF7BBF68795126E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Discoporella	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Discoporella d’Orbigny, 1852 </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF87DB59FF7BBF68795126E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.text	03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Discoporella gemmulifera	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Discoporella gemmulifera sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 9, Table 7)</p>
            <p> Discoporella umbellata: Marcus &amp; Marcus 1962: 290 . </p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 718 (Fig. 9 A), BIOTA Stn 208. Paratypes: MZUSP 675, #5 [22 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 719 (Fig. 9 B, C), BIOTA Stn 208. MZUSP 720, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 209; MZUSP 721, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 206iB (from macrofauna sample), 23°34’936” S, 45°16’54” W, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; VMNH 70010, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70011, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70012, colony fragments, BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70013, juvenile colony, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70014, juvenile colony, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 700, #31 [5 colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 705, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/discoporella-gemmulifera/</p>
            <p>Etymology. From the diminitive, gemmula, of the Latin, gemma, bud and – fer, Latin suffix, meaning bear or carry, carrying little buds.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Discoporella with relatively flat bowl shape, red to brownish pink in life; granular cryptocyst with distal semicircular opesia and 6–9 small opesiules; polypides with 13 tentacles. </p>
            <p>Description. Free-living colonies a few mm in size and, if intact, bowl-shaped, with outer surface convex, undersurface concave, red to brownish pink in life. Colonies undergoing fragmentation may have more irregular or angular shapes, with several subcolonies forming at colony edges. Zooids rhomboidal, about 0.42 mm in length and 0.30 mm in width, arranged in a regular pattern. The frontal surface is a granular cryptocyst with a distal semicircular opesia, about 0.11 mm by 0.12 mm, a little larger than the operculum, and a proximal area containing 6 or more small opesiules. At the distal end of each zooid is a vibraculum with a chamber about 0.12 mm long and 0.10 mm wide. It has a long curved mandible about 0.62 mm in length and 0.03 mm wide at the base, but tapering to a sharp point). These serve to move the colony through the sediment, and to clean its surface. Polypides with about 13 tentacles. Brooding internal in autozooids; no ovicells occur. Non-feeding larvae settle in a short time on a grain of sand, produce an ancestral triad and continue to bud new zooids until the grain is enveloped.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The Brazilian specimens are distinguished from Eastern Atlantic  Discoporella umbellata (DeFrance, 1823) in the number of cryptocystal opesiules (8–14 in  D. umbellata vs 6–9 in  D. gemmulifera sp. nov. ) and number of polypide tentacles (14–16 in  D. umbellata (Cook 1985) vs 13 in  D. gemmulifera ).  Discoporella gemmulifera also differs from the Caribbean  Discoporella studied by Herrera-Cubilla et al. (2008). Two of them,  D. scutella Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner &amp; Jackson, 2008 and  D. peltifera Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner &amp; Jackson, 2008 , have larger zooids and determinate growth, although  D. peltifera can regenerate from fragments.  Discoporella triangula Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner &amp; Jackson, 2008 has very small conical colonies with determinate growth, and  Discoporella terminata Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner &amp; Jackson, 2008 has a flat discoidal colony with determinate growth. The most similar species in terms of zooid size and growth pattern is  Discoporella bocasdeltoroensis Herrera-Cubilla, Dick, Sanner &amp; Jackson, 2008 . It has a wider range in number of opesiules (3–10), very spiny opesiule edges, larger avicularian zooids, a conical colony shape and, like the others, showed no evidence of the colonial budding seen in  D. gemmulifera . </p>
            <p> The biology of the Brazilian species was studied by Marcus &amp; Marcus (1962).  Discoporella gemmulifera has an amazing ability to reproduce asexually by fragmentation, with subcolonies developing at the edges of parent colony then splitting off from it.  Discoporella colonies, like those of other free-living species, are so well integrated that their behavior is that of a cormidium and like a unitary organism. Vibracula move in coordination to row the colony from place to place or unbury it from sediment. The species’ distribution and ecology in Brazil has also been studied by Braga (1967) and Tommasi et al. (1972).  Discoporella gemmulifera prefers very fine sand with relatively stable conditions and full marine salinity. It is found in s and-bottom habitats on the continental shelf from a few meters to about 150 m depth. </p>
            <p> Distribution. The Brazilian species, previously reported from Amazonas River mouth, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná, is part of the  Discoporella umbellata species complex, with members known from both sides of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the eastern Pacific. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF87DB5FFF7BBFA2785525A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBD0A7949247F.text	03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBD0A7949247F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cribrilinidae Hincks 1879	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Cribrilinidae Hincks, 1879</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBD0A7949247F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBA96795723D3.text	03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBA96795723D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onychocellidae Jullien 1882	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Onychocellidae Jullien, 1882</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBA96795723D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBD457AF12404.text	03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBD457AF12404.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puellina Jullien 1886	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Puellina Jullien, 1886</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBD457AF12404	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBAD079192399.text	03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBAD079192399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smittipora Jullien 1882	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Smittipora Jullien, 1882</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBAD079192399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542.text	03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Smittipora sawayai Marcus 1937	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Smittipora sawayai Marcus, 1937</p>
            <p>(Fig. 10; Table 8)</p>
            <p> Smittipora sawayai Marcus, 1937: 51 , pl. 10, figs 23A–B. </p>
            <p> Material examined. Syntype: NHMUK 1948.2.16.65,  Smittipora sawayai, E. Marcus det., São Paulo, Brazil. Additional material: MZUSP 684, specimen #13b, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 699, #30 [6 colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 707, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 714 (Fig. 10 A–C), BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 722, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 723 (Fig. 10 D–E), measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70015, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211. </p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/smittipora-sawayai/</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies encrusting, single-layered, calcification glassy white in color. Zooids oval to subhexagonal, about 0.38 mm long and 0.28 mm wide, with a trifoliate to bell-shaped opesia, about 0.14 long and 0.12 mm wide, with a curving proximal margin. Operculum hemispherical, about 0.06 mm in length and 0.08 mm in width, with a straight proximal margin. Frontal membrane underlain by a beaded cryptocyst, rising to narrow lateral walls, expanded proximally into one of more triangular to rounded tuberosities at the junctions of zooid walls. Rhombic interzooecial avicularia, about 0.30 mm long and 0.15 mm wide, with similar beaded cryptocyst and proximal tubercles, may occur between zooids; mandibles broad, with a median narrow rachis, thickly chitinized. Polypides translucent white with 11–12 tentacles and a lophophore diameter of 0.34 mm. Ovicell endozooidal, marked by a thickening of calcification at the distal end of the mural rim.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is found on small subtidal shell fragments and pebbles. Against a white or transparent substratum, it is visible only by the golden color of the opercula and avicularian mandibles. This species is very similar to  Floridina parvicella Canu &amp; Bassler, 1923 found in the Floridan interstitial fauna (Winston &amp; Håkansson 1986), but the Floridan species has an opesia smaller relative to zooid size. In addition, the lower margin of the opesia of  F. parvicella is straighter, not as convexly curved, and in many zooids has a distinct central lip and an opening of the avicularian zooid more elongate. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF83DB5DFF7BBB2B79672542	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.text	03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puellina caraguata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Puellina caraguata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 11; Table 9)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 724 (Fig. 11 B–D), measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 205. Paratypes: MZUSP 725, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70016, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 694, #23 [2 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named for BIOTA station 205, off Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil. The first part of the locality name  Caraguata is used for the commonest species found on sand grains. Used as a noun in apposition. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Interstitial  Puellina with a very convex frontal shield made up of 5–6 pairs of costae, a distinct central keel, and 5 orificial spines, ovicells produced by the distal zooid. </p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, on shell grains, with a preference for concave surfaces. Zooids oval, about 0.25–0.35 mm in length and 0.18–0.25 mm in width. Smooth lateral gymnocyst extending in a narrow rim below the outer edges of the costate frontal shield. Frontal shield convex, composed of 6–7 pairs of rounded costae. Outer edge of each costa with a rounded tubercle. At midline on distal half of zooids additional tubercles coalesce and project as a keel. Between the costae are rows of pores, 2–4 small pores and a larger pore at the outer edge of the rows. First pair of costae fused in a V-shape with a central lacuna. Orifice semicircular, surrounded distally and laterally by 5 (rarely 6) large tubular spines. No avicularia or kenozooids. Ooecia transversely oval, imperforate, about 0.2 mm wide and 0.15 mm long, with a central keel. Two or four oral spines visible on ovicelled zooids.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This is the commonest  Puellina species in the Brazilian interstitial encrusting fauna. The species resembles interstitial  Puellina parva (Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986) from Florida, but the species differ in the size of autozooids, larger in Brazilian colonies, and the number of oral spines, five in  P. caraguata sp. nov. vs six in  P. parva . </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF83DB43FF7BBD9F79672179	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.text	03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puellina tuba	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Puellina tuba sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 12; Table 10)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 726, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 208. Paratype: VMNH 70017, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named for BIOTA station 205, off Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil; the second half of the locality name is used for the second and much less abundant interstitial  Puellina found there. Derivation of the name is –  tuba , for the rest of the locality name, and also for its curved tubular spines (Latin, tubus, pipe). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Somewhat larger than the preceding species, with flat costal shield composed of 8–9 rows of costae, 5 orificial spines, raised, V-shaped first row of costae, and first costal pores with papillae, ovicell produced by distal zooid.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting shell grains and fragments. Zooids oval to subrhombic, about 0.39 mm in size; costal shield made up of 8–9 pair of costae, covering most of frontal wall. Between rows of costae are 5–6 small intercostal pores. Frontal surface relatively flat except for low tubercles at outer ends of some costae, and a sharp conical point formed by the raised V of the joined first pair of costae. Orifice slightly more than semicircular, margins smooth, with 5 long, curving, tubular orificial spines (usually broken off). Short, triangular, papillae may protrude from first costal pores just below the orifice (visible only in live or preserved non-skeletal material). No avicularia. Ooecia produced by distal zooid, imperforate, helmet shaped, with central proximal tubercle. Ovicelled zooids with 4 oral spines.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is similar to the previous species,  Puellina caraguata sp. nov. , but differs from it in its larger size, flatter frontal surface, longer ovicells and greater number of costae. The enlarged first pair of marginal pores have chitinous setae, another difference, but these can be seen only in non-skeletal colonies. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF9DDB40FF7BB8687967208E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB40FF7BBE33790C2736.text	03B10F76FF9EDB40FF7BBE33790C2736.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Collarina Jullien 1886	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Collarina Jullien, 1886</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF9EDB40FF7BBE33790C2736	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.text	03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Collarina spicata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Collarina spicata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 13; Table 11)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 727 (Fig. 13), measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 728, measured specimen #2 [3 colonies], BIOTA Stn 208; VMNH 70018, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70019, BIOTA Stn 208.</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin spicatus, spiked.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Flattened costae with spike-like tubercles at lateral edges and near centers of costae, small intercostal pores and 4 thick curved oral spines, the proximalmost pair sometimes fused in a bridge over the orifice.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting on shell grains. Zooids oval, frontal shield made up of about 7 pairs of flat costae, fused at zooid midpoint. They are separated from each other by rows of small pores. Raised, pointed hollow tubercles occur at the outer edge and near the center of each costa, giving the frontal shield a spiked appearance. Orifice smooth and semicircular distally, its proximal edge shallowly convex and showing a faintly uneven surface at high magnification. There are 4 thick, hollow orificial spines. Both pairs bend toward each other, the proximal pair very thick and curving toward the center of the orifice, if not broken off, finally fusing into a bridge across the orifice. No avicularia. No ovicells observed in our material.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Collarina spicata sp. nov. is characterized by costae with spike-like tubercles with lumen pores and thick oral spines. This species is distinguished from  Collarina balzaci (Audouin, 1826) by the absence of avicularia and the number and size of the intercostal pores (see Bishop 1988; Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002). </p>
            <p> The zooidal shape of  Collarina spicata resembles that described for Floridan  Reginella floridana (Smitt, 1873) (see Winston 2005). Cheetham &amp; Sandberg (1964) assigned the Atlantic  Cribrilaria figularis var. floridana Smitt, 1873 to  Reginella Jullien, 1886 owing to the presence of zooids with fused costae, some lumen pores and a bifid orifice.  Reginella has hyperstomial ovicells with pores and a median keel, while no ovicell has been found in  Reginella floridana . Arnold &amp; Cook (1997) noted that some species were misassigned to  Reginella and require reexamination. Bock &amp; Cook (2001) noted similarities in zooidal morphology of  R. floridana and species of  Corbulipora MacGillivray, 1895 , although that genus is clearly distinguished by its multiphased colonies and bifenestrate ovicells. The recently described genus  Corbuliporina Vieira et al. (2010) from the Brazilian coast also has zooids with fused coastae and lumen pores, but is distinguished by having colonies with two phases (encrusting and erect), porous ovicells and helmet-shaped interzooidal avicularia. Thus, the Atlantic species  Cribrilaria figularis var. floridana as well as the new species are here assigned to  Collarina (hence,  Collarina floridana comb. nov. ). </p>
            <p> Like most of the interstitial encrusting species discovered so far,  Collarina spicata is characterized by its small size, lack of avicularia, and spines and tubular projections that may buffer zooids against abrasion in its often unstable habitat. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF9EDB41FF7BBE8A796724D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.text	03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rosulapelta rosetta	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rosulapelta rosetta sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 14, 25 D–F; Table 12) Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 676, specimen #6, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m. Paratypes: MZUSP 677, #7 [5 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 729 (figured), BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 730 (figured), specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 731 (figured), specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 372, specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70020, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70021, BIOTA Stn 205. Additional material: MZUSP 678, #8 [several colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 733, BIOTA, between São Sebastião and Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/rosulapelta-rosetta/</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin rosa, via French/English rosette, a small circular flower-like decoration.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Zooids with 6 oral spines, 2 slender and 4 thick and curved, a raised costal shield reduced to a rosette, a small porous area surrounded by a circular rim and costae only faintly visible or lost with increasing secondary calcification.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies encrusting sand grains. Zooids oval, lateral walls very high, gymnocyst expanded to cover most of zooid surface; slitlike marginal pores may be visible at margin of lateral and frontal wall calcification. A central circular to oval ring of calcification surrounds the very reduced and fused costal area. In newly developed zooids the raised central area can be seen to be composed of a fused first pair of costae and several irregularly spaced costae and pores below that area. As zooids age this area becomes more calcified and the central area fills in to become a “rosette”. Zooidal orifice hoof-shaped, surrounded by 2 delicate distal and 4 thick lateral outward curving hollow spines, broken off in most specimens. Proximal edge of orifice marked by fused vertical plates or spines, thickly calcified and distinctly raised. No avicularia. Ovicells hyperstomial, smooth. Ancestrula with a larger, more proximally convex orifice, faint impression of first pair of costae and 6 orificial spines similar to those of autozooids. Polypides with 9 translucent white tentacles (Fig. 25 D–F).</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species most closely resembles interstitial  Reginella repangulata Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986 from Atlantic Florida, but has more orificial spines, six vs two, and an even more raised and reduced costal shield in which costae are distorted and fused together. Arnold and Cook (1997) noted differences between frontal-shield morphology in  R. repangulata and  Reginella furcata (Hincks, 1882) , the type species of  Reginella . They also suggested that a new genus should be introduced to accommodate the Atlantic material. Despite similarities between the Floridan and Brazilian specimens,  Rosulapelta rosetta sp. nov. is readily distinguished from  Rosulapelta repangulata comb. nov. by its much-reduced costal shield and the presence of smooth ovicells. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBBD4796724F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBA967FCE22E6.text	03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBA967FCE22E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rosulapelta	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Rosulapelta gen. nov.</p>
            <p> Type species.  Rosulapelta rosetta sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin rosula, little rose, and peltus, small shield, for the characteristic decoration of frontal shield.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Zooids with oral spines, a raised costal shield reduced to a rosette, a small porous area surrounded by a circular rim, and smooth or pseudoporous hyperstomial ooecium not closed by operculum.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF98DB46FF7BBA967FCE22E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF99DB47FF7BBDAA795824DF.text	03B10F76FF99DB47FF7BBDAA795824DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippothoa Lamouroux 1821	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Hippothoa Lamouroux, 1821</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF99DB47FF7BBDAA795824DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF99DB47FF7BBD53793A2416.text	03B10F76FF99DB47FF7BBD53793A2416.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippothoidae Busk 1859	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Hippothoidae Busk, 1859</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF99DB47FF7BBD53793A2416	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.text	03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippothoa calcicola	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hippothoa calcicola sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 15; Table 13)</p>
            <p> Hippothoa distans: Marcus 1941: 60 , fig. 9. </p>
            <p>z1, length of dilated portion of autozooid; o 2, orifice of autozooid.</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 701, BIOTA Stn 212iA, Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil, 17 December 2001, on shell. Paratypes: MZUSP 702, BIOTA Stn 212iA, Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil, 17 December 2001, on shell; MZUSP 734, Biota Stn 211; VMNH 70022, BIOTA Stn 209.</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin calx, calcis, lime, because of its preference for grains of calcium carbonate, such as fragments of mollusk shell.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Calcareous sand-grain encruster. It can be distinguished from the other known sand-dwelling species,  Hippothoa balanophila Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986 , by its smaller, keeled zooids and by the shape and position of female zooids, as well as their ovicell and orifice shape. </p>
            <p>Description. Colony uniserial, encrusting shell grains. Zooids elongate-oval, frontal shield imperforate, with a rugged keel of calcification marking the midpoint of each zooid. Each is connected to the next by a relatively short cauda, the stolonlike proximal extension of the zooid. Two kinds of zooids, autozooids and female zooids occur. Autozooids have a keyhole-shaped orifice, with transversely oval anter, short rounded condyles, and a narrower Ushaped sinus. Female zooids branch from the center of lateral wall of an autozooid and are oriented in the opposite direction to it. They are shorter than autozooids, but show the same ridged midline keel extending up to the edge of the orifice, which has an elongate transverse-D shape, with similar rounded condyles and a very slightly sinuate poster. Ooecia are transversely oval in shape with a few vertical striations and a central less-calcified spot.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Marcus (1941) used the name  Hippothoa distans MacGillivray, 1869 for the São Paulo specimens.  Hippothoa distans was described from Australia and is distinguished from Brazilian colonies, here described as  Hippothoa calcicola sp. nov. , in possessing female zooids with a broad U-shaped sinus and denticles (Morris 1980).  Hippothoa calcicola resembles  Hippothoa balanophila from the Florida bryozoan sand fauna, and like it, is highly cryptic in habit, occurring in crevices and sheltered next to calcified polychaete tubes.  Hippothoa calcicola differs in its zooid size, being larger than that of  H. balanophila , and by its more flattened orifice.  Hippothoa flagellum (Manzoni, 1870) has a similar female zooid, but the autozooidal orifice is deeper and narrower than that of  Hippothoa calcicola (see Hayward &amp; McKinney 2002). </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF9ADB45FF7BBA9679672059	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB45FF7BB982793820C7.text	03B10F76FF9BDB45FF7BB982793820C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trypostega Levinsen 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Trypostega Levinsen, 1909</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF9BDB45FF7BB982793820C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.text	03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trypostega ilhabelae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trypostega ilhabelae sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 16; Table 14)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 735 (Fig. 16 A, B, D–F), Biota Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 682, #12 [2 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 681, specimen #11, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 736 (figured in Winston &amp; Migotto 2005), Biota Stn 211; MZUSP 737, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 738, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70023, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 683, #13a [1 colony], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m.</p>
            <p>Etymology. Named for the large island of Ilhabela near which three of the BIOTA sand-fauna collections were obtained.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Sand-grain encrusting, having both autozooids and female zooids with similar orifices, keyhole shaped, with sinus a rounded V-shape. Zooeciules found both on ovicells and between zooids.</p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting on sand grains, particularly in hollows or crevices in shell grains. Zooids of three types, autozooids, female zooids with ovicells and zooeciules. Zooids oval, rhombic, or irregularly polygonal. Frontal walls smooth, evenly perforated by large round pores, except for central portion which, proximal to orifice is raised into a large imperforate tubercle. Autozooidal orifice keyhole shaped, with a round anter and a shallow rounded V-shaped sinus. Female zooids and ovicells with similar frontal wall structure. Orifice of ovicelled zooids similar to that of autozooids but slightly broader and with a wider sinus. Ooecia rounded, with a zooeciule embedded in distal center of each. Zooeciule orifice very small and hoof-shaped with a very shallow sinus. Additional zooeciules may occur between zooids.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is very similar to the  Trypostega species found in the Florida sand fauna. However, in that species, ovicelled zooids have a sinus that is a broad shallow U in contrast to the deeper narrower U shaped sinus of autozooids, whereas the orifice sinus in ovicelled zooids of  Trypostega ilhabelae sp. nov. is a shallow Vshape. Zooeciules, except those upon ovicells, may be lacking. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF9BDB4AFF7BB9DC79672221	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB4BFF7BBAD079072399.text	03B10F76FF95DB4BFF7BBAD079072399.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adeonidae Busk 1884	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Adeonidae Busk, 1884</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF95DB4BFF7BBAD079072399	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB4BFF7BBB2B7921225E.text	03B10F76FF95DB4BFF7BBB2B7921225E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reptadeonella Busk 1884	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Reptadeonella Busk, 1884</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF95DB4BFF7BBB2B7921225E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.text	03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reptadeonella granulosa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Reptadeonella granulosa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 17, 25 C; Table 15)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 739 (Fig. 17 E–F), measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 740, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 741 (Fig. 17 A–D), BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 695, specimen #26, Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; MZUSP 696, #27 [8 colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m; VMNH 70024, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70025, BIOTA Stn 205. Additional material: MZUSP 697, #28 [several colonies], Itassucê, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, 7 m.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/reptadeonella-granulosa/</p>
            <p>Etymology. Feminine diminutive form of Latin adjective, granulosus, granular, for the shape of its zooids, like tiny rough-textured seeds.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Reptadonella with small white colonies, small zooids with round spiramen placed at zooid center, very thick frontal-shield calcification with radiating ridges, and a thick peristome bearing a membranous area in place of an avicularium.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies small, forming bumpy whitish encrusting patches on small substrata, such as sand grains and shell fragments. Zooids about 0.30–0.40 mm long and 0.20–0.26 mm wide. Frontal walls thick and convex, with ridges of calcification radiating from between the marginal pores toward the central round spiramen. The distal end of each is raised into a short thick peristome surrounding the semicircular orifice. The peristome bears a membranous area rather than an avicularium. Polypides with 11–12 translucent white tentacles. Gonozooids with a broader distal region, a transversely elongated orifice, and more pores above the orifice (although these are hard to see because of the convexity of all zooids of this species).</p>
            <p> Remarks. Like other members of the interstitial encrusting fauna, colonies of this species are translucent white, very hard to distinguish against a white shell surface. This species may be found on larger shell fragments than some of the other sand fauna species, and colonies may contain several dozen zooids.  Reptadeonella granulosa sp. nov. is readily distinguished from other  Reptadeonella species reported from Brazil by its small zooid size, robust frontal shield and short thick peristome with a membranous avicularium-like polymorph lacking a mandible. </p>
            <p> This species is quite likely what Marcus (1939, p. 152, pl. 11, fig. 19A, B) reported from Paraná state as  Adeona tubulifera (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1930) , which is a much larger species from the Galápagos. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF95DB48FF7BBB62796726FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB48FF7BBC8E795925FB.text	03B10F76FF96DB48FF7BBC8E795925FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drepanophora Harmer 1957	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Drepanophora Harmer, 1957</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF96DB48FF7BBC8E795925FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB48FF7BBC3779602532.text	03B10F76FF96DB48FF7BBC3779602532.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepraliellidae Vigneaux 1949	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Lepraliellidae Vigneaux, 1949</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF96DB48FF7BBC3779602532	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.text	03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drepanophora irregularis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Drepanophora irregularis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 18; Table 16)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 742 (Fig. 18), measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratype: VMNH 70026, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Latin,  irregularis , not according to rule, for the off-center sharply projecting point of the peristome. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Sand-encrusting  Drepanophora with an irregularly projecting spike at the edge of the peristome and no peristomial avicularium. The laterally pierced ovicell is smaller in size relative to zooid size than that of the closely related  Drepanophora torquata Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986 of the Floridan sand fauna. </p>
            <p>Description. Very small uni- to pluriserial colonies attached to shell-grain substrata. Zooids oval, with a convex, coarsely beaded frontal shield and marginal pores. The distal end is raised in a thickly calcified peristome; in the colonies where it has not been broken off a projection comes to a sharp point on one side of the peristome. The primary orifice is rounded with a thorn-like denticle on one side of its proximal edge. Ooecia are rounded helmets with smooth distal and rugose lateral calcification and two large round lateral pores.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The Brazilian species differs from its Florida congener,  Drepanophora torquata , primarily in its larger and narrower zooids (mean length 0.389 vs 0.278 mm and mean width 0.222 vs 229 mm) and the proportionately enlarged peristomial projection and smaller orificial denticle. Neither of the interstitial species has the peristomial avicularia found in some zooids of  Drepanophora species known from larger substrata. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF96DB4EFF7BBCC87967227C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.text	03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allotherenia sabulosa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Allotherenia sabulosa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 19; Table 17)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 762, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m. Paratypes: MZUSP 671, #1 [2 specimens], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m.</p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin sabulosus, sandy; from sabulum sand.</p>
            <p>Description. Colonies encrusting, unilaminar, on small mineral grains. Zooids relatively flat with regular small funnel-shaped pseudopores and 1–4 large marginal pores at the zooidal corners. Zooids have raised lateral edges, with distinct margin. Orifice almost circular with a shallow, subquadrate proximal sinus and small, downward sloping condyles. Peristome developed as a strong and conspicuous collar around the orificial fringe. Articulated oral spines absent. Avicularia absent. Ovicell hyperstomial, smooth ooecium, with raised proximal calcified band.</p>
            <p> Remarks. A single colony of  Allotherenia sabulosa sp. nov. was found on a sand grain from Station 211 and three additional specimens from near station 205. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBE1679672410	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4.text	03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allotherenia	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Allotherenia gen. nov.</p>
            <p> Type species.  Allotherenia sabulosa sp. nov.</p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Greek, allos, other, for the similar appearance to  Therenia David &amp; Pouyet, 1978 , a related escharinid genus. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Escharinidae with pseudoporous frontal shield, and developed proximal collar. Orifice almost circular, with shallow proximal sinus; condyles present; articulated oral spines absent. Avicularia absent. Ovicells hyperstomial, with smooth ooecium, closed by operculum of maternal zooid. </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Allotherenia gen. nov. is closely related to  Therenia by virtue of its similar frontal shield, perforated by numerous pseudopores and with a few larger marginal pores (see Berning et al. 2008); it is distinguished from  Therenia by the hyperstomial ovicell and absence of avicularia.  Bryopesanser Tilbrook, 2006 , also has a perforated frontal wall and hyperstomial ovicells, but has oral spines and paired lateral-oral avicularia with fan-shaped mandibles. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBF37A1920A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBB8795222B1.text	03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBB8795222B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Escharinidae Tilbrook 2006	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Escharinidae Tilbrook, 2006</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF90DB4EFF7BBBB8795222B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4CFF7BBA96795A23D3.text	03B10F76FF92DB4CFF7BBA96795A23D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryopesanser Tilbrook 2006	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Bryopesanser Tilbrook, 2006</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF92DB4CFF7BBA96795A23D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.text	03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryopesanser tilbrooki	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bryopesanser tilbrooki sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 20; Table 18)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 744 (Fig. 20 A, C, D), measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 672, #2 [5 specimens], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 743, Biota Stn 211; MZUSP 745 (Fig. 20 E, F), measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70027, BIOTA Stn 211. Additional material: MZUSP 710, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/bryopesanser-tilbrooki/</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named in honor of Kevin Tilbrook, in recognition of his contribution to the taxonomy of  Bryopesanser species. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Bryopesanser with multiporous frontal shield, small paired avicularia, 7 oral spines (6 in ovicelled zooids), and almost semicircular orifice with shallow, subquadrate sinus. </p>
            <p>Description. Colonies encrusting in a single layer on small mineral or shell grains. Zooids are relatively flat, with a beaded frontal surface texture, regularly penetrated by small, irregular, multiporous pseudopores. Zooids have raised lateral edges, their margins distinct. Distal end of zooid with a flattened peristome whose shape reflects the outline of the orifice within it. Orifice almost semicircular anteriorly, with a shallow subquadrate sinus and sloping condyles with a posteriorly crimped edge. Seven long, angled and jointed hollow spines surround the distal and lateral rim of the peristome and orifice; bases of spines brown in color. Small triangular avicularia with a rounded base and a complete cross-bar occur on some zooids, lateral to the orifice, with the mandible oriented distally. Ooecium semicircular, solidly calcified, with a flattened proximal edge; ovicelled zooids with 6 oral spines. Polypides with 11 translucent white tentacles.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The new species resembles  Bryopesanser pesanseris (Smitt, 1873) , also reported from the Brazilian coast (Tilbrook 2012), but differs from it in orifice shape and in the presence of a frontal shield with multiporous pseudopores. The specimens from São Paulo reported as  Mastigophora pesanseris (MZUSP, unregistered specimen; Marcus collection #38) differ from  Bryopesanser tilbrooki n. sp. in the shape of the orifice and sinus, and the more porous frontal wall; these specimens belong to a distinct species. </p>
            <p> The multiporous pseudopores found in  Bryopesanser tilbrooki were also reported in six other species,  Bryopesanser capitaneus Tilbrook, 2006 ,  Bryopesanser crebicolis Tilbrook, 2012 ,  Bryopesanser grandicella (Canu &amp; Bassler, 1929) ,  Bryopesanser gardineri Tilbrook, 2012 ,  Bryopesanser labiones Tilbrook, 2012 and  Bryopesanser tonsillorum Tilbrook, 2012 ). However,  Bryopesanser tilbrooki is readily distinguished from other species of the genus in having an orifice with a subquadrate sinus and well-developed condyles. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF92DB4DFF7BBAD079672686	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF93DB4DFF7BBC8F79BC25FA.text	03B10F76FF93DB4DFF7BBC8F79BC25FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phidoloporidae Gabb & Horn 1862	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Phidoloporidae Gabb &amp; Horn, 1862</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF93DB4DFF7BBC8F79BC25FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C.text	03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammocleidochasma	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Psammocleidochasma gen. nov.</p>
            <p> Type species.  Psammocleidochasma tridentatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Greek, psammos, sand.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. ‘  Cleidochasma -like’, but sand-emcrusting and having a relatively smaller size of colony and autozooids, a tatiform ancestrula, no avicularia, uniserial to pluriserial growth, and thickened calcification of ovicells, as well as a raised peristome with 3–4 projecting solid tubercles arranged distally and laterally on its rim. Ooecium imperforate with semicircular frontal area. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Recent revisions of species originally placed in the the genus Cleidodochasma have led to the discovery that at least two groups of species, belonging to different families, are involved (Soule et al. 1991; Cook &amp; Bock 1996). The two sand-dwelling species attributed to this genus,  Psammocleidochasma tridentatum sp. nov. from Brazil and  Psammocleidochasma angustum (Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986) comb. nov. from Florida are distinctive in habitat and morphology and appear to belong with encrusting genera such as  Plesiocleidochasma Soule, Soule &amp; Channey, 1991 (=  Schedocleidochasma Soule, Soule &amp; Channey, 1991 ; see Berning 2012) and relatives, now placed in the Phidolophoridae. Owing to their distinctive suite of characters we have placed the two sand-dwelling forms in the new genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FF93DB73FF7BBCC67942227C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBCEE7953259B.text	03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBCEE7953259B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporidae Johnston 1838	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Celleporidae Johnston, 1838</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBCEE7953259B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBD2879072421.text	03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBD2879072421.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporina Gray 1848	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Celleporina Gray, 1848</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBD2879072421	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.text	03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammocleidochasma tridentatum	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psammocleidochasma tridentatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 21; Table 19)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 746 (Fig. 21 A, E), BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 691, specimen #20, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 692, #21 [7 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 747, specimen #3, BIOTA Stn #3; MZUSP 748 (Fig. 21 F), BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 749, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70028, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70029, BIOTA Stn 205; VMNH 70030, BIOTA Stn 205. Additional material: MZUSP 693, #22 [several colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 711, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/psammocleidochasma-tridentatum/</p>
            <p> Etymology. Latin,  tridentatum , three-toothed, aluding to the three tubercles, one proximal and two lateral, which adorn the peristome. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Sand-encrusting  Psammocleidochasma with 3 peristomial tubercles arranged laterally and proximally. </p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting on sand grains, including very small mineral grains. Zooids oval, convex, frontal shield smoothly and thickly calcified, imperforate except for a very few small marginal pores; zooid margins indistinct. Distal end of zooids raised in a thick collar made up of a very thick proximal tubercle and 2 lateral tubercles. Orifice keyhole shaped, anter transversely oval, ending in two rounded, proximomedially pointed condyles, poster a narrow to broad, shallowly concave sinus. Articulated oral spines 2–3, often obscured by distal calcification. No avicularia. Reproduction precocious; ovicells may occur only 2 zooids from ancestrula. Ovicells thickly calcified, with a central tubercle and vertical proximal wall ending in an opening that is separate from the operculum. Ancestrula tatiform with a thick mural rim and 5 hollow spines. Polypides with 7–8 translucent white tentacles.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species prefers the ridges and raised edges of grains, including very small and sharp-edged mineral grains. It is the most abundant species found encrusting sand in the Brazilian fauna. The Brazilian species is very similar to the interstitial Floridan species  Psammocleidochasma angustum , however that species has four peristomial tubercles, arranged distolaterally and proximolaterally along the rim of the peristome. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFADDB73FF7BBB7E796725F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.text	03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporina abstrusa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Celleporina abstrusa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 22; Table 20)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 679, specimen #9, near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m. Paratypes: MZUSP 680, #10 [7 colonies], near BIOTA Stn 205, 15 m; MZUSP 750, BIOTA Stn 205; MZUSP 751, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 752, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 753, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70031, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70032, BIOTA Stn 205.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/celleporina-abstrusa/</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin abstrusus, hidden, concealed.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Colonies encrusting sand grains or shell fragments, zooids semi-erect to erect with thick-rimmed and circular peristomes; frontal shield smooth with few marginal pores, plus 2–4 pores on peristome. Orifice with rounded anter, narrow condyles and shallow V-shaped sinus. Avicularia absent.</p>
            <p> Description. Encrusting colony form varies from uniserial runners on narrow grains to multiserial expansions where space permits. Zooids are semi-erect to erect, distal halves rising as a thick-rimmed circular peristome. Frontal shield smoothly calcified, but with a few marginal pores visible. There may be 2–4 additional pores upon the upper rim of the thick peristome. Primary orifice comprising rounded anter with smoothly calcified distal rim, long, narrow condyles, and a shallow V-shaped sinus. No avicularia. The small membrane-covered skeletal foramina on the peristomial rim may take the place of the avicularia seen in larger  Celleporina species. Ooecium circular in outline with two layers, a smooth ectooecial rim surrounding a broad inner layer, with a few small pseudopores where the two layers meet; ovicell opens into distal part of peristome, well above the operculum. Polypides with 8–9 translucent white tentacles. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Fresh colonies clearly show the combination of characters: erect heavily calcified zooids with few marginal pores, sinuate primary orifice encircled by a distinct thick-rimmed peristome, and a subrounded ovicell with a broad tabula.  Celleporina species can have very small colonies, although they are often nodular. Like many other sand-grain species, most of the specimens we found were worn and abraded; living or recently dead colonies were a minority. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFADDB71FF7BBD637967271E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB71FF7BBF1779282652.text	03B10F76FFAFDB71FF7BBF1779282652.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippoporella Canu 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Hippoporella Canu, 1917</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFAFDB71FF7BBF1779282652	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB71FF7BBEDD799B278C.text	03B10F76FFAFDB71FF7BBEDD799B278C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippoporidridae Vigneaux 1949	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Hippoporidridae Vigneaux, 1949</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFAFDB71FF7BBEDD799B278C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.text	03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippoporella sabulonis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hippoporella sabulonis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 23; Table 21)</p>
            <p>Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 754, measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 208. Paratypes: MZUSP 755, measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211; MZUSP 756, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70033, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211; VMNH 70034, BIOTA Stn 208.</p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Latin sabulum,  sabulonis , of coarse sand, gravel. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Differs from  Hippoporella pusilla (Smitt, 1873) , another species found encrusting small grains, in the scalloped proximal border of its ovicell and in the presence of small triangular avicularia on some zooids. </p>
            <p>Description. Small colonies encrusting calcareous substrata, shell grains, worm tubes, dead mollusk shells, etc. Zooids also small, oval to subhexagonal, their distal ends raised into a peristome with a single proximal tubercle that is conical when first developed, but which may become broader and/or broken in age. Small distinct marginal pores, frontal shield consisting of rough-textured calcification, with a smoother texture on the peristomial rim. Primary orifice hoof shaped, wider at the proximal edge, with a subcircular anter, and small triangular condyles dividing anter from a very shallow and broad poster. Articulated oral spines 4–5 (usually broken off at base) around distal half of orifice. Small triangular avicularia may occur on one or both sides of zooids; they are most often present in ovicelled zooids. Ooecia shallow imperforate caps with a central peak or tubercle. They have a scalloped proximal margin, opening into the maternal zooid peristome above the operculum.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This is one of several  Hippoporella species characteristic of calcareous substrata, such as shell and beach rock, in warm-water areas. These pioneering species, whose small colonies can be found on the insides of recently dead bivalve shells and other recently submerged substrata, reproduce early, and probably do not live very long. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFAFDB76FF7BBF6E796721AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.text	03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippoporella castellana	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hippoporella castellana sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 24; Table 22)</p>
            <p>Lz Wz Lo Wo Lov Wov N 16 16 10 10 4 4 Mean 0.299 0.222 0.070 0.075 0.081 0.122 SD 0.062 0.035 0.010 0.012 0.018 0.017 Min 0.180 0.162 0.054 0.054 0.072 0.108 Max 0.414 0.270 0.090 0.090 0.108 0.144 Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 757 (Fig. 24 B, D), measured specimen #2, BIOTA Stn 211. Paratypes: MZUSP 758–759, BIOTA Stn 211. MZUSP 760 (Fig. 24 A, C), measured specimen #1, BIOTA Stn 205. MZUSP 761, measured specimen #3, BIOTA Stn 211. VMNH 70035, BIOTA Stn 211.</p>
            <p>Supplementary video. http://cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br/taxon/hippoporella-castellana/</p>
            <p>Etymology. From Latin castellum, diminutive of fort or castle.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Sand-grain encrusting  Hippoporella with 5 peristomial tubercles and an ovicell with a central tubercle. </p>
            <p>Description. Colony encrusting grains of sand or shell, found most frequently on the edges of grains. Zooids erect, covered by smooth to rugose calcification with only marginal pores. Distal end of zooid is raised in a thick spiny peristome around the immersed primary orifice. Five conical or flat-topped projecting calcified tubercles, like castle turrets, ring the circular peristome rim. Primary orifice broad hoof-shaped. No avicularia. Ooecium also heavily calcified, broadly oval, with a projecting central tubercle and at least in some cases the suggestion of a lesscalcified central area; they are raised above the orifice at the level of the projecting tubercles of the peristome and have a vertical proximal wall with slight lateral indentations, opening well above the operculum of the maternal zooid. Polypides with 10 translucent white tentacles</p>
            <p> Remarks. This species resembles interstitial  Trematooecia psammophila Winston &amp; Håkansson, 1986 from Florida in some characters, but it has a different ovicell, lacking the grid of pores that characterizes that species, and the new species has five projecting tubercles, instead of four as in  T. psammophila . The non-porous ovicell of the new species with its central projection, as well as its hoof-shaped orifice, place it in  Hippoporella . Both  Hippoporella castellana and  Trematooecia psammophila seem to prefer the ridge and raised edges of grains, and to settle on smaller rather than larger grain sizes. </p>
            <p>Distribution. São Paulo state, Brazil.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B10F76FFA9DB74FF7BBA9679672101	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Winston, Judith E.;Vieira, Leandro M.	Winston, Judith E., Vieira, Leandro M. (2013): Systematics of interstitial encrusting bryozoans from southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (2): 101-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.1
