identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B487D3FFB1FF98D1FCFC4123FEFBB1.text	03B487D3FFB1FF98D1FCFC4123FEFBB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lachenalia komsbergensis G. D. Duncan 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lachenalia komsbergensis G.D.Duncan ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) </p>
            <p> Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape: Komsberg Pass, 2.1 km north of entrance to farm De Plaat on R354 from Matjiesfontein to Sutherland (3220 DC), solitary plants and scattered clumps on flats among low scrub, in deep, beige alluvium above dry riverbed, in full sun, elev. 1144 m, 8 October 2001, Duncan 459 (holotype NBG) . </p>
            <p> This new species differs from  L. juncifolia Baker (1871: 409) in its leaves that are deeply canaliculate for their entire length, its spreading, white perianth with narrowly spreading stamens, its slightly larger globose seeds (1.2–1.3 × 1.3–1.4 mm) with a matt black testa and rugose primary sculpturing, a longer strophiole 0.5–0.6 mm long, and in its taller stature up to 300 mm high in full flower. </p>
            <p>Deciduous, winter-green geophyte 150–300 mm high. Bulb subglobose, 15–20 mm in diam., offset-forming (1 or 2 offsets formed per bulb, but not necessarily every year); tunic multi-layered, outer tunics spongy, dark brown, inner tunics membranous, light brown; cataphyll translucent white, adhering to leaf bases, apex obtuse. Leaves 2, linear, 200–260 × 1–15 mm, suberect or recurved, deeply canaliculate, upper surface light green, lower surface light green in upper two thirds, heavily magenta- or purple-barred in lower third; apex acute; primary seedling leaf terete, erect. Inflorescence racemose, 10–48-flowered, flower head 40–120 mm long; peduncle erect to suberect, 100–155 mm long, rigid, light green, heavily speckled with dull purple; rachis light green and heavily purple-speckled in lower two thirds, white in upper third; lower bracts ovate, 1–4 × 2–3 mm, upper bracts lanceolate, 1–2 × 1 mm, white; pedicels suberect, 5–10 mm long, white. Perianth zygomorphic, oblong-campanulate, suberect; tube cup-shaped, 3 mm long, white; outer tepals ovate, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, apices flat, apical gibbosity deep pink; inner tepals obovate, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, translucent white, median keel light green in upper half, apices recurved. Stamens well exserted, narrowly spreading; filaments 8–10 mm long, white; anthers 0.8–1.0 mm long, pollen yellow. Ovary obovoid, 3 × 2 mm, light green; style well exserted, straight, 9–10 mm long, white; stigma minutely capitate. Capsule obovoid, 6–7 × 4–5 mm. Seed globose, 1.2–1.3 × 1.3–1.4 mm, matt, black; primary sculpturing rugose; strophiole 0.5–0.6 mm long, ridged. Flowering time: September to October.</p>
            <p> Etymology:— The specific epithet  komsbergensis commemorates the Komsberg in the southern Great Karoo, to which this species is endemic. </p>
            <p> Other material examined:—   SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape:  Komsberg Pass , 2.1 km north of entrance to farm De Plaat on R354 from Matjiesfontein to Sutherland (3220 DC)  ,  solitary plants and scattered clumps on flats among low scrub, in deep, beige alluvium above riverbed, in full sun, elev. 1144 m, 1 September 2000, Summerfield s.n. (NBG) ;   Komsberg Pass, farm  Damslaagte (3220 DC)  ,  at river crossing, 19 October 2008, Saunders &amp; Manning 3196 (NBG) . </p>
            <p> Notes:— The first collection of flowering specimens was made at the type location by G.C. Summerfield in September 2000.  A subsequent record of flowering plants was made at the same location by G.D. Duncan on 8 October 2001 , when the type specimens were collected and habitat photographs were taken. Material from this collection has since flowered every year in cultivation in the bulb nursery at Kirstenbosch. A third collection at late flowering stage was made close to the type location by R. Saunders and J. Manning on 19 October 2008. </p>
            <p> Diagnostic features and affinities:—  Lachenalia komsbergensis is recognised in flower by an erect or suberect, rigid, light green peduncle that is heavily speckled with dull purple, bearing a raceme of small oblong-campanulate, spreading, white and pink flowers carried on white, suberect pedicels (Fig. 1 A). It has shallowly cup-shaped perianth tubes and narrowly spreading tepals. The outer tepals have a prominent deep pink median keel and apical gibbosity, and the strongly protruding inner tepals have a dull pink median keel. The flowers have bracts that are ovate at the base of the inflorescence and lanceolate above, and well exserted, narrowly spreading, white stamens. The inflorescence emerges towards the end of the growing season, as the leaves start to wither. The species is further recognised by two linear, suberect or recurved, deeply canaliculate, conduplicate leaves, with acute apices. The upper and lower surfaces are light green, and the lower surfaces are heavily magenta- or purple-barred in the lower third, and green-barred in the upper two thirds. The primary seedling leaf is terete, with erect orientation. The fruit is an obovoid capsule containing globose, matt black seeds with rugose primary sculpturing, and ridged strophioles. </p>
            <p> Lachenalia komsbergensis is included within subsect.  Lachenalia of sect.  Lachenalia (Duncan et al. 2022) . It was initially considered to be a tall-growing form of  L. juncifolia , but in phylogenetic analysis it was retrieved as sister to two accessions of  L. longibracteata Phillips (1931: 405) , in a phylogenetically strongly isolated position from  L. juncifolia , the latter falling within sect. Linearifoliae (Duncan et al. 2022).  L. komsbergensis differs from  L. juncifolia in having leaves that are deeply canaliculate for their entire length (versus slightly canaliculate in the lower two thirds and terete in the upper third), a spreading, mostly white perianth (versus cernuous and cream-coloured, pink, magenta or purple), narrowly spreading stamens (versus straight), a taller stature up to 300 mm high (versus up to 200 mm high), slightly larger seeds (1.2–1.3 × 1.3–1.4 mm) with a matt black testa and rugose primary sculpturing (versus 1.1– 1.2 × 1.3 mm, with a glossy black testa and smooth primary sculpturing), and a substantially longer strophiole 0.5–0.6 mm long (versus 0.2 mm long). Furthermore,  L. juncifolia has a much longer flowering period (August to December) and a much wider distribution from Calvinia in the western Great Karoo to Herbertsdale in the southern Cape (Duncan 2012). </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat:—  Lachenalia komsbergensis occurs in the Succulent Karoo biome in the southern part of the Northern Cape, and is endemic to the Komsberg, a component of the Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Plant Endemism (Van Wyk &amp; Smith 2001, Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006, Clark et al. 2011). It is highly localised to open flats adjacent to a seasonal river in the southern Komsberg, at an elevation of 1144 m (Fig. 2). The area receives most of its rainfall in winter but is transitionary between winter and summer rainfall regimes (Clark et al. 2011). The plants occur as scattered solitary individuals or in small groups of up to four plants on flats in deep, beige alluvium. The bulbs are shallowly seated and occur among low, sparse, scrubby vegetation including perennials of the family  Asteraceae , in Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld, a vegetation type which occupies a borderline position straddling the Fynbos, Succulent Karoo and marginally the Nama Karoo biomes (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006) (Fig. 1 B, C). The species flowers late in the spring season (late September to October), at a time when the leaves are already beginning to desiccate. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487D3FFB1FF98D1FCFC4123FEFBB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Duncan, Graham D.	Duncan, Graham D. (2023): Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa. Phytotaxa 585 (4): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2
03B487D3FFB4FF99D1FCFBB822C4FA12.text	03B487D3FFB4FF99D1FCFBB822C4FA12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lachenalia inflata G. D. Duncan 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lachenalia inflata G.D.Duncan ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) </p>
            <p>  Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape: Akkerendam Nature Reserve,  Calvinia (3119 BD), stony clay flats and lower slopes of  Hantamsberg Mountains , among low scrub, elev. 1139 m, 22 July 1961, Barker 9319 (holotype NBG!)  . </p>
            <p> This new species differs from  L. mutabilis Loddiges ex Schultes &amp; Schultes in Linnaeus (1830: 1710) in having a bright yellow perianth with the upper two inner tepals equal in length to the lower inner tepal, and in its shorter filaments and oblong, narrower seeds with an inflated raphe. </p>
            <p>Deciduous, winter-green geophyte 80–220 mm high. Bulb subglobose, 15–22 mm in diam., solitary; tunic multilayered, outer tunics spongy, dark brown, inner tunics membranous, translucent light brown; cataphyll translucent white, apex obtuse. Leaf 1, rarely 2, lanceolate, 100–150 × 10–20 mm, suberect, conduplicate, leathery, upper and lower surfaces green or glaucous, sometimes heavily flushed with brownish purple, or heavily purple- or greenblotched along median; margins thickened/cartilaginous, slightly to strongly undulate, sometimes crisped; leaf bases clasping, 10–20 mm long, light green, sporadically or densely marked with purplish or green botches on outer surface; primary seedling leaf prostrate, flat. Inflorescence spicate, 10–35-flowered; peduncle erect or suberect, moderately or strongly inflated above, maroon, or dull mauve-flushed in upper half, light green and mauve-spotted in lower half; rachis inflated and mauve-flushed in lower half, shading to brownish green in upper half; sterile apex 10–20 mm long, light green or light mauve; lower bracts cup-shaped, 1 × 2 mm, translucent white, upper bracts lanceolate, 2–5 × 1 mm, translucent white. Perianth zygomorphic, urceolate, slightly cernuous; perianth tube cup-shaped, 2–3 mm long, light greenish yellow or bright yellow; outer tepals ovate, 6–7 × 4 mm, bright yellow or greenish yellow, apices straight, apical gibbosity dark yellow, brown or brownish green; inner tepals obovate, 7–9 × 3–4 mm, bright yellow or greenish yellow, apices slightly recurved, median keel dull brown or brownish green. Stamens declinate, included; filaments 5–6 mm long, white. Ovary ellipsoid, 4 × 2 mm, light green; style declinate, included, 5 mm long, white, stigma minutely capitate. Capsule ellipsoid, 8–9 × 4–5 mm. Seed oblong, 1.2 × 0.9 mm, glossy, smooth, black; strophiole 0.7 mm long, glossy, inflated, smooth; raphe inflated. Flowering time: July to September.</p>
            <p> Etymology:— The specific epithet  inflata is descriptive of the inflated upper part of the peduncle. </p>
            <p> Other material examined:—   SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape: 12 km west of Calvinia on R355 to  Loeriesfontein (3119 BC)  ,   on red, sandy clay flats, among low scrub, 4 September 2007, Harrower 3594 (NBG, photo); Akkerendam Nature Reserve,  Calvinia (3119 BD)  ,   stony clay flats below Hantam Mountains, among low scrub, 26 August 2007,  Avenant s.n. (NBG, photo); Farm Hangnes, Leliekrantz Road NW of Middelpos (3120 CC)  ,   scattered solitary plants on flats among low scrub, in deep red sand, in full sun or light shade of bushes, elev. 1189 m, 24 September 2015,  Duncan 666 (NBG)  . </p>
            <p> Notes:— The first collection of  L. inflata was made by W.F. Barker within the Akkerendam Nature Reserve at the base of the Hantam Mountains at Calvinia on 22 July 1961. On 22 September 2006, G.C. Summerfield recorded it on the farm Hangnes northwest of Middelpos in the Roggeveld, and he was the first to note that the oblong seeds of this species differed markedly from the globose ones of  L. mutabilis , and thus suspected it to represent an undescribed species. In August 2007, F. Avenant photographed it in flower at Akkerendam Nature Reserve, and in September 2007, A.D. Harrower recorded it in flower just west of Calvinia. During a visit to Hangnes on 24 September 2015, the plant was sampled and studied in habitat by G.D. Duncan. </p>
            <p> Diagnostic features and affinities:—  Lachenalia inflata is recognised in flower by an erect or suberect spike of urceolate, bright yellow or greenish yellow, slightly cernuous flowers carried on a strongly inflated, maroon, or dull mauve-flushed peduncle which is marked with purple or maroon blotches (Fig. 1 D, E). It has shallowly cup-shaped perianth tubes, the outer tepals have a dark yellow, brown or greenish brown apical gibbosity, and the protruding inner tepals have a dark yellow, dull brown or brownish green median keel. The flowers have included, declinate stamens, and bracts that are cup-shaped at the base of the inflorescence and lanceolate above. The plant usually has a solitary leathery lanceolate leaf (rarely 2) which is conduplicate or deeply channelled, and the margins are thickened/ cartilaginous and slightly to strongly undulate or sometimes crisped. The ripe fruit is an ellipsoid capsule containing oblong, glossy black seeds with a smooth, black strophiole and an inflated raphe. </p>
            <p> Lachenalia inflata is included within subsect. Oncoraphae of sect.  Lachenalia (Duncan et al. 2022) . It was initially considered to be merely a yellow-flowered form of  L. mutabilis , but in phylogenetic analysis it was retrieved as sister to the sister pair  L. bulbifera (Cirillo 1788: 35) Engler (1899: 321) and  L. punctata Jacquin (1789: 323) , two widespread, long-tubed, tubular-flowered lachenalias mainly from coastal parts of the Western and Northern Cape. These three taxa constitute the only members of subsect. Oncoraphae and are united by the possession of seeds with an inflated raphe (Duncan et al. 2022).  L. mutabilis differs from  L. inflata in having a light blue perianth tube, greenishbrown, light to deep mauve outer tepals with prominent brown apical gibbosities, and inner tepals that are yellowishgreen or translucent white, with brown or green median keels, with the lower inner tepal slightly longer than the upper inner tepals. It differs further in having longer filaments 7–9 mm long (versus 5–6 mm long), globose seeds (versus oblong) with a longer length range of 1.2–1.4 mm (versus 1.2 mm) and are wider (1.3–1.4 mm, versus 0.9 mm), and have no inflated raphe. </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat:—  Lachenalia inflata occurs within the Succulent Karoo Biome and is currently known from only three locations (Fig. 2). It frequents dwarf shrubland in Hantam Karoo vegetation on stony red clay flats and lower slopes of the Hantamsberg within the Akkerendam Nature Reserve at Calvinia, as well as on clay flats to the west of this town, whereas to the northwest of Middelpos (southeast of Calvinia), it occurs in Roggeveld Karoo vegetation in deep red sand (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006) (Fig. 1 F). Plants occur as scattered solitary individuals or in groups of two, in open aspects or within the protection of low karroid scrub, and flowering takes place from late winter to spring (late July to late September). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487D3FFB4FF99D1FCFBB822C4FA12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Duncan, Graham D.	Duncan, Graham D. (2023): Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa. Phytotaxa 585 (4): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2
03B487D3FFB5FF9AD1FCFA4727C9F8BA.text	03B487D3FFB5FF9AD1FCFA4727C9F8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lachenalia granitica G. D. Duncan 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lachenalia granitica G.D.Duncan ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) </p>
            <p>  Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape:  Vredenburg (3217 DD), among granite rocks immediately south of town, elev. 167 m, 6 August, 1962, Barker 9680 (holotype NBG!)  . </p>
            <p> This new species differs from  L. longibracteata in having a spicate inflorescence with longer, metallic blue and often blue-spotted outer tepals (9–10 mm long), translucent white inner tepals, longer filaments (9–11 mm long), a shorter style (9–10 mm long), leaf upper surfaces that are often shallowly pustulate, a smaller globose seed (0.9–1.0 × 1.0 mm) with a shorter inflated strophiole (0.8 mm long), and a flowering period that begins much earlier in midwinter (late June). </p>
            <p>Deciduous, winter-green geophyte 90–330 mm high. Bulb globose, 10–25 mm in diam., solitary; tunic multilayered, outer tunics spongy, dark brown, inner tunics membranous; cataphyll 10–32 × 10–15 mm, translucent white, apex obtuse. Leaf 1 or 2, lanceolate, 35–190 × 8–28 mm, suberect, dull green, upper surface usually smooth, rarely covered with flattened pustules; margins coriaceous; leaf bases clasping, 20–40 mm long, light green; primary seedling leaf prostrate, flat. Inflorescence spicate, 7–50-flowered, dense, peduncle erect or suberect, glaucous, plain or lightly green-spotted; bracts ovate at base of inflorescence, becoming lanceolate above, 2–25 × 3–5 mm, translucent white. Perianth zygomorphic, oblong-campanulate, suberect, sweet-scented; tube cup-shaped, 4–5 mm long, metallic blue or blue-green, plain or darker blue-spotted; tepals light metallic blue, plain or darker blue-spotted; outer tepals narrowly ovate, 9–10 × 3–4 mm, apical gibbosity brown or greenish brown; inner tepals obovate, 10–11 × 4–5 mm, translucent white, fading to brownish maroon, apices obtuse, slightly recurved, median keels bright green. Stamens included or shortly exserted; filaments declinate, 9–11 mm long, white; anthers oblong, 1 mm long, pollen yellow. Ovary ellipsoid, 3 × 2 mm, dull green; style declinate, 9–10 mm long, white, becoming strongly exserted in fruit; stigma minutely capitate. Capsule ellipsoid, 8–10 × 5–6 mm. Seed globose, 0.9–1.0 × 1.0 mm, matt, black, secondary sculpturing rugose; strophiole inflated, 0.8 mm long, smooth, glossy black. Flowering time: June to September.</p>
            <p> Etymology:— The specific epithet  granitica refers to the granite rocky outcrops and granitic flats of the Cape West Coast, to which this species is endemic. </p>
            <p> Other material examined:—   SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape: Witklip south of  Vredenburg (3217 DD)  ,   9 August 1984,  Barker 10250 (NBG)  ;   granite outcrop south of  Vredenburg , off R399 (3217 DD)  ,  among houses, in loamy clay soil, westerly aspect, 20 June 2006, elevation 167 m, Cowell &amp; Nurrish 537 (NBG) ;   Stompneus, northwest of  St. Helena Bay (3217 DD)  ,   27 June 1967,  Hall 3139 (NBG)  ;   above  Stompneus (3217 DD)  ,   17 June 1965,  Barker 10567 (NBG)  .   Nooitgedacht Farm near  St Helena Bay (3218 CC)  ,   28 June 1972,  Barker 10228 (NBG)  .   Entrance to  Saldanha off R399, on granite hill above town (3317 BB)  ,  occasional in loamy clay on west-facing rocky slope, 9 October 1983, Duncan 119 (NBG) .   Langebaan (3318 AA)  ,   21 July 1938,  Lewis s.n. sub. NBG 222/32 (NBG)  .   Darling (3318 AD)  ,   23 August 1947,  Barker 4599 (NBG)  ;   Waylands Farm Flower Reserve east of  Darling (3318 AD)  ,   8 September 1974,  Barker s.n. (NBG, photo.)  . </p>
            <p> Notes:— The earliest known collection of  L. granitica is that of G.J. Lewis who recorded it in flower at Langebaan on the Cape West Coast on 21 July, 1938. Most collections have been made in the vicinity of Vredenburg to the north. The species is becoming increasingly threatened by coastal housing development. </p>
            <p> Diagnostic features and affinities:—  Lachenalia granitica is recognised in flower by a dense spike of suberect, oblong-campanulate, sweet-scented flowers with metallic blue or blue-green perianth tubes, light metallic blue outer tepals which may be plain or darker blue-spotted, and protruding, translucent white inner tepals with obtuse, slightly recurved apices. The outer tepals have a prominent brown or greenish brown apical gibbosity, and the inner tepals have bright green median keels and fade to brownish maroon (Fig. 1 G, H, I). Each flower is subtended by a prominent lanceolate, translucent white bract, and in the upper part of the inflorescence the bracts may be up to 25 mm long (Fig. 1 G). The plant produces one or two lanceolate, dull green, suberect leaves with coriaceous margins, mostly with smooth surfaces, or rarely with sporadic flattened pustules. The ripe fruit is an ellipsoid capsule containing globose, matt, black seeds with an inflated, smooth, glossy strophiole. </p>
            <p> Lachenalia granitica is a member of sect.  Lachenalia , subsect.  Lachenalia (Duncan et al. 2022) . Due to its prominent floral bracts, and similar oblong-campanulate flowers, it has previously been regarded as a blue-flowered form of  L. longibracteata (Duncan 2012) , however in phylogenetic analysis it was retrieved as sister to the turquoise, tubular-flowered  L. viridiflora Barker (1972: 179) (with which it occurs sympatrically on granite outcrops in northern parts of its Cape West Coast range), within the uppermost clade of subsect.  Lachenalia (Duncan et al. 2022) .  L. longibracteata differs from  L. granitica in having a racemose inflorescence with shorter, greenish yellow outer tepals (6–9 mm long), shorter filaments (7–9 mm long), a longer style (11–14 mm long), leaf upper surfaces that are always smooth, a larger globose seed (1.1 × 0.9 mm) with a longer inflated strophiole (1.0 mm long) and a later flowering period from early to late spring (late August to mid-October). </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat:—  Lachenalia granitica occurs in the Fynbos Biome and is confined to the Cape West Coast, extending from Darling in the south to St. Helena Bay in the north (Fig. 2). It is endemic to granite outcrops and flats, occurring among low scrub in partially shaded aspects within boulder crevices in dark brown, loamy soils in Saldanha Granite Strandveld, and in open aspects on granite flats, in Swartland Granite Renosterveld (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006). The plants occur as scattered solitary individuals or in small groups, and when in flower, are inconspicuous among surrounding vegetation. Flowering commences in mid-winter and ends in early spring (late June to early September). Near Vredenburg, the flowerheads are grazed by steenbuck (  Raphicerus campestris ) and in winter the bulbs are excavated and eaten by Cape porcupines (  Hystrix africaeaustralis ) (Duncan 2012). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487D3FFB5FF9AD1FCFA4727C9F8BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Duncan, Graham D.	Duncan, Graham D. (2023): Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa. Phytotaxa 585 (4): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2
03B487D3FFB6FF9BD1FCF8AF279CF852.text	03B487D3FFB6FF9BD1FCF8AF279CF852.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lachenalia filamentosa G. D. Duncan 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lachenalia filamentosa G.D.Duncan ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) </p>
            <p>  Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape: Die Poort, 5 miles [8 km] south of  Bredasdorp (3420 CA), in [limestone] sand, elev. 84 m, 3 September 1943, Barker 2500 (holotype NBG!)  . </p>
            <p> This new species differs from  L. contaminata Aiton (1789: 460) in having well-exserted stamens (8–11 mm long), longer outer tepals (6–7 mm long), longer inner tepals (7–8 mm long) and a larger globose seed (1.1–1.2 × 1.0 mm). </p>
            <p>Deciduous, winter-green geophyte 110–150 mm high. Bulb subglobose, 15–20 mm in diam., offset-forming (1–3 offsets formed per bulb, but not necessarily every year); tunic multi-layered, outer tunics spongy, dark brown, inner tunics membranous, light brown; cataphyll translucent white, not adhering to leaf bases, apex obtuse. Leaves 3–6, linear, 120–155 × 1.5–5.0 mm, fleshy, glaucous-green, upper surface shallowly channelled in lower half, terete in upper half, lower surface glaucous-green or maroon-flushed, apices acute; primary seedling leaf erect, terete. Inflorescence racemose, 8–30-flowered; peduncle erect or suberect, light green, plain or purple-blotched in lower third, shading to dull maroon above; pedicels 2–3 mm long, suberect in flower, white or light magenta, becoming erect in fruit; bracts cup-shaped, green at base of inflorescence, shading to white above, 1–3 × 1–4 mm; perianth narrowly campanulate, suberect, spice-scented. Perianth tube cup-shaped, 2 mm long, white; outer tepals narrowly ovate, 6–7 × 3–4 mm, white, apical gibbosity narrow or prominent, magenta, median keel narrow or broad, magenta; inner tepals narrowly obovate, 7–8 × 3–4 mm, protruding 1 mm beyond outer tepals, white, median keel narrow or broad, magenta. Stamens well exserted, narrowly spreading; filaments white, inserted at distinctly different levels; filaments at base of outer tepals 8–9 mm long, filaments at base of inner tepals 10–11 mm long; anthers oblong, 1 mm long, maroon prior to anthesis, pollen yellow. Ovary ellipsoid, 2.0 × 1.8 mm, dull green, style straight, 10–11 mm long, becoming well exserted 7–8 mm beyond tepals as ovary enlarges, stigma capitate. Capsule ellipsoid, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, suberect. Seeds globose, 1.1 × 1.0 mm, glossy, black; strophiole rudimentary, 0.2 mm long, ridged. Flowering time: August to September.</p>
            <p> Etymology:— The specific epithet  filamentosa refers to the thread-like, well-exserted filaments. </p>
            <p> Other material examined:—   SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape: southeast of Ludrift Farm, near  Lambert’s Bay , wetland adjacent to sandveld fynbos (3218 AB)  ,  27 September 2002, Low 7682 (NBG) .   Farm ‘  Uitkyk’ , 10 km N of Porterville, on clay-shale (3218 DD)  ,  24 September 2002, Helme 2754 (NBG) .   Citrusdal , 3 miles (5 km) north of town, 31 August 1938 (3219 CA)  ,   Salter 7492 (NBG)  .   Eensaamheid Nature Reserve, 10 km west of  Paarl , in waterlogged shale (3318 DD)  ,  26 September 2002, Helme 2755, (NBG) .   Tulbagh,  Voëlvlei Tortoise Reserve , in red-brown stony clay (3319 AC)  ,  5 October 1989, Solomon 100 (NBG) ;   Rawsonville , between old and new N1, on sandstone (3319 CB)  ,  27 August 2007, Helme 4937 (NBG) .   Farm Boesmansrivier at foot of Riviersonderend Mountains, in white  Table Mountain Sandstone, in fruit (3419 BB)  ,  10 October 1979, Malan 117 (NBG) ;   between Heuningrug and  Wiesduif , on limestone koppie (3419 DB)  ,  29August 1995, Paterson-Jones 573 (NBG) .   De Hoop Nature Reserve , behind Manager’s house, in limestone fynbos (3420 AD)  ,   4  December , 2007, Duncan, Pekeur &amp; Bennett 3596 (NBG)  ;   De Hoop Nature Reserve , in light brown loam (3420 AD)  ,  21 August 1984, Scott 450 (NBG) ;   De Hoop Nature Reserve , Melkkamer, in sand (3420 AD)  ,  20 September 1984, van Wyk 1963 (NBG) ;   Bredasorp (3420 CA)  ,   4 September 1929,  Barnes s.n. (BOL)  ;   Die Poort (3420 CA)  ,  3 August 1940, Compton 9006 (NBG) ;   Die Poort, 5 miles [8 km] south of  Bredasdorp , on limestone (3420 CA)  ,  19 September 1962, Nordenstam 1504 (NBG) . </p>
            <p> Notes:— The earliest collections of  L. filamentosa were made by P. Barnes near Bredasdorp on 4 September, 1929 (BOL), and T.M. Salter north of Citrusdal on 31 August, 1938 (NBG). The species has been recorded numerous times in the vicinity of Bredasdorp and the adjacent De Hoop Nature Reserve. </p>
            <p> Diagnostic features and affinities:—  Lachenalia filamentosa is recognised in flower by dense racemes of narrowly campanulate, suberect white flowers, the outer tepals with a narrow or prominent, magenta apical gibbosity, and the outer and protruding inner tepals with a narrow or broad, magenta median keel. The stamens are well-exserted and narrowly spreading, with prominent maroon unripe anthers, and yellow ripe pollen (Fig. 1 J–L). During the fruiting stage, the pedicels change orientation from suberect to erect (Fig. 1 L). The 3–6 linear leaves have acute apices and are terete in the upper half, and shallowly channelled and considerably wider (up to 5 mm wide) in the lower half. </p>
            <p> Lachenalia filamentosa is a member of sect.  Lachenalia , subsect. Angustae (Duncan et al. 2022). It was previously considered to be merely a form of  L. contaminata with well-exserted stamens (Duncan 2012), however in phylogenetic analysis it was retrieved as sister to a typical form of  L. contaminata , despite the fact that a different accession of a typical form of  L. contaminata was retrieved in a phylogenetically isolated part of the ‘subsect. Angustae ’ clade (Duncan et al. 2022).  L. contaminata differs from  L. filamentosa in having included stamens (5 mm long), shorter outer tepals (5 mm long), shorter inner tepals (6–7 mm long) and a smaller globose seed (0.9–1.0 × 0.8–0.9 mm). </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat:—  Lachenalia filamentosa is fairly widely distributed in the western, southwestern and southern parts of the Western Cape, from De Hoop Nature Reserve in the south to Lambert’s Bay in the north (Fig. 2). It traverses a range of habitats and vegetation types, including limestone flats and hills in De Hoop Limestone Fynbos (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006) (Fig. 1 L), sandstone mountain slopes in North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos near Riviersonderend, and clay-shale flats and hills in Breede Shale Renosterveld near Tulbagh, and usually occurs in large colonies. Elevation ranges from 15 m on the south coast to 900 m in the northern foothills of the Riviersonderend Mountains. Flowering takes place from early to late spring (early August to late September). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487D3FFB6FF9BD1FCF8AF279CF852	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Duncan, Graham D.	Duncan, Graham D. (2023): Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa. Phytotaxa 585 (4): 261-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.4.2
