identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B18791FFC7FFE1FF6A4CDC87A26752.text	03B18791FFC7FFE1FF6A4CDC87A26752.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus Fabricius 1804	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Zethus Fabricius, 1804</p>
            <p> Zethus Fabricius, 1804 : xii, 282, as genus. Type species: “  Zethus coeruleo-pennis Fab.” [=  Vespa coeruleopennis Fabricius ], by subsequent designation of Latreille (1810). Senior objective synonym of Euzethus de Dalla Torre, 1904; senior subjective synonym of  Didymogastra Perty, 1833 ,  Wettsteinia de Dalla Torre, 1904 , and of Laboides Zavattari, 1912; senior synonym of  Heros de Saussure, 1855 , according to Bohart &amp; Stange (1965: 25). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18791FFC7FFE1FF6A4CDC87A26752	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2017): Revision of the Zethus luzonensis species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae), with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4232 (3): 444-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.3.13
03B18791FFC7FFE3FF6A4DE484C26517.text	03B18791FFC7FFE3FF6A4DE484C26517.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus (Zethus) soikai Selis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zethus (Zethus) soikai Selis ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 1 –8)</p>
            <p> Zethus luzonensis: Giordani Soika 1960: 77 , ♂, misidentification. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. This species comes close to  Zethus luzonensis Giordani Soika , from which it can be distinguished by: black antennae, male clypeus semicircular in frontal view and without apical teeth, female clypeus entirely black, apical flagellomere of male elongate and slightly curved with rounded apex and reaching half of F7, S2 of male with an elongate depression, T3 inflated before the apical lamella that is equally long for its entire width, S3 of female with apical median lobe, sculpture of thorax less coarse. </p>
            <p>  Material examined. HOLOTYPE, ♂, “  Surigao / Mindanao ” (MSNVE)  ;   PARATYPE, ♀, “ PH –  Luzon , Mt. Province, Barlig / I.2016 / Leg. local collector” (MSVI)  . </p>
            <p>Description. MALE. Holotype. Body length 16 mm; fore wing length 12 mm.</p>
            <p>Head in frontal view nearly circular, 1.1× as wide as high (Fig. 3). Frontal ocellus diameter one third diameter of antennal socket. Distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex 2× as long as distance from posterior ocelli to inner eye margin. Area between ocelli swollen, with small lobes on inner margin of posterior ocelli. Occipital carina complete, strongly thickened laterally. Transverse median carina connecting antennal sockets. Clypeus in lateral view flattened and strongly bent posteriorly in ventral third; in frontal view 1.5× as wide as high (Fig. 3); apical margin truncate. Scape 3× as long as its maximum width; F1 2.2× as long as its maximum width, F2–F3 longer than wide, F4–F8 wider than long, F11 elongate and slightly arched, finger-shaped, apically rounded, 2.8× as long as its basal width (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p>Mesosoma in dorsal view 1.57× as long as wide. Pronotal carina weakly raised, extremely weakly produced at humeral angles, reaching ventral corner of pronotum. Mesoscutum with notauli developed from posterior margin to anterolateral margins, in lateral view weakly convex, as long as wide between tegulae. Scutellum flattened, strongly depressed along anterior corners with 2–3 short longitudinal carinae on each side, posterior margin with short median furrow. Metanotum slightly sloping down posteriorly, with longitudinal carina on each side. Propodeum with median part deeply concave, bordered by two lateral carinae, with distinct median carina from near base to apex, with fovea at base, submarginal carina produced into long and tooth-like lamella (Fig. 5).</p>
            <p>Metasomal segment 1 petiolate, long and slender, T1 4× as long as wide, in dorsal view gradually widening to one-sixth of tergum from base, then nearly parallel-sided apically, with maximum width 3.4× its basal width, with median carina running from basal margin to one third length, then replaced by longitudinal depression to apical margin, tergum and sternum completely fused, sutures between them absent throughout segment, in lateral view abruptly swollen from near base, then almost flat to apical margin where curved down. Metasomal segment 2 petiolate at base. T 2 in dorsal view gradually convex from base to half length, then nearly parallel sided, 1.6× as long as wide, in lateral view curved up in basal third, then flattened (Fig. 6). S 2 in lateral view straight from base to near apical margin, slightly convex apically (Fig. 6), in ventral view with central depression from base to apex, two apical lateral calluses bordering depression (Fig. 7). T2 with well developed and raised apical lamella, S2 with well developed but not raised apical lamella, T3 with thick apical lamella, not raised, slightly longer laterally than medially.</p>
            <p>Clypeus with shallow punctures, each bearing long bristle, interspaces greater than diameter and smooth. Frons densely covered with deep and large punctures, border between punctures raised to form reticulation. Vertex with shallower and sparser punctures. Gena with deep and dense punctures along eye margin. Pronotum with dense and deep punctures anteriorly on dorsal side, smaller and sparser posteriorly, interspaces smooth with sparse and fine micropunctation, lateral faces strongly striate. Mesoscutum almost entirely smooth, some shallow and very sparse punctures anteriorly, becoming even sparser posteriorly, interspaces several times larger than diameter of points, dense and fine micropunctures in interspaces. Scutellum smooth and shiny, with few large and very shallow punctures. Metanotum punctate on anterior margin, punctures deep and dense, rest of surface shagreened. Mesepisternum smooth and shiny, with sparse and deep punctures dorsally, finer and shallower punctures ventrally, pleural sulcus filled with big and deep punctures, epicnemium shagreened and opaque. Metapleuron shagreened and shiny, some shallow punctures ventrally. Propodeum with coarse micropunctation along each side of median carina, dorsal and lateral faces shagreened and with dense deep and large punctures on margins between them. T1 covered with small and deep punctures, denser basally and sparser apically; punctures on T2 fine and small, area between punctures smooth and many times larger than puncture diameter; T3 with dense and deep punctures laterally, with finer and smaller punctures medially; punctures on T4–T7 smaller and sparser; S2 with punctures smaller than T2.</p>
            <p>Head and dorsal side of mesosoma with dense golden-reddish pubescence and some sparser longer setae of same color; rest of mesosoma with long and dense silver setae; metasoma covered with dense and shorter setae, longer on apical margins of S3–S7.</p>
            <p>Aedeagus as fig. 12 in Giordani Soika (1960).</p>
            <p>Color. Black; following parts yellow: vertical face of clypeus except margins, line on inner margin of mandible, scape ventrally, spot at apex of fore femur; following parts ferruginous: tegula, apex of femur, apical half of fore tibia, fore tarsus. Wings strongly fuscous, with golden reflections in basal half and purplish reflections in apical half.</p>
            <p>FEMALE. Like male, but differing as follows: clypeus simple, not bent apically, slightly wider than long, weakly tridentate apically, with dense small punctures; S2 not depressed medially; apical margin of S3 with densely punctate median lobe; clypeus, antennae and legs entirely black, spots above antennal insertions, anterior and posterior margin of pronotum and parategulae ferruginous.</p>
            <p>Distribution. The Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao.</p>
            <p>Etymology. This species is dedicated to the late Antonio Giordani Soika, in whose collection the holotype of this new species was found.</p>
            <p> Notes. The holotype of this new species was wrongly described by Giordani Soika (1960) as the male of  Zethus luzonensis Giordani Soika, 1941 , referring to and labeling the specimen as “ allotype ”. Giordani Soika probably did not compare this specimen with the other male present in his collection, as they appear clearly different. The possibility to examine the specimens in Giordani Soika’s collection and new specimens recently collected in the Philippines allowed to find a female specimen similar to the described male, here described as  Z. (Z.) soikai sp. nov. , and males similar to the holotype of  Z. (Z.) luzonensis , here described as the true male of this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18791FFC7FFE3FF6A4DE484C26517	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2017): Revision of the Zethus luzonensis species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae), with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4232 (3): 444-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.3.13
03B18791FFC5FFE5FF6A4F2380136462.text	03B18791FFC5FFE5FF6A4F2380136462.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus (Zethus) luzonensis Giordani Soika 1941	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zethus (Zethus) luzonensis Giordani Soika, 1941</p>
            <p>(Figs 9–13)</p>
            <p> Zethus luzonensis Giordani Soika, 1941: 215 , 217 (key), ♀, “Filippine: Lamao, Luzon” (holotype, ♀, MSNVE) </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Similar to  Zethus soikai sp. nov. , but differs as follows: orange antenna, male clypeus triangular in frontal view and with two apical teeth, female clypeus with basal orange spots, apical flagellomere of male shorter and pointed apically, S2 of male not depressed, T3 not inflated preapically, S3 of female simple, sculpture of thorax coarser. </p>
            <p>  Material examined. PHILIPPINES: LUZON: Lamao, 2♀ (MSNVE, 1♀ holotype);  Dingalan , Aurora, VII.2015, 1 ♂ (MSVI)  ;   MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, 11 km E of  Sindangan , 20.VII.1958, H.E. Milliron Collector, 1♂ (MSNVE)  ;   Iloco,  Pagudpud , II.2016, 1 ♀ (MSVI)  . </p>
            <p> Notes. The male described in Giordani Soika (1960) does not belong to this species, it described above as  Z. soikai sp. nov. The description and the genitalia represented in that publication should be referred to the new species. The original description of  Zethus luzonensis , ♀, is quite poor, both sexes of this species are redescribed. </p>
            <p>Description. FEMALE. Holotype. Body length 14 mm; fore wing length 11 mm.</p>
            <p>Head in frontal view nearly circular, 1.1× as wide as high (Fig. 9). Frontal ocellus diameter one third diameter of antennal socket. Distance from posterior ocelli to apical margin of vertex 2.2× as long as distance from posterior ocelli to inner eye margin. Area between ocelli swollen, with small lobes on inner margin of posterior ocelli. Occipital carina complete, strongly thickened laterally. Clypeus in lateral view weakly convex; in frontal view 1.1× as wide as high (Fig. 9); lateral margins crenulate, apical margin very weakly emarginated, with small tubercle medially. Scape 2.7× as long as its maximum width; F1 1.6× as long as its maximum width, F2–F9 wider than long, F10 bullet-shaped, as long as basal width.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma in dorsal view 1.5× as long as wide. Pronotal carina weakly raised, weakly produced at humeral angles, reaching ventral corner of pronotum. Mesoscutum with notauli developed from posterior margin to anterolateral margins; in lateral view weakly convex, as long as wide between tegulae. Scutellum flattened, strongly depressed along anterior margin with 7 short longitudinal carinae, with shallow median furrow. Metanotum convex, with longitudinal carina on each side. Propodeum with median part deeply concave, bordered by two lateral carinae, with distinct median carina from near base to apex, with fovea at base, submarginal carina produced into long and tooth-like lamella.</p>
            <p>Metasomal segment 1 petiolate, long and slender, T1 3.9× as long as wide, in dorsal view gradually widening to one-sixth of tergum from base, then nearly parallel-sided apically, with maximum width 2.5× its basal width, with median carina which runs from basal margin to one third length, tergum and sternum completely fused, with only longitudinal shallow sulcus on ventral side, in lateral view abruptly swollen from near base, then weakly convex to apical margin. Metasomal segment 2 petiolate at base. T 2 in dorsal view gradually convex from base to half length, then nearly parallel sided, 1.6× as long as wide, in lateral view curved up in basal third, then flattened (Fig. 12). T2 with well developed and raised apical lamella, S2 without apical lamella, T3 with thick apical lamella, not raised, slightly longer medially.</p>
            <p> FIGURES 8–15. 8.  Zethus soikai sp. nov. 9–13.  Z. luzonensis . 14, 15.  Z. celebensis . 8, 9. ♀. 10–15. ♂. 8–10, 15. Head, frontal view. 11. Antenna, lateral view. 12. T2 and S2, lateral view. 13. Aedeagus, lateral view. 14. Habitus. </p>
            <p>Clypeus with deep and dense punctures, each bearing long bristle, interspaces smaller than diameter of points. Frons densely covered with deep and large punctures, border between punctures raised to form reticulation. Vertex with shallower and sparser punctures. Gena with deep and dense punctures along eye margin. Pronotum with big and shallow punctures anteriorly on dorsal side, smaller and sparser posteriorly, interspaces smooth with sparse and fine micropunctation, lateral faces strongly striate. Mesoscutum almost entirely smooth, some shallow and sparse punctures anteriorly, becoming sparser posteriorly, interspaces several times larger than diameter of points, dense and fine micropunctures in interspaces. Scutellum smooth and shiny, with few small and shallow punctures. Metanotum smooth with some punctures on anterior half, punctures shallow and sparse, rest of surface shagreened. Mesepisternum smooth and shiny, with sparse and deep punctures dorsally, smaller and shallower punctures ventrally, pleural sulcus filled with big and deep punctures, epicnemium shagreened and opaque. Metapleuron shagreened and shiny, some shallow punctures ventrally. Propodeum with coarse micropunctation along each side of median carina, dorsal and lateral faces shagreened and with dense deep and large punctures on margins between them. T1 covered with small and deep punctures, denser basally and laterally; punctures on T2 very fine and small, area between punctures smooth and many times larger than puncture diameter; T3 with dense and deep punctures laterally, with finer and smaller punctures medially; punctures on T4–T6 smaller and sparser; S2 with punctures deeper and denser than T2.</p>
            <p>Head and dorsal side of mesosoma with dense golden-reddish pubescence and some sparser longer setae of same color; rest of mesosoma and propodeum with long and dense silver setae; metasoma with dense and shorter setae, longer on S2 and on apex of following segments.</p>
            <p>Color. Black; following parts ferruginous: rounded basal spots on clypeus, antenna, tegula, apex of femur, fore tibia and fore tarsus entirely. Wings strongly fuscous, with weak purplish reflections.</p>
            <p>MALE. Like female, but differs as follows: clypeus with anterior vertical face heart-shaped (Fig. 10), ventral horizontal face short with two apical flattened teeth; apical flagellomere pointed apically, reaching half of F8 (Fig. 11), apically with short setae ventrally; anterior face of clypeus yellow. Aedeagus in fig. 13.</p>
            <p>Distribution. The Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao (Giordani Soika 1941, 1960).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18791FFC5FFE5FF6A4F2380136462	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2017): Revision of the Zethus luzonensis species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae), with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4232 (3): 444-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.3.13
03B18791FFC3FFE5FF6A4EEC809965FD.text	03B18791FFC3FFE5FF6A4EEC809965FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus (Zethus) celebensis Giordani Soika 1960	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zethus (Zethus) celebensis Giordani Soika, 1960</p>
            <p>(Figs 14–15)</p>
            <p>  Zethus celebensis Giordani Soika, 1960: 75 , 76 (key), 78, ♀, “ Celebes: Latimodjong.,  Uru , 800 m  .s.m.” (holotype, ♀, ZMB). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Differs from other two species of the group as follows: T3 without distinct apical lamella, mesoscutum densely punctate, red markings on pronotum and scutellum, male clypeus weakly convex and not strongly bent apically.</p>
            <p>  Material examined. Indonesia: S[outh] Celebes,  Patunuang , Jan. 1896, H. Fruhstorfer, 1♂ (MSNVE)  .  Distribution. Indonesia: Sulawesi (Giordani Soika 1960, 1973, 1993; Gusenleitner 1991)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18791FFC3FFE5FF6A4EEC809965FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2017): Revision of the Zethus luzonensis species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae), with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4232 (3): 444-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.3.13
03B18791FFC3FFE5FF6A480C81B66046.text	03B18791FFC3FFE5FF6A480C81B66046.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus luzonensis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to species of the  Zethus luzonensis species-group </p>
            <p>The characters used are applicable to both sexes unless the sex is specified.</p>
            <p> 1. Apical lamella of T3 indistinct, not clearly separated from rest of tergum; mesoscutum with large and dense punctures; pronotum and scutellum with distinct red markings; clypeus of male normally and weakly convex for all its length..........................................................................................  Z. celebensis Giordani Soika</p>
            <p>- Apical lamella of T3 distinct, well separated from rest of tergum; mesoscutum with indistinct punctures, almost entirely smooth; ferruginous markings on thorax absent or limited to pronotum; clypeus of male frontally flattened, apically bent forming ventral horizontal portion........................................................................... 2</p>
            <p> 2. T3 preapically inflated, sparsely punctate, apical lamella regularly long on its entire width; S2 of male with an elongate deep depression with preapical lateral calluses; antennae black, apical flagellomere of the male rounded apically and reaching half of F7; anterior vertical portion of male clypeus semicircular in shape, apical margin without teeth; apical lamella of T2 of female black; apical margin of S3 of female with a punctate median lobe............................  Z. soikai sp. nov.</p>
            <p> - T3 preapically flattened, densely punctate, apical lamella slightly longer in the middle; S2 not depressed, entirely flattened; antennae orange, apical flagellomere of the male pointed apically and reaching half of F8; anterior vertical portion of male clypeus triangular in shape, apical margin with two flattened, triangular teeth; apical lamella of T2 of female hyaline; apical margin of S3 of female simple....................................................  Z. luzonensis Giordani Soika</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18791FFC3FFE5FF6A480C81B66046	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2017): Revision of the Zethus luzonensis species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae), with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4232 (3): 444-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.3.13
