identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D379A7FFF7647AAEE1DB5DE4DF910DDB.text	D379A7FFF7647AAEE1DB5DE4DF910DDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coprotus Korf & Kimbr., American Journal of Botany 54 (1): 21 1967	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coprotus Korf &amp; Kimbr., American Journal of Botany 54(1): 21, 1967.</p>
            <p> [≡  Coprotus Korf, Rapports et communications VIII  Congrès International de Botanique I 1954 (sect. 18/20): 80, 1954, nomen nudum] </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Coprotus sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan &amp; H. Crouan) Kimbr. &amp; Korf. </p>
            <p> As presently circumscribed, the genus  Coprotus is clearly characterised by the following combination of characters: obligate coprophilous ecology, eugymnohymenial  apothecial development, apothecia with reduced marginal tissue without setose hairs; inamyloid asci uniformly stainable in CR, with functional operculum; prolate, smooth (under transmission light microscope), eguttulate ascospores in all developmental stages sporoplasm of which have strong affinities to form de Bary bubble in any anhydrous conditions (especially in media such Cotton Blue). Mature spores ejected from living asci possess temporary thick and gelatinous sheath. Anamorph not known. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D379A7FFF7647AAEE1DB5DE4DF910DDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kusan, Ivana;Matocec, Neven;Jadan, Margita;Tkalcec, Zdenko;Mesic, Armin	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
356E9A20B67D3560BF585629BC885C4C.text	356E9A20B67D3560BF585629BC885C4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coprotus sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kimbr. & Korf, American Journal of Botany 54 (1): 22 1967	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coprotus
sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan &amp; H. Crouan) Kimbr. &amp; Korf, American Journal of Botany 54(1): 22, 1967.
 Fig. 3 </p>
            <p> ≡  Ascobolus sexdecimsporus P. Crouan &amp; H. Crouan, Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique ser. 4., 10: 195, 1858. </p>
            <p> ≡  Ascophanus sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan &amp; H. Crouan) Boud., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique ser. 5., 10: 247, 1869. </p>
            <p> ≡  Ryparobius sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan &amp; H. Crouan) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 8: 541, 1889. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Apothecia not confluent, circular from the top view, at first globular, then flattened-turbinate and finally lenticular from the side view, sessile, evenly hyaline to creamy white or translucent pale greyish-rosy (if subjected to strong insolation), glabrous, *0.1-0.5 mm in diameter, solitary to gregarious.  Hymenium granulose due to the protrusion of living mature asci, concolorous with excipular surface, matte. Margin rounded in vertical median section, entire, smooth, not raised above hymenial plane. Outer surface smooth, concolorous with the hymenium. Subicular hyphae indistinguishable.  Hymenium *95-140  µm thick. Asci clavate with truncate apex, *84-143  × 21.4-29.6  µm , †89-104  × 16.4-23.3  µm , *Q = 4.1-5.6, significantly shorter and more clavate at the marginal rim, when mature *protruding above hymenium up to 26  µm , pars sporifera*47.3-63.3  µm , 16-spored, hyaline, base attenuated, bifurcate, arising from perforated croziers, only fully mature asci with flat lentiform operculum clearly delimited prior the spore discharge, *6.6-8  µm in diam. and *0.6  µm thick, lateral wall 3-layered, *0.7-0.8  µm thick, after spore discharge operculum as a rule clearly visible; in IKI inamyloid; in CR outermost wall vividly rutile-red throughout the ascal length, median layer pale rutile-yellow, innermost layer greyish; in CB cyanophobic.  Ascospores *10.7  –11.7– 13.8  × 6.8  –7.9– 8.5  µm , *Q = 1.4  –1.7– 1.7, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid and most often radially symmetrical, with rounded-obtuse poles, rarely slightly bilaterally symmetrical with one side somewhat less convex but never flattened, 1-celled, hyaline; in living asci bi- to triseriate; when freshly ejected remain in a single group for a while due to the delicate sticky sheath enveloping individual spores; surface smooth; wall 3-layered, 0.6-0.7  µm thick, perispore dull, epispore brightly refractive, endospore layer with pale greyish-isabelline refractivity; in IKI no notable differential stainings; eguttulate, uninucleate, nucleus  ± centrally to unipolarly positioned, 2.7-3  µm wide, in CRB nucleus and sheath more contrasted, perispore dull deep bluish-violet/deep cyan, epispore CRB-, endospore purplish lilac/medium violet; after applying KOH spore sheath dissolves instantly, all structures discoloured, perispore not loosening, endospore layer purplish-rosaceous; in CR perispore dull, not stained as epispore, but endospore lilac reddish; in AC completely devoid of staining; in CB de Bary bubbles present only in mature spores, perispore not loosening, weakly cyanophilic. Paraphyses cylindric, apically obtuse to subclavate, always slighty bent to uncinate, densely septate, rarely simple but often richly branched in the upper part; apically producing abundant medium to strongly refractive golden-yellow to cinnamon-yellow granular exudate, in IKI copper orange, in CRB dark grey blue, after applying KOH rubis red-grey; apical cells *6.9-16.4  × 2-3.4  µm , †1.4-2.8  µm wide, wall thin and hyaline, cells in the upper half contain minute medium to strongly refractive hyaline globules *0.2-1  µm wide or in pigmented apothecia with beer-yellow to beer-orange scattered dotted granules which are in IKI greyish green, in CRB deep purplish-lilac to deep violet; in CB wall cyanophobic, cytoplasm weakly cyanophilic.  Subhymenium only slightly differentiated from medullary excipulum, *12-19  µm thick, composed of hyaline textura globulosa-angularis, cells *3.8-7.5  µm wide.  Medullary excipulum hyaline, in the middle flank *12-22  µm thick, composed of textura porrecta, cells runing parallel to the surface, *1.4-4.8  µm wide. Margin subhyaline, fairly reduced to a thin cellular zone *9.6-11.3  µm thick at  ½ of hymenium height, composed of small celled textura angularis 1-2 cell thick, cells clavate or elongated angular, 2.4-8.8  µm wide, marginal rim composed of prismatic terminal cells which do not protrude above hymenium; in CB cell walls strongly cyanophilic. Ectal excipulum hyaline, in the middle flank *48-56  µm thick, composed of textura globulosa, cells *7.2-16  µm wide, walls yellowish; in IKI some cells with visible moderate accumulations of glycogene; in CB cell walls slightly cyanophilic; in AC cell walls and cytoplasm deeply lilac. Overall excipulum devoid of crystalline matter, without colouring in KOH, in IKI completely inamyloid. Anamorph not found. </p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p>The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and can be found on dung of various wild and domestic animals, mainly herbivores (especially ruminant animals and rodents). In the temperate zone it is distributed in the habitats from maritime to alpine zones.</p>
            <p>Specimens examined.</p>
            <p> CROATIA. Zadar County, Island of Dugi Otok, Velo jezero area, 5 km W from Sali, 43°56.46'N; 15°06.00'E, 5 m a.s.l., on dung of  Equus asinus , 1 Jun 1998, N.  Matočec (CNF 2/3806); Split-Dalmatia County, Island of Vela  Palagruža , 70 m E-NE from the lighthouse, 42°23.58'N; 16°15.38'E, 60 m a.s.l., on dung of  Equus asinus , 29 Mar 1999, N.  Matočec (CNF 2/4200); Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Koprendol area, 7.5 km N-NE from  Metković , 42°59.30'N; 17°37.44'E, 130 m a.s.l., on dung of  Ovis aries , 5 Mar 2001, N.  Matočec (CNF 2/4928); Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Peninsula Prevlaka (  Oštra ), 4.8 km N-NW from Vitaljina, 42°24.22'N; 18°30.53'E, 25 m a.s.l., on dung of  Equus asinus , 31 Dec 2009, I.  Kušan and N.  Matočec (CNF 2/8394); Lika-Senj County, Sjeverni Velebit National Park, northern part of the Mt. Velebit, 280 m SW from the  Vučjak peak (1644 m), 44°48.83'N; 14°58.46'E, 1550 m a.s.l.; on dung of  Lepus europaeus , 11 Jun 2011, N.  Matočec and I.  Kušan (CNF 2/8942). </p>
            <p>Notes.</p>
            <p> De Sloover (2002) summarises the data on the distribution of pigments in microscopic elements in the  Coprotus species described up to that time. His overview suggests that paraphyses are not the only cause of the overall apothecial pigmentation. However, our detailed study on living material of  C. sexdecimsporus over a period of two months clearly showed that cytoplasmic pigments in the paraphyses develop with exposure to light. These observations used apothecia on original substrate and were carried out under controlled conditions. The pigments developed under sunlight or artificial light with a sufficient amount of the ultraviolet wave-length. On the other hand, pigmentation was completely absent if apothecia were grown continually under dark or low-light conditions. There is considerable variability in ascospore dimensions given in the literature. Although it seems that ascospore length may vary regardless of any presently visible cause,  the ascospore diameter seems to be smaller in material from the Southern Europe / Mediterranean region. Accordingly, material from Italy (Doveri 2004) and Tunisia (  Häffner 1996), almost completely overlap with our studied material from the East Adriatic region. These are in the range of ascospore widths from 6.9-8.5  μm . Specimens from the European Atlantic (  Crouan’s material restudied by Le Gal, 1960), Norway (Aas, 1983) and both Americas (Kimbrough et al. 1972, Dokmetzian et al. 2005) have spores with greater spore widths, ranging from 7.5-10  μm . These differences might point to some ecological-geographical causes. The type material is missing according to Kimbrough et al. (1972). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/356E9A20B67D3560BF585629BC885C4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kusan, Ivana;Matocec, Neven;Jadan, Margita;Tkalcec, Zdenko;Mesic, Armin	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.text	417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coprotus epithecioides Matocec & I. Kusan	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Coprotus epithecioides 
Matocec
&amp; I. 
Kusan sp. nov. Figs 4, 5 </p>
            <p> Type . </p>
            <p> CROATIA. Lika-Senj County, Sjeverni Velebit National Park, northern part of the Mt. Velebit,  Hajdučki kukovi area, 150 m W from  Golubić peak (1650 m), 44°46.05'N; 15°00.88'E, 1580 m a.s.l.; on dung of chamois (  Rupicapra rupicapra ), 11 Oct 2017, I.  Kušan (holotype CNF 2/10450, GenBank sequences ITS MG593539, LSU MG593540). </p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p>The specific epithet refers to epithecium-like ascal protective formation composed of swollen apical paraphyses cells.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Apothecia not confluent regularly circular to irregular from the top view, at first oblate, then turbinate, finally pulvinate from the side view, sessile, subhyaline to creamy grey or pale yellowish, glabrous, *170-420  µm in diameter, solitary or gregarious.  Hymenium only very finely scurfy, ascal protrusions not clearly visible. Margin rounded in vertical median section, entire and smooth, expanded with downwards positioned rim, never raised above hymenial plane. Outer surface smooth, concolorous with the hymenium. Subicular hyphae indistinguishable.  Hymenium *75-98  µm thick. Asci shortly cylindric with slightly truncate apex, *60-74.8  × 13.4-15.5  µm , †51.5-62  × 11.8-14  µm (Q = 3.8-5.2), when mature *protruding above hymenium up to 7.5  µm , pars sporifera*28-34  µm , 8-spored, hyaline; base attenuated, bifurcate, arising from perforated crosiers; only optimally oriented fully mature asci with flat lentiform operculum clearly delimited prior the spore discharge, *6.3-6.6  µm in diam. and *0.5  µm thick, lateral wall 3-layered, *0.6  µm thick, after spore discharge operculum as a rule clearly visible; in IKI inamyloid; in CR outermost wall vividly rutile-red throughout the ascal length, median layer pale rutile-yellow, innermost layer greyish; in CB asci cyanophobic.  Ascospores *7.9  –8.8– 9.6  × 4.8  –5.2– 5.6  µm , †8  –9.1– 9.5  × 4.2  –5– 5.2  µm , *Q = 1.5  –1.6– 1.9, †Q = 1.6  –1.9– 2.0, bilaterally symmetrical with one side flattened, subphaseoliform to phaseoliform, poles rounded, 1-celled; uni- to biseriate in living asci, freshly ejected remain in a group for a while due to the delicate subglobose sticky sheath enveloping individual spores; hyaline, smooth; wall 3-layered, 0.4  µm thick, perispore dull, epispore brightly refractive, endospore subhyaline, barely optically differentiated; eguttulate, uninucleate, nucleus always  ± polarly positioned, 2.2-2.5  µm wide; in IKI perispore and epispore not stained, endospore purplish, nucleus slightly contrasted; in CRB without differential stainings, the edges of spore sheath sharply contrasted, after applying KOH spore sheath instantly dissolves, perispore not  loosening , endospore layer purplish-rosaceous; in CB with one eccentrically positioned de Bary bubble in mature spores, perispore not loosening, moderately cyanophilic. Paraphyses  ± densely septate, with thin, hyaline walls, cylindric in the lower part, often branched in the upper part, rarely simple, apically  ± bent clavate or capitate, not producing copious  exudate ; of two types: (a) epithecioid, reaching higher level, with apical short and capitate cell, *6.8-10  × 5-9.9  µm , †6.2-11.2  × 4-8  µm , with 1-2 subapical cells often also swollen (moniliform), forming  ± continuous layer above living immature asci, and (b) of usual type with elongated clavate apical cells, *8.2-14.8  × 2.3-4.4  µm , †5.5-11  × 2-3.3  µm ; both types may contain yellow-orange pigment, often of crystalloid, fibrillar structure; pigment in IKI cinnamon-grey, in CRB purplish-lilac, often barely visible since mainly included in large globose, deeply stained blue-violet vacuole; in CB wall cyanophobic, cytoplasm pale greyish-blue. Margin reduced, composed of textura globulosa-angularis, cells not elongated, *3.8-6  µm wide, cylindric-elongated cells absent; weakly cyanophilic in CB.  Subhymenium hyaline, not differentiated from medullary excipulum.  Medullary excipulum hyaline, in the central part *32-56  µm thick, in the middle flank *10-14  µm thick, composed of textura epidermoidea, cells thin-walled, *2.3-4.8  µm wide, in CB cyanophobic. Ectal excipulum hyaline, in the middle flank *17-22  µm thick, composed of textura globulosa-angularis, cells *9.8-16.5  × 7.8-14.7  µm , †4.5-12  × 2.3-9.5  µm , walls thickened, refractive, yellowish, *0.5-0.7  µm thick, in CB cell walls slightly cyanophilic. Overall excipulum without crystalline matter, dextrinoid reaction in MLZ and colouring in KOH; in IKI inamyloid and devoid of glycogene accumulations. Anamorph not found. </p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p>The species is known so far only from Mt. Velebit, Croatia. The only collection originates from chamois dung in the alpine karstic habitat.</p>
            <p> Other specimens examined. </p>
            <p>None.</p>
            <p>Notes.</p>
            <p> Coprotus epithecioides has several characters making it distinct from other species in the genus. The paraphyses are of two types, along with the usual filiform-clavate ones, there are also an abundance of those with very short, swollen apical cells, that mutually form an epithecioid protective layer over immature asci, a character not recorded so far in the genus  Coprotus . Additionally, in the epithecioid type, 1-2 subapical cells are often also swollen. This gives the paraphyses a moniliform appearance. When present, paraphysal pigments are most often orange to reddish-orange and crystalloid, i.e. of fibrillar shape, resembling the carotenoid pigmentation of  Scutellinia species. Spores are highly bilaterally symmetric compared to  C. glaucellus ,  C. subcylindrosporus ,  C. argenteus and  C. sexdecimsporus (which has only inconspicuously and partly bilaterally symmetric spores) and the spores are significantly shorter than those of  C. subcylindrosporus ,  C. argenteus and  C. sexdecimsporus .  Coprotus glaucellus differs by the presence of only apically uninflated to subclavate paraphyses which do not form an epithecioid protective cover over immature asci. Also it has notably elongated cells at the marginal edge. As elaborated above, paraphysal cytoplasmic pigments normally also develop in this species if the fungus is strongly exposed to sunlight or artificial light with ultraviolet wave-lengths. The pigmentation is completely absent if the apothecia is grown continually under dark or low-light conditions (see notes under  C. sexdecimsporus ). </p>
            <p> Worldwide identification key to the putative species of the genus  Coprotus</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/417EE304D288F514A71D896D50D1B769	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kusan, Ivana;Matocec, Neven;Jadan, Margita;Tkalcec, Zdenko;Mesic, Armin	Kusan, Ivana, Matocec, Neven, Jadan, Margita, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Mesic, Armin (2018): An overview of the genus Coprotus (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with notes on the type species and description of C. epithecioides sp. nov. MycoKeys 29: 15-47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.29.22978
