identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B4EA31DA5F13733EA34425EAA3FCF3.text	03B4EA31DA5F13733EA34425EAA3FCF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice Malmgren 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice Malmgren, 1867 (emended) </p>
            <p> Type species:  Nerine cirrata M. Sars, 1851 . By monotypy. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Prostomium anteriorly rounded or slightly concave, either T- or skittle-shaped, clearly fused with peristomium at anterior angles (subgenus  Laonice ), fused only by a thin membrane normally sunken in a groove between prostomium and peristomium (part of subgenus  Sarsiana ), or not fused at all (part of subgenus  Sarsiana and subgenus Appelloefia). Occipital antenna present (most usual), absent or with variable presence (e.g., in  Laonice bahusiensis Söderström, 1920 ). Caruncle well developed, long (except in the deep-sea species  Laonice (Sarsiana) magnacristata Maciolek, 2000 and  Laonice (Laonice) plumisetosa Bogantes, Halanych &amp; Meissner, 2018 ), extending posteriorly over several chaetigers following a pair of nuchal organ loops starting from palp attachments. Nuchal organs long and widely variable in length (subgenus  Laonice ) or short (usually around 10 chaetigers, always less than 20) and less variable in length (subgenera  Sarsiana and Appelloefia). Palps often long, without sheath at base. Peristomium not fused with chaetiger 1. Parapodia biramous; each ramus of anterior chaetigers with three tufts of long, thin capillary chaetae, including anterior and posterior parallel vertical rows of chaetae arranged in single lines (except in subgenus Appelloefia, with more than two rows of capillaries in several anteriormost chaetigers), with a third tuft inserted above (notopodia) and below (neuropodia) these rows. Inferior neurochaetae or sabre chaetae [“Haarborsten” in Söderström (1920)] appearing in anterior region, being longer and stouter than ordinary capillaries. Neuropodial hooks with primary hood only, with chaetiger of first appearance varying; notopodial hooks generally absent (may be present in posteriormost chaetigers in some species of subgenus  Sarsiana ). Dorsal branchiae from chaetiger 2, separated from notopodial postchaetal lamellae and on a variable number of anterior chaetigers, rarely up to body end (e.g., in subgenus Appelloefia). Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches on a variable number of anterior chaetigers, often up to body end, rarely absent; first chaetiger with pouches varying. Anus terminal, surrounded by two ventral lobes or small papilliform cirri (usually placed close together) and several pairs of comparatively long, thinner dorsal anal cirri. Pigmentation absent. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA5F13733EA34425EAA3FCF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA5C13733EA340DDEC31FB1B.text	03B4EA31DA5C13733EA340DDEC31FB1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Laonice) Malmgren 1867	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Laonice) Malmgren, 1867</p>
            <p> Laonice (Laonice) : Sikorski, Gunton &amp; Pavlova 2017: 962. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Prostomium obviously fused with fronto-lateral peristomial margins. Caruncle long, highly variable in length but extending beyond half of branchiate chaetigers. Capillary chaetae in two vertical rows on anterior chaetigers. Hooded hooks with main fang surmounted by one or two paired apical teeth. Notopodial hooks absent. Continuous dorsal transverse crests in postbranchiate region present or absent.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA5C13733EA340DDEC31FB1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA5C13753EA34675ED35FB47.text	03B4EA31DA5C13753EA34675ED35FB47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Laonice) persica Sikorski & Pavlova & Martin & Gil 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Laonice) persica sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 1A–H, 6.</p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B598C9EF-4924-44C0-B42C-403558109C1C</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype. MNCN16.01 /19125,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.566715/lat 27.485933)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.566715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.485933">Persian Gulf</a>
                 , Iran, st. 19, 27°29.156′N, 52°34.003′E, 19 m depth, 34.9% of gravels (0.5‒10 mm), 5.8% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 17 June 1998. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratypes. MNCN16.01 /19126, 2 specimens,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.559566/lat 27.503817)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.559566&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.503817">Persian Gulf</a>
                 , Iran, st. 8, 27°30.229′N, 52°33.574′E, 19 m depth, 45.1% of gravels (0.5‒10 mm), 7.8% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 17 June 1998  ;   MNCN16.01 /19127, 1 specimen,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.569466/lat 27.47995)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.569466&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.47995">Persian Gulf</a>
                 , Iran, st. 24, 27°28.797′N, 52°34.168′E, 18 m depth, 22.4% of gravels (0.5‒10 mm), 6.8% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 17 June 1998  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Body 0.4–0.5 mm wide (0.4 mm in holotype, one anterior fragment with 51 chaetigers and one short middle fragment with 18). Posterior region not collected.</p>
            <p>Prostomium fused with peristomium at fronto-lateral margins (Fig. 1A, G), anteriorly rounded, posteriorly extending to chaetiger 23–26 (26 in holotype) as a low narrow caruncle. Nuchal organs as U-shaped ciliary bands on both sides of caruncle. Occipital antenna large (absent in paratypes, without traces of attachment). Two pairs of eyes in trapezoidal arrangement; median pair large, bean-shaped; lateral pair small, located ahead, set wider apart and often deeply embedded into tissue (Fig. 1A).</p>
            <p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2 to 31–34 (32 in holotype), shorter than notopodial postchaetal lamellae at chaetiger 2; 1.5–2 times longer than notopodial postchaetal lamellae on following 15 chaetigers, more than twice longer at midbody (due to decreasing length of notopodial postchaetal lamellae) and shorter than notopodial postchaetal lamellae on last two branchiate chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae ear-like on anterior 25–30 chaetigers (Fig. 1C–E), narrowing upwardly, usually with acute tips on first four chaetigers, then tips becoming slightly rounded. Largest notopodial lamellae from chaetiger 4–10, with tips touching dorsally at chaetiger 4, significantly shortening along postbranchiate region, becoming rounded above and reduced below notochaetal fascicle/notopodium insertion level (Fig. 1F). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae ear-like, almost triangular (Fig. 1C–E), largest on chaetigers 8–22, shortening afterwards, becoming very short and hardly detectable on postbranchiate chaetigers (Fig. 1F).</p>
            <p>Dorsal transverse crests connecting notopodial postchaetal lamellae absent (Fig. 1B).</p>
            <p>Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting from chaetiger 4–6 (5 in holotype), not visible after chaetiger 32–34.</p>
            <p>Capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 29–32, up to seven per neuropodium, with one pair of lateral small apical teeth and a single superior median tooth above main fang, appearing tridentate in lateral view (Fig. 1H). Notopodial hooks not seen. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 17–22 (20 in holotype), one per fascicle.</p>
            <p>Pygidium not seen, missing.</p>
            <p>Pigmentation absent.</p>
            <p>Methyl Green staining. Strong in upper parts of notopodial postchaetal lamellae from chaetiger 4 to 8–10 (Fig. 1G); very weak and diffuse on ventral surface of chaetigers 24–35, where it fades remarkably sooner than on notopodial postchaetal lamellae.</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.566715/lat 27.485933)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.566715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.485933">Persian Gulf</a>
                 , Iran, northwest of Naband Gulf (27°29.156′N, 52°34.003′E), 19 m depth  . 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet  persica derives from the toponymic name of the inlet where the types were collected, the Persian Gulf. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Persian Gulf (Indian Ocean) (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p> Remarks. The existence of specimens having and lacking occipital antenna is not unique to  L. persica sp. nov. , having been also reported in the type-material of  L. bahusiensis (Sikorski et al. 2021b) . </p>
            <p> Laonice persica sp. nov. has the prostomium completely fused with the peristomium, which places the species in L. (  Laonice ) as defined by Sikorski et al. (2017). It also lacks entire dorsal transverse crests connecting the notopodial postchaetal lamellae, and so belongs to the  L. cirrata complex, together with  L. brevicornis (Kinberg, 1866) [including the junior synonyms  L. aperata Radashevsky &amp; Lana, 2009 and  L. petersenae Radashevsky &amp; Lana, 2009 ],  L. quadridentata Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978 ,  L. bassensis Blake &amp; Kudenov, 1978 (likely),  L. shamrockensis Sikorski, 2003 ,  L. asaccata Sigvaldadóttir &amp; Desbruyères, 2003 ,  L. pinnulata Radashevsky &amp; Lana, 2009 ,  L. cricketae Sikorski &amp; Pavlova, 2016 , and  L. plumisetosa Bogantes et al., 2018 . However,  L. cirrata is much larger (adults up to 5 mm wide), with hooks usually appearing bidentate in lateral view (tridentate in  L. persica sp. nov. ) and with lateral inter-neuropodial pouches appearing from chaetiger 52 (absent after chaetiger 32–34 in  L. persica sp. nov. ).  Laonice brevicornis has tridentate hooks in lateral view and worms are not large (1.5–2 mm wide), but inter-neuropodial pouches are either absent or present only from chaetigers 3–17.  Laonice cricketae has nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 20 and lateral inter-neuropodial pouches appearing only from chaetiger 40 (5–6 in  L. persica sp. nov. ), while the fusion of prostomium and peristomium is not so evident. Finally,  L. shamrockensis ,  L. asaccata ,  L. pinnulata and  L. plumisetosa have nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 5, 4, 7 and 1, respectively (23–26 in  L. persica sp. nov. ), while lateral inter-neuropodial pouches appear from chaetiger 3 in  L. shamrockensis ,  L. pinnulata and  L. plumisetosa and are absent in  L. asaccata (5–6 in  L. persica sp. nov. ). Nuchal organ are also remarkably shorter in  L. quadridentata (reaching chaetiger 18) and  L. bassensis (reaching chaetiger 7). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA5C13753EA34675ED35FB47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA5A13773EA34647E974FC43.text	03B4EA31DA5A13773EA34647E974FC43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Laonice) siamica Sikorski & Pavlova & Martin & Gil 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Laonice) siamica sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 2A–I, 6.</p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 545BCAEE-01D8-454F-960D-86B54F9025DA</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype. MNCN16.01 /19128,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.842384/lat 7.6003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.842384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6003">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand, st. 5, 07°36.018′N, 102°50.543′E, 64 m depth, 92.2% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm) and 7.6% of fine sand (63–250 µm) with shell fragments, 28 July 1998. 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Holotype 0.7 mm wide, 20 mm long for 104 chaetigers (one anterior fragment of 60 chaetigers and one posterior with 44).</p>
            <p>Prostomium fused with peristomium at fronto-lateral margin (Fig. 2A, C), anteriorly rounded, extending posteriorly to beginning of chaetiger 41 as a low narrow caruncle, accompanied by nuchal organs as lateral ciliary bands. Occipital antenna thin, erect, half length of notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1. One pair of small, distinct, faded brownish eyespots in front of attachment of occipital antenna.</p>
            <p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2; first pair half as long as notopodial postchaetal lamellae, then increasing their length but still shorter until chaetiger 4 (Fig. 2A, E), of equal length on chaetiger 5, and twice longer after chaetiger 10 (Fig. 2F); then branchiae gradually shortening from chaetiger 38 (Fig. 2B, G), being absent after chaetiger 50 (last branchiate chaetiger).</p>
            <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae leaflike, almost triangular, with narrow acute tips through all body (Fig. 2A–C, E–G), but particularly pronounced on the four anteriormost chaetigers (Fig. 2A, E), gradually shortening to half the length of anterior ones on last branchiate chaetigers, becoming narrow triangles on posteriormost chaetigers (Fig. 2G). Anterior postbranchiate chaetigers with notopodial postchaetal lamella extending slightly dorsally, not reaching middle dorsum (Fig. 2B). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae almost trapezoidal anteriorly (Fig. 2E), then triangular, with acute tips through all body (Fig. 2F–G).</p>
            <p>Dorsal transverse crests absent.</p>
            <p>Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 5–6, irregularly present from chaetiger 50 to posteriormost chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 39, up to 6–8 per fascicle, bidentate in lateral view, tridentate in frontal view, with one pair of small apical teeth side by side above main fang (Fig. 2H–I). Notopodial hooks absent. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 14, one per fascicle.</p>
            <p>Pygidium with ten lobes forming a ring around the anus: four bilaterally symmetrical pairs bearing one thin threadlike anal cirrus, and one ventral pair closely set, pointed and lacking cirri (Fig. 2D).</p>
            <p>Pigmentation absent.</p>
            <p>Methyl Green staining. As oval spots on upper parts of notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 4–8 (Fig. 2C).</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.842384/lat 7.6003)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.842384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.6003">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand (07°36.018′N, 102°50.543′E), 64 m depth  . 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet  siamica derives from the toponymic name of the inlet where the type was collected, the Gulf of Siam. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Gulf of Siam (Pacific Ocean) (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Laonice siamica sp. nov. can be referred to L. (  Laonice ) as defined by Sikorski et al. (2017), as it has the prostomium completely fused with the peristomium. It is closely related to the  L. cirrata complex [  L. brevicornis (with both  L. aperata and  L. petersenae included),  L. quadridentata ,  L. cricketae and, probably,  L. bassensis ,  L. shamrockensis ,  L. asaccata ,  L. pinnulata and  L. plumisetosa ]. However, the gradual reduction of the posterior branchiae is quite unique of  L. siamica sp. nov. While measuring only 0.7 mm wide, the holotype of  L. siamica sp. nov. has nuchal organs extending to chaetiger 41 and up to 50 pairs of branchiae, which only occurs in specimens of  L. cirrata measuring&gt; 2.2 mm wide. Nuchal organs of  L. shamrockensis ,  L. asaccata ,  L. pinnulata and  L. plumisetosa are much shorter and do not extend over chaetiger 7 (41 in  L. siamica sp. nov. ). In  L. brevicornis and  L. cricketae nuchal organs are shorter as well: up to chaetiger 26 in  L. brevicornis (with last branchiae on chaetiger 36) and up to chaetiger 20 in  L. cricketae (with last branchiae on chaetiger 39 and lateral inter-neuropodial pouches only from chaetiger 40, instead of chaetiger 7 in  L. siamica sp. nov. ). Nuchal organs, as in the case of the species described above, are also remarkably shorter in  L. quadridentata (up to chaetiger 18) and  L. bassensis (up to chaetiger 7). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA5A13773EA34647E974FC43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA5813773EA34743EA4BFAD5.text	03B4EA31DA5813773EA34743EA4BFAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Sarsiana) Sikorski, Gunton & Pavlova 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Sarsiana) Sikorski, Gunton &amp; Pavlova 2017</p>
            <p> Laonice (Sarsiana) : Sikorski et al. 2017: 962. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Laonice sarsi Söderström, 1920 . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Prostomium not obviously fused or non-fused with fronto-lateral peristomial margin. Anterolateral prostomial corners sometimes fused to peristomium by an inconspicuous (in dorsal view) membrane, often deeply sunken in prostomium/peristomium groove. Nuchal organs generally short (usually extending up to chaetiger 10). Dorsal transverse crests present or absent. Other numerical characters highly variable. Notopodial hooded hooks may be present in posteriormost chaetigers.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA5813773EA34743EA4BFAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA5813783EA346B2EB7AFCBB.text	03B4EA31DA5813783EA346B2EB7AFCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Sarsiana) apicelamella Sikorski & Pavlova & Martin & Gil 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Sarsiana) apicelamella sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 3A–L, 6.</p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B915D3EA-1285-49FD-BFD4-A08E7941F968</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype. MNCN16.01 /19129,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.7527/lat 7.8303)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.7527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.8303">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand, st. 14, 07°49.818′N, 102°45.162′E, 73 m, 97.8% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm) and 2.2% of fine sand (63–250 µm) with shell fragments, 28 July 1998. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratypes. MNCN16.01 /19130, 1 specimen,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.78063/lat 15.133284)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.78063&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.133284">Andaman Sea</a>
                 , off Myanmar /Burma, st. E7, 15°07.997′N, 94°46.838′E, 46 m depth, 76.3% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 03 December 2003  ;   MNCN16.01 /19131, 1 specimen,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.7675/lat 15.052283)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.7675&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.052283">Andaman Sea</a>
                 , off Myanmar /Burma, st. S4, 15°03.137′N, 94°46.050′E, 51 m depth, 90% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 03 December 2003  ;   MNCN16.01 /19132, 1 specimen,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.7367/lat 7.5998335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.7367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5998335">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand, st. 8, 07°35.990′N, 102°44.202′E, 66 m depth, 92.7% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm) and 7.0% of fine sand (63–250 µm) with shell fragments, 27 July 1998  ;   MNCN16.01 /19133, 1 specimen,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.7957/lat 7.5365)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.7957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5365">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand, st. 4, 07°32.190′N, 102°47.742′E, 61 m depth, 89.6% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm) and 10.0% of fine sand (63–250 µm) with shell fragments, 27 July 1998  ;   MNCN16.01 /19134, 1 specimen,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.61788/lat 7.354883)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.61788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.354883">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand, st. 1, 07°21.293′N, 102°37.073′E, 58 m depth, 81.8% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm) and 17.8% of fine sand (63–250 µm) with shell fragments, 25 July 1998  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Body 0.6–0.7 mm wide. Holotype in four fragments of 19 (anterior), 5+2 (middle), and 24 (posterior) chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Prostomium short, as a nearly equilateral triangle with truncated, slightly concave anterior margin, fused with peristomial ventral surface by a thin fold deeply hidden in prostomium/peristomium groove (Fig. 3A, D). Nuchal organs U-shaped, with two wide loops following caruncle, reaching chaetiger 9–10 (8 in holotype, with a pair of nearly triangular expansions reaching middle of chaetiger 9); distance between loops nearly equivalent to loop width (Fig. 3A, D). Occipital antenna moderately developed. One pair of tear drop-shaped eyespots, with frontal and outer borders more strongly colored, just in front of occipital antenna.</p>
            <p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2, probably up to chaetiger 24–29 (uncertainty due to types fragmentary condition); as long as notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetigers 2–3 (holotype), 1.2 times longer on chaetiger 4, 1.5 times longer on chaetigers 5–6, twice longer on chaetiger 9 (only after chaetiger 14 in holotype), 2.3 times longer on chaetiger 10 and 2.5 times longer on chaetiger 13 (only up to twice longer in paratypes) (Fig. 3A, C–F); branchiae shortening on the six posteriormost branchiate chaetigers (Fig. 3B), being four and five times longer in last 6–4 chaetigers than in last 3–2 and last one, respectively (Fig. 3G). Branchial margins usually bearing long cilia.</p>
            <p>Anterior notopodial postchaetal lamellae leaf-like, with acute pointed tips (Fig. 3E); from chaetiger 6, tips gradually shifting downwards along lateral lamellar margin (Fig. 3F); tips progressively narrowing, becoming elongated upward on posteriormost branchiate chaetigers, and being reduced to small tips (upper one peak-like, lateral one as large, sharply acute peak) on last few branchiate chaetigers (Fig. 3G). Posteriormost notopodial postchaetal lamellae oval, leaf-like (Fig. 3H). Large, sharply acute lateral peaks quite pronounced on several lamellae of postbranchiate chaetigers. Small, tongue-shaped prechaetal notopodial lamellae from chaetiger 2, gradually shortening along branchiate chaetigers, non-visible on postbranchial chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae ear-like, with an acute peak on upper part of lateral margin (Fig. 3E–H).</p>
            <p>Dorsal transverse crests connecting notopodial postchaetal lamellae absent, but very pronounced transverse ciliation (nototrochs— Fig. 3B) present in about last four branchiate chaetigers and, at least, on the following 20 postbranchiate chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger5–6,up to last chaetiger present in all available anterior fragments.</p>
            <p>  Capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooks probably from chaetiger 28– 32 (uncertainty due to types fragmentary condition), up to 10 per fascicle.  Notopodial hooks in posterior notopodia (  Gulf of Siam, st. 1, MNCN16.01 /19134).  Neuropodial and notopodial hooks bidentate in lateral view (Fig. 3I, K), tridentate in frontal view, with one pair of small apical teeth side by side above main fang (Fig. 3J, L). Distal region of notopodial hooks smaller than in neuropodial ones, sometimes small, knob-like, with teeth difficult to distinguish. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 11–20, 1–2 per fascicle  . </p>
            <p>  Pygidium in poor condition, showing a single remaining anal cirrus in only one specimen (  Gulf of Siam, st. 1, MNCN16.01 /19134)  . </p>
            <p>Pigmentation absent.</p>
            <p>Methyl Green staining. Strong on tips and along outer edges of notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetigers 2–7 (Fig. 3D) and on upper edges of neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetigers 2–17.</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.7527/lat 7.8303)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.7527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.8303">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand (07°49.818′N, 102°45.162′E), 73 m depth  . 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet  apicelamella refers to the very pronounced, large, pointed peak on the lateral edge of the notopodial postchaetal lamellae of nearly all branchiate and several postbranchial chaetigers (Fig. 3A–B, D, F–G). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Gulf of Siam (Pacific Ocean) and Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p>Remarks. The holotype was assumed as being composed by the four fragments found in st. 14 (Gulf of Siam), but as this may not be the case, the numerical characters of the species must be considered an estimate. All paratypes are short anterior fragments. Also, the single posterior fragment having pygidium was in poor condition, showing only one anal cirrus. However, most likely the species has two short ventral cirri and several paired dorsal cirri surrounding the anus.</p>
            <p> Laonice apicelamella sp. nov. belongs to L. (  Sarsiana ) as defined by Sikorski et al. (2017), as it has comparatively short nuchal organs, always similar in length in all studied specimens, capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two rows only, prostomium fused to ventral peristomial surface by a thin fold deeply sunken in the prostomium/peristomium groove, and hooks in the posteriormost notopodia. </p>
            <p> Dorsal transverse crests connecting notopodial postchaetal lamellae are absent in this species. As in L. (  Laonice ), this character allows the recognition of various morphological subgroups within L. (  Sarsiana ), which may or may not have a phylogenetic significance. In particular, the absence of dorsal transverse crests in L. (  Sarsiana ) is usually combined with the presence of (1) a minute membrane connecting the anterior angles of prostomium and peristomium, usually sunken in the groove between them, and (2) hooded hooks in the most posterior notopodia. This combination of characters is also present in  L. sarsi Söderström, 1920 ,  L. antarcticae Hartman, 1953 ,  L. dayianum Sikorski, 1997 ,  L. rossica Sikorski, 2003 ,  L. olgae Sikorski &amp; Pavlova, 2016 , and  L. alberti Sikorski et al., 2021 . Moreover,  L. praecirrata Hartmann-Schröder, 1965 ,  L. nuchala Blake, 1996 ,  L. junoyi Aguirrezabalaga &amp; Ceberio, 2005 ,  L. parvabranchiata Radashevsky &amp; Lana, 2009 , and  L. whittardensis Sikorski et al., 2017 also resemble morphologically  L. apicelamella sp. nov.</p>
            <p> In  L. apicelamella sp. nov. the lateral inter-neuropodial pouches appear from chaetiger 5–6, while in  L. sarsi they start from 4–33, with only the specimens measuring less than 0.4 mm wide having lateral pouches starting before chaetiger 8 (Sikorski 2003a). In  L. rossica they range from 2–50, and only specimens less than 0.4 mm wide may have lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting before chaetiger 8 (Sikorski 2003b).  Laonice antarcticae has lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 3–4 and nuchal organs extending to chaetiger 12–13 (Sikorski, 2011) (9–10 in  L. apicelamella sp. nov. );  L. olgae has lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting at chaetigers 32–33 and  L. alberti at chaetiger 21–34, but also nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 5–7 and neuropodial hooks starting at chaetiger 35–38 (28–32 in  L. apicelamella sp. nov. ), and branchiae absent from chaetiger 31–39 (24–29 in  L. apicelamella sp. nov. ).  Laonice dayianum has longer nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 12–14, lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting from chaetiger 18–28, and sabre chaetae from chaetiger 26 (11–20 in  L. apicelamella sp. nov. ) (Sikorski 2011).  Laonice parvabranchiata has lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting from chaetiger 14–16, sabre chaetae from chaetiger 27–29, neuropodial hooks after chaetiger 42, and branchiae absent from chaetiger 35 onwards.  Laonice junoyi has shorter nuchal organs extending for 6–7 chaetigers and lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting at chaetiger 8–9.  Laonice nuchala and  L. praecirrata have longer nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 13 and 15–21, respectively, lateral inter-neuropodial pouches starting at chaetigers 7–8 and 9–24, and more numerous branchiae (&gt;47 and 59, respectively). The deep-sea species  L. whittardensis measures less than 0.4 mm wide and can be distinguished from  L. apicelamella sp. nov. by the majority of morphological characters discussed above (Sikorski et al. 2017). Finally, the characteristic presence of nototrochs on several postbranchiate chaetigers in  L. apicelamella sp. nov. is rarely present in the other morphologically similar species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA5813783EA346B2EB7AFCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA57137A3EA34013EC64FA4B.text	03B4EA31DA57137A3EA34013EC64FA4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Sarsiana) andamanica Sikorski & Pavlova & Martin & Gil 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Sarsiana) andamanica sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 4A–L, 6.</p>
            <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FBB97F5C-9A68-44F9-8D6A-02FC0407ED83</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype. MNCN16.01 /19135,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.78087/lat 15.122233)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.78087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.122233">Andaman Sea</a>
                 , off Myanmar /Burma, st. E14, 15°07.334′N, 94°46.852′E, 47.4 m depth, 77% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 03 December 2003. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratype. MNCN16.01 /19136,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.7809/lat 15.125617)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.7809&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.125617">Andaman Sea</a>
                 , off Myanmar /Burma, st. E13B, 15°07.537′N, 94°46.854′E, 47 m depth, 85% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm), 03 December 2003  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description. Holotype incomplete, 0.7 mm wide, in three fragments with 37 (anterior) and 6 plus 2 (middle) chaetigers. Paratype incomplete, 0.7 mm wide, with 22 anterior chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Prostomium T-shaped, with rounded anterior margin, joined to peristomium, with junction clearly outlined, but completely lacking a space between prostomium and peristomium (Fig. 4A). Caruncle visible, extending to posterior border of chaetiger 7–9. Nuchal organs extending to end of chaetiger 9–11, as U-shaped ciliary bands on sides of caruncle. Palps not seen.</p>
            <p>Long, acute occipital antenna on posterior prostomial region, as long as notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1. One pair of eyespots in front of occipital antenna (Fig. 4A).</p>
            <p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2 (Fig. 4A, C), narrowing into thread-like tips (Fig. 4F–G), shorter than notopodial postchaetal lamellae until chaetiger 4 (those on chaetigers 2–3 being half long), as long as on chaetigers 5–8, and slightly longer (approx. 1.2 times— Fig. 4A, G) until chaetiger 27–28; last pair visible on chaetiger 35 (Fig. 4B, H).</p>
            <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae much longer than branchiae on posteriormost branchiate region (Fig. 4B, H), up to four times longer than last pair of branchiae. Notopodial postchaetal lamellae narrowing to acute tips until chaetiger 42 (Fig. 4I), gradually lengthening to end of branchiate region (Fig. 4B), then considerably longer from chaetiger 29–35, being twice as long on chaetiger 35 than on chaetigers 5–8 (Fig. 4F, H) and three times longer than on chaetiger 2, and sharply decreasing on the postbranchiate chaetigers (Fig. 4J). Tips of lamellae acute, gradually extending to increasingly narrow, long, sharply pointed processes from chaetigers 18–29 (Fig. 4H), lacking acute tips backwards (Fig. 4J). Tips of lamellae reaching opposite chaetal tuft (Fig. 4B). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae ear-like, with rounded upper edges from chaetiger 42 (Fig. 4J). Inferior regions of notopodial postchaetal lamellae (below neuropodial chaetal tuft) becoming visible from chaetiger 31 (Fig. 4H–J). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae axe-shaped, with upper lateral angle forming an acute tip anteriorly, progressively becoming more rounded on posterior chaetigers (Fig. 4F–J). Noto- and neuropodial prechaetal lamellae short, not easily distinguishable.</p>
            <p>Continuous dorsal transverse crests connecting notopodial postchaetal lamellae first appearing three chaetigers before last branchiate one; maximum height at chaetigers 35–37 (Fig. 4B); present up to the last chaetiger of holotype. Transverse nototrochs quite pronounced anteriorly on several branchiate chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 26, up to at least chaetiger 37 in holotype anterior fragment.</p>
            <p>Capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 34, up to eight per fascicle, tridentate in lateral view (Fig. 4K), quadridentate in frontal view, with one pair of small apical teeth side by side and a single superior median tooth above main fang (Fig. 4L). Notopodial hooks absent in holotype. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 27.</p>
            <p>Pygidium not seen, missing.</p>
            <p>Pigmentation absent.</p>
            <p>Methyl Green staining. Strong on inner upper parts of notopodial postchaetal lamellae from chaetiger 5–10, on dorsal and ventral side of peristomium, on prostomium below eyespots and behind occipital antenna, and ventrally in front of mouth (Fig. 4C–D). Very weak, diffuse staining ventrally and on neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 25–32 (Fig. 4E), fading remarkably sooner than on notopodial postchaetal lamellae, prostomium and peristomium.</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality.   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.78087/lat 15.122233)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.78087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.122233">Andaman Sea</a>
                 , off Myanmar /Burma (15°07.334′N, 94°46.852′E), 47.4 m depth  . 
            </p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet  andamanica derives from the toponymic name of the sea where the types were collected, the Andaman Sea. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p> Remarks. The holotype was the single specimen having enough chaetigers to determine the main numerical characters.  Laonice andamanica sp. nov. belongs to L. (  Sarsiana ) as defined by Sikorski et al. (2017), as it has comparatively short nuchal organs (similar in length in all studied specimens) and capillaries of the anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows only. Moreover, it has dorsal transverse crests, but apparently lacks the membrane connecting the anterior angles of prostomium and peristomium, as well as hooks in most posterior notopodia. Thus, it most closely resembles  L. japonica (Moore, 1907) ,  L. sinica Sikorski &amp; Wu, 1998 ,  L. praecirrata ,  L. branchiata Nonato, Bolívar &amp; Lana, 1986 and  L. magnacristata .  Laonice andamanica sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from these species in having several notopodial postchaetal lamellae of posterior branchiate chaetigers with pointed tips elongated into narrow long lanceolate processes with length equal to the body width on the last branchiate chaetigers (Fig. 4B, H). Besides,  L. japonica has nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 18 (9–11 in  L. andamanica sp. nov. ) and lateral inter-neuropodial pouches appearing from chaetiger 4 (26 in  L. andamanica sp. nov. );  L. sinica has lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 5–9 and a different shape of dorsal transverse crests;  L. magnacristata is 0.4 mm wide, has nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 2, 4–7 pairs of branchiae (34 pairs in  L. andamanica sp. nov. ), sabre chaetae from chaetiger 6 (27 in  L. andamanica sp. nov. ), and lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 7–8; and  L. praecirrata has nuchal organs extending until chaetiger 15–21 and the membrane connecting prostomium with peristomium at the anterior angles is sunken in the groove between them. Finally, the lateral inter-neuropodial pouches in  L. branchiata [species mistakenly placed in L. (  Laonice ) by Sikorski et al. (2017)] start from chaetiger 4–10 (instead of 26 in  L. andamanica sp. nov. ). </p>
            <p> Laonice andamanica sp. nov. has the prostomium joined to the peristomium, but the junction still clearly outlined. This unique feature is shared with  L. branchiata (see Sikorski 2011) and, probably, is also present in  L. japonica (see Sikorski 2003b), which allows us to suggest that these species form a distinctive morphological group within the genus. However, the relevance of this group requires further confirmation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA57137A3EA34013EC64FA4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA55137D3EA34545EBA0F983.text	03B4EA31DA55137D3EA34545EBA0F983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Sarsiana) sinica Sikorski & Wu 1998	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Sarsiana) sinica Sikorski &amp; Wu, 1998</p>
            <p> Laonice sinica Sikorski &amp; Wu 1998: 1243–1247 , Figs 1–3, Tabs 1–3 [in Russian]. </p>
            <p>Material examined. Translated and adapted from Sikorski &amp; Wu (1998).</p>
            <p>  Holotype. ZISP 1 /10363,  Kiao Chou Bay , Qingdao, China, st. 43, 17–37 m, silt with shells, 20 June 1957. </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. ZISP 9 /10369, 1 specimen,  Chefoo Bay , Yantai, China, st. 52, 10 m, silt, 03 July 1957  .   Kiao Chou Bay , Qingdao, China, 5–37 m, silt with shells  :  ZISP 1 /10361 and 12/10372, 2 specimens, st. 3, 37 m, 03 June 1957 ;  ZISP 13 /10373, 1 specimen, st. 18, 17 m, silt, 07 June 1957 ;  ZISP 5 /10365, 8 specimens ,  ZMUM 1789, 2 specimens, st. 20, 08 June 1957 ;  ZISP 7 /10367, 1 specimen, st. 23, 08 June 1957 ;  ZISP 15 /10375, 1 specimen, st. 24, 17 m, silt, 08 June 1957 ;  ZISP 4 /10364, 2 specimens, st. 41, 5 m, 20 June 1957 ;  ZISP 6 /10366, 1 specimen, st. 42, 27 m, 20 June 1957 ;  ZISP 2 /50406, 5 specimens ,  ZMUM 1788, 1 specimen, st. 43, 25 m, 20 June 1957 .   Bohai Sea , China, 10–32 m, silt  :  ZISP 16 /10376, 1 specimen, st. 110, 18 July 1957 ;  ZISP 8 /10368, 5 specimens, st. 206, 14–26 m, silt, 13 July 1957 ;  ZISP 10 /10370, 2 specimens, st. 209, 23 September 1957 .  ZISP 14 /10374, 1 specimen, Bohai Strait, China ,   R / V “  Venus ”, st. 5, 05 July 1958  .  ZISP 11 /10371, 4 specimens, Yellow Sea, off China ,   R / V “  Venus ”, st. 201, 20–60 m, sandy silt with stones and broken shells, 27 July 1957  . </p>
            <p>Description of Chinese specimens (translation of the original description). Up to 77 mm long and 1.3 mm wide for 144 chaetigers (re-examination of type material showed size-related data being slightly different from original description); largest incomplete specimen 1.4 mm wide.</p>
            <p>Prostomium T-shaped with rounded anterior margin, not fused with peristomium at antero-lateral angles. Nuchal organs reaching chaetiger 8–11, as U-shaped ciliary bands on sides of caruncle. Palps reaching chaetiger 19. Short erect occipital antenna. Large bright bean-shaped eyespots in front of occipital antenna, sometimes with additional small pale spots in front.</p>
            <p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2, short, very gradually lengthening from 1.5 times shorter on chaetiger 2 to nearly as long as notopodial postchaetal lamellae at chaetiger 7–8. Last pair of branchiae on chaetiger 26–42.</p>
            <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae leaf-like, narrowing into sharply acute tips in all branchiate chaetigers, losing acute tips to become round on first 3–4 post-branchial chaetigers, becoming small rounded dorso-laterally shifted protrusions on posterior chaetigers, and finally becoming lanceolate on posteriormost chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae triangular, with acute upper tips becoming round on posterior post-branchial chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Dorsal transverse crests first appearing on last 4–6 branchial chaetigers, then continuing up to chaetiger 25; first 2–3 as large oval (tongue-shaped) mid-dorsal membranes non-connecting with notopodial postchaetal lamellae; of equal height without any mid elevation from mid postbranchiate region to reach maximum size on last 1–2 branchial chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 5–9, sometimes larger than parapodia in most posterior chaetigers; usually not visible on posteriormost 12–17 chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 27–41, up to 7–13 per fascicle, bidentate in lateral view, tridentate in frontal view, with one pair of small apical teeth very close to each other, side by side above main fang. Notopodial hooks absent. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 20–36, at first two per fascicle (one in juveniles less than 0.5 mm wide), only one after 6–12 chaetigers.</p>
            <p>Pygidium with one pair of closely set ventral lobes resembling small tubercles, and up to six bilaterally symmetrical pairs of thin threadlike dorsal anal cirri around anus.</p>
            <p>Yellow-brown in vivo, non-pigmented when preserved.</p>
            <p>Methyl Green staining. Lacking a distinct pattern.</p>
            <p>Biology. Sexually mature females having oocytes 0.13–0.15 mm in diameter found on the 3rd and 20th of June of 1957 at Kiao Chou Bay (Yellow Sea). Mature specimens (with oocytes and sperm) found on the 26–27th of July 1957 at the Yellow Sea, and on the 17th of August 1957 at the Bohai Sea.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Kiao Chou (= Jiaozhou) Bay (Yellow Sea), 17–37 m depth.</p>
            <p> Distribution.  Laonice (S.) sinica is known from the Yellow and Bohai seas (Pacific Ocean), where it can be dominant in sublittoral communities (Fig. 6). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The original description of  Laonice sinica was published only in Russian by Sikorski &amp; Wu (1998). Here we are presenting the first English translation. The comparison with the specimens collected in the Gulf of Siam can be found in the Remarks for  Laonice (Sarsiana) cf. sinica . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA55137D3EA34545EBA0F983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
03B4EA31DA52137F3EA3450DEB29F9A7.text	03B4EA31DA52137F3EA3450DEB29F9A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laonice (Sarsiana) sinica Sikorski & Wu 1998	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Laonice (Sarsiana) cf. sinica Sikorski &amp; Wu, 1998</p>
            <p>Figs 5A–F, 6.</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   MNCN16.01 /19137, 2 specimens,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.7957/lat 7.5365)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.7957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5365">Gulf</a>
                 of Siam, off Thailand, st. 4, 07°32.190′N, 102°47.742′E, 61 m depth, 89.6% of silt and clay (&lt;63 µm) and 10.0% of fine sand (63–250 µm) with shell fragments, 27 July 1998  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description of specimens from the Gulf of Siam. Two anterior fragments, one very short, longest one 0.8 mm wide with 44 chaetigers (used for numerical characters).</p>
            <p>Prostomium T-shaped, with rounded anterior margin, not fused with peristomium by anterolateral angles (Fig. 5A). Caruncle accompanied by nuchal organs, extending to posterior end of chaetiger 12. Occipital antenna quite large, erected, slightly longer than branchiae of chaetiger 2 (Fig. 5A). One pair of bright elongate eyespots along lateral margins of prostomium, in front of occipital antenna.</p>
            <p>Branchiae from chaetiger 2, short, one third of length of notopodial postchaetal lamellae of same chaetiger, half longer on chaetiger 4, 1.5 times shorter on chaetiger 5, very gradually lengthening to become nearly as long as notopodial postchaetal lamellae at chaetiger 25, then becoming shorter again, half the size of the last pair of branchiae, on chaetiger 34 (Fig. 5A–B).</p>
            <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae leaf-like, narrowing into sharply acute tips on first three chaetigers (Fig. 5A), slightly rounded from chaetiger 4 (Fig. 5A), becoming acute again at posterior branchiate chaetigers (Fig. 5B). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae gradually shortening on four last branchiate chaetigers, without erect terminal peak on postbranchiate chaetigers (Fig. 5B). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae as leaf-like triangles with dorsolateral tips; tips acute on four anteriormost chaetigers (Fig. 5A) and rounded from chaetiger 5. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae gradually becoming shorter from posterior branchiate chaetigers, and then much shorter from chaetiger 42 onwards.</p>
            <p>Dorsal transverse crests first appearing on chaetiger 31, as square tongue-shaped membranes on middle of dorsal surface of chaetigers 31–32 (Fig. 5B). Continuous crests connecting notopodial postchaetal lamellae from last branchial chaetiger to at least the 14th post-branchial chaetiger, first two with strongly elevated middle region (Fig. 5B). Ventral borders between chaetigers bearing dorsal transverse crests with two parallel transverse short strips (Fig. 5C).</p>
            <p>Lateral inter-neuropodial pouches from chaetiger 7 (right side) and 8 (left side), until last chaetiger present.</p>
            <p>Capillaries of anterior chaetigers arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooks from chaetiger 37, up to five per neuropodium, bidentate in lateral view (Fig. 5D), tridentate in frontal view (Fig. 5E). Notopodial hooks not seen. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 31, one per fascicle.</p>
            <p>Pygidium not seen, missing.</p>
            <p>Pigmentation absent.</p>
            <p>Methyl Green staining. Strong on inner upper parts of notopodial postchaetal lamellae from chaetiger 5–9 (Fig. 5F).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Gulf of Siam (Pacific Ocean) (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p> Remarks. The examined specimens were consistent with the original description of  L. sinica in nearly all characters, except in nuchal organs length, which reach chaetiger 12 in Siamese specimens instead of 8–11 as in Chinese specimens. Moreover, the Chinese specimens did not show a distinct Methyl Green staining pattern. The populations from the Bohai and Yellow seas and from the Gulf of Siam may represent opposite clines at the extremes of the species distribution area, but assessing conspecificity will not only require molecular methods, but also finding additional populations between the two extremes. Therefore, we are proposing a tentative attribution of the Siamese specimens to the species, as  L. (S.) cf. sinica . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4EA31DA52137F3EA3450DEB29F9A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sikorski, Andrey;Pavlova, Lyudmila;Martin, Daniel;Gil, João	Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila, Martin, Daniel, Gil, João (2023): New sublittoral species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from southern Asian coasts. Zootaxa 5277 (3): 490-508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.3
