taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Kuqaia quadrata Li, 1993.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C.taxon	diagnosis	Emended diagnosis. Shell single-layered, bilaterally symmetrical, splitting along venter. Shell surface ornamented with a series of concentric and / or radial ridges. Concentric and radial ridges initiate on the ventral side. Caudal end tapered, acute. Peduncles variably present on the postventral sides.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The diagnosis of Kuqaia is here emended to encompass characters of Kuqaia scanicus sp. nov., i. e., the presence of two lateral peduncles at the caudal end (Figs 2 and 3). Three species of Kuqaia were originally defined from the Mesozoic of China based on surface ornamentation: Kuqaia quadrata, characterized by “ checked ornamentation ”, K. concentrica, having “ concentrical ridges thicker than radial ones ”, and K. radiata, with “ well-developed radial ridges ” ([18], pp. 74 – 75). Two additional species were subsequently established: K. yangii, characterized by “ concentric ridges on dorsum and venter and radial ridges on lateral sides ”, and K. yanqiensis, having a “ weakly ornamented or smooth shell surface ” ([25], p. 303). Aneules cucuma was also transferred to Kuqaia [25]; however, identification of this species is problematic owing to the discrepancy between the illustration of the holotype and its description ([19]; Fig 4). Although several species have been described (Fig 4), Kuqaia quadrata has been applied in a broad sense to all Kuqaia specimens recorded from the Norwegian offshore Jurassic strata based on the ornamentation in that population varying according to the contrasting degree and angle of compaction, and the quality of preservation [28]. Although some intraspecific variation is expected in the ornamentation of ephippia, we assign Kuqaia specimens to several discrete species, since there are clear visible differences among specimens regarding the pattern and robustness of shell surface ornamentation. Among other acid-resistant mesofossil groups, the putative seed membrane Chrysotheca diskoensis Miner, 1935, with “ oblong-ovate ” body shape, bearing “ 3 – 6 plicate [sic] to the base, sessile or apparently short stalked ” ornamentation on the body ([35], p. 590), has superficial morphological similarities to Kuqaia concentrica in bearing a predominance of concentric ridges. A later record of Chrysotheca diskoensis possesses transverse, although very thin and indistinct, ridge-like structures ([36], fig 36), which are somewhat similar to the ornament of Kuqaia quadrata but they encompass much larger lumina. Specimens of the dispersed seed membrane Spermatites reticulatus Kutluk & Hills, 2017 are also similar to Kuqaia quadrata in their possession of a raised reticulum / chequered ridges forming square and rectangular lumina, and some have a short stalk at the base of the main body [37]. However, Spermatites has radial symmetry and likely represents the megaspore membrane or inner testa coat of a seed-plant.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	description	Figs 2 and 3	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	etymology	Derivation of name. The specific epithet scanicus (Latin) refers to the discovery of this taxon in the southernmost province of Sweden, Scania (Skåne).	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NRM X 12700 (Figs 2 and 3). Material. Only the holotype, lacking the caudal end, is available. Type stratum and age. Katslösa Member, Rya Formation; Pliensbachian.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A Kuqaia bearing long peduncles on the lateral sides of the postventral margin.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	description	Description. Shell reniform in lateral view; elliptical in dorso-ventral view. Concentric ridges weakly defined on the posterior half, conspicuous in the central part represented by c. 10 ridges, indistinct towards the ventral, dorsal, and the anterior parts. Radial ridges, well-developed on the anterior half with c. 19 ridges, becoming less well defined in the central part, and indistinct towards the posterior. Concentric and radial ridges are never strongly raised. Collar-shaped postventral margin is poorly preserved. Two long peduncles initiate from the lateral part of the postventral margin, are thicker on the posterior side, pointed at the terminus, c. 1200 μm long, and c. 35 μm wide at the posterior side. Peduncles bear weak, parallel and transverse ridges that become indistinct towards the tip. Back inconspicuous. Caudal spine damaged. Comparison. This species is distinguished from all other representatives in the genus based on its possession of long peduncles. Dimensions. Length 443 μm; width 200 μm (one specimen).	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	biology_ecology	Occurrence unit and age. 40.40 – 39.60 m, Kävlinge BH- 928; Katslösa Member, Rya Formation; Pliensbachian.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB9FFB7075BF948DF51FD6C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The caudal spine of Kuqaia was initially emphasized as a primary morphological feature of this fossil group [18]. However, this slender structure is susceptible to breakage. On the single specimen stored in NRM, the central part of the postventral side of the shell is lacking due to incomplete preservation (Figs 2 A and 3 E). Since the other morphological characteristics of this species fall into the diagnosis of Kuqaia, we attribute the Swedish specimen to this genus, and infer that the caudal spine has been removed by physical damage.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB7075BFD1DD9D4FA84.taxon	description	Fig 5 A – 5 E	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB7075BFD1DD9D4FA84.taxon	materials_examined	Material. NRM X 12701; NRM X 12702.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB7075BFD1DD9D4FA84.taxon	description	Description. Shell reniform in lateral view; elliptical in dorso-ventral view. Concentric ridges well-developed, 21 – 27 ridges on one valve, blade-shaped, or widened to 2 – 3.5 μm. Radial ridges weakly developed on the dorsal and lateral sides on one specimen. Collar-shaped margin poorly preserved on one specimen, c. 22 μm high. Back inconspicuous on these laterally preserved specimens. Caudal spine damaged. Comparison. This species is distinguished from other species by its pronounced concentric ridges. Dimensions. Length 444 (451) 457 μm; width 171 (202) 233 μm (two specimens).	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB7075BFD1DD9D4FA84.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two specimens are assigned to Kuqaia concentrica based on the ornamentation dominated by concentric ridges (Fig 5 A – 5 E). One specimen is characterized by distinct blade-shaped concentric ridges on the shell, with weak radial ridges (Fig 5 A and 5 B). The other specimen is characterized by wider concentric ridges with modestly developed radial ridges in the dorsal and lateral parts (Fig 5 D and 5 E), resulting in a weakly developed pattern of chequered ridges similar to that in Kuqaia quadrata (Fig 5 F and 5 G). Nevertheless, the dominance of concentric ridges in the shell ornamentation of this specimen favours assignment to Kuqaia concentrica.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB7075BFD1DD9D4FA84.taxon	biology_ecology	Occurrence, unit and age. 57.00 – 56.50 m and 46.97 – 46.07 m, Kävlinge BH- 928; Katslösa Member, Rya Formation; Pliensbachian.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB9075BFAE5D99BF95C.taxon	description	Figs 5 E, 5 F, 6, 7 F and 7 G	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB9075BFAE5D99BF95C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. NRM X 12703; NRM X 12704; NRM X 12705; NRM X 12706.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB9075BFAE5D99BF95C.taxon	description	Description. Shell reniform in lateral view; elliptical in dorso-ventral view. Shell surface covered with 34 – 51 radial and 21 concentric ridges (based on a specimen preserved in lateral view). Ridges are flat-crested, never blade-shaped; radial ridges 5 – 9 μm wide, concentric ridges 7 – 13 μm wide. Radial and concentric ridges are equally developed, forming a regular, rectangular mesh-like ornamentation. Collar-shaped margin preserved on one specimen, 22 μm high. Back conspicuous, slightly thicker than concentric ridges. Caudal spine damaged.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB9075BFAE5D99BF95C.taxon	discussion	Comparison: This species is distinguished from other species based on the prominence of both concentric and radial ridges forming a chequered pattern. Dimensions: Length 413 (449) 467 μm; width 150 (186) 240 μm (four specimens). Remarks. One specimen (NRMX 12704) with an ornamentation of regular rectangular meshes composed of flat interconnecting ridges (Fig 6 A – 6 C), shows a predominance of concentric ridges at the venter and dorsum, and radial ridges in the lateral parts, possibly representing an intermediate ornamentation between Kuqaia yangii Cui et al., 2004 and K. quadrata. However, this specimen is broken, and the concentric ridges at the venter are inconspicuous; we tentatively identify it as Kuqaia quadrata.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFBAFFB9075BFAE5D99BF95C.taxon	biology_ecology	Occurrence, unit and age. 46.97 – 46.07 m, 42.25 – 41.15 m, Kavlinge BH- 928; Katslösa Member, Rya Formation; Pliensbachian.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB4FFBB075BF94DD8F7FE5C.taxon	description	Fig 7 A – 7 E	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB4FFBB075BF94DD8F7FE5C.taxon	materials_examined	Material. NRM X 12707; NRM X 12708.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB4FFBB075BF94DD8F7FE5C.taxon	description	Description. Shell reniform in lateral view; elliptical in dorso-ventral view. Radial ridges well-developed; 31 – 33 in number, flat-crested or blade-shaped, 3 – 7 μm wide. Concentric ridges generally weak, slightly more developed at venter and / or dorsum. On one specimen, concentric ridges incompletely developed at lateral sides, rarely reaching anterior and posterior. Back distinct. Collar-shaped margin and caudal spine are damaged. Comparison. This species is distinguished from others by the predominance of radial ridges. Dimensions. Length 365 (383) 400 μm; width 160 (164) 167 μm (two specimens).	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB4FFBB075BF94DD8F7FE5C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One specimen with both radial and concentric ridges forms a partially reticulate ornamentation (Fig 7 C – 7 E). However, the shell surface is unambiguously dominated by radial ridges, thus favouring assignment to Kuqaia radiata.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
03A90F16FFB4FFBB075BF94DD8F7FE5C.taxon	biology_ecology	Occurrence, unit and age. 46.97 – 46.07 m, Kävlinge BH- 928; Katslösa Member, Rya Formation; Pliensbachian.	en	Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen, Vajda, Vivi (2023): New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity. PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6): 1-20, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282247
