identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B087C4FF8B551696A440C0FED8FF5B.text	03B087C4FF8B551696A440C0FED8FF5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coenoptychus Simon 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coenoptychus Simon, 1885</p>
            <p> Coenoptychus Simon, 1885: 36 ; Simon 1897: 174; Majumder &amp; Tikader, 1991: 145;  Coenoptychus Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 329 . </p>
            <p> Onychocryptus Karsch, 1892: 295 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The genus  Coenoptychus seems most similar to  Graptartia in their shared resemblance of velvet ants, but can be distinguished by the following combination of features: rectangular eye arrangement and recurved PER (Fig. 4A, Haddad 2004: figs 2‒3) vs circular eye arrangement and procurved PER in  Graptartia (Haddad 2004: figs 1, 19); carapace with less narrowed ocular region (Figs 2A, C, 4E) vs strongly narrowed ocular region in  Graptartia (Fig. 4D); dorsal abdominal setae feathery (Haddad 2004: figs 11‒12) vs dorsal abdominal setae clavate in  Graptartia (Haddad 2004: fig. 10); three teeth on cheliceral promargin vs two in  Graptartia ; lack of RTA (Fig. 3A‒C; Haddad 2004: figs 27‒28, 32‒33) vs a small hook-shaped RTA in  Graptartia (cf. Haddad 2004: figs 22‒ 23); distally pointed apical part of cymbium (Fig. 3A‒C; Haddad 2004: figs 27‒28, 32‒33) vs prolaterally pointed and retrolaterally blunt apical part of cymbium in  Graptartia (Haddad 2004: figs 22‒23); corkscrew-shaped embolus directed straight or prolaterally (Fig. 3C; Haddad 2004: figs 13‒14, 27‒28, 32‒33) vs clamp-shaped embolus in  Graptartia (Haddad 2004: figs 22‒23); reniform spermathecae I (Fig. 3E‒F; Haddad 2004: figs 25‒26, 30‒31) vs narrow in  Graptartia (Haddad 2004: figs 20‒21). </p>
            <p> Type species:  Coenoptychus pulcher Simon, 1885 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p> Description. Small to medium spiders (males 3.8‒6.0, females 3.95‒12.0) in length. Carapace dark reddish to orange, with dark grey borders, papillate, scattered with white long and feathery setae, medially broad, slightly elevated from eye region towards rear, highest at two-thirds its length, fovea distinct or indistinct. Eye field dark, MOQ trapezoid, AER procurved, PER recurved (Fig. 4A, Haddad 2004: figs 2‒3). Chelicerae orange to grey, with black setae dorsally, promargin with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth, fangs baso-promarginally with modified long black setae in  C. pulcher females and possibly found in  C. mutillicus comb. nov. and  C. tropicalis comb. nov. females (Fig. 4G‒H). Endites straight to slightly depressed laterally, longer than wide. Labium wider than long, with few black setae. Sternum reddish to orange, papillate, covered with feathery setae intermingled with long and short setae. Leg formula 4123, legs spinose, scattered feathery setae on legs, scopulae weak, comprising two rows of setae, leg I femur uniformly dark coloured, femora II‒IV with dark grey annulations. Abdomen oval, covered with short, black feathery setae, scattered long white and grey setae and short white feathery setae that form the pattern, dorsal scutum entire, venter covered with short and long black setae interspersed with black feathery setae. Spinnerets closely grouped together, ALS largest and subconical. Male palp segments pale orange to red-brown, without retrolateral tibial apophysis, tibia prolaterally with one pair of spines (Fig. 3A; Haddad 2004: figs 27, 32); cymbium broad, gradually narrowing apically, with dense mat of tiny setae on dorsum (Figs 3A, C); tegulum pear-shaped, with stump-like apical embolus base; subtegulum small, partly visible retrolaterally; embolus spiral with 1.5‒2.5 turns (Figs 3A‒D; Haddad 2004: figs 13‒14, 27‒28, 32‒33). Female epigyne domed plate-like, reddish-brown, copulatory openings in circular or semi-circular ridges (Figs 2G, 3E; Haddad 2004: figs 25‒26, 30‒31), spermathecae I kidney-shaped, spermathecae II round to subtriangular (Figs 2H, 3F; Haddad 2004: figs 25‒26, 30‒31). All species mimic velvet ants (Figs 1A‒F, 2A, C, 4E). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania (Fig. 5)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087C4FF8B551696A440C0FED8FF5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Paul, Jimmy;Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.;Joseph, Mathew M.	Paul, Jimmy, Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A., Joseph, Mathew M. (2018): A review of the wasp mimicking spider genus Coenoptychus Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 4413 (1): 163-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.6
03B087C4FF88551396A44369FCAAFDDE.text	03B087C4FF88551396A44369FCAAFDDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coenoptychus pulcher Simon 1885	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coenoptychus pulcher Simon, 1885</p>
            <p>Figs 1A‒D, 2A‒H, 3A‒F, 4A‒C, F‒K</p>
            <p> Coenoptychus pulcher Simon, 1885: 37 (Holotype ♀: INDIA: Ramnad/Ramanathapuram [09°22'14.12''N, 78°50'00.44''E], no date, MNHN—not examined); Gravely, 1931: 276, fig. 20G; Majumder &amp; Tikader 1991: 145, figs 306‒310; Deeleman- Reinhold, 2001: 329, figs 486‒488. </p>
            <p> Onychocryptus mutillaris Karsch, 1892: 295 , pl. 11, fig. 17. </p>
            <p> Coenoptychus pulchellus Simon, 1897: 174 (lapsus); Green, 1912: 92, figs 5‒6; Petrunkevitch, 1928: 179; Berland, 1932: 149. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Coenoptychus pulcher seems closely related to  C. tropicalis comb. nov. , but can be easily separated from it by the following combination of features: abdominal scutum of both sexes with four white spots (Figs 1A‒ D, 2A, C) vs with a broad white anterior band and two small lateral triangular markings, fused to a median stripe in front of spinnerets in  C. tropicalis comb. nov. (Haddad 2004: fig. 29); globose spermathecae II (Figs 2H, 3F) vs subtriangular in  C. tropicalis comb. nov. (Haddad 2004: figs 30‒31); postero-laterally placed copulatory ducts (Fig. 3F) vs laterally placed in  C. tropicalis comb. nov. (Haddad 2004: fig. 31); spermathecae II with basoprolateral projection (Fig. 3F) vs without projection in  C. tropicalis comb. nov. (Haddad 2004: fig. 31); embolus with 1.5 coils (Fig. 3A‒D) vs. with 2 coils in  C. tropicalis comb. nov. (Haddad 2004: figs 32‒33); and inverted comma-shaped epigynal ridges (Fig. 3E) vs with semi-circular-shaped epigynal ridges in  C. tropicalis comb. nov. (Haddad 2004: figs 30‒31). </p>
            <p>Male (ADSH19131B). Measurements: Body length 4.93. Carapace 2.54 long, 1.55 wide. Abdomen length 2.39, width 1.82. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.06, AME 0.08, PLE 0.07, PME 0.07, ALE‒PLE 0.37, AME‒ ALE 0.05, AME‒AME 0.10, AME‒PME 0.15, PLE‒PLE 0.67, PME‒PLE 0.17, PME‒PME 0.21. Clypeus height at AME 0.30, at ALE 0.22. Chelicerae 0.65 long. Measurements of palp and legs (right): palp 2.25 [0.69, 0.20, 0.28, 1.08], I 4.05 [1.10, 0.51, 0.87, 0.86, 0.71], II 3.92 [1.10, 0.51, 0.79, 0.83, 0.69], III 3.62 [1.01, 0.50, 0.70, 0.83, 0.58], IV 6.46 [1.41, 0.61, 1.07, 1.37, 2.00]. Spination: palp: femur do 2, cymbium pl 3; legs: femora I‒II pl 1 do 3 III pl 1 do 3 rl 1, IV pl 2 do 3 rl 1; patellae I‒IV do 2 fine setae; tibiae I plv 1 rlv 2, II rlv 2, III plv 2, IV pl 1 rl 1 plv 1 vt 1; metatarsus I plv 2 rlv 1, II plv 2 rlv 2, III plv 4 rlv 2 vt 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; tarsi I‒IV spineless.</p>
            <p>Carapace dark reddish with dark grey boarders, papillate, with serrated margins, slightly elevated towards rear, highest at two-thirds its length, ornamented with short golden and long white hairs (Fig. 4I), white feathery setae lying adjacent to the lateral margins (Fig. 4B, vertical arrow). Eye field blackish, with long, curved setae, eyes subequal, PER strongly recurved (Fig. 4A). Fovea short and narrow. Clypeus black, with long, curved setae. Chelicerae dark greyish-orange, dorsum covered with greyish-black setae; promargin middle tooth largest. Maxillae, labium dark orange. Sternum reddish-orange, with black margins, papillate, covered with feathery setae intermingled with short and long white and pale setae, with precoxal triangles, intercoxal sclerites between all coxae except I and II, intercoxal sclerites discontinuous (Fig. 4B, horizontal arrow), fused with plural bars, precoxal triangles separated at coxae II, III and IV. Abdomen oval; dorsal scutum blackish, entire, with two pairs of sigilla, covered with black feathery setae, rest with short, white feathery setae intermingled with long grey and white setae; dorsum with four major spots of short white feathery setae, two medially and two laterally, with very short patch of white feathery setae on each postero-lateral side, anterior half with scattered gold feathery setae up to median white spot, tuft of short, white feathery setae just above anal tubercle (Fig. 4F); venter with reddish-brown ventral sclerite, epigastric sclerite reddish-orange, post epigastric sclerites thin, with setal bases from granules; ventral sclerite heavily sclerotised, rectangular, situated between epigastric furrow and inframammillary sclerite, inframammillary sclerite small. Pedicel short, with collar. Spinnerets orange-brown. Legs I‒III yellowish-brown, IV reddish-brown, spinose, covered with short, erect setae and scattered short feathery setae; all leg segments with black annulations, except femur I and all tarsi; all coxae lack retrocoxal window; all patellae with narrow patellar indentation; glabrous distal constriction on femora III and IV, prominent on IV (Fig. 4J); proximal and distal long setae on patellae dorsally, long spine-like dense hairs around metatarsi III‒IV distally; all metatarsi distally with scopulae, scopulae on all tarsi entire (Fig. 4K), metatarsal and tarsal scopulae composed of longitudinal halves separated medially by irregular rows of spine-like setae (Fig. 4K); all tarsi with paired claws, with claw tufts of short, barbed setae, without feathery setae; leg formula 4123.</p>
            <p>Palp (Figs 2E‒F, 3A‒D): segments pale orange to dark brown; patella with single prolateral spine; tibia prolaterally with single pair of spines (Fig. 3A), with glabrous ventral saddle with small elevated ridge prolaterally, cymbium with weak prolateral bend in ventral view (Fig. 3B), with one apico-prolateral and two baso-prolateral spines, with dense mat of tiny thorn-like setae on pallid apical half of dorsum (Fig. 3C), apical end with indistinct claw-like setae. Bulb pear-shaped, with short, stump-like embolus base; subtegulum small, partly visible pro- and retrolaterally; embolus nearly extending to tip of cymbium, with 1.5 turns, distal 2/3 appears ‘ladle-like’ ventrally, with narrow, angular tip directed at 10 o’clock ventrally (Fig. 3D).</p>
            <p>Female (ADSH19131A). Measurements: Body length 5.88. Carapace 3.04 long, 1.79 wide. Abdomen length 2.84, width 2.55. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.10, AME 0.11, PLE 0.10, PME 0.09, ALE‒PLE 0.40, AME‒ ALE 0.07, AME‒AME 0.12, AME‒PME 0.18, PLE‒PLE 0.80, PME‒PLE 0.20, PME‒PME 0.23. Clypeus height at AME 0.33, at ALE 0.22. Chelicerae length 0.76. Measurements of palp and legs (right): palp 2.33 [0.66, 0.33, 0.48, 0.86], I 4.47 [1.30, 0.51, 0.98, 0.93, 0.75], II 4.42 [1.30, 0.58, 0.93, 0.89, 0.72], III 4.24 [1.25, 0.59, 0.85, 0.91, 0.64], IV 5.98 [1.64, 0.72, 1.26, 1.60, 0.76]. Spination: palp: femur do 3, patella pl 1 do 3, tibia do 1 pl 2, tarsus pl 2 rl 1 vt 2; legs: femora I‒II pl 1 do 3, III pl 1 do 3 rl 1, IV pl 2 do 3 rl 1; patellae I‒IV do 2; tibiae I plv 2 rlv 2, II vt 2, III pl 1 plv 1, IV pl 1 plv 2 rl 2 rlv 1 vt 1; metatarsi I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 1 rlv 2, III pl 2 plv 1 rl 2 rlv 1 vt 1, IV pl 3 plv 1 rl 4 vt 3; tarsi I‒IV spineless.</p>
            <p>In all details like male except the following: carapace reddish-orange. Fangs baso-promarginally with modified long black setae (4G‒H). Sternum orange. Abdomen oval, anterior half with short gold feathery setae, denser than male, forming distinct pattern, sigilla more distinct than male; dorsal scutum larger than male; lateral white spots extending ventrally, posterior white spot slightly extending downward; venter covered with short black feathery setae, short white feathery setae forming white median broad band and lateral paired triangular-shaped thin white bands, two pairs of white spots lateral to spinnerets (Fig. 2B), single white spot just dorsal of spinnerets (Fig. 4F); ventral sclerite absent, inframamillary sclerite small (Fig. 4C). Spinnerets larger than male; PMS and PLS provided with three and two large cylindrical gland spigots, respectively, ALS largest, without enlarged spigots (Fig. 4C). Scopulae on metatarsi I‒II and all tarsi complete, metatarsi III‒IV bearing scopulae distally (Fig 4K). Palpal tarsus distally with pair of ventral spines.</p>
            <p>Epigyne (Figs 2G‒H, 3E‒F): domed plate-like, reddish brown. Copulatory openings small, circular, with inverted comma-shaped ridges, lying postero-laterally (Fig. 3E). Vulvae large, spermathecae I kidney-shaped, spermathecae II round, with short baso-prolateral lobe, both spermathecae bridged together by vertical dumbbellshaped lobe. Copulatory ducts short, less sclerotized, moderately wide, without convolutions, opening basally to spermathecae II (Fig. 3F).</p>
            <p>Variation. Body length: Female 5.88‒6.06 mm (n=2).</p>
            <p>Material examined. INDIA, Kerala: Palakkad, Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Vengoli, 10°25'22.8''S, 76°48'36''E, 1057 m, 27.V.2016, leg. J. Paul, from ground, by hand, 1 penultimate ♂, 1♀ (ADSH 19131A); Same locality, 13.VIII.2016, leg. K.S. Nafin, from ground, by hand, 1♂, 1♀ (ADSH 19131B).</p>
            <p> Natural History.  Coenoptychus pulcher is a diurnally active, fast-running ground spider. The species has been collected from both coastal regions (Simon, 1885) and montane grasslands (present data).  Coenoptychus pulcher are accurate Batesian mimics of the velvet ants (  Hymenoptera :  Mutillidae ). Green (1912) observed a close resemblance of  C. pulcher to members of the genera  Mutilla Linnaeus, 1758 and  Spilomutilla Ashmead, 1903 . The spiders also had resemblance to other mutillid genera such as Biscoffitilla Lelej, 2002 and Trogospidia Ashmead, 1899, which were found in the region (Paul, pers. obs.) (Fig. 1E‒F). The behaviour of the spider, such as leg movements, speed, intermittent resting and bobbing of the abdomen, accurately mimics the wingless female mutillid wasps, which makes them difficult to distinguish in their habitat. </p>
            <p>Distribution. India: Kerala: Palakkad (present record), Tamil Nadu: Ramanad (Ramanathapuram) and Madras; Sri Lanka: Anuradhapura and Taprobane (Fig. 5).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087C4FF88551396A44369FCAAFDDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Paul, Jimmy;Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.;Joseph, Mathew M.	Paul, Jimmy, Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A., Joseph, Mathew M. (2018): A review of the wasp mimicking spider genus Coenoptychus Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 4413 (1): 163-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.6
03B087C4FF8D551396A447CCFC44F8BD.text	03B087C4FF8D551396A447CCFC44F8BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coenoptychus mutillicus (Haddad 2004) Paul & Sankaran & Sebastian & Joseph 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coenoptychus mutillicus (Haddad, 2004) comb. nov.</p>
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                  Graptartia mutillica Haddad, 2004: 76 , figs 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 24‒28 (Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.116667/lat -28.9)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.116667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9">Deelhoek</a>
                 farm, Bloemfontein district, 28°54'S, 26°07'E, 1250 m, leg. C.R. Haddad, under old oil drum, 12.I.2001, NMBA 9451 —not examined). 
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            <p> Justification for transfer. Judging from the original description and illustrations of  G. mutillica (Haddad, 2004) , this species would be better placed in  Coenoptychus than in  Graptartia : male smaller and less robust than female, recurved PER, abdomen and legs with feathery setae, promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, round spermathecae II and reniform spermathecae I, lack of palpal RTA, and spiralled embolus with 2.5 turns (Haddad 2004: figs 2, 8, 11, 13, 24‒28). All these indicate that this species is misplaced in  Graptartia and its transfer to  Coenoptychus is hereby proposed. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Tanzania (Fig. 5).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087C4FF8D551396A447CCFC44F8BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Paul, Jimmy;Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.;Joseph, Mathew M.	Paul, Jimmy, Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A., Joseph, Mathew M. (2018): A review of the wasp mimicking spider genus Coenoptychus Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 4413 (1): 163-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.6
03B087C4FF8D551C96A44535FE15FDB3.text	03B087C4FF8D551C96A44535FE15FDB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coenoptychus tropicalis (Haddad 2004) Paul & Sankaran & Sebastian & Joseph 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coenoptychus tropicalis (Haddad, 2004) comb. nov.</p>
            <p>  Graptartia tropicalis Haddad, 2004: 78 , figs 3, 6, 9, 12, 14‒16, 29‒33 (Holotype ♀: TANZANIA:  Kyela (garden), leg. R. Jocqué, 9.XI.1991, MRAC 173236 —not examined). </p>
            <p> Justification for transfer. The original description and illustrations of  G. tropicalis (Haddad, 2004) indicate that the diagnostic features of the species match the somatic and genitalic features of  Coenoptychus : male smaller and less robust than female, recurved PER, abdomen and legs with feathery setae, promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, subtriangular spermathecae I and reniform spermathecae I, lack of RTA in the male palp, and spiralled embolus with two turns (Haddad 2004: figs 3, 9, 12, 14, 29‒33). Based on these characters, we propose the transfer of this species to  Coenoptychus . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Tanzania (Fig. 5).</p>
            <p> Note. The transfer of both  G. mutillica and  G. tropicalis to  Coenoptychus is supported by the cladistic analysis of Afrotropical  Castianeirinae by Haddad (2013), wherein these two species were in a clade paraphyletic to  Graptartia granulosa Simon, 1896 . He suggested that these two species may belong to  Coenoptychus , but did not formally transfer them. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087C4FF8D551C96A44535FE15FDB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Paul, Jimmy;Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.;Joseph, Mathew M.	Paul, Jimmy, Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A., Joseph, Mathew M. (2018): A review of the wasp mimicking spider genus Coenoptychus Simon, 1885 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 4413 (1): 163-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.6
