taxonID	type	description	language	source
356E9A20B67D3560BF585629BC885C4C.taxon	description	Description. Apothecia not confluent, circular from the top view, at first globular, then flattened-turbinate and finally lenticular from the side view, sessile, evenly hyaline to creamy white or translucent pale greyish-rosy (if subjected to strong insolation), glabrous, * 0.1 - 0.5 mm in diameter, solitary to gregarious. Hymenium granulose due to the protrusion of living mature asci, concolorous with excipular surface, matte. Margin rounded in vertical median section, entire, smooth, not raised above hymenial plane. Outer surface smooth, concolorous with the hymenium. Subicular hyphae indistinguishable. Hymenium * 95 - 140 µm thick. Asci clavate with truncate apex, * 84 - 143 x 21.4 - 29.6 µm, † 89 - 104 x 16.4 - 23.3 µm, * Q = 4.1 - 5.6, significantly shorter and more clavate at the marginal rim, when mature * protruding above hymenium up to 26 µm, pars sporifera * 47.3 - 63.3 µm, 16 - spored, hyaline, base attenuated, bifurcate, arising from perforated croziers, only fully mature asci with flat lentiform operculum clearly delimited prior the spore discharge, * 6.6 - 8 µm in diam. and * 0.6 µm thick, lateral wall 3 - layered, * 0.7 - 0.8 µm thick, after spore discharge operculum as a rule clearly visible; in IKI inamyloid; in CR outermost wall vividly rutile-red throughout the ascal length, median layer pale rutile-yellow, innermost layer greyish; in CB cyanophobic. Ascospores * 10.7 - 11.7 - 13.8 x 6.8 - 7.9 - 8.5 µm, * Q = 1.4 - 1.7 - 1.7, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid and most often radially symmetrical, with rounded-obtuse poles, rarely slightly bilaterally symmetrical with one side somewhat less convex but never flattened, 1 - celled, hyaline; in living asci bi- to triseriate; when freshly ejected remain in a single group for a while due to the delicate sticky sheath enveloping individual spores; surface smooth; wall 3 - layered, 0.6 - 0.7 µm thick, perispore dull, epispore brightly refractive, endospore layer with pale greyish-isabelline refractivity; in IKI no notable differential stainings; eguttulate, uninucleate, nucleus + / - centrally to unipolarly positioned, 2.7 - 3 µm wide, in CRB nucleus and sheath more contrasted, perispore dull deep bluish-violet / deep cyan, epispore CRB-, endospore purplish lilac / medium violet; after applying KOH spore sheath dissolves instantly, all structures discoloured, perispore not loosening, endospore layer purplish-rosaceous; in CR perispore dull, not stained as epispore, but endospore lilac reddish; in AC completely devoid of staining; in CB de Bary bubbles present only in mature spores, perispore not loosening, weakly cyanophilic. Paraphyses cylindric, apically obtuse to subclavate, always slighty bent to uncinate, densely septate, rarely simple but often richly branched in the upper part; apically producing abundant medium to strongly refractive golden-yellow to cinnamon-yellow granular exudate, in IKI copper orange, in CRB dark grey blue, after applying KOH rubis red-grey; apical cells * 6.9 - 16.4 x 2 - 3.4 µm, † 1.4 - 2.8 µm wide, wall thin and hyaline, cells in the upper half contain minute medium to strongly refractive hyaline globules * 0.2 - 1 µm wide or in pigmented apothecia with beer-yellow to beer-orange scattered dotted granules which are in IKI greyish green, in CRB deep purplish-lilac to deep violet; in CB wall cyanophobic, cytoplasm weakly cyanophilic. Subhymenium only slightly differentiated from medullary excipulum, * 12 - 19 µm thick, composed of hyaline textura globulosa-angularis, cells * 3.8 - 7.5 µm wide. Medullary excipulum hyaline, in the middle flank * 12 - 22 µm thick, composed of textura porrecta, cells runing parallel to the surface, * 1.4 - 4.8 µm wide. Margin subhyaline, fairly reduced to a thin cellular zone * 9.6 - 11.3 µm thick at 1 / 2 of hymenium height, composed of small celled textura angularis 1 - 2 cell thick, cells clavate or elongated angular, 2.4 - 8.8 µm wide, marginal rim composed of prismatic terminal cells which do not protrude above hymenium; in CB cell walls strongly cyanophilic. Ectal excipulum hyaline, in the middle flank * 48 - 56 µm thick, composed of textura globulosa, cells * 7.2 - 16 µm wide, walls yellowish; in IKI some cells with visible moderate accumulations of glycogene; in CB cell walls slightly cyanophilic; in AC cell walls and cytoplasm deeply lilac. Overall excipulum devoid of crystalline matter, without colouring in KOH, in IKI completely inamyloid. Anamorph not found.	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
356E9A20B67D3560BF585629BC885C4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and can be found on dung of various wild and domestic animals, mainly herbivores (especially ruminant animals and rodents). In the temperate zone it is distributed in the habitats from maritime to alpine zones.	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
356E9A20B67D3560BF585629BC885C4C.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. CROATIA. Zadar County, Island of Dugi Otok, Velo jezero area, 5 km W from Sali, 43 ° 56.46 ' N; 15 ° 06.00 ' E, 5 m a. s. l., on dung of Equus asinus, 1 Jun 1998, N. Matocec (CNF 2 / 3806); Split-Dalmatia County, Island of Vela Palagruza, 70 m E-NE from the lighthouse, 42 ° 23.58 ' N; 16 ° 15.38 ' E, 60 m a. s. l., on dung of Equus asinus, 29 Mar 1999, N. Matocec (CNF 2 / 4200); Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Koprendol area, 7.5 km N-NE from Metkovic, 42 ° 59.30 ' N; 17 ° 37.44 ' E, 130 m a. s. l., on dung of Ovis aries, 5 Mar 2001, N. Matocec (CNF 2 / 4928); Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Peninsula Prevlaka (Ostra), 4.8 km N-NW from Vitaljina, 42 ° 24.22 ' N; 18 ° 30.53 ' E, 25 m a. s. l., on dung of Equus asinus, 31 Dec 2009, I. Kusan and N. Matocec (CNF 2 / 8394); Lika-Senj County, Sjeverni Velebit National Park, northern part of the Mt. Velebit, 280 m SW from the Vucjak peak (1644 m), 44 ° 48.83 ' N; 14 ° 58.46 ' E, 1550 m a. s. l.; on dung of Lepus europaeus, 11 Jun 2011, N. Matocec and I. Kusan (CNF 2 / 8942).	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.taxon	materials_examined	Type. CROATIA. Lika-Senj County, Sjeverni Velebit National Park, northern part of the Mt. Velebit, Hajducki kukovi area, 150 m W from Golubic peak (1650 m), 44 ° 46.05 ' N; 15 ° 00.88 ' E, 1580 m a. s. l.; on dung of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 11 Oct 2017, I. Kusan (holotype CNF 2 / 10450, GenBank sequences ITS MG 593539, LSU MG 593540).	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to epithecium-like ascal protective formation composed of swollen apical paraphyses cells.	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.taxon	description	Description. Apothecia not confluent regularly circular to irregular from the top view, at first oblate, then turbinate, finally pulvinate from the side view, sessile, subhyaline to creamy grey or pale yellowish, glabrous, * 170 - 420 µm in diameter, solitary or gregarious. Hymenium only very finely scurfy, ascal protrusions not clearly visible. Margin rounded in vertical median section, entire and smooth, expanded with downwards positioned rim, never raised above hymenial plane. Outer surface smooth, concolorous with the hymenium. Subicular hyphae indistinguishable. Hymenium * 75 - 98 µm thick. Asci shortly cylindric with slightly truncate apex, * 60 - 74.8 x 13.4 - 15.5 µm, † 51.5 - 62 x 11.8 - 14 µm (Q = 3.8 - 5.2), when mature * protruding above hymenium up to 7.5 µm, pars sporifera * 28 - 34 µm, 8 - spored, hyaline; base attenuated, bifurcate, arising from perforated crosiers; only optimally oriented fully mature asci with flat lentiform operculum clearly delimited prior the spore discharge, * 6.3 - 6.6 µm in diam. and * 0.5 µm thick, lateral wall 3 - layered, * 0.6 µm thick, after spore discharge operculum as a rule clearly visible; in IKI inamyloid; in CR outermost wall vividly rutile-red throughout the ascal length, median layer pale rutile-yellow, innermost layer greyish; in CB asci cyanophobic. Ascospores * 7.9 - 8.8 - 9.6 x 4.8 - 5.2 - 5.6 µm, † 8 - 9.1 - 9.5 x 4.2 - 5 - 5.2 µm, * Q = 1.5 - 1.6 - 1.9, † Q = 1.6 - 1.9 - 2.0, bilaterally symmetrical with one side flattened, subphaseoliform to phaseoliform, poles rounded, 1 - celled; uni- to biseriate in living asci, freshly ejected remain in a group for a while due to the delicate subglobose sticky sheath enveloping individual spores; hyaline, smooth; wall 3 - layered, 0.4 µm thick, perispore dull, epispore brightly refractive, endospore subhyaline, barely optically differentiated; eguttulate, uninucleate, nucleus always + / - polarly positioned, 2.2 - 2.5 µm wide; in IKI perispore and epispore not stained, endospore purplish, nucleus slightly contrasted; in CRB without differential stainings, the edges of spore sheath sharply contrasted, after applying KOH spore sheath instantly dissolves, perispore not loosening, endospore layer purplish-rosaceous; in CB with one eccentrically positioned de Bary bubble in mature spores, perispore not loosening, moderately cyanophilic. Paraphyses + / - densely septate, with thin, hyaline walls, cylindric in the lower part, often branched in the upper part, rarely simple, apically + / - bent clavate or capitate, not producing copious exudate; of two types: (a) epithecioid, reaching higher level, with apical short and capitate cell, * 6.8 - 10 x 5 - 9.9 µm, † 6.2 - 11.2 x 4 - 8 µm, with 1 - 2 subapical cells often also swollen (moniliform), forming + / - continuous layer above living immature asci, and (b) of usual type with elongated clavate apical cells, * 8.2 - 14.8 x 2.3 - 4.4 µm, † 5.5 - 11 x 2 - 3.3 µm; both types may contain yellow-orange pigment, often of crystalloid, fibrillar structure; pigment in IKI cinnamon-grey, in CRB purplish-lilac, often barely visible since mainly included in large globose, deeply stained blue-violet vacuole; in CB wall cyanophobic, cytoplasm pale greyish-blue. Margin reduced, composed of textura globulosa-angularis, cells not elongated, * 3.8 - 6 µm wide, cylindric-elongated cells absent; weakly cyanophilic in CB. Subhymenium hyaline, not differentiated from medullary excipulum. Medullary excipulum hyaline, in the central part * 32 - 56 µm thick, in the middle flank * 10 - 14 µm thick, composed of textura epidermoidea, cells thin-walled, * 2.3 - 4.8 µm wide, in CB cyanophobic. Ectal excipulum hyaline, in the middle flank * 17 - 22 µm thick, composed of textura globulosa-angularis, cells * 9.8 - 16.5 x 7.8 - 14.7 µm, † 4.5 - 12 x 2.3 - 9.5 µm, walls thickened, refractive, yellowish, * 0.5 - 0.7 µm thick, in CB cell walls slightly cyanophilic. Overall excipulum without crystalline matter, dextrinoid reaction in MLZ and colouring in KOH; in IKI inamyloid and devoid of glycogene accumulations. Anamorph not found.	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. The species is known so far only from Mt. Velebit, Croatia. The only collection originates from chamois dung in the alpine karstic habitat.	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. None.	en	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
