taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B587A1FFE10866FF0351B00BF492E0.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 A, Table 3)	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE10866FF0351B00BF492E0.taxon	description	185, fig. 1; Sanamyan & Monniot, 2011 a: 103552; Pyo & Shin, 2011: 197, fig. 1. Claveline lepadiforme Milne-Edwards, 1841: 93.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE10866FF0351B00BF492E0.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 21 zooids, Daebyeon, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S, dock wall at 2.5 m depth; 32 zooids, Busan, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S, SCUBA diving at 20 m sea depth, S. Shin; 202 zooids, Gampo, 24 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 2 m depth; 124 zooids, Bangeojin, 25 June 2010, Shin S, bivalve (Mytilus galloprovincialis) shells and dock wall at 1.5 m depth; 75 zooids, Seogwipo, 28 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 5 m depth; 37 zooids, Namae, 18 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 3.2 m depth; 44 zooids, Gampo, 19 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 35 zooids, Bangeojin, 20 Oct. 2010, Shin S, dock wall at 2 m depth; 89 zooids, Daebyeon, 20 Oct. 2010, Shin S, fish trap at 2.3 m depth; 37 zooids., Seogwipo, 17 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 2.4 m depth; 239 zooids, Gonghyeonjin, 22 June 2011, Lee T, dock wall at 2.5 m depth; 494 zooids, Guryoungpo, 24 June 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.7 m depth; 34 zooids, Gampo, 24 June 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 46 zooids, Bangeojin, 25 June 2011, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 79 zooids., Seogwipo, 17 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 3 m depth; 367 zooids, Gonghyeonjin, 16 Oct. 2011, Lee T, ropes at 3.4 m depth; 68 zooids, Guryoungpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.5 m depth; 54 zooids, Daebyeon, 19 Oct. 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 2.1 m depth; 124 zooids., Seogwipo, 25 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 3.6 m depth.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE10866FF0351B00BF492E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native to Norway. Northeast Atlantic (Ireland, Scotland, England, Channel Islands, France, Sweden, Portugal, Spain), Mediterranean Sea, Connecticut of Northwest Atlantic, South Africa, Japan, and Korea (Korea Strait, Jeju Island).	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE6086AFF03532C0B65912F.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 B, 3 C – D, 4, Table 3)	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE6086AFF03532C0B65912F.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 12 individuals., Daejin, 17 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 9 inds., Ayajin, 17 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 5 inds., Namae, 18 Oct. 2010, Shin S, dock wall at 1.7 m depth; 15 inds., Bangeojin, 20 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 4 inds., Jangsaengpo, 20 Oct. 2010, Lee T, dock wall at 2 m depth; 8 inds., Daebyeon, 20 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 19 inds., Tongyeong, 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 17 inds., Gunsan, 22 Oct. 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 2.5 m depth; 27 inds., Daejin, 22 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 1.3 m depth; 13 inds., Gonghyeonjin, 22 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 7 inds., Ayajin, 22 June 2011, Pyo J, thick cloth at 1.5 m depth; 43 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 16 inds., Gampo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 9 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 8 inds., Jangsaengpo, 25 June 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 2.3 m depth; 52 inds., Daebyeon, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 8 inds., Busan, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 424 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 2.5 m depth; 21 inds., Gwangyang, 26 June 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 12 inds., Mokpo, 26 June 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 2.5 m depth; 19 inds., Gunsan, 27 June 2011, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 22 inds., Incheon, 27 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 1.8 m depth; 23 inds., Daejin, 16 Oct. 2011, Lee T, ropes at 1.3 m depth; 5 inds., Chodo, 16 Oct. 2011, Shin S, dock wall at 1.5 m depth; 3 inds., Geojin, 16 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 1.8 m depth; 19 inds., Gonghyeonjin, 16 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 7 inds., Ayajin, 16 Oct. 2011, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.5 m depth; 8 inds., Namae, 17 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 14 inds., Jumunjin, 17 Oct. 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth; 10 inds., Sacheon, 17 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2 m depth; 13 inds., Gangneung, 17 Oct. 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 2.1 m depth; 6 inds., Imwon, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, dock wall at 1 m depth; 13 inds., Guryoungpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 39 inds., Yangpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 19 inds., Gampo, 18 Oct. 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 5 inds., Bangeojin, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 11 inds., Jangsaengpo, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3 m depth; 37 inds., Daebyeon, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.1 m depth; 8 inds., Busan, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 74 inds., Tongyeong, 20 Oct. 2011, Shin S, dock wall at 2.1 m depth; 15 inds., Gwangyang, 20 Oct. 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 8 inds., Mokpo, 20 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 2.9 m depth; 12 inds., Gunsan, 21 Oct. 2011, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 24 inds., Incheon, 21 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.8 m depth.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE6086AFF03532C0B65912F.taxon	description	Description. Body heart- or irregular oval-shaped, sometimes covered with debris and fibrils. Tunic firm, thick and rough, grayish color, semi-transparent, and with numerous tiny papillae spread all over surfaces (Fig. 4 L); visceral organs observed by naked eye on left side. Some pigments of reddish or heavy orange appeared near inside both siphons (Fig. 4 D). Oral siphon 6 – 8 lobed, positioned at top of body (Fig. 4 G). 19 – 25 slender tentacles located inner rounded orifice and well developed (Fig. 4 I). Long tentacle and short one irregular arranged and longer ones outnumber shorter ones. Atrial siphon 4 – 6 lobed, positioned around one third of way down body away from oral siphon (Fig. 4 H). Both siphons almost frilled, like flute in water. Dorsal tubercle U-shaped and with horns incurved (Fig. 4 I). Branchial sac with numerous rows of straight stigmata not folded, located on right side. Body muscles usually form irregular network at mantle covering branchial sac, like string or thread (Fig. 4 D). Numerous muscles of both siphons well developed. Esophagus positioned right bottom beneath end of pharynx on right side (Fig. 4 F). Stomach very weak and easily damaged, short, with a longitudinal opaque white line. Intestine has first and second gut loops, located behind branchial sac. Intestinal tract from right bottom on left side, and made first gut loop upwards of half-way of body. Curved intestinal tract runs to bottom and makes second gut loop (Fig. 4 E). Anus formed at end of extended gut (Fig. 4 K). Gonads enclosed in first gut loop. Ovary almost fills in first gut loop. Testis surrounds ovary (Fig. 4 E). Gonoduct at center of first gut loop and extends along close to outside second gut loop, opening with anus near base of atrial siphon (Fig. 4 K). Numerous eggs crowded at gonads, and scattered all along gut. Size. Individuals measured up to 83 mm long and usually attached on hard substrates by their left side; usual size is 20 – 47 mm.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE6086AFF03532C0B65912F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native to Norway. Northeast Atlantic (Sweden, Baltic Sea, Irish Sea, English Channel, Germany), Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, New England, Argentina, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Japan, and Korea (East Sea, Korea Strait, Yellow Sea).	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE6086AFF03532C0B65912F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was widespread in three coastlines of Korea except Jeju Island (Table 3). Some parasitic amphipods were often found in the branchial sac (Figs. 4 F, J). S. plicata an established alien species in Korea were found attached to a rope and looked like aquacultured organism at Tongyeong yacht marina in October 2010 (Figs. 3 A, B). But newly introduced A. aspersa occupied the same rope at the same location in June 2011 (Fig. 3 C). It has been suggested that S. plicata might be replaced by A. aspersa in competition for habitats. As shown in Fig. 3, the reduction of individual number of S. plicata was considered to be by the loss of food intake due to the attachment of many A. aspersa (Fig. 3 D). This seasonal change of species needs to be examined continuously.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEA086BFF03575E0BBC9027.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 C, Table 3)	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEA086BFF03575E0BBC9027.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 46 inds., Guryoungpo, 12 Aug. 2009, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 21 inds., Gampo, 12 Aug. 2009, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.3 m depth; 33 inds., Daebyeon, 13 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 19 inds., Busan, 14 Aug. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 39 inds., Dadaepo, 14 Aug. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 46 inds., Tongyeong, 14 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 22 inds., Gwangyang, 16 Aug. 2009, Shin S, fish trap at 3.5 m depth; 37 inds., Guryoungpo, 13 Nov. 2009, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 18 inds., Gampo, 13 Nov. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 29 inds., Daebyeon, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 3.5 m depth; 13 inds., Busan, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S ,, ropes at 3.1 m depth; 25 inds., Dadaepo, 14 Nov. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 46 inds., Tongyeong, 15 Nov. 2009, Shin S, dock wall at 1.7 m depth; 16 inds., Gwangyang, 15 Nov. 2009, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 46 inds., Guryoungpo, 24 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 3 m depth; 7 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 22 inds., Gampo, 24 June 2010, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.3 m depth; 26 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 6 inds., Jangsaengpo, 25 June 2010, Lee T, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 35 inds., Daebyeon, 25 June 2010, Shin S, fish trap at 3.5 m depth; 13 inds., Busan, 25 June 2010, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 29 inds., Dadaepo, 26 June 2010, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 79 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 22 inds., Gwangyang, 27 June 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 3.5 m depth; 13 inds., Mokpo, 28 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 1.1 m depth; 9 inds., Gunsan, 29 June 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 2 inds., Daejin, 17 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 5 inds., Ayajin, 17 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.7 m depth; 6 inds., Sacheon, 18 Oct. 2010, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.9 m depth; 27 inds., Guryoungpo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 26 inds., Yangpo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 18 inds., Gampo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, fish trap at 2.1 m depth; 9 inds., Bangeojin, 20 Oct. 2010, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.2 m depth; 6 inds., Jangsaengpo, 20 Oct. 2010, Lee T, dock wall at 2 m depth; 17 inds., Daebyeon, 20 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 2.7 m depth; 4 inds., Busan, 20 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 23 inds., Dadaepo, 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 41 inds., Tongyeong, 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 4 inds., Daejin, 22 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.3 m depth; 36 inds., Guryoungpo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 25 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.6 m depth; 59 inds., Gampo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 1.5 m depth; 7 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 32 inds., Daebyeon, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 5 inds., Busan, 25 June 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.3 m depth; 18 inds., Dadaepo, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 331 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 3.3 m depth; 14 inds., Gwangyang, 26 June 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 2 inds., Daejin, 16 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 1.9 m depth; 5 inds., Geojin, 16 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 1.8 m depth; 7 inds., Jumunjin, 17 Oct. 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth; 4 inds., Sacheon, 17 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2 m depth; 2 inds., Gangneung, 17 Oct. 2011, Shin S, thick cloth at 2 m depth; 1 inds., Ganggu, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 58 inds., Guryoungpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, dock wall at 3 m depth; 27 inds., Yangpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 86 inds., Gampo, 18 Oct. 2011, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.5 m depth; 14 inds., Bangeojin, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 4 inds., Jangsaengpo, 19 Oct. 2011, Shin S, fish trap at 3 m depth; 13 inds., Daebyeon, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, ropes at 2.8 m depth; 8 inds., Songjeong, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 3 inds., Busan, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.6 m depth; 25 inds., Dadaepo, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 64 inds., Tongyeong, 20 Oct. 2011, Shin S, dock wall at 2.1 m depth; 12 inds., Gwangyang, 20 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.2 m depth.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEA086BFF03575E0BBC9027.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native all around the British Isles and reported in many part of the world. Northern Europe, part of Arctic regions, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Denmark, France, Atlantic Canada, New England, South Africa, Washington, California, Chile, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, China, Japan, and Korea (East Sea, Korea Strait, Jeju Island, Yellow Sea).	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEB0869FF03509C08EF919E.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 D, 5, Table 3)	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEB0869FF03509C08EF919E.taxon	description	2010: 23; Haydar et al., 2011: 68; Sanamyan & Monniot, 2011 c: 103788.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEB0869FF03509C08EF919E.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 35 inds., Mokpo, 26 June 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 2.5 m depth; 47 inds., Gunsan, 27 June 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 84 inds., Mokpo, 21 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, fish trap at 2.1 m depth; 26 inds., Gunsan, 22 Oct. 2010, Shin S, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth; 41 inds., Incheon, 22 Oct. 2010, Lee T, ropes at 3.2 m depth; 12 inds., Gwangyang, 26 June 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.4 m depth; 56 inds., Mokpo, 26 June 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 33 inds., Incheon, 27 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 6 inds., Songjeong, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.1 m depth; 7 inds., Busan, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 12 inds., Dadaepo, 19 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.2 m depth; 35 inds., Mokpo, 20 Oct. 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth; 21 inds., Incheon, 21 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 3.8 m depth.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEB0869FF03509C08EF919E.taxon	description	Description. Body commonly ovoid shaped (Fig. 5 A – C, L). Tunic thick, grayish or greenish color, semitransparent, sometimes covered with debris and fibrils; visceral organs observed by naked eye on each side. Oral siphon 6 lobed, positioned at anterior part of body (Fig. 5 G). Six to eight tentacles surround opening of oral siphon into pharynx (Fig. 5 H), and each tentacle irregularly branched 7 – 16 ramification. Atrial siphon 4 lobed, positioned closed beside oral siphon less than 5 mm (Fig. 5 G). Dorsal tubercle C-shaped or horseshoe-shaped groove (Fig. 5 I). Branchial sac with six folds, on each side curved and spirally arranged stigmata (Figs. 5 J, K). Muscles well developed around siphons. Endostyle extended from base of oral siphon to posterior of pharynx. Gut positioned on left side of branchial sac (Fig. 5 E). Stomach narrow, small, completely hidden by large conspicuous pyloric gland, but not exactly marked off from rest of gut. Intestine tapering from end of stomach, gonad in second gut loop. Renal sac positioned beneath gonads on body wall of right side, slightly curved (Fig. 5 D). Gonads located on each side, consist of testis and ovary surrounded by testis; right gonad deflected, positioned parallel with renal sac and at right angle with left gonad (Figs. 5 D, E). Oviduct short, extends toward atrial siphon. Size. Individuals measured up to 24 mm long and usually attached to ropes and hard substrates by posterior part; usual size is 15 – 20 mm.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEB0869FF03509C08EF919E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native to Northeast America from Maine to Texas. Northeast Atlantic (Norway to Portugal), Northeast Pacific (Puget Sound, San Juan Archipelago, Vancouver Island, California), South Australia, Tasmania, China, Japan, and Korea (Korea Strait, Yellow Sea).	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFEB0869FF03509C08EF919E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843) was first described from New York harbor. Its distribution in Northwest Atlantic extends from Cape Cod to Southern Louisiana interrupted by the Florida peninsula (Van Name 1945). Although its European distribution extends from Norway to Portugal, it is patchy (Monniot 1969). The inferred anthropogenic vectors for these introductions were hull fouling and oyster translocations (Tokioka & Kado 1972; Cohen & Carlton 1996), and possibly ballast water (Hewitt et al. 2004). This species was first found in Mokpo, Gunsan and Incheon of Yellow Sea, Korea in June 2010 and was found spread out at Songjeong, Busan and Dadaepo of Korea Strait in 2011 (Table 3).	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE9086FFF0357B508AC91B7.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 E, 3 A, B, Table 3)	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE9086FFF0357B508AC91B7.taxon	description	74; Da Rocha & Kremer, 2005: 1170; De Barros et al., 2009: 45; Pineda et al., 2011: 1; Sanamyan & Monniot, 2011 d: 103936; Fuller, 2012: 1293. Tethyum plicatum: Van Name, 1912: 569, fig. 136.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE9086FFF0357B508AC91B7.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 8 inds., Guryoungpo, 12 Aug. 2009, Lee T, thick cloth at 1.4 m depth; 14 inds., Gampo, 12 Aug. 2009, Shin S, thick cloth at 2.1 m depth; 7 inds., Jangsaengpo, 13 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 2.4 m depth; 16 inds., Daebyeon, 13 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 3.1 m depth; 8 inds., Busan, 14 Aug. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.3 m depth; 3 inds., Dadaepo, 14 Aug. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 269 inds., Tongyeong, 14 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 2.5 m depth; 11 inds., Gwangyang, 16 Aug. 2009, Shin S, fish trap at 3.7 m depth; 6 inds., Seogwipo, 20 Aug. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 2.5 m depth; 3 inds., Guryoungpo, 13 Nov. 2009, Lee T, thick cloth at 1 m depth; 6 inds., Gampo, 13 Nov. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 6 inds., Jangsaengpo, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 2.5 m depth; 5 inds., Daebyeon, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 3.8 m depth; 10 inds., Busan, 14 Nov. 2009, Shin S ,, ropes at 3.1 m depth; 9 inds., Dadaepo, 14 Nov. 2009, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 290 inds., Tongyeong, 15 Nov. 2009, Shin S, dock wall at 1.7 m depth; 14 inds., Gwangyang, 15 Nov. 2009, Lee T, fish trap at 3.1 m depth; 8 inds., Seogwipo, 17 Nov. 2009, Shin S, ropes at 3.1 m depth; 13 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 3 m depth; 16 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 5 inds., Jangsaengpo, 25 June 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 3.7 m depth; 4 inds., Busan, 25 June 2010, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.1 m depth; 16 inds., Dadaepo, 26 June 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.6 m depth; 327 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2010, Shin S, dock wall at 2.8 m depth; 9 inds., Gwangyang, 27 June 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 10 inds., Seogwipo, 30 June. 2010, Lee T, ropes at 3.4 m depth; 31 inds., Yangpo, 19 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 3.2 m depth; 19 inds., Gampo, 19 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 2.7 m depth; 4 inds., Jangsaengpo, 20 Oct. 2010, Lee T, dock wall at 2 m depth; 8 inds., Busan, 20 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, dock wall at 3 m depth; 24 inds., Dadaepo, 21 Oct. 2010, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 547 inds., Tongyeong, 21 Oct. 2010, Shin S, fish trap at 3.3 m depth; 11 inds., Gwangyang, 21 Oct. 2010, Lee T, fish trap at 2.5 m depth; 20 inds., Seogwipo, 17 Oct. 2010, Pyo J, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 21 inds., Yangpo, 24 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 3.4 m depth; 17 inds., Bangeojin, 25 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.2 m depth; 9 inds., Jangsaengpo, 25 June 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 2.3 m depth; 5 inds., Busan, 25 June 2011, Pyo J, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 12 inds., Dadaepo, 25 June 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.6 m depth; 75 inds., Tongyeong, 26 June 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 3.8 m depth; 9 inds., Seogwipo, 17 June 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 3.4 m depth; 20 inds., Yangpo, 18 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 2.1 m depth; 11 inds., Jangsaengpo, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, fish trap at 3.1 m depth; 9 inds., Busan, 19 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, dock wall at 1.6 m depth; 16 inds., Dadaepo, 19 Oct. 2011, Lee T, under floating dock at 0.2 m depth; 323 inds., Tongyeong, 20 Oct. 2011, Shin S, ropes at 3.1 m depth; 6 inds., Gwangyang, 20 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, fish trap at 3.2 m depth; 13 inds., Seogwipo, 25 Oct. 2011, Pyo J, ropes at 3 m depth.	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
03B587A1FFE9086FFF0357B508AC91B7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native to Northeast America, Gulf of Mexico and West Indies. Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, California, South Australia, Tasmania, China, Japan, and Korea (Korea Strait, Jeju Island). Molecular phylogenetic analysis. In the jModeltest procedure, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) showed that the GTR + I + G model was the best-fitted model among those evaluated. The parameters of the model were as follows: base frequencies, A = 0.2383, C = 0.2272, G = 0.3050, T = 0.2295; substitution rate matrix, A – C = 0.3903, A – G = 1.4160, A – T = 0.8681, C – G = 0.6066, C – T = 4.0151, G – T = 1.0000; proportion of invariable sites 0.4250; gamma shape parameter 0.4350. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships between five Korean ascidian species and the allied species registered in the GenBank. The analysis of the base sequences of Korean ascidians was carried out using twenty-three samples of nuclear 18 S rDNA and ten of mt-COI. Korean ascidians used for the analysis of 18 S rDNA sequences were Ascidiella aspersa, Halocynthia roretzi, Molgula manhattensis, Styela clava, and S. plicata, among which A. aspersa, M. manhattensis and S. plicata were also used for mt-COI analysis. These base sequences were employed for the construction of the phylogenetic tree by Bayesian inference method and the trees obtained using each sequence of nuclear 18 S rDNA (Fig. 6) and mt-COI (Fig. 7). Korean A. aspersa exactly formed a phylogenetic group with same species referred from GenBank in each phylogenetic tree of nuclear 18 S rDNA and mt-COI (Figs. 6, 7), and made particularly significant distinction from the other species of genus Ascidia of the same family in phylogenetic tree of nuclear 18 S rDNA (Fig. 6). Korean M. manhattensis also formed a phylogenetic group with same species from Genbank in both phylogenetic trees of nuclear 18 S rDNA and mt-COI. But, M. manhattensis was grouped with M. retortiformis in nuclear 18 S rDNA dataset (Fig. 6) and with M. provisionalis in mt-COI dataset (Fig. 7).	en	Pyo, Jooyeon, Lee, Taekjun, Shin, Sook (2012): Two newly recorded invasive alien ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata, Ascidiacea) based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis in Korea *. Zootaxa 3368 (1): 211-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.10, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3368.1.10
