identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B387F6D23A8F4DFF55FAAEFB8343F0.text	03B387F6D23A8F4DFF55FAAEFB8343F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nyctaster Carvalho & Kury 2025	<div><p>Nyctaster gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6EF13620-C7C2-43B1-8A53-FEB23698F34A</p><p>Type species. Nyctaster sidereus sp. nov.</p><p>Included species. Nyctaster lanceatus sp. nov. and Nyctaster sidereus sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. Genus name is derived from the Greek words νυκτός [nyktós] (genitive of νύξ, meaning “night”) and ἀστήρ [astér] (meaning “star”). It reflects the appearance of the specimens, which display yellow tubercles on a dark dorsal scutum, resembling stars scattered across a night sky. Gender masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis. The inclusion of Nyctaster gen. nov. does not alter the subfamilial diagnosis of Neopachylinae as presented by Carvalho &amp; Kury (2024a). Therefore, the comparative diagnosis provided below emphasizes the distinguishing characters in contrast to other members of the subfamily. Nyctaster gen. nov. can be recognized by the following combination of characters: a) Dorsal spines not restricted to the distal third of the stylus, extending partially into the middle third. (contrasting with all other genera) (Figs. 7B–C, 10A); b) VP with the basal half one-third wider than the distal half (similar to Iamarinus; contrasting with all others) (Figs. 7A, 10B); c) DS with a gamma-pyriform outline ( Gonyleptes -like following Kury &amp; Medrano 2016) (similar to Oliverius; contrasting with all others) (Figs. 5A, 6A, 8A, 9A); d) Scutal area I with a pair of conspicuous paramedian tubercles, as seen in Conapesquius brevifemur (Soares &amp; Soares, 1947) and C. rectipes (Roewer, 1913) (contrasting with all others) (Figs. 5A, C–G, 6A–B, D, 8A, C, 9A–B, D); e) Cx IV prodorsal apophysis with a secondary and reduced basal branch (contrasting with all other genera) (Figs. 6A, I–J, 9A, I–K).</p><p>Geographic distribution. BRAZIL: States of Paraná and São Paulo (Fig. 4) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387F6D23A8F4DFF55FAAEFB8343F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Carvalho, Rafael N.;Kury, Adriano B.	Carvalho, Rafael N., Kury, Adriano B. (2025): A stellar configuration in Gonyleptidae: Nyctaster, a new genus of Neopachylinae from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa 5729 (1): 43-74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.1.2
03B387F6D2398F44FF55FACCFB494661.text	03B387F6D2398F44FF55FACCFB494661.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nyctaster sidereus Carvalho & Kury 2025	<div><p>Nyctaster sidereus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 48ADE346-CA7A-47D6-BA60-65C9B25CC1C3</p><p>(Figs. 5–7)</p><p>Type data. Holotype ♂ paratype ♂ (MNRJ 3690), BRAZIL, Paraná state, Rio Branco do Sul, trail near Gruta da Lancinha, -25,16017, -49,2795, 875 m, 20–21.i.2024, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6982&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.8543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6982/lat -24.8543)">Carvalho</a>, R. N. &amp; Kury, A. B. leg. ♂ paratype 2 ♀ paratypes (MNRJ 3887), ♂ paratype (MNRJ 3888), BRAZIL, Paraná state, Adrianópolis, Parque Estadual das Lauráceas, Trilha das Antas, -24.8594, -48.71691, 929 m, 24–25.i.2025, Carvalho, R. N. &amp; Kury, A. B. leg. 3 ♂ paratype 2 ♀ paratypes 1 juv paratype (MNRJ 3903), BRAZIL, Paraná state, Adrianópolis, Parque Estadual das Lauráceas, Trilha dos Cedros, -24.8543, -48.6982, 913 m, 26.i.2025, Carvalho, R. N. &amp; Kury, A. B. leg.</p><p>Type locality. Brazil, Paraná State, Rio Branco do Sul, trail near Gruta da Lancinha .</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective derived from the Latin sīdĕrĕus (starry or celestial). It refers to the star-like arrangement of pale tubercles on the dorsal scutum, evoking the appearance of a starry sky and highlighting a distinctive morphological feature of the species.</p><p>Diagnosis. Nyctaster sidereus sp. nov. can be distinguished from N. lanceatus sp. nov. by the following characteristics: a) ventral process of the glans measuring half the diameter of the stylus (Fig. 7B); b) cheliceral bulla with two ectal spines on the proximal margin (Figs. 6A–B); c) mesotergum with scutal area II laterally extending into scutal area I (Figs. 5A, D–E, 6A–B); d) scutal area IV undivided (Figs. 5D–E, 6A); e) Cx IV prodorsal apophysis with distal portion forming an obtuse angle relative to the body (Figs. 5A, D–E, 6A); f) Fe IV retrolateral face with an outstanding spine on the distal half (Figs. 5A–B, D–E, 6J, L–M); g) Pa IV retro ventral face with two-three tiny and equal-sized spines (Fig. 6O).</p><p>Description of male. DS measurements of ♂ holotype (MNRJ 3690): CW 3.3, CL 2.2, AW 6.7, AL 3.6; Pp and legs I–IV measurements in Table 4; tarsal counts: 6(3) / 6(3) - 10(3) / 12(3) - 7 / 7 - 7 / 7.</p><p>Dorsum. DS gamma-pyriform type, wider than long, with AS lateral margins strongly convex, widest at area II and highest at area III (Figs. 5A, C–D, 6A–B). AS posterior margin sinuous (Figs. 5A, C, 6A). DS anterior portion with two rows of five or six acuminated tubercles (Figs. 6A–B). Carapace covered by many tubercles, with a pair of paramedian higher tubercles on the posterior portion (Figs. 5A, C–E, 6A–B). Cheliceral sockets shallow, with a small apophysis in between (Fig. 6A). Ocularium elliptical, high (ca. 3× the diameter of the eyes), almost perpendicular to the anterior portion of DS, placed in the middle of the carapace (Figs. 5A, C–E, 6A–C). Ocularium with a pair of divergent blunt apophyses (ca. 2x the diameter of the eyes) fused at baseline and almost perpendicular in relation to DS (Fig. 6A–C). Mesotergum divided into four clearly defined scutal areas (Figs. 5A, D–E, 6A). Scutal area I divided into left and right halves by median groove (Figs. 5A, D–E, 6A). Scutal area II anterior lateral groove slightly invading the space of the scutal area I and posterior lateral groove invading the space of area III to a half its length (Figs. 5A, D–E, 6A). Scutal area III posterior paramedian grooves invading the space of scutal area IV (Figs. 5A, D–E, 6A). DS posterior border central groove invading the space of scutal area IV (Fig. 6A). AS lateral borders with two rows of tubercles, the innermost row (composed only by ordinary tubercles) originates in the anterior region of the carapace, while the outermost row (with five or six prominent tubercles at the scutal areas II–IV height, increasing in size backwards) arises from its central portion; both rows end at the level of scutal area IV (Figs. 5A, C–E, 6A–B). All scutal areas bear numerous tubercles, most of which are lighter in color than the darker background (Figs. 5A, C–E, 6A). Scutal area I with a pair of paramedian tubercles ca. 2.5× taller than the surrounding ones. (Figs. 5A, C–E, 6A–B, C). Scutal area III with a pair of paramedian, elevated sub-conical blunt apophyses (Figs. 5A, C–E, 6A–B, E–F). Scutal area III with two pairs of prominent tubercles, ca. 2× taller than the surrounding ones, positioned laterally to the paramedian armature (Figs. 5A, C–D, 6A–B). Scutal area IV with two paramedian pairs of prominent subconical tubercles, ca. 1.5× taller than the surrounding ones (Figs. 6A–B). DS posterior border with two transverse rows: inner row discontinuous with ordinary tubercles; outer row continuous, bearing three pairs of prominent tubercles (ca. 2× taller than the surrounding ones) in central and paramedian regions (Fig. 6A). Free tergites with a transverse row of mixed prominent and ordinary tubercles (Figs. 5A, D, 6A).</p><p>Venter . Cx I–III parallel to each other, with Cx I and III compressing centrally both sides of Cx II (Fig. 5B); each one bears ventral transverse rows of 7–15 setiferous tubercles (Cx I anterior row taller than the others). Cx II posterior face with a row of four acuminated tubercles. Cx III posterior face with a row of eight acuminated tubercles. Cx IV much larger than the others, obliquely oriented (Fig. 5B). Stigmatic area Y-shaped, distinctly sunken relative to Cx IV distal region (Fig. 5B). Intercoxal bridges well-marked. Stigmata clearly visible (Fig. 5B). Free sternites with a transverse row of minute tubercles (Fig. 5B). Anal operculum covered by ordinary tubercles.</p><p>Chelicerae. Basichelicerite elongate; bulla distinct, bearing marginal setiferous tubercles—two ectal, three posterior, one mesal; hand not swollen (Figs. 6A–B).</p><p>Pedipalps. Tr ventrally with one regular and one geminate subconical tubercle on distal half. Fe with two setiferous tubercles: one prolateral apical, one proventral basal. Pa unarmed. Ti with ventro-mesal and ventro-ectal rows of four (IiIi) setiferous tubercles. Ta with ventro-mesal and ventro-ectal rows of three (III and IIi, respectively) setiferous tubercles. Claw smooth, slightly ventrally arched.</p><p>Legs. Tr I–III dorsally and ventrally covered with minute tubercles; ventral face with a central prominent tubercle. Fe I–II straight, Fe III sub-straight (Fig. 6G). Fe–Mt I–III with rows of minute tubercles on all faces (except ventral) (Fig. 6G). Fe II–III retro dorsal face with an apical spur nearly equal to segment diameter (Fig. 6G).</p><p>Cx IV: large, surpassing DS in dorsal view and distally reaching posterior DS margin (Figs. 5A, D, 6A). It is covered with rows of tubercles on prodorsal, prolateral, proventral and ventral faces; pro dorsal tubercles more developed than others (Figs. 8A–D, 6A). A long prolateral distal apophysis, basal half perpendicular to DS, and bifurcated distally into a main posteriorly curved claw-shaped branch and a reduced secondary branch aligned with basal axis (Figs. 5A, 6A–B, H, J–L); pro dorsal apophysis with a reduced basal secondary branch (Figs. 5A, 6A, I–J); a short retrolateral apophysis bearing a minute secondary branch (Figs. 5A–B, 6A, I–J, L–M).</p><p>Tr IV: rectangular (Fig. 5A–E, 6A, I, J–M), dorsally and ventrally tuberculate (Figs. 5B, 6I–M), with a pair of prominent tubercles on pro ventral and retroventral distal portions (Fig. 6L). Proximal portion with conical apophyses on prolateral and retrolateral faces—the latter well-developed and slightly anteriorly curved (Figs. 5A, 6A, I–J, L–M); distal portion with claw-shaped apophyses on pro dorsal and retrolateral faces; pro dorsal with an anterior subconical secondary process, retrolateral smaller and dorsally tuberculate (Figs. 5D, 6A, I–K, M). Tr IV central portion with two prominent tubercles on pro lateral and retrolateral faces, distal ones larger (Figs. 6A, I–K, M); a prominent tubercle on the prolateral face near the distal border, adjacent to the prodorsal apophysis (Figs. 6A, I–L); retrolateral face with one prominent subconical tubercle next to the distal margin (Figs. 6I–J, L–M).</p><p>Fe IV: sub-straight, centrally oriented to retroventral (Figs. 5C–E, 6J–M). Dorsal face with one spine and two prominent subconical tubercles on the proximal half, and one prominent tubercle, one spine, and a reduced apical spine on the distal half (Figs. 6J–K, M); prodorsal face with a row of 13–15 prominent tubercles (Figs. 6J–K); prolateral face with a row of 15–17 tubercles (Figs. 6J–L); proventral face with five prominent subconical tubercles on the proximal half, and three spines (iII) on the distal half (Figs. 6K–L). Fe IV ventral face with one prominent tubercle and two well-developed spines (iI) curved retro laterally on the proximal half (Figs. 6K–M); retro ventral face with a prominent subconical tubercle near to the basal margin, and two well-developed spines (II) on the distal third (Figs. 6L–M); retrolateral face with three prominent tubercles, one large conical tubercle and a dorsally curved spine on the proximal half, and two spines—the proximal one highly developed (ca. 2.5× segment diameter)—on the distal half (Figs. 6J, L–M); retro dorsal face with a row of ordinary tubercles, ending with a spine and an apical spur on the distal quarter (Figs. 6J, M).</p><p>Pa IV: dorsally and laterally covered by ordinary and prominent subconical tubercles, increasing size towards to retrolateral face (Figs. 6N–O); proventral face with four spines (iIiI) (Fig. 6O); ventral face with five–six subconical tubercles (Fig. 6O); retroventral face with two spines (Ii) (Fig. 6O).</p><p>Ti IV: dorsally covered by conical tubercles, taller on the proximal–central thirds (Figs. 6N). Prolateral face with a row of subconical tubercles (Figs. 6N–O); proventral face with a row of nine prominent subconical tubercles on the proximal half, and three–four spines on the distal half (Fig. 6O); retro ventral face with a row of seven spines, the two proximal smallest (Fig. 6O); retrolateral face with a row of nine tubercles, two proximal most conical and taller, others subconical (Figs. 6N–O).</p><p>Mt IV: with rows of minute tubercles on all faces (except ventral); proventral and retro ventral apical portions with spurs.</p><p>Color (in vivo) (MNRJ 3690, ♂ holotype) (Figs 5A–E). Ocularium, DS background and its lateral portions, free tergites I–III, anal operculum, Cx–Tr IV apophyses and Fe–Pa IV spines Brownish Black (65), with apophyses and spines’ apices Vivid Orange (48). DS with anterior and lateral margins Strong Orange (50). DS and free tergite I posterior margins Moderate Orange Yellow (71). DS scutal grooves Olive Gray (113). Pair of spines from ocularium Dark Grayish Olive (111) with tips Brownish Gray (64). DS, free tergites I–III and Cx IV bear numerous Vivid Greenish Yellow (97) tubercles contrasting with the background. Pair of spines from DS scutal area III Blackish Purple (230) with tips Grayish Olive Green (127). Chelicerae and pedipalps with Dark Greenish Yellow (103) background and a honeycombed Dark Olive (108) reticulation. Cx I–IV and Tr–Pa IV with Very Dark Red (17) background. Tr–Mt I–III and Ti–Mt IV with Dark Orange Yellow (72) and Olive Gray (113) background. Tr I–III distal third with a Brilliant Orange Yellow (67) and Moderate Olive (107). Fe II–III retro dorsal spur and Ti IV proventral and retro ventral distalmost spines Deep Yellow (85). Articular membranes White (263).</p><p>Color (in ethanol) (MNRJ 3690, ♂ holotype). Ocularium, DS background and its borders, free tergites I–III, and anal operculum Dark Olive Green (126). DS scutal grooves Light Olive (106). DS and free tergites I–III bear numerous Moderate Yellow Green (120) tubercles contrasting with the background. Pair of spines from DS scutal area III Olive Black (114) with tips Grayish Green (150). Chelicerae, pedipalps, Tr–Mt I–II, Fe–Mt III and Ta–Mt IV with Light Yellow Green (119) background and a honeycombed Dark Grayish Olive Green (128) reticulation. Cx I–II and Cx–Tr III background Dark Greenish Yellow (103), with honeycombed Grayish Olive Green (127) reticulation. Cx–Tr IV background Olive Gray (113), with a longitudinal comb of Dark Yellow (88) transverse stripes. Cx–Tr IV apophyses Dark Grayish Olive Green (128) with apices Moderate Orange Yellow (71). Tr IV distal quarter and Fe IV background Dark Grayish Olive (111). Fe IV spines Deep Olive Green (124) with tips Moderate Greenish Yellow (102) or Light Olive (106). Pa IV background Light Olive Brown (94), with honeycombed Grayish Olive (110) reticulation. Articular membranes White (263).</p><p>Male genitalia. VP is divided into two regions, a distal trapezoidal part and a proximal elliptical part (Fig. 7A). VP ventral surface entirely covered with type 1 microsetae. All MS are laterally inserted on the VP: A1–A3 cylindrical, thick and acuminate, forming a diagonal row on the basal third of VP (MS A3 ventral most) (Figs. 7A–B); B1 conical and very reduced, inserted ventrally, at height of A1 (Figs. 7B); C1–C3 similar in shape to MS A, forming a longitudinal row on the distal third of the VP (Figs. 7A–B); D1 small, positioned closer to C3 than A1 (Figs. 7A–B); E1–E2 similar in shape to B macrosetae, located on the distal lateral border of the VP, E1 between the height of C1–C2 and E2 at the height of C3 (Fig. 7B). Glans sac short, arising from middle bulge on podium, not extended as a dorsal process (Figs. 7A–C). Stylus and ventral process basally fused, forming a long pedestal at an acute (almost V-shaped) angle (Figs. 7B–C). Apex of the stylus sub-straight, bent 45° dorsad, without clearly defined head and ventrally covered by small subdistal spines (some of them reaching the central part of the stylus) (Figs. 7A–C). The ventral process of the stylus is S-shaped, thinner and as long as the stylus, and nearly reaches the distal VP border in situ (Figs. 7A–C). The flabellum of the ventral process is “hand-shaped”, with lateral spines (Figs. 7A–C).</p><p>Description of female. DS measurements of ♀ paratype (MNRJ 3903) (Fig. 5G): CW 2.7, CL 2.1, AW 5.6, AL 3.6; Pp and legs I–IV measurements in Table 5; tarsal counts: 6(3) / 6(3) - 9(3) / 9(3) - 7 / 7 - 7 / 7.</p><p>Characters differing from the male: DS gamma-pyriform type, as wide as long (Figs. 5G). Ocularium slightly lower than in males. Scutal area III with a paramedian pair of spines bearing pointed apices (Figs. 5G). Cx IV narrower than in males, with prodorsal apophysis reduced to a conical spine (Figs. 5G). Tr IV square-shaped, with short conical apophyses on the proximal third of both prolateral and retrolateral faces; prodorsal face with a distal conical apophysis; retrolateral face with a reduced subconical apophysis on the distal third (Fis. 5G). Fe IV sub-straight, slightly arched retro ventrally on the distal third, shorter and thinner than in males (Figs. 5G); it bears four–five spines on the dorsal face; pro dorsal and retroventral faces each with a row of eight–nine spines (Figs. 5G); retrolateral face with a large spine (longer than the segment diameter) on the central third; pro dorsal and retro dorsal faces each with a spur on the apical portion, retro dorsal larger (Figs. 5G).</p><p>Intraspecific variation. Among major morph males: the Cx IV prodorsal apophysis forms an angle ranging from 90° to obtuse relative to the DS.</p><p>In the minor morph male (n=1) (Fig. 5F) (compared to major morphs, n=5): (1) narrower DS; (2) reduced Cx IV prodorsal distal apophysis, with the secondary branch visible dorsally; (3) reduced Tr IV retrolateral proximal apophysis; (4) Tr IV retrodorsal apophysis reduced to a monticule with minute tubercles; (5) Fe IV thinner and nearly straight, with reduced but similarly patterned armature; (6) Pa IV bearing blunt spines dorsally and laterally; (7) Ti IV with similarly patterned but reduced armature.</p><p>No significant intraspecific variation was observed among females.</p><p>Geographic distribution. BRAZIL, state of Paraná: Adrianópolis, Rio Branco do Sul (Fig. 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387F6D2398F44FF55FACCFB494661	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Carvalho, Rafael N.;Kury, Adriano B.	Carvalho, Rafael N., Kury, Adriano B. (2025): A stellar configuration in Gonyleptidae: Nyctaster, a new genus of Neopachylinae from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa 5729 (1): 43-74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.1.2
03B387F6D2338F41FF55FC6AFA364589.text	03B387F6D2338F41FF55FC6AFA364589.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nyctaster lanceatus Carvalho & Kury 2025	<div><p>Nyctaster lanceatus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D9C448F4-5A2E-4F8C-BEDC-748C31260B6F</p><p>(Figs. 8–10)</p><p>Type data. Holotype ♂ (MZSP 14013) BRAZIL, São Paulo state: Iporanga, Fazenda Intervales, Trilha Gruta Barra Bonita, [-24.5, -48.7], 05.xii.1992, Pinto-da-Rocha, R. &amp; Gnaspini, P. leg.</p><p>Type locality. Brazil, São Paulo State, Iporanga .</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective derived from the Latin lancĕa (meaning “spear” or “lance”). This name highlights a distinctive character detected on the Tr IV of male specimens, which resembles a lance used in medieval tournaments.</p><p>Diagnosis. Nyctaster lanceatus sp. nov. can be distinguished from N. sidereus sp. nov. by the following characteristics: a) ventral process of the glans approximately one-third the diameter of the stylus (Fig. 10A); b) cheliceral bulla with three ectal spines on the proximal margin (Figs. 9A–B); c) scutal areas I–II lateral portions nearly parallel to each other (Fig. 8A, 9A); d) scutal area IV divided by a central groove (Fig. 9A); e) Cx IV prodorsal apophysis with the distal portion forming a 90º angle relative to the body (Figs. 8A–B, 9A); f) Fe IV retrolateral face with a pair of spines of nearly equal size on the central portion (Figs. 9J, L–M). g) Pa IV retroventral face with one spine and a subconical tubercle (Fig. 9L). Female is unknown.</p><p>Description. DS measurements of ♂ holotype (MZSP 14013): CW 3.1, CL 2.2, AW 6.2, AL 3.3; Pp and legs I–IV measurements in Table 6; tarsal counts: 6(3) / 6(3) - 9(3) / 10(3) - 7 / 7 - 7 / 7.</p><p>Dorsum. DS gamma-pyriform type, wider than long, with AS lateral margins strongly convex, widest at area II and highest at area III (Figs. 8A, 9A). AS posterior margin sinuous (Figs. 8A, 9A). DS anterior portion with a transversal row of minute acuminated tubercles (Figs. 9A, C). Carapace covered by a few tubercles, with a pair of paramedian higher tubercles on the posterior half (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–B). Cheliceral sockets shallow, with a small apophysis in between (Figs. 8A, 9A). Ocularium elliptical, high (ca. 3× the diameter of the eyes) and perpendicular to the anterior portion of DS, placed in the middle of the carapace (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–C). Ocularium with a pair of divergent spines (ca. 2× the diameter of the eyes) fused at baseline and slightly inclined frontwards (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–C). Mesotergum divided into four clearly defined scutal areas (Figs. 8A, 9A). Scutal areas I and IV divided into left and right halves by a central groove (Figs. 8A, 9A). Scutal area II antero-lateral corners of groove slightly invading the space of the scutal area I and postero-lateral groove invading the space of area III to a half its length (Figs. 8A, 9A). Scutal area III posterior paramedian grooves invading the space of scutal area IV (Figs. 8A, 9A). AS lateral borders with two tubercular rows: the inner row originates at the carapace anteriorly and extends to scutal area IV, bearing prominent tubercles between the central carapace and scutal area I, and ordinary tubercles posteriorly; the outer row, arising from the central carapace and ending at scutal area IV, bears one or two prominent tubercles at scutal areas II–III (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–B). All scutal areas bear numerous tubercles, most of which are lighter in color than the darker background (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–B). Scutal area I with a pair of paramedian tubercles ca. 2.5× taller than the surrounding ones (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–B, D). Scutal area II with a transverse row of prominent tubercles centrally, slightly arched anteriorly at the central portion (Figs. 8A, 9A). Scutal area III with a pair of paramedian, elevated sub-conical blunt apophyses (Figs. 8A, C, 9A–B, E–F). Scutal area IV with two paramedian pairs of prominent subconical tubercles, ca. 1.5× taller than the surrounding ones (Figs. 8A, 9A). DS posterior border with two transverse rows: inner row discontinuous with ordinary tubercles; outer row continuous, bearing three pairs of prominent tubercles (ca. 2× taller than the surrounding ones) in central and paramedian regions (Figs. 8A, 9A). Free tergites with a transverse row of mixed prominent and ordinary tubercles (Figs. 8A, 9A).</p><p>Venter . Cx I–III parallel to each other, with Cx I and III compressing centrally both sides of Cx II (Fig. 8B); each one bears ventral transverse rows of 8–14 setiferous tubercles (Cx I anterior row taller than the others). Cx II posterior face with a row of four acuminated tubercles. Cx III posterior face with a row of 11 acuminated tubercles. Cx IV much larger than the others, obliquely oriented (Fig. 8B). Stigmatic area Y-shaped, distinctly sunken relative to Cx IV distal region (Fig. 8B). Intercoxal bridges well-marked. Stigmata clearly visible (Fig. 8B). Free sternites with a transverse row of minute tubercles (Fig. 8B). Anal operculum covered by ordinary tubercles.</p><p>Chelicerae. Basichelicerite elongate; bulla distinct, bearing two or three marginal setiferous tubercles on mesal, ectal, and posterior faces; hand not swollen (Fig. 9A–B).</p><p>Pedipalps. Tr ventrally with one regular and one geminate subconical tubercle on distal half. Fe with two setiferous tubercles: one prolateral apical, one proventral basal. Pa unarmed. Ti with ventro-mesal and ventro-ectal rows of four (IiIi) setiferous tubercles. Ta with ventro-mesal row of three (IIi) and a ventro-ectal row of four (IiIi) setiferous tubercles. Claw smooth, slightly ventrally arched (Fig. 8C).</p><p>Legs. Tr I–III dorsally and ventrally covered with minute tubercles; ventral face with a central prominent tubercle. Fe I–II straight, Fe III sub-straight (Fig. 9G). Fe–Mt I–III with rows of minute tubercles on all faces (except ventral). Fe II–III retro dorsal face with an apical spur nearly half the segment diameter (Fig. 9G).</p><p>Cx IV: large, surpassing DS in dorsal view and distally reaching posterior DS margin and free tergites (Figs. 8A, 9A); it is covered with rows of tubercles on prodorsal, prolateral, proventral and ventral faces, while pro dorsal tubercles are more developed than others (Figs. 8A–C, 9A). A long prolateral distal apophysis, perpendicular to the DS, distally forming a curved claw-shaped branch with a minute central secondary monticule (Figs. 8A–C, 9A–B, H, J–M); pro dorsal apophysis with a reduced basal secondary branch (Fig. 8A, 9A, I–K); a short retrolateral apophysis bearing a minute secondary branch (Fig. 8A–B, 9A, I–M).</p><p>Tr IV: rectangular-shaped (Fig. 8A–C, 9A, I–M), dorsally and ventrally tuberculate (Figs. 8A, C, 9K–M), with a pair of prominent tubercles on pro ventral and retroventral (geminated) distal portions (Figs. 9L); proximal portion with conical apophyses on prolateral and retrolateral faces—both slightly curved anteriorly, the retrolateral larger (Figs. 8A–C, 9A, I–M); distal portion with a transverse claw-shaped apophysis extending dorsally on the pro dorsal face, bearing a larger anterior subconical secondary process. (Figs. 8A, C, 9A, I–K). Prolateral face with two prominent tubercles on the central portion (Figs. 9I–K), also with a prominent tubercle near the distal border, adjacent to the prodorsal apophysis (Figs. 9A, I–K). Tr IV retrolateral face with a prominent posteriorly oriented conical apophysis (Figs. 9I, L–M); retrodorsal face with a spear-shaped large apophysis, basally swollen (Figs. 8A–B, 9A, I–M).</p><p>Fe IV: sub-straight, centrally oriented to retro dorsal (Figs. 8A–C, 9J–M). Dorsal face with seven spines (iiIiiII) and two prominent subconical tubercles on the proximal ¾, followed by a reduced apical spine (Figs. 8A, 9J–K); prodorsal face with a row of 10–12 prominent tubercles, followed by a subconical apical spur (Figs. 8A, 9J–K); prolateral face with a row of 15 tubercles (Figs. 9J–K); proventral face with five reduced subconical tubercles on the proximal third, and subconical spines (iIiiI) on the distal ⅔ (Figs. 9L–M). Ventral face with four spines on the proximal half, the distal most notably larger and curved retro laterally (Figs. 8B, 9L–M); retro ventral face with three spines on the distal half, the proximal most notably larger and curved dorsally (Figs. 9L–M); retrolateral face with two–three large spines on the distal half (Figs. 8B, 9J, L–M); retro dorsal face with two spines (most proximal larger) and an apical spur on the distal third (Figs. 9J).</p><p>Pa IV: dorsally and laterally covered by ordinary and prominent subconical tubercles, increasing size towards to retrolateral face (Figs. 9J–L); proventral face with four spines (iIiI) (Figs. 9K–L); retro ventral face with two spines (Ii) (Figs. 9L).</p><p>Ti IV: dorsally covered by conical tubercles, taller on the retro dorsal face. Prolateral face with a row of subconical tubercles; proventral face with a row of 10 reduced spines; retro ventral face with a row of 10 spines (iIIIIIIiII); retrolateral face with a row of eight or nine subconical tubercles.</p><p>Mt IV: with rows of minute tubercles on all faces (except ventral); proventral and retro ventral apical portions with spurs.</p><p>Color (in ethanol) (Figs. 8A–C). Ocularium, DS background, scutal grooves and its borders, free tergites I–III, and anal operculum Dark Grayish Yellow (91). DS and free tergites I–III bear numerous Yellowish White (92) tubercles contrasting with the background. Pair of spines from DS scutal area III Dark Grayish Olive Green (128) with tips Light Olive (106). Chelicerae, Cx Pp, Cx I–III, Pa–Mt I–III and Tr–Ti IV with Light Yellow (86) background and some honeycombed Dark Greenish Yellow (103) reticulation. Tr–Cl Pp, Fe I–III and Mt IV Pale Greenish Yellow (104) background and some honeycombed Medium Gray (265) reticulation. Cx IV background and Cx–Tr IV apophyses Dark Greenish Yellow (103). Tr–Ti IV spines Light Olive (106) with apices Light Yellow (86). Articular membranes White (263).</p><p>Male genitalia. VP is divided into two regions, a distal rectangular part and a proximal elliptical part (Fig. 10B). VP ventral surface entirely covered with type 1 microsetae. All MS are laterally inserted on the VP: A1–A3 cylindrical, thick and acuminate, forming a diagonal row on the basal third of VP (MS A3 ventral most) (Figs. 10A–B); B1 conical and very reduced, inserted ventrally, at height of A2 (Figs. 10A–B); C1–C3 similar in shape to MS A, forming a longitudinal row on the distal third of the VP (Figs. 10A–B); D1 small, positioned closer to C3 than A1 (Figs. 10A–B); E1–E2 similar in shape to B macrosetae, located on the distal lateral border of the VP; E1 at the height of C1 and E2 between the height of C2–C3 (Figs. 10A–B). Glans sac short, arising from middle bulge on podium, not extended as a dorsal process (Fig. 10A). Stylus and ventral process are basally fused, forming a long pedestal at an acute (almost V-shaped) angle (Fig. 10A). Apex of the stylus sub-straight, dorsally bent at approximately 45°, without clearly defined head and ventrally covered by small subdistal spines (some of them reaching the central part of the stylus) (Figs. 10A–B). The ventral process of the stylus is sub-straight, thinner and as long as the stylus, and nearly reaches the distal VP border in situ (Figs. 10A–B); flabellum of the ventral process is “hand-shaped”, with lateral spines (Figs. 10A–B).</p><p>Geographic distribution. Only known from the type locality: BRAZIL, State of São Paulo: Iporanga (Fig. 4) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387F6D2338F41FF55FC6AFA364589	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Carvalho, Rafael N.;Kury, Adriano B.	Carvalho, Rafael N., Kury, Adriano B. (2025): A stellar configuration in Gonyleptidae: Nyctaster, a new genus of Neopachylinae from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa 5729 (1): 43-74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.1.2
