taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B58177FFB36C60FC5C435BA45DF928.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES (by monotypy). — Conus antidiluvianus Bruguière, 1792. Early-middle Miocene of Paratethys (seeHarzhauser & Landau 2016 for detailed references), Tortonian of Italy (Sant’Agatha Fossili, Stazzano, Montegibbio [Sacco 1893 a]) and Greece (Ierapetra Basin, Crete, this work) to Pliocene of Italy (Hall 1966; Janssen et al. 2014 a, b) and other localities in France (Biot), Sicily, Turkey (Hatay Basin), and Syria (Erünal-Erentöz 1958; Janssen et al. 2014 a).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB36C60FC5C435BA45DF928.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Biconic shell. Scalariform spire, angular, carinate shoulder, which often bears tubercles, but no spiral sculpture (Tucker & Tenorio 2009). Subsutural flexures deep, strongly curved, moderately asymmetrical (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Beaded early teleoconch whorls. REMARKS Based on our material, we show that the subsutural flexures are variable from shallow (e. g., Conilithes brezinae (Hoernes & Auinger, 1879 )) to deep (e. g., mean SSFD of Conilithes herodus n. sp.). In addition, early teleoconchs whorls can be devoid of beads (e. g., Conilithes striatulus (Brocchi, 1814 )) and rarely species display beads on their last whorls (e. g., Conilithes sp.). The stratigraphical range of the genus is Eocene to Pliocene of Europe (Proto-Mediterranean and Paratethys) and North America (Harzhauser & Landau 2016).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB06C6EFF25421AA226F9F7.taxon	description	(Figs 2, 3; Table 1)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB06C6EFF25421AA226F9F7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Syntype NHMW 1999 z 0077 / 0023 a, illustrated in Hörnes (1851: pl. 5, fig. 8 a), syntype NHMW 1999 z 0077 / 0023 b, illustrated in Hörnes (1851: pl. 5, fig. 8 b), syntype NHMW 1999 z 0077 / 0023 c, illustrated in Hörnes (1851: pl. 5, fig. 8 c), syntype NHMW 1999 z 0077 / 0023 d, illustrated in Hörnes (1851: pl. 5, fig. 8 d), syntype NHMW 1999 z 0077 / 0023 e, illustrated in Hörnes (1851: pl. 5, fig. 8 e). TYPE LOCALITY. — Steinebrunn (Austria). Middle Miocene (late Langhian). STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Langhian Paratethys (see Harzhauser & Landau 2016 for detailed references) and Tortonian of Greece (commonly found in all of the shallow marine Tortonian Formations of Crete). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Crete (precise localities unknown), 17 specimens: MNHN. F. A 72565, MNHN. F. A 72566, MNHN. F. A 72571 to MNHN. F. A 72584 and AMPG (IV) 2788; Filippi, 11 specimens: AMPG (IV) 2624 - 2629, 2631, 2633 - 2636; Partira, four specimens: (three specimens MNHN. F. A 72568 to MNHN. F. A 72570 and one specimen AMPG (IV) 2610); Tefeli, three specimens: AMPG (IV) 2630, 2632, 2637; Adhraktia, one specimen: MNHN. F. A 72567; Psalidha, 13 specimens: AMPG (IV) 2611 - 2623. All of them display colour patterns under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB06C6EFF25421AA226F9F7.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION OF THE COLOUR PATTERN Main colour pattern of this species consists of flammulae on spire whorls (Fig. 3), dots on carina (Fig. 3) and a nonfluorescent band below carina with small to tiny spiral rows of dots (Fig. 3). On the last whorl, this species bears spiral lines of dots usually interspersed with continuous spiral lines, on a non-fluorescent base colour. A non-fluorescent band on the anterior part of last whorl exists in most specimens (Fig. 2), surrounded by fluorescent bands (Fig. 3). The colour pattern variability of this species results from the ratio of the alternation between continuous spiral lines and other discontinuous lines making small dots (e. g., Fig. 2 F, H), as well as the existence of one or two non-fluorescent bands at the last whorl (e. g., Fig. 2 C, I, K). Minor pattern variations are the axial fluorescent bands and the existence of fluorescent bands, as a result of dots and lines coalescing.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB06C6EFF25421AA226F9F7.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Symeonidis (1965), Symeonidis & Konstantinidis (1968), Dermitzakis (1969), Merle et al. (1988) and Koskeridou (1997) reported this species from Crete, under the name of Conus dujardini (Fig. 2 Q). Harzhauser & Landau (2016) noted that the taxon Conilithes dujardini (Deshayes, 1845) had been used as a dumping ground for numerous Conilithes species. Harzhauser & Landau (2016) identified Conilithes brezinae and distinguished it from the Conilithes dujardini. The Cretan specimens are assigned to the species Conilithes brezinae, as they are morphologically identical. The specimens studied herein sometimes (one out of three specimens) possess 1 - 2 spiral grooves just under carina, but the grooves are not punctate, as in Conilithes exaltatus (Eichwald, 1830) (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). They possess a shallow subsutural flexure (Table 1), but since SSFD is a variable intraspecific character, we do not separate the material studied from the Paratethyan specimens (deep SSF, Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Harzhauser & Landau (2016) hypothesized the existence of this species in the Proto-Mediterranean (Harzhauser & Landau 2016) and with our material, we confirm their hypothesis. A specimen, first identified as Conilithes dujardini (Deshayes, 1845) from the Karaman Basin (Landau et al. 2013), has been identified by Harzhauser & Landau 2016 as Conilithes brezinae. Unlike Conilithes brezinae from Crete and Paratethys, the Karaman specimen possesses a colour pattern of irregular fluorescent blotches (Landau et al. 2013: 562, pl. 82, fig. 5). The horizontal non-fluorescent band, shared between the Karaman specimen and the Cretan specimens, is a pattern occurring in multiple extant and extinct Conus species (e. g., see herein Conilithes herodus n. sp. and Conilithes striatulus (Brocchi, 1814 )). For these reasons, we prefer exclude that specimen from Conilithes brezinae until more specimens from Karaman are figured.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBE6C6CFC0F4355A587FA76.taxon	description	(Figs 4, 5, 6; Table 2) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3817887 E- 22 AC- 45 DB- 8 BF 4 - 1 C 1083234 F 7 A	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBE6C6CFC0F4355A587FA76.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Conilithes species with a colour pattern of large, non-fluorescent blotches and arch-like fluorescent areas on carina.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBE6C6CFC0F4355A587FA76.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype AMPG (IV) 2608. — Paratypes, all Tortonian in age: Greece. Crete: MNHN. F. A 72585, MNHN. F. A 72586; MNHN. F. A 72587, MNHN. F. A 72588, MNHN. F. A 72589, MNHN. F. A 72590, MNHN. F. A 72591; Makrilia: MNHN. F. A 72592; Tefeli: AMPG (IV) 2609. TYPE LOCALITY. — Tefeli, Tortonian, Crete, Greece. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Tortonian of Greece (Ierapetra and Messara Basins, Crete).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBE6C6CFC0F4355A587FA76.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Name taken from the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, in Athens, which bears many arched structures that look like the colour pattern of this species.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBE6C6CFC0F4355A587FA76.taxon	description	SHELL DESCRIPTION Small-sized and elongate shells. Protoconch not preserved. Spire with a maximum of ten spire whorls, high, conical with flat sutural ramp in early whorls, slightly concave in later spire whorls. Carina subangulated to angulated, with tubercles visible on early spire whorls, sometimes visible until 8 th spire whorl. Subsutural flexure shallow, strongly curved, strongly to moderately asymmetrical. No spiral grooves below carina. Last whorl elongated, conical. Aperture straight, narrow, widening towards twisted fasciole. Growth lines not prominent, with spiral grooves visible on the anterior part of the shell, towards the anterior part of the last whorl. DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN The colour pattern of the spire whorls consists of thin, axial or irregular fluorescent lines, engulfing angular or irregularly oval, non-fluorescent blotches on carina (Fig. 6). On the body of the shell, two spirally arranged, wide, fluorescent bands exist (Fig. 5), usually disrupted by a non-fluorescent band, with fluorescent blotches or dots. In most cases, the blotches create arrow like patterns (Figs 5 G 1, 6). Tiny lines of bright fluorescent dots (Fig. 6) are on the wide fluorescent bands and sometimes on the non-fluorescent base colour, also surrounded by fine thin, continuous, bright fluorescent spiral lines (Fig. 6).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBE6C6CFC0F4355A587FA76.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The specimens described herein (Table 2), possess a subangulated to angulated shoulder, revealing a slight morphological variability. The colour pattern on the spire whorls is the most distinguishing character that separates it from the rest of the Conilithes species. The shell of this species is similar to Conilithes brezinae, but none possesses spiral cords below carina, as some Conilithes brezinae specimens do. The colour pattern is different, bearing blotches on spire whorls, two fluorescent bands and one non-fluorescent band in the middle of the last whorl. The similarity in colour pattern on the rest of the shell, bearing lines of dots and continuous spiral lines, suggests a close relation between the species. This species is also morphologically similar to Conilithes sceptophorus (Boettger, 1887), but it differs in its pattern described, consisted of axial zig-zag stripes (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). It differs from Conilithes allioni (Michelotti, 1847) in the more elongated spire, and from Conilithes eichwaldi Harzhauser & Landau, 2016 in the smooth shoulder, being more angulated on the Cretan specimens.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBA6C6BFC4E4173A36BF830.taxon	description	(Figs 9, 10; Table 4)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBA6C6BFC4E4173A36BF830.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY. — Piacentino Piemontese, Italy. Pliocene. TYPE MATERIAL. — Lectotype figured in Brocchi (1814: pl. 3, fig. 4). Fixation of the lectotype (MSNM i 4672, Brocchi coll.) by inference of “ holotype ” (ICZN 1999: art. 74.6) by Pinna & Spezia (1978). STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Early Miocene: Burdigalian of Italy (Colli Torinesi; Sacco 1893 a); late Miocene: Tortonian of Italy (Stazzano; Sacco 1893 a) and Greece (Messara Basin, Crete); Pliocene: Piacenzian of Italy (Piacentino; Sacco 1893 a) and Spain (Estepona; Muñiz Solís 1999). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Psalidha, one specimen MNHN. F. A 72601. Panassos: five specimens AMPG (IV) 2639 - 2643. Crete: seven specimens MNHN. F. A 72594 to MNHN. F. A 72600. All of them display colour patterns under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBA6C6BFC4E4173A36BF830.taxon	description	SHELL DESCRIPTION Small-sized shells with spire whorls of relatively medium height and robust outline. Spire whorls straight to coeloconoid, conical, with scalariform, slightly elevated spire whorls and angulated shoulders. Usual, faint spiral cords on early spire whorls, but no tubercles or beads. Subsutural flexure moderately deep, strongly curved, moderately asymmetrical. Maximum diameter on shoulder. Last whorl straight, conical. Aperture straight. Fasciole indistinct. Spiral grooves on the anterior part of last whorl. COLOUR PATTERN VARIATION. — The colour pattern consists of fluorescent flammulae on the spire (Fig. 10). The last whorl bears a primary pattern of irregular, fluorescent blotches. The blotches can be axial flammulae that continue from the spire whorls, towards the anterior of the shell, or can be spirally arranged as bands, parallel to a second pattern of fluorescent spiral lines of dots and dashes, along the length of the shell. The spiral rows of dots or dashes start at carina and continue along the length of shell. All patterns are occasionally disrupted by non-fluorescent blotches (Fig. 10). On some shells, a non-fluorescent band exists along the centre of the length of the shell, decorated with fluorescent spiral lines of dots or dashes (Fig. 10, non-fluorescent band).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFBA6C6BFC4E4173A36BF830.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species has been reported from the Miocene (Burdigalian and Tortonian) and the Pliocene of Italy (see Brocchi 1814: pl. 3, fig. 4; Sacco 1893 a: pl. 9, fig. 30). The Greek material (Table 4) is very similar to the lectotype of Conus striatulus (MSNM i 4672) coming from the Pliocene. Unfortunately, no colour pattern under UV light is visible on the lectotype (Giorgio Teruzzi, personal communication). Nevertheless, we do not observe any shell differences between the Greek specimens and the lectotype. Therefore, we consider them to belong to Conilithes striatulus. This species slightly differs from the other Conilithes species by its the shorter spire whorls and its more robust shell.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C68FF314491A3EEF954.taxon	description	(Fig. 11; Table 5)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C68FF314491A3EEF954.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Neotype: MSNM i 28027, Badagnano, Rio dei Carbonari (Italy), designated by Janssen et al. (2014 a), Pliocene. TYPE LOCALITY. — Badagnano, Rio dei Carbonari, Piacenza Province, Italy (Pliocene, Piacenzian, Castell’ Arquato Formation). STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Early-middle Miocene of Paratethys (see Harzhauser & Landau 2016 for detailed references), Tortonian of Italy (Sant’Agatha Fossili, Stazzano, Montegibbio [Sacco 1893 a]) and Greece (Ierapetra Basin, Crete); Pliocene of Italy (Hall 1966; Janssen et al. 2014 a, b), Greece (Heraklion Basin, Crete [Caze 2010]) and other localities in France (Biot), Sicily, Turkey (Hatay Basin) and Syria (Erünal-Erentöz 1958; Janssen et al. 2014 a). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Makrilia: one broken specimen AMPG (IV) 2691 displaying faint colour patterns under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C68FF314491A3EEF954.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION OF THE COLOUR PATTERN Colour pattern is absent on most of the specimen’s surface. There is a faint pattern of axially arranged, rectangular blotches along the posterior two-thirds of last whorl (Fig. 11 A 3).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C68FF314491A3EEF954.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The name of this species has been thoroughly discussed (Janssen et al. 2014 a; b; Harzhauser & Landau 2016), This species is conspicuously absent from most of the localities studied herein, probably due to its deep-water habitat (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Only one specimen has been recovered by us from the Makrilia Fm (Table 5; Fortuin 1978), found inside rubble. Recently Moforis et al. (2013) found Pliocene strata from Makrilia, but our specimen collected at the base of Makrilia Fm., is Tortonian in age. Dermitzakis (1969) has also reported this species from the Asari section (Ierapetra Basin) while Caze (2010) reported it from the Pliocene of Kavrochori village (Heraklion Basin). Despite the bad preservation of the colour pattern of our specimen, it resembles the well-preserved colour pattern of Saccos’ figure (Sacco 1893 b: pl. 4, fig. 35) and the figured specimen by Caze (2010: fig. 23 B). CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT CONILITHES Conilithes dujardini (Deshayes, 1845) had been thought to exist in Paratethys and Proto-Mediterranean seas during the Miocene. Past Greek researchers identified almost all Conilithes species (the exception is Conilithes antidiluvianus (Bruguière, 1792 )) as Conilithes dujardini (e. g., Symeonidis 1965; Symeonidis & Konstantinidis 1968; Dermitzakis 1969). Harzhauser & Landau (2016) proved the presence of multiple Conilithes species for the Langhian-Serravallian of the Paratethys, describing six species. Herein, using ultraviolet light, we propose five species for the Tortonian of Crete, with three of them not present in Paratethys, thus revealing the diversity of this genus. The species are easily recognizable by their colour pattern variations. Despite their differences, the similarities of their patterns, such as the continuous spiral lines and spiral rows of dots-dashes, along with the spiral bands, show a close relation between these species. Morphological differences exist in most species, shown using principal components analysis, using the ratios LW, RD, RSH, and PMD (PCA, Fig. 12). Two of these species seem to have similar morphological variations, Conilithes brezinae and Conilithes herodus n. sp., suggesting a very close relationship.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C68FC3643FFA309F89D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758 (Recent, Indo- Pacific) by subsequent designation by Children (1823: 107).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C69FC41425BA247F9F7.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Conus pulcher Lightfoot, 1786 (Recent, West Africa) by original designation.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C69FC41425BA247F9F7.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Protoconch multispiral. Teleoconch squat to moderately elongate, obconic shells with broad and rounded shoulders. Spire whorls low to very low, smooth, convex. Subsutural flexure very shallow in small species - deep in larger species, moderately curved and moderately asymmetrical. Colour pattern consists mainly of spirally arranged spots and dashes in continuous spiral rows (Diagnosis followingTucker & Tenorio (2009) and Harzhauser & Landau (2016).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB86C69FC41425BA247F9F7.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Puillandre et al. (2014) considered Kalloconus at subgenus level and found a monophyletic group. Today Kalloconus is restricted to the tropical East Atlantic (West Africa), but its fossil record demonstrates that it also had a European distribution during the Miocene in the Proto- Mediterranean and Paratethys. Conus (Kalloconus) can be distinguished from Conus (Monteiroconus), mainly by the lack of spiral cords on the whorls and by its straight, lightly concave whorls.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB96C77FCDA4352A2C5F830.taxon	description	(Figs 13, 14, 15; Table 6)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB96C77FCDA4352A2C5F830.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — One syntype NHMW 1999 Z 0077 / 0027 (figured specimen of Hoernes & Auinger 1879: pl. 1, fig. 17) and three other syntypes NHMW 1854 / 0035 / 0056 (including the figured specimen of Hoernes & Auinger (1879: pl. 1, fig 18). TYPE LOCALITY. — Lăpugiu de Sus (Romania), middle Miocene (Langhian). STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Langhian of Paratethys (Vienna Basin, Transylvanian Basin [Harzhauser & Landau 2016]), Serravallian of Turkey (Karaman Basin [Landau et al. 2013]), Tortonian of Greece (Ierapetra and Messara Basins, Crete). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Filippi: Six specimens AMPG (IV) 2644 - 2649; Makrilia: two specimens MNHN. F. A 72602, MNHN. F. A 72603; Crete: two specimens MNHN. F. A 72604, MNHN. F. A 72605. All of them display colour patterns under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB96C77FCDA4352A2C5F830.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN The colour pattern consists of one layer displaying very large, polygonal-like, rectangular blotches, restricted axially and spirally (see axial fluorescent and non-fluorescent boundary, Fig. 15). Not all blotches are rectangular. Some have sharp, not straight disruptions, while others fade randomly to the non-fluorescent base colour. On large specimens (seeFig. 15), some blotches tend to faintly connect with each other with faintly fluorescent areas between blotches (see unclear spiral interactions, Fig. 15). The pattern is continuous from the anterior part of the last whorl to the spire (Fig. 13 A 6). Blotches might be narrow, separated by two non-fluorescent spiral bands, thus creating dash-like rows of blotches.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFB96C77FCDA4352A2C5F830.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species is not common in Crete (Table 12), but is very easily recognizable under UV light. The colour pattern of large rectangular blotches is characteristic of the species. Moreover, the interactions between the blotches and the dash-like patterns are also characters of this species (Figs 13, 15; see also Harzhauser & Landau 2016: fig. 11 E 1, F 1). The Greek specimens differ morphologically from the Paratethyan ones in the strongly asymmetrical subsutural flexure (Table 6; moderately asymmetrical on Harzhauser & Landau 2016), but we consider that this difference could result from a local variation. Landau et al. (2013), in our opinion, misjudged the more extreme Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri pattern (e. g., Fig. 14). They consider this extreme pattern as that of Conus (Monteiroconus) daciae from the Karaman Basin, Turkey (see Landau et al. 2013: pl. 81, fig. 6 a, b). The colour pattern described therein is identical with the pattern of Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri. Unfortunately, their assumption was not fixed in Harzhauser & Landau (2016), since they assumed that Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri shows no signs of dots or dashes, but bears only large rectangular blotches. Herein we show that this is not the case, because interactions between the blotches and dash-like patterns between blotches, are present in the colour pattern spectrum of this species (Figs 13, 15). We believe the specimen of Landau et al. (2013: pl. 81, fig. 6 a, b) is Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri. Therefore, the pattern assigned to Conus (Monteiroconus) daciae (Harzhauser & Landau 2016) is not correct and is herein considered as undescribed. Harzhauser & Landau (2016) rejected the synonymy of this species with Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi Michelotti, 1847, as Hall (1966) and Bałuk (1997) proposed. We agree that the shell morphology and colour patterns are different and are indicators of two species. Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi dots are small compared to the blotches of Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri. Furthermore, morphologically, Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri is more elongate, with slightly striated spire whorls and a rounder shoulder.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA46C73FEC74315A48CFB75.taxon	description	(Figs 16, 17; Table 7)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA46C73FEC74315A48CFB75.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: NHMW 1870 / 0033 / 0005 a (see Harzhauser & Landau 2016: fig. 8 F 1 - F 5). TYPE LOCALITY. — Lăpugiu de Sus (Romania), Langhian. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Langhian of Paratethys (see Harzhauser & Landau [2016] for detailed references), Serravallian of Karaman Basin (Turkey), Tortonian of Italy (Montegibbio, see Davoli [1972]) and Greece (Messara Basin, Crete). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Filippi: Nine specimens AMPG (IV) 2651 - 2659;? Filippi, Crete: 30 specimens (MNHN. F. A 72606 to MNHN. F. A 72635). All specimens display a colour pattern under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA46C73FEC74315A48CFB75.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN The colour pattern consists of one layer of fluorescent, evenly arranged rows of dots. The dots are evenly spaced, evenly sized, differing in shape. Some dots have an oval shape; others are more rectangular to parallelogram, while a few are arrow-	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA46C73FEC74315A48CFB75.taxon	description	like shaped (Fig. 17). The axial distance between individual rows does not change with the individual’s growth. Newly developed spiral lines of dots are added to fill the gaps, seen as faded, tiny dots between two rows (Fig. 17). As a result, large specimens tend to have numerous rows of dots, while smaller specimens have less rows. The largest specimen has over 22 rows (abapical rows are not clearly visible), while younger have less than 15. On the spire whorls, there is one spiral row of dots, with most of those partly covered by the suture of the succeeding whorls (Fig. 16).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA46C73FEC74315A48CFB75.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Recently, Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi (Harzhauser & Landau 2016) has been separated from Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi Michelotti, 1847, a very similar species both in shell morphology and in colour pattern. The differences reported by these authors are the relative larger size, the squat, club-shaped shells with a prominent shoulder and the spiral cords on spire whorls of Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi. They stated that the specimens of Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi are smaller and less club-shaped. According to Harzhauser & Landau (2016), we use the subgenus Monteiroconus da Motta, 1991 for Conus berghausi because of the presence of spiral cords on spire whorls. The study material (Table 7) fits the Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi shell morphology, on the constrained, defined shoulder and the smooth, coeloconoid early spire whorls (Fig. 16). In the study material, the pointed, early spire whorls are absent on adult specimens, possibly because of the destruction and erosion, of their early, pointed whorls (Fig. 16 A, B). This might cause confusion and misleading results in PCA analysis (see Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Thus, we refrain from using this method on the Greek material. Furthermore, Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi has a consistent colour pattern (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Harzhauser & Landau (2016) described 13 - 16 spiral lines of dots on the last whorl (Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi paratype), with some of them bearing smaller dots. On the Greek specimens, we observe more lines of dots (22 rows visible), and we consider that this small difference probably results from a geographical variation of the character. Finally, the spiral dots on the spire whorls of our Greek specimens, match with Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi. For these reasons we attribute them to this species. The specimen of Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi from the Karaman Basin (Turkey) figured byLandau et al. (2013) displays a colour pattern which is identical to the study material. In their figure showing the colour pattern of the species (Landau et al. 2013: pl. 81, fig. 1), the last row of dots near the suture is near or above the shoulder. This means that this specimen has spiral rows of dots on its sutural ramp, the characteristic pattern of Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi and not flammulae, a pattern character described on Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi by Harzhauser & Landau (2016). Therefore, we believe that the specimens from Karaman Basin are Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi rather than Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi. The specimens figured by Davoli (1972: pl. 3, figs 12 - 13) bear a colour pattern identical to the Greek specimens. Furthermore, the morphology of coeloconoid early spire outline and the relatively smooth shoulder are characters, which allow us to differentiate from Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi. The other shells figured in Davoli as Conus berghausi (Davoli 1972: pl. 3, figs 11, 17 - 25) could be either Conus (Monteiroconus) berghausi or Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi. The uncertainty results from the unclear figured shell morphology and colour patterns of these specimens and for the time being, we refrain from assigning them to Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi. The specimen illustrated by Hoernes & Auinger (1879) and named as Conus (Dendroconus) subraristriatus Pereira da Costa, 1866 (Pereira da Costa 1866: 23 [partim]: pl. 1, fig. 21 [only]), was discussed by Harzhauser & Landau (2016). We do not agree with their conclusion that it belongs to Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi, as the colour pattern consisting of dots encircled by white coloured bands is different from that of Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi. In our opinion, the specimen illustrated by Hoernes & Auinger (1879) belongs to a different species.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C73FEE441D4A24FF8D6.taxon	description	(Fig. 18; Table 8) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 796 AC 37 E-AC 9 E- 48 FE- 89 B 6 - 2 C 11 F 282 F 6 B 5	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C73FEE441D4A24FF8D6.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — A medium-sized shell, with almost flat spire whorls and a colour pattern bearing wide flammulae on spire whorls, with spiral rows of dashes on last whorl.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C73FEE441D4A24FF8D6.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: AMPG (IV) 2660, Psalidha (Fig. 18 B). Three paratypes, MNHN. F. A 72636 to MNHN. F. A 72638, Crete (Fig. 18 A, C, D). TYPE LOCALITY. — Psalidha, 35 ° 05 ’ 08.1 ” N, 24 ° 57 ’ 46.0 ” E, Messara Basin, Tortonian, Crete, Greece. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Tortonian of Greece (Messara Basin, Crete). ETYMOLOGY. — As Conus (Kalloconus) hungaricus Hoernes & Auinger, 1879 was first found in Hungary, we propose Conus (Kalloconus) helladicus n. sp., a species found in Greece (Hellas in Greek). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Tefeli: four specimens AMPG (IV) 2661 - 2662, 2676 - 2677; Crete: one specimen (MNHN. F. A 72639). All of them display a colour patterns under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C73FEE441D4A24FF8D6.taxon	description	SHELL DESCRIPTION Medium-sized, robust shells, with relatively low spired whorls. Early spire whorls coeloconoid. Last spire whorls, smooth, straight to concave, creating a low conical to flat outline. Suture impressed. Subsutural flexure shallow, weakly curved, moderately asymmetrical. Shoulder rounded, protruded, creating a bulky outline. Maximum diameter below shoulder. Last whorl straight. Aperture moderate, narrow near suture, straight. Apertural canal wide, fasciole twisted, demarcated from base and inner lip. There are two extreme forms. Form 1 consists of robust forms which are relatively wider in comparison to form 2 and have low angled spire whorls. Form 2 consists of relatively elongated forms with flat spire whorl. Intermediate forms also exist. DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN The colour pattern consists of one layer of short and long, fluorescent, spiral dashes, arranged in evenly spaced spiral rows. The spire whorls display wide, fluorescent flammulae, with irregular boundaries on a non-fluorescent base colour. The flammulae do not connect with the colour pattern of the last whorl.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C73FEE441D4A24FF8D6.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species shows some variations in the relative diameter of its spire whorls (Table 8). The difference between the elongated and robust forms is not very variable. However intermediate forms (Fig. 18 B, C) between both forms (Fig. 18 A, D) point towards the existence of a single species. Conus (Kalloconus) hungaricus specimens sensu Landau et al. (2013: pl. 37, figs 9, 10, pl. 38, fig. 1) from the Karaman Basin (Turkey) are more likely to be Conus (Kalloconus) helladicus n. sp., because of their flat spire whorls and their identical colour pattern. Conus (Kalloconus) hungaricus Hoernes & Auinger, 1879 from Paratethys seems closely related to Conus (Kalloconus) helladicus n. sp., but the medium height, conical spire whorls and the subsutural flexure of Conus (Kalloconus) hungaricus (medium depth, moderately curved, seeHarzhauser & Landau 2016) are characters separating both species. Conus (Kalloconus) tietzei Hoernes & Auinger, 1879 differs in the relatively angulated shoulder and the medium depth of the subsutural flexure (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani Erünal-Erentöz, 1958 bears a similar morphology and a colour pattern. The differences between both species exist on the spiral whorl height and the smoother shoulder of Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani. All these species seem to be very closely related, but the differential characters of Conus (Kalloconus) helladicus n. sp. caused us to consider the Greek material as a new species.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C7EFCB34275A6A7F937.taxon	description	(Figs 19, 20; Table 9)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C7EFCB34275A6A7F937.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — One syntype: MNHN. FA 26722; three or four syntypes, MTA, Ankara. TYPE LOCALITY. — Zengen Köy S, Dereboğazi (Karaman Basin, Turkey). According to Landau et al. (2013) the localities of the Karaman Basin are Serravallian in age. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Serravallian (Karaman Basin, Turkey (Landau et al. 2013) and Tortonian of Greece (Messara and Ierapetra Basins, Crete). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Psalidha: two specimens AMPG (IV) 2663, 2665; Tefeli: six specimens from AMPG (IV) 2676 - 2681. Filippi: nine specimen AMPG (IV) 2664, 2668 - 2675; Crete: two specimens (MNHN. F. A 72640 and MNHN. F. A 72641). All of them display colour patterns under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C7EFCB34275A6A7F937.taxon	description	SHELL DESCRIPTION Small-to-medium-sized shells. Spire whorls weakly convex, with strongly coeloconoid outline on early whorls, that decreases on later whorls. Spire height low to moderate. Spire low (Fig. 20 D) to moderately high (Fig. 20 E). Suture impressed. Subsutural flexure shallow, weakly curved, moderately asymmetrical. Maximum diameter below rounded shoulder. Last spire whorl slightly inflated, convex not straight. Aperture curved, widening towards fasciole. Canal moderately wide, fasciole twisted, inflated. DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN The colour pattern consists of one layer of a series of closely related, spiral rows of dashes (Fig. 20 B), disrupted randomly by non-fluorescent dots or small dashes. The non-fluorescent dots are slightly wider than the fluorescent spiral rows. Sometimes the dots are axially aligned, creating a synchronous, vertical disruption of the spiral rows. The dots on the spiral rows are not constant in numbers or distances and can be multiple or few. This results in a variety of colour patterns, with shells having mostly spiral rows of elongated dashes with very few interruptions (Fig. 20 B), to patterns with multiple disruptions, resembling series of short fluorescent dashes (Fig. 20 D).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFA36C7EFCB34275A6A7F937.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Erünal-Erentöz (1958) described Conus (Dendroconus) gulemani distinguishing it from the rest of her known Conidae by the relative narrower shoulder width, the coeloconoid spire whorls and the colour pattern of spiral dashes. One syntype stored in the MNHN (MNHN. F. A 26722; Fig. 19) is very similar in morphology (Table 9) and colour pattern to the Greek specimens (Fig. 20). Therefore, we consider them conspecific with Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani. Caze et al. (2011 a) identified a specimen (MNHN. F. A 30841) from Makrilia as Conus bitorosus Fontannes, 1880. Conus bitorosus, however, has a straight conical spire whorl outline (see Fontannes 1880, pl. 8 fig. 12 and Sacco 1893 b, pl. 10, fig. 19), whereas Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani has clearly a coeloconoid spire outline. As such, we believe that the specimen of Caze et al. (2011 a) belongs to Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani. The colour pattern of this species is similar to species like Conus (Kalloconus) hungaricus Hoernes & Auinger, 1879 and Conus (Kalloconus) tietzei Hoernes & Auinger, 1879, but both species differ from Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani by their shell morphology (Fig. 21). Conus (Kalloconus) hungaricus has club shaped shells, wider relative diameter of the last whorl and conical spire whorls. Conus (Kalloconus) tietzei has a more angulated shoulder and straight last whorl, which is slightly more inflated in Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani. “ Dendroconus ” pyruloides var. planacutispira (Sacco 1893 a: pl. 1, fig. 27) is morphologically similar to our material, but it differs in the angle of the last whorl near the fasciole, a feature lacking in Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani. A species with an identical colour pattern, but with shorter spire whorls is Conus (Kalloconus) pseudonivifer Monteiro, Tenorio & Poppe, 2004 (Monteiro et al. 2004), an extant species from the Cape Verde islands. Because of these similarities, both species seem to be closely related.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAE6C7FFEC5421FA266F8F0.taxon	description	(Figs 22, 23; Table 10)	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAE6C7FFEC5421FA266F8F0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype NHMW 2016 / 0006 / 0001. Paratype NHMW 2016 / 0006 / 0002). TYPE LOCALITY. — Letkés (Hungary) – Middle Miocene (Langhian) STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Langhian of Paratethys (Pannonian Basin, Letkés, Hungary), Tortonian of Greece (Messara Basin, Crete). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Filippi: 1 specimen AMPG (IV) 2682.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAE6C7FFEC5421FA266F8F0.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN The colour pattern consists of multiple, closely placed spirals of long and short, very thin, fluorescent dashes. Dashes are not of constant length, with some resembling dots, whereas others resemble continuous spiral lines. Short dashes are usually between long dashes, while there are areas of the shell with multiple long dashes, there are areas that do not have any fluorescent colour (Fig. 23). The colour pattern on the spire whorls is partially destroyed on this specimen, but most likely consists of fluorescent flammulae (Fig. 22).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAE6C7FFEC5421FA266F8F0.taxon	discussion	REMARKS This species has a low spire and a broad, conical last whorl, with smooth shoulder and a flat-sided last whorl (Table 10). The colour pattern consists of delicate spiral rows of dashes. These characters are typical of Conus (Kalloconus) letkesensis (Harzhauser & Landau, 2016) and therefore we attribute our specimen to this species. The Greek specimen is larger than the Paratethyan specimens (largest Paratethyan: 40.9 mm, versus Greek specimen: 52.45 mm) and it displays a slightly different subsutural flexure (moderately curved in Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Harzhauser & Landau (2016) described three darker bands on the last whorl of the Paratethyan Conus (Kalloconus) letkesensis (Harzhauser & Landau 2016: fig. 10 F-H). These bands are not visible on the Cretan specimen. The presence of this species in the Tortonian Eastern Protomediterranean, is an addition to the important cohort of taxa common to both the Middle Miocene of the Paratethys and eastern Proto-Mediterranean. The typical Paratethyan Langhian assemblages (Harzhauser & Landau 2016) were found in the Proto-Mediterranean in the Serravallian of Turkey (Landau et al. 2013). This species is an example of the persistence of some taxa into the late Miocene of Eastern Proto-Mediterranean.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAF6C7BFC734256A3C1F830.taxon	description	(Figs 24, 25, 26, 27; Table 11) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CD 6 E 9758 - 6 E 97 - 45 B 5 - A 8 F 0 - 1 C 900 A 4417 A 7	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAF6C7BFC734256A3C1F830.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Conus (Kalloconus) of medium-large size, robust shell with conical spire, with colour pattern of spiral rows of quadrangular dots and fluorescent bands on spire whorls.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAF6C7BFC734256A3C1F830.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype: AMPG (IV) 2683, Filippi; 1 paratype AMPG (IV) 2688, Filippi; 1 paratype AMPG (IV) 2689, Tefeli; 1 paratype MNHN. F. A 72644, Crete. TYPE LOCALITY. — Filippi, 35 ° 02 ’ 07.2 ” N, 25 ° 15 ’ 00.5 ” E, Messara Basin, Tortonian, Crete, Greece. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Tortonian of Greece (Messara Basin, Crete), and Italy. ETYMOLOGY. — Name taken from the Asterousia Mountain range south of the locality, Crete, Greece. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece. Filippi: four specimens AMPG (IV) 2684 - 2687; Partira: one specimen MNHN. F. A 72650; Tefeli: one specimen AMPG (IV) 2690; Crete: seven specimens MNHN. F. A 72642 to MNHN. F. A 72643 and MNHN. F. A 72645 to MNHN. F. A 72649. All specimens display a colour pattern under UV light.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAF6C7BFC734256A3C1F830.taxon	description	SHELL DESCRIPTION Medium-sized, stout shell. Spire straight to coeloconoid, highly conical to flat. Protoconch multispiral (Fig. 25 B). Early spire whorls elevated, coeloconoid, smooth, with straight to convex outline. Later spire whorls straight to concave, with smooth, conical outline. Last spire whorl convex, slightly striate. Shoulder rounded to angulated. Maximum diameter just below shoulder. Subsutural flexure shallow, moderately to weakly curved, strongly asymmetrical. Last whorl conical, straight. Aperture narrow, straight, widening near siphonal canal. Siphonal canal wide, short. Fasciole short, twisted. There are two extremes of a form. The first extreme form (form 1, Fig. 27 A, G) consists of conical spire whorls of medium height and rounded shoulder. The second extreme form (form 2, Fig. 27 I) consists of relatively flat spire whorls and angulated shoulder. Intermediate forms also exist (Fig. 27 B, D, E). DESCRIPTION OF COLOUR PATTERN Colour pattern on spire whorls consists of two rows of regularly arranged, quadrangular to rectangular dots, near carina and near suture, respectively. Flammulae are visible on some specimens (Fig. 24 B 4). The colour pattern on last whorl consists of three layers. The first layer consists of two fluorescent bands, one on the middle of the last whorl and another near the anterior part of the shell (Fig. 25). The second layer consists of multiple, continuous spiral lines, equally distant on individual shells. The lines are not always constant in width. Usually, the thin lines are surrounded by wider lines. The colour of the lines is dim-fluorescent or non-fluorescent. Inside those, there are bright, quadrangular, sharply edged, fluorescent dots alternated with nonfluorescent areas (Fig. 26). The dots are usually as wide as the corresponding line, but sometimes the dots are engulfed by the dim-fluorescent material of the line (Fig. 26). The lines overlap the pattern of the bands (Fig. 25). One specimen shows a third layer of pattern that consists of axially arranged, fluorescent blotches, placed on top of the bands and lines, with dots preserved on top of all other patterns (Fig. 27 C).	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
03B58177FFAF6C7BFC734256A3C1F830.taxon	discussion	REMARKS The Greek specimens present two extreme forms (Fig. 27 A, G, I), that are connected with intermediate shell forms (Fig. 27 B, D, E), therefore we regard them as one species. Morphological characters like the subsutural flexure, the smooth spire whorls and the conical straight last whorl characterize this species (Table 11). Despite the morphological variability, the colour pattern remains constant to all shells (Fig. 27). Accordingly, we consider that this species displays a wide variability in spire height and angulation of shoulder, but bears a stable colour pattern variation. The Greek specimens are attributed to the subgenus Kalloconus, because of the lack of the spiral sculpture, a concave conical spire outline, a wide last whorl and broad shoulder. A syntype of Conus raristriatus Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841, from the Tortonian of Sant’Agata Fossili (BS. 038.05.133), was illustrated by Bellardi & Michelotti (1841: pl. 5, figs 8 - 9) and later figured by Ferrero Mortara et al. (1984). The illustration shows a colour pattern of evenly distanced spiral lines, but no spiral rows of dots as on Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. As such, the syntype suggests that Conus raristriatus and Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. belong to two different species. However, a Tortonian specimen figured by Davoli (1972: pl. 8, fig. 1 a, b, specimen no. 5545 housed in the Museo Paleontologico dell ‘ Universita di Modena’) and named Conus raristriatus displays a shell shape very similar to the morphotypes of Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. (see Fig. 27 B, F, H). In addition, under natural light the Italian specimen figured by Davoli seems to be displaying similarities of colour pattern (discontinuous spiral lines) with the Greek specimens. For this reason, we consider it conspecific with the Greek material. Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. could also be compared to Conus (Lautoconus) subraristriatus Pereira da Costa, 1866. They differ morphologically, mainly in the cyrtoconoid, more elongate and higher spire. In terms of colour pattern variations, both species possess the spirally arranged rows of dots and dashes, with fluorescent bands. The difference is that Conus (Lautoconus) subraristriatus does not exhibit any pigmentation between the fluorescent bands (Landau et al. 2013; Harzhauser & Landau 2016), whereas Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. possesses colour patterns along the whole length of the last whorl. The colour pattern of Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. is similar to that of the extant species Conus genuanus Linnaeus, 1758. This West African species could be related to C. (K.) asterousiaensis n. sp. and suggests a Proto-Mediterranean origin of some West African conids.	en	Psarras, Christos, Koskeridou, Efterpi, Merle, Didier (2021): Late Miocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Crete (Greece). Part 1: genera Conilithes Swainson, 1840 and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991. Geodiversitas 43 (24): 1309-1339, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a24
