identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A9B15AFFA47E74FF06B51BFE64F852.text	03A9B15AFFA47E74FF06B51BFE64F852.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema Simon 1889	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema Simon, 1889</p>
            <p> Phyxioschema Simon, 1889: 385 . Type species by monotypy:  Phyxioschema raddei Simon, 1889: 385 (female holotype in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France examined). </p>
            <p> Afghanothele Roewer, 1960: 32 . Type species by original designation:  Afghanothele lindbergi Roewer, 1960: 33 . Placed in synonymy by Raven (1985: 148). </p>
            <p> Emended diagnosis: This genus was first revised by Raven (1981); for a subsequent characterization and diagnosis, see Raven &amp; Schwendinger (1989: 55). In the light of new material, three emendments are necessary: (1) the tip of the ventral tibia II spur in males is bilobed and spatulate only in some species (most distinctly so in the type species), (2) the apical article of the posterior lateral spinnerets is always pseudosegmented (in some  P. suthepium specimens indistinctly so) and (3) all  Phyxioschema species possess foveal setae. A diagnostic character has previously been overlooked: all  Phyxioschema species possess a row of modified spines retroventrally (below the membranous retrolateral inlet) on patella I of males (Figs 3L, 6F, 10F, 13F, 16F, 19F). These spines were mentioned by Raven (1981: 227; "several closely spaced spines") in his re-description of the male of  P. raddei . They are variable in number, usually short, thick and sigmoid; only in P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n. are they fairly long (Fig. 13F) and their sigmoid shape is visible only in ventral view (Fig. 13G). The row of stiff bristles at the same position on patella II of males are unmodified, long, thin and only slightly curved. During copulation, the retroventral side of patella I (carrying sigmoid spines) is in close contact and seemingly interlocked with the prolateral-proximal side of tibia II (carrying elongated spinules) (see Fig. 22H–I). This, in combination with the opposing bands of hooked spinules on femora I and II (see Coyle 1986), locks legs I and II of the male together firmly and stabilizes the grip on the female during copulation. </p>
            <p> Included species and distribution:  Phyxioschema raddei Simon, 1889 (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran),  Phyxioschema sp. or spp. (Uzbekistan, Pakistan; this or these undescribed species will be treated in part II of this revision);  P. suthepium Raven &amp; Schwendinger, 1989 (northern half of Thailand); P. e r a w a n sp. n. (northern and western Thailand);  P. huberi sp. n. (northern part of southern Thailand); P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n. (southern Thailand);  P. eripnastes sp. n. (southern Thailand);  P. spelaeum sp. n. (southern Thailand). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFA47E74FF06B51BFE64F852	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
03A9B15AFFA37E70FF06B6C0FA5DFD8B.text	03A9B15AFFA37E70FF06B6C0FA5DFD8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema suthepium Raven & Schwendinger 1989	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema suthepium Raven &amp; Schwendinger, 1989</p>
            <p>Figures 2–3, 22B–C</p>
            <p> Phyxioschema suthepia Raven &amp; Schwendinger, 1989: 56 –59, figs 1–10 (description of male and female).  Phyxioschema suthepium: Platnick 1993: 91 (mandatory change of species name ending); Raven &amp; Schwendinger 1995: 639 –640, fig. 11A–F (emendation of diagnosis). </p>
            <p> Emended diagnosis: This is the smallest species in the genus. It differs from all known congeners by mostly aspinose leg tarsi in both sexes (usually only one retrolateral spine present on tarsus IV). Males with palpal tibia (Fig. 2C) relatively shorter and stouter than in other  Phyxioschema species; all leg tarsi integral (not pseudosegmented); tibia I (cylindrical as in all known species from Thailand) without retroventral and retrolateral spines, a condition otherwise only found in P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n. (Fig. 13G); patella I with a row of two to (mostly) three short, sigmoid spines retroventrally and with a triangular, scale-like projection on its retrolateral margin (Fig. 3L; not mentioned in the original description but indistinctly visible in one of the illustrations in there, see Raven &amp; Schwendinger 1989: fig. 1; this structure presumably further supports interlocking of legs I and II during copulation); retrodorsal band of hooked spinules on femur I quite short and wide (Fig. 2A); proventral band of such spinules on femur II long and narrow (Fig. 2B); prolateral band of elongated spinules on tibia II strongly curved and distinctly inclined from longitudinal axis of tibia (Fig. 2D). Females with strongly convoluted stalks of the median and secondary receptacles and with basally wide (without a constriction), unsclerotised lateral receptacles (Fig. 3A–I). </p>
            <p> Relationships:  Phyxioschema suthepium appears most closely related to  P. erawan sp. n. These two species are quite small, possess metatarsal preening combs, have unsclerotised lateral receptacular bases, live on the ground (cf. the other Thai species on limestone) and occur in geographical proximity to each other (see Fig. 1, localities 2–13 and 1, 14, respectively). </p>
            <p> Variation: Intraspecific and within-population variation in the shape of the female genitalia examined is quite large (Fig. 3A–I). The number of receptacles per spermathecal trunk varies from two (Fig. 3A) to five (Fig. 3I). Females from southern populations generally have more secondary receptacles than those from northern populations; those from Chiang Mai Province usually have none at all. The spermathecal trunks are mostly quite narrow and more or less distinctly inclined from each other (most distinctly so in females from northern populations; Fig. 3A–E); only in one female from Ko Samet (Fig. 3I) are they wide. However, a second female examined from Ko Samet possesses quite typical genitalia (Fig. 3H). All females from Ban On Luai examined (n=4) have the base of the lateral receptacle constricted to a neck (as shown in Fig. 7A–B for  P. erawan sp. n. ); they also lack secondary receptacles. Variation in size and shape of palpal bulbs is high in males from the same population at Sai Yok (Fig. 3J–K; n=4, only extremes illustrated). See also the variation in the shape of the tibia II coupling spur and in the number of the corresponding megaspines illustrated by Raven &amp; Schwendinger (1995: fig. 11A–D). </p>
            <p>On metatarsus I, preening combs (composed of two or three stiff setae) are present or absent (often both conditions present on one specimen); metatarsi II–IV always have preening combs. Small males (e.g., from Si Racha and Khao Phanom Sawai) lack spines on tarsus IV, one larger male has a single retrolateral spine also on tarsus III (only on one side), one female has two retrolateral spines on tarsus IV (only on one side).</p>
            <p> Remarks: Raven &amp; Schwendinger (1995: 639, fig. 11A–D) corrected a false distinction given in Raven &amp; Schwendinger (1989: 55–56): "  P. raddei possessing two megaspines on the tibial spur of males and  P. suthepium three megaspines".  P. suthepium males normally also possess two megaspines (as do males of all other known congeners) and only exceptionally three (as unfortunately is the case in the holotype). A second distinction is also incorrect: "  P. suthepium without foveal setae". All known  Phyxioschema species possess foveal setae. In some males of  P. suthepium , these setae are slightly less pronounced (often also situated closer to or even within the fovea) than in  P. raddei females examined (including the holotype, in which the foveal setae are just anterior to the fovea), but in  P. suthepium females they are always clearly visible. </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat: This species is widely distributed and locally common in the lowlands of northern, western, central and north-eastern Thailand. The highest known locality is Doi (= Mount) Khuntan, at 620 m.  Phyxioschema suthepium was described from Chiang Mai (type locality) and other localities in the north (Raven &amp; Schwendinger 1989: 56) and later also reported from areas in central Thailand (Raven &amp; Schwendinger 1995: fig. 10). New material is available from the west and northeast of the kingdom. The currently known localities (with sex of available specimens and name of province in parentheses) are: Pha Yao (females; Pha Yao Province), Doi Suthep (males, females), Ban Mae Hia (males, females), Chiang Mai (males, females), Ban On Luai near Sankamphaeng (females; Chiang Mai Province), Doi Khuntan (females; Lamphun Province), Mae Sariang (females), Sop Moei (females; Mae Hong Son Province), Lam Nam Nan (males, females; Uttaradit Province), Khlong Lan National Park (females; Kamphaeng Phet Province), Khao No (females; Nakhon Sawan Province), Khao Phanom Sawai (males, females; Surin Province), Ko Samet (females; Rayong Province), Si Racha (males, females; Chon Buri Province), Sai Yok National Park (males, females; Kanchanaburi Province); see Fig. 1, localities 2–13. All spiders were found in small webs in holes and cracks in the soil, and under stones, dead wood and leaves lying on the ground. They are more prevalent in dry habitats such as roadsides, cut paths (i.e., the earthbanks on either side of paths) and open forests (secondary forests, teak plantations, orchards) and have not been found in evergreen forests with a closed canopy. At Ban On Luai (ca 25 km east of Chiang Mai), these spiders were found on the slopes of an isolated limestone hill, a habitat otherwise typical for  P. erawan sp. n.</p>
            <p> Population dynamics: Fluctuations in the size of a population living in a 19 m 2 area of teak plantation (Fig. 22B) at Ban Mae Hia near Chiang Mai were monitored in 1986 by counting webs (Fig. 22C) at monthly intervals. Density was high (40 webs) in January, after the end of the rainy season and into the cool-dry season. In February, all webs in that plot were destroyed by a forest fire. During the hot-dry season recolonisation was very slow (one web in March, three in April) but increased drastically with the onset of the rainy season (35 webs in May). The counts decreased to 28 and 22 webs in June and July, respectively, and reached a high of 56 in August.  P. suthepium is thus a pioneer species that can rapidly colonise new or degraded habitats in fairly large numbers. Forest degradation caused by human activities has probably paved the way for the unusually wide distribution range of this species in seasonally dry areas of Thailand. </p>
            <p>Phenology (Table 3): In 1985–1988, two periods of reproductive activity per year were observed by means of pitfall trapping, hand collecting and captive rearing in Chiang Mai. In one, mature males were present from early December to late February; egg sacs were constructed in February to May, and spiderlings hatched about three weeks after oviposition. In the other, mature males were present from early May to late July, eggs were laid in June and July and hatched about two weeks later (Raven &amp; Schwendinger 1989: 59). Individual males reproduced only during one of these two periods each year and then died within a few weeks.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFA37E70FF06B6C0FA5DFD8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
03A9B15AFFA07E7AFF06B4E2FF2DF946.text	03A9B15AFFA07E7AFF06B4E2FF2DF946.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema erawan	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema erawan sp. n.</p>
            <p>Figures 4–7, 22A</p>
            <p> Phyxioschema suthepium , group B: Raven &amp; Schwendinger 1989: 56, 59 (misidentification). </p>
            <p> Material: THAILAND (western central region): Kanchanaburi Province, Si Sawat District,  Erawan National Park, below Phrathat Cave (14°23’47”N, 99°05’05”E), 560–650 m, male holotype (matured 22.XII.2006), 5 male paratypes (matured 20.XII., 24.XII.2006, 16.I., 20.I., 9.II.2007), 7 female paratypes, 1 juvenile male, collected by P.J. Schwendinger, 12.XII.2006 (sample TH-06/12), MHNG; same locality (14°23.909’N, 99°04.893’E), 590 m, 1 female paratype, collected by L. Monod, 7.IX.2001 (sample TM-01), MHNG; same locality (14°23’51”N, 99°04’55”E), 600 m, 1 male paratype (decayed and fragmented; matured in January 2006; n° O-28B; SMF), 2 female paratypes (n° O-28A, SMF; n° O-28C, "allotype", MHNG), collected by S. Huber on 16.XI.2004. </p>
            <p>THAILAND (northern region): Chiang Mai Province, along road from Chiang Dao to Chai Prakan, at border between both districts (19°35'32"N, 99°07'11"E), 500–770 m, 9 male paratypes (two collected mature, others matured on 20.XII., 31.XII.2007, 21.I., 4.II., 13.II.2008, late XII.2008, 15.I.2009), 22 female paratypes, 19.+ 21.XII.2007 (sample TH-07/16); same locality but given as "Fang, 750 m " in Raven &amp; Schwendinger (1995: 56, 59), 1 male paratype (matured on 19.XII.1989, moulted again (!) and died on 5 May 1990) collected 31 October 1987 and 1 female paratype collected 27 August 1990. All specimens from this locality collected by P.J. Schwendinger and deposited in MHNG.</p>
            <p> Etymology: The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the  Erawan National Park, named after the three-headed Elephant of the Thai mythology, which corresponds to the mythical elephant Airavata in the Hindu religion. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: This is a medium-sized species with short, stout legs and metatarsal preening combs. It is distinguished from all other known  Phyxioschema species by males having only tarsi III and IV pseudosegmented (all leg tarsi either integral or pseudosegmented in other species). Males differ from those of the smaller  P. suthepium by a relatively longer and more slender palpal tibia, by the absence of a triangular projection on the retrolateral margin of patella I, by the presence of retroventral and retrolateral spines on tibia I, by a longer band of hooked spinules retrodorsally on femur I, by a more prominent retroventral keel on metatarsus II, and by a prolaterally slightly more incrassate tibia II with a less curved and less inclined band of elongated prolateral spinules. Females differ from those of P. s u t h e p i u m by median receptacles composed of shorter, straight or only moderately convoluted median stalks and heads without pores, and by lateral receptacles basally constricted to a neck; secondary receptacles are usually absent. </p>
            <p>Description: MALE (holotype). Colour in alcohol: Carapace brown, mottled with dark brown, eye mound black. Sternum, chelicerae, leg coxae and trochanters (dorsally and ventrally) light brown, remaining leg articles contrasting, dark brown; palps cream. Labium and maxillae light brown, with white anterior and prolateral zones, respectively. Opisthosoma blackish brown, with an indistinct pattern of light patches and light transverse stripes on dorsal side (Fig. 4B); genital region and booklung plates light brown; spinnerets blackish brown, with light spots ventrally.</p>
            <p>Body 9.0 long. Carapace 4.7 long, 4.2 wide, oval, almost flat, covered with fine dark adpressed hairs (most straight, few slightly curved), these densest behind eye mound; few stronger bristles on and in front of eye mound and on posterior margin. Eyes on low mound; eye group 0.37 long, anterior eye row slightly procurved, 0.59 wide, posterior eye row very slightly recurved, 0.62 wide (Fig. 6B). Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.27, PME 0.18, PLE 0.19; AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.30 long, 0.27 wide anteriorly, 0.41 posteriorly. Fovea pitlike, with 2 long, thickened and slightly procurved foveal setae anterior to it.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae weak, grooves with 9/10 prolateral teeth and 15/16 medioproximal denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 6C) 0.8 long, 0.5 wide; with pallid prolateral zone; anterior lobe indistinct, with fairly wide but indistinct serrula on ridge. Labium (Fig. 6C) 0.3 long, 0.6 wide, anterior edge distinctly setose, followed by pallid zone; posterior part pigmented, with few fine setae. Sternum (Fig. 6C) 1.8 long, 1.5 wide, cordate, with deeply excavated post-labial depression formed by fused anterior sigilla and labio-sternal groove, and with 3 pairs of indistinct marginal sigilla. Membrane at posterior sternal exfoliations (at height of coxae III and IV) with dark pigment.</p>
            <p>Palps (Fig. 6D–E) set with long stiff bristles. 7+7 trichobothria in 2 rows on tibiae, about 10 in a zig-zag row on tarsi. Palpal bulb with oval base and quite long, tapering, almost straight embolus with slightly curved tip.</p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi armed with spines. Tarsi I–II integral, III–IV pseudosegmented. Distoventral preening combs (composed of 2–3 setae) on metatarsi I–IV (on IV retroventrally). I: tibia cylindrical, with strong spines prolaterally, ventrally and retrolaterally (Fig. 6G); patella with row of 3 short sigmoid spines retroventrally (followed by 2 longer curved spines on distoventral margin), without triangular projection on retrolateral margin (Fig. 6F); femur I with relatively long and narrow band of hooked spinules retrodorsally (Fig. 4D; better visible in paratype, Fig. 5D). II: metatarsus ventroproximally with 2 widely separated, rounded and bulged (not sharp) keels (Fig. 6I –L); the proventral one (Fig. 6I, K) shorter and ventrally directed; the other one (Fig. 6J–L) longer and retroventrally directed; tibia distinctly incrassate, band of elongated spinules on prolateral side moderately curved, slightly inclined from longitudinal axis of tibia, fairly long, reaching beyond height of distal side of ventral spur (Fig. 4C, see also Fig. 5C); ventral spur of tibia with widened and slightly bilobed apex carrying 2 megaspines, these almost parallel to each other, prolateral megaspine distinctly surpassing retrolateral one (Fig. 6H); femur with a long and narrow band of hooked spinules proventrally (Fig. 4E; better visible in paratype, Fig. 5E). Spination: I: patella v2 /3, r3; tibia p3, v9/10, r2/4; metatarsus v9; tarsus p2, v0/1, r 3. II: patella p2; tibia p2, v1 +2 megaspines; metatarsus d2, p2, v5; tarsus p2, v0/1, r 3. III: patella p3, r1/2; tibia d2, p2, r2, v6 /7; metatarsus d4/5, p2/3, r1, v8; tarsus p2, r 2. IV: patella p2/3, r1; tibia d2, p2, r2, v6 /7; metatarsus d6, p3, r1, v8; tarsus p2, r2. Trichobothria: 8+ 8 in 2 rows on tibiae; ca 10 (difficult to see) in one row on metatarsi; ca 10 (difficult to see) in one row on tarsi. Paired claws with 8–10 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 4–6 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma 4.2 long, 2.7 wide; dorsal side quite densely covered with many fine adpressed black hairs and fewer stiff black bristles with darkened sockets (Fig. 4B); ventral side only with fine black hairs. Posterior median spinnerets 0.5 long; posterior lateral 4.5 long (proximal article 1.2, median article 1.4, FEMALE ("allotype"). As the male, except for: whole body more strongly bleached (probably due to longer preservation in alcohol); prosoma (especially chelicerae, maxillae and palpal tarsi) darker; opisthosoma with more distinct dorsal pattern of four pairs of light transversal stripes forming incomplete chevrons in posterior two thirds, and of one pair of larger light patches in anterior third (Fig. 4A); pale prolateral zone of maxillae and pale anterior zone of labium more distinct.</p>
            <p>Habitus, see Fig. 22A. Body 12.5 long. Carapace 4.3 long, 3.4 wide. Eye group (Fig. 6A) 0.49 long, anterior eye row 0.80 wide, posterior eye row 0.86 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.33, PME 0.19, PLE 0.27; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.24, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.36 long, 0.36 wide anteriorly, 0.58 posteriorly.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae stronger than in male, grooves with 10/11 prolateral teeth and 27/28 median proximal denticles. Maxillae 1.3 long, 0.8 wide, serrula slightly wider than in male. Labium 0.4 long, 0.8 wide. Sternum 2.0 long, 1.8 wide.</p>
            <p>Palps with 7+7 trichobothria on tibiae and 11 on tarsi. Tarsal claw with 12 teeth.</p>
            <p>Legs 2314. All tarsi integral. Spination: I: patella p1; tibia p1, v4; metatarsus v8; tarsus p2, r 2. II: patella p2; tibia p2, v5; metatarsus p2, v8 /9; tarsus p2, r 2. III: patella p3/5, r2; tibia d2, p2/3, r2, v4; metatarsus d4, p3, r2, v9; tarsus p2, r 2. IV: patella p2, r1; tibia d2, p2, r2, v4; metatarsus d4, p3, r2, v8 /9; tarsus p2, r2. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 8–9 each on tibiae; 12 in one on metatarsi; 9 in one row on tarsi. Paired claws with 9–11 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 3–4 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma 6.7 long, 4.4 wide. Posterior median spinnerets 0.6 long; posterior lateral spinnerets 5.4 long (proximal article 1.6, median article 1.6, distal article 2.2).</p>
            <p>Vulva (Fig. 7C) with moderately wide spermathecae, each with 2 receptacles; base of lateral receptacle slightly constricted to neck, with sclerotisation only on ental side, head of lateral receptacle densely covered with pores; median receptacle with a short, slightly curved, completely sclerotised stalk and a globular head without pores; secondary receptacles absent.</p>
            <p>Palp and leg measurements: See Table 1.</p>
            <p> Variation: Measurements of males (n=17), of females with egg sacs (n=5) and of largest female (in parentheses): body length 6.9–8.3, 7.3–12.3 (13.3), carapace length 2.9–3.4, 3.0–4.3 (5.0), width 2.3–2.7, 2.4–3.4 (4.0). Specimens from the northern population usually possess a more distinct dorsal opisthosomal pattern. This is composed of four incomplete light chevrons in the posterior two-thirds, plus an unpaired (usually paired in the southern population; Fig. 4A), fairly large median patch, often laterally flanked by a pair of smaller patches, situated in the anterior third (Fig. 5A–B). Specimens from the southern population are generally larger than those from the northern population: body length, carapace length and carapace width in males is 7.7–8.3, 3.2–3.4, 2.5–2.7 (n=7; south) versus 6.9–8.5, 2.9–3.2, 2.3–2.6 (n=10; north). One male has only a single foveal seta, three females have three foveal setae, all other specimens examined have two. Tarsus III of males is more or less distinctly pseudosegmented. One female has no preening combs on metatarsus I; one male lacks preening combs and proximoventral spines on metatarsus II of one side. One male has only two sigmoid spines (most have three) retroventrally on patella I of one side; four males have four such spines in a row, mostly on one side (one male on both sides); one male has a fourth such spine situated ventrally to the usual row of three spines on one side. Female genitalia are quite variable. No variation was observed in the number of megaspines on the ventral spur of tibia II; all 17 males examined possess two megaspines on both sides. In females from the southern population (Fig. 7A–D), the median receptacles usually have shorter stalks than in females from the northern population (Fig. 7E–H). Three females have three receptacles on one side. In one of them, the third receptacle arises from the base of the median receptacle (Fig. 7H) and thus is a duplication rather than a separate secondary receptacle; in the second female this also appears to be the case (Fig. 7D). The third female has a small duplication of a lateral receptacle (Fig. 7G), which is clearly abnormal and was never observed in any other  Phyxioschema females. </p>
            <p> Relationships and taxonomic status:  Phyxioschema erawan sp. n. appears most closely related to  P. suthepium . Both species share the presence of metatarsal preening combs (absent in other congeners), a dark colouration, a fairly distinct dorsal opisthosomal pattern, relatively short stout legs, a distinctly incrassate tibia II and very similar modifications of leg II in males; moreover, both species live on the ground. </p>
            <p> Remarks: The presence of two distinct species in northern Thailand was reported by Schwendinger (1988: 234). In Raven &amp; Schwendinger (1989), however, specimens of the northern population (between Chiang Dao and Chai Prakan) of  P. erawan sp. n. were regarded only as a variant form (group B) of  P. suthepium on the basis of different behaviour. Morphological characters for a distinction of both species were not apparent because female genitalia were not thoroughly studied. </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat: This species was found at two localities separated by about 580 km (Fig. 1, localities 1 and 14); both lie on or close to limestone hills.  Phyxioschema suthepium occurs between these localities, and was also found at one locality on limestone [specimens collected on a small, isolated limestone hill at Ban On Luai (Fig. 1, locality 3)]. It appears at present that both  P. erawan sp. n. populations are widely disjunct and that the species is restricted to extensive limestone areas. At the southern locality (  Erawan N.P.; type locality) webs were found under stones and inside old, broken bamboo poles lying on the floor of a dry deciduous forest, as well as at the base of limestone rocks jutting out of the soil. In the latter case, the silken retreats were built deep into cracks between soil and rock, which made it quite difficult to extract the spiders without damaging them. These webs were particularly visible along the footpath between the park ranger station and the Phrathat Cave, but none were seen on roadsides and earth banks outside the forest. At the northern locality (between Chiang Dao and Chai Prakan) webs were built mostly on roadsides and cut paths in cultivated land close to limestone hills, and all retreats were leading into holes in the soil. </p>
            <p> Phenology and reproduction: Males matured between late December and mid-February. The first egg sacs were built about 1.5 months later, usually followed by another four egg sacs per female in intervals of about three weeks until early May; they contained 26– 58 eggs (n = 15). In captivity, some females from the northern population built their egg sacs into depressions on the ground and covered them with a layer of interwoven soil particles. This effective camouflage was employed when the first egg sac (suspended in the web, as usual in  Phyxioschema ) was removed, and I did not observe this behaviour in females of the southern population or of other  Phyxioschema species. Spiderlings hatched about four weeks after oviposition. A male that hatched from one of the egg sacs in February became mature in mid-December of the same year. Mature females moulted at least twice per year (some up to four times), mostly in January to May and in August to December; reproducing females moulted in March to July and again in September and November. There appears to be only one mating period per year; observations in situ from spring and summer, however, are lacking. See Table 3. </p>
            <p>Mating behaviour: Six copulations were observed in captivity; they lasted 16, 23, 25, 34, 37 and 45 min, respectively. During interlocking, both partners held their bodies mostly straight, the male having its opisthosoma slightly bent ventrally (not dorsally as observed in P. s u t h e p i u m) by not more than 30°.</p>
            <p> Commensals: Pygmephorid mites, probably belonging to the genus  Bakerdania Sasa or to an undescribed genus (S. Mahunka, pers. commun.), were found in the fovea of several spiders (mostly females, including one collected by S. Huber in 2004) from both populations. The thin, strongly elongated, only slightly curved and asymmetrical claws on the posterior legs of these mites indicate that they are adapted to move between the hairs of their hosts. It is quite unlikely that these are soil-dwelling mites that accidentally crawled onto the spiders. No perforations of the spider cuticle in that area (an unsuitable place for that purpose) are discernible; therefore these mites (very small and weakly sclerotised) are obviously not parasites. A non-parasitic association of the pygmephorid mite  Pseudopygmephorus atypoides Rack with the burrowing mygalomorph spider  Atypoides riversi O.-P. Cambridge (  Antrodiaetidae ) in California was reported by Vincent &amp; Rack (1982). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFA07E7AFF06B4E2FF2DF946	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
03A9B15AFFAA7E65FF06B0B8FA9BFB3D.text	03A9B15AFFAA7E65FF06B0B8FA9BFB3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema huberi	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema huberi sp. n.</p>
            <p>Figures 8 – 11, 21A, C</p>
            <p>Material: THAILAND (southern region): Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Kui Buri District, Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park, Phraya Nakhon Cave (12°11’56”N, 100°00’42”E), 100 m, male holotype (hatched X.2002, matured 4.XI.2004), 8 male paratypes (matured 26.I.2003, 25.VI.2003, 16.X.2003, VIII.2004, 15.X.2004, 12.II.2005, 13.II.2005, 28.I.2006) and 10 female paratypes, collected 10.VII.2002 (sample TH-02/05). From the same locality: 1 male paratype (matured 28.XI.2002) and 2 female paratypes, collected 22.XI.2001 (sample THMA-01/02). All specimens collected by P.J. Schwendinger; 1 male and 1 female paratypes deposited in SMF, all other specimens (including the holotype) in MHNG.</p>
            <p>Etymology: This species is dedicated to Siegfried Huber, who brought its existence to my attention.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: This is the largest known  Phyxioschema species. It is distinguished from the much smaller  P. erawan sp. n. by the lack of metatarsal preening combs, by a lighter colouration and by relatively longer, more slender legs. Males with more distinctly asymmetrical palpal bulb; all tarsi pseudosegmented; proventral spines on tibia I situated more proximally; patella I retroventrally and distoventrally with 4 – 8 short, sigmoid spines; tibia II relatively longer and less incrassate; proventral keel on metatarsus II with sharp edge. Females with narrower spermathecae, each carrying 3 – 4 receptacles, all with long, completely sclerotised stalks and small heads carrying pores. </p>
            <p>Description: MALE (holotype). Colour in alcohol: Body generally light reddish brown, ventral side of all palpal articles and of leg coxae and femora lighter; eye mound black. Opisthosoma (Fig. 9B) grey-brown, except for orange-brown bases of long stiff dorsal bristles, indistinct light transverse stripes forming incomplete chevrons in posterior part of dorsal side, light brown genital region, yellow-orange booklung plates and light brown spinnerets with pattern of darker patches and light spots ventrally.</p>
            <p>Habitus as in Fig. 8 (showing paratype). Body 14.7 long. Carapace 5.5 long, 5.0 wide, oval, almost flat, covered with light adpressed hairs interspersed by darker, more erect bristles (some wavy), these longest on carapace margin, in front, on and behind eye mound. Eyes on low mound; eye group 0.70 long, anterior eye row clearly procurved, 1.19 wide, posterior eye row slightly recurved, 1.21 wide (Fig. 10B). Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.30, ALE 0.45, PME 0.27, PLE 0.36; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.43, PME–PLE 0.03. MOQ 0.52 long, 0.64 wide anteriorly, 0.83 posteriorly. Fovea pit-like, with 3 slightly enlarged foveal setae anterior to it.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae weak, grooves with 9/10 prolateral teeth and 18 median proximal denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 10C) 1.4 long, 0.8 wide, with pallid prolateral zone; anterior lobe indistinct, with quite wide but fairly indistinct serrula on ridge. Labium (Fig. 10C) 0.3 long, 0.9 wide, anterior edge distinctly setose, followed by pallid zone; posterior part pigmented, with few fine setae. Sternum (Fig. 10C) 3.1 long, 2.4 wide, cordate, with deeply excavated post-labial depression formed by fused anterior sigilla and labio-sternal groove, and with 3 pairs of indistinct marginal sigilla. Membrane at posterior sternal exfoliations (near posterior pair of sigilla and between coxae IV) with small amount of dark pigment.</p>
            <p>Palps (Fig. 10D–E) with long stiff bristles on femur to tibia. 7+7 trichobothria in 2 rows on tibia, 11 in zig-zag row on tarsus. Palpal bulb with oval base and tapering, largely straight embolus with slightly curved tip.</p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi pseudosegmented and armed with spines. Preening combs absent. I: tibia cylindrical, with strong spines on prolateral, ventral and retrolateral sides (Fig. 10G); patella with row of 3/4 thick sigmoid spines retroventrally (Fig. 10F) and 1 such spine (next to a thinner, less sigmoid one) situated at a right angle to the others on distoventral margin (Fig. 10G), without triangular projection on retrolateral margin; femur with short, fairly wide band of hooked spinules retrodorsally (Fig. 9D). II: metatarsus ventroproximally with 2 widely separated keels (Fig. 10J), proventral one sclerotised, sharp and rounded (Fig. 10I –J, L), retroventral one widely rounded and strongly projecting from margin sideward (Fig. 10J–L); tibia moderately incrassate (Fig. 10H), band of elongated spinules on prolateral side fairly wide, straight, slightly inclined from longitudinal axis of tibia, reaching approximately height of distal side of ventral spur (Fig. 9C); ventral spur of tibia with distinctly bilobed apex carrying 2 megaspines of about equal length but on different levels: prolateral one situated more distally and inclined towards retrolateral one (Fig. 10H); femur with long (much longer than on femur I) band of hooked spinules proventrally (Fig. 9E). Spination: I: patella p1/3, r6/9, v3; tibia p11, r2/5, v7; metatarsus p1, v7; tarsus p1, r2, v 1. II: patella p2; tibia p1, v2 + v2 megaspines; metatarsus p2, v10; tarsus p1/2, r2/3, v3 / 4. III: patella p3/4, r1; tibia d2, p3, r2, v6 /7; metatarsus d6/7, p3, r3, v8; tarsus p1, r 2. IV: patella p3, r1; tibia d2, p2, r3, v6; metatarsus d7, p2/3, r3, v5; tarsus p1/2, r2/3. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 8–9 each on tibiae, 12–13 in single row on metatarsi, 11–13 in single row on tarsi. Paired claws with 11–12 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 4–5 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma 7.0 long, 4.5 wide; dorsal side quite densely covered with fine light hairs, stronger dark hairs and long, strong dark bristles with darkened sockets (most distinct in anterior part of opisthosoma, Fig. 9B); ventral side only with short dark and medium-sized dark hairs. Posterior median spinnerets 0.9 long; posterior laterals 9.4 long (proximal article 2.7, median article 2.8, pseudosegmented distal article 3.9).</p>
            <p>FEMALE ("allotype"). As the male, except for: prosoma (especially chelicerae, maxillae and tips of palpal tarsi) darker, opisthosoma lighter; pale prolateral zone of maxillae more distinct.</p>
            <p>Body 17.7 long. Carapace 6.5 long, 5.6 wide. Eye group (Fig. 10A) 0.62 long, anterior eye row 1.24 wide, posterior eye row 1.30 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.27, ALE 0.41, PME 0.22, PLE 0.34; AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.09, PME–PME 0.51, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.46 long, 0.57 wide anteriorly, 0.85 posteriorly.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae stronger than in male, grooves with 10/11 prolateral teeth and 27/28 median proximal denticles. Maxillae 2.0 long, 1.1 wide, serrula slightly wider and more prominent than in male. Labium 0.5 long, 1.2 wide. Sternum 3.1 long, 2.6 wide.</p>
            <p>Palps with 8+9 trichobothria on tibia and 17 on tarsus. Tarsal claw with 12/13 teeth.</p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi integral. Spination: I: patella p2; tibia p2, v7; metatarsus v8; tarsus p1/2, r 2. II: patella p2/3; tibia p2, v7; metatarsus p2, v8; tarsus p2, r 3. III: patella p2/3, r1; tibia d2, p3, r3, v7; metatarsus d4, p3, r2, v8; tarsus p2, r 2. IV: patella p2, r1; tibia d2/3, p2, r2/3, v5 /6; metatarsus d4/8, p3, r 2/3, v7/10; tarsus p2, r2. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 8(mostly)–10 each on tibiae, 17 in a single row on metatarsi, 13–17 in a single row on tarsi; external surface of trichobothrial pits (bothria) corrugiform (Fig. 21C). Tarsal organ low, with shallow concentric ridges (Fig. 21A). Paired claws with 9–12 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 4–6 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma (Fig. 9A) 9.3 long, 6.7 wide. Posterior median spinnerets 1.1 long; posterior lateral spinnerets 10.2 long (proximal article 3.0, median article 2.7, distal article 4.5).</p>
            <p>Vulva (Fig. 11A) with 2 very narrow spermathecae, each carrying 3 receptacles with long, completely sclerotised stalks and small heads with pores. Lateral receptacle with bent stalk; median receptacle with distinctly convoluted stalk; secondary receptacle shorter than others, situated basally on the spermathecal trunk, its stalk slightly convoluted.</p>
            <p>Palp and leg measurements: See Table 1.</p>
            <p>Variation: Measurements of males (n=10) (females with egg sacs in parentheses; n=5): body length 13.9–16.2 (17.7–19.0), carapace length 5.5–6.3 (6.2–6.6), width 4.9–5.8 (5.3–5.6). The number of foveal setae varies from 1–3 (three only in the holotype), most of them are fairly indistinct. Patella I carries 3–5 short, sigmoid spines retroventrally and 1(mostly)–2 distoventrally; two males have an extra such spine situated more ventroproximally. The shape of the coupling spur on tibia II and the number of megaspines on it is exceptionally variable: five males (including the holotype) have two megaspines on both tibiae II (Fig. 10H, M–O), three males have three (Fig. 10P–Q, S), one male has three on the right and four on the left side (Fig. 10R), and one male has four on the left (Fig. 10T) and five on the right side (Fig. 10U). Males with more megaspines on tibia II also have more sigmoid spines on patella I; the male with five megaspines has eight sigmoid spines, both extremes occur on the right side. The tip of the coupling spur is more (Fig. 10H, M–R) or less (Fig. 10S–U) distinctly bilobed. For variation in the shape of the spermathecae (n=4), see Fig. 11. The number of receptacles varies from 3(mostly)–4; the secondary receptacles are quite variable in length and shape, their stalks are slightly to strongly convoluted.</p>
            <p> Relationships: Large size, light colouration, absence of metatarsal preening combs and life on limestone rock indicate a close relationship between  P. huberi sp. n. , P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n.,  P. eripnastes sp. n. and  P. spelaeum sp. n. All four species occur in the southern half of Thailand, which has a more humid and less seasonal climate than the northern half. Judged by the strong similarities in female genitalia, the closest known relative of  P. huberi sp. n. is P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat: All spiders examined were collected from a large chamber in a limestone cave in the Khao Sam Roi Yot N.P. (Fig. 1, locality 15). The roof of this chamber has collapsed, allowing light, rain and leaf litter to enter, and trees and shrubs to grow on the floor beneath the hole in the roof. The spider webs were built into crevices and holes in the walls of the cave and under rocks and loose stones on the loamy ground. All webs were in the light parts of the cave, but not in those exposed to direct sunlight.</p>
            <p>Phenology (Table 3): Males matured in captivity in June, August, October, November, January and February. The first three males (captured in July 2002) matured in January, June and October 2003. This indicates that mating occurs all year round, but captive rearing for over six months to over four years could have blurred the presence of a seasonal mating period.</p>
            <p>Mating and reproduction: One copulation was observed in captivity; it lasted for 38 minutes and was performed in the typical manner. During interlocking the male held his body straight. Females produced egg sacs (one containing 66 eggs) in early September to mid-October, about two months after being captured; a female that mated in captivity in November laid its eggs more than two and a half months later. Two males were raised from eggs; the first reached maturity after two years, the second after more than three years.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFAA7E65FF06B0B8FA9BFB3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
03A9B15AFFB57E61FF06B311FD27FC06.text	03A9B15AFFB57E61FF06B311FD27FC06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema sayamense	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema sayamense sp. n.</p>
            <p>Figures 12–14</p>
            <p>Material: THAILAND (southern region): Surat Thani Province, Phanom District, Khao Sok National Park, limestone hill near park headquarters (8°54’54”N, 98°31’39”E), 100 m, male holotype (matured 5.II.2004), 4 male paratypes (one collected mature, two matured 22.I.2005, fourth matured 18.III.2005) and 17 female paratypes. All specimens collected by P.J. Schwendinger on 14.V.2003 (sample TH-03/08) and deposited in MHNG.</p>
            <p>Etymology: The species epithet is a latinized adjective of " Sayam " (English spelling: " Siam "), an old Chinese name for Thailand.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Fairly large species, distinguished from all known congeners by retroventral spines on patella I of males relatively long and curved in lateral view (sigmoid shape only visible in ventral view), by tibia II of males longer than tibia I and by metatarsus II of males with strongly modified ventral keels (prolateral keel reduced to a small cone sitting on the much larger retrolateral keel, the latter projecting ventrally, not retroventrally as in other species). Different from the larger  P. huberi sp. n. by: Males with more slender palpal bulb; palpal tibia more distinctly bulging on retrolateral side; femur I with longer and narrower band of spinules retrodorsally, femur II with narrower band proventrally; tibia I with only few proventral spines in a median position, retroventral and retrolateral spines lacking; tibia II more slender, with a narrower and shorter band of spinules prolaterally, and with more slender, not bilobed ventral spur with a pair of megaspines close to each other. Females without secondary spermathecal receptacles; median receptacle with distinctly longer stalk and larger head than lateral receptacle. </p>
            <p>Description: MALE (holotype). Colour in alcohol: Body generally light reddish brown, ventral side lighter, eye mound black. Opisthosoma grey-brown, except for orange-brown bases of stiff dorsal bristles, very indistinct light transversal stripes forming incomplete chevrons in posterior half of dorsal side (Fig. 12B), light brown genital region and booklung plates, and light brown spinnerets with pattern of darker patches and light spots ventrally.</p>
            <p>Body 11.9 long. Carapace 4.7 long, 4.2 wide, oval, almost flat, covered with light adpressed hairs interspersed by darker, more erect bristles (some wavy), these longest on carapace margin, in front, on and behind eye mound, and in front and behind fovea. Eyes on low mound; eye group (Fig. 13B) 0.45 long, anterior eye row slightly procurved, 0.89 wide, posterior eye row slightly recurved, 0.98 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.25, ALE 0.31, PME 0.17, PLE 0.22; AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.28, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.40 long, 0.48 wide anteriorly, 0.70 posteriorly. Fovea pit-like, with 2 long, thickened and slightly procurved foveal setae anterior to it.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae weak, grooves with 10/11 prolateral teeth and 26/27 median proximal denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 13C) 1.1 long, 0.8 wide; prolateral zone pallid; anterior lobe indistinct, with quite wide but fairly indistinct serrula on ridge. Labium (Fig. 13C) 0.3 long, 0.7 wide, anterior edge distinctly setose, followed by pallid zone; posterior part pigmented, with few fine setae. Sternum (Fig. 13C) 2.4 long, 2.0 wide, cordate, with deeply excavated post-labial depression formed by fused anterior sigilla and labio-sternal groove, and with 3 pairs of indistinct marginal sigilla. Membrane close to posterior sternal exfoliations (between coxae IV) with dark pigment.</p>
            <p>Palps (Fig. 13D–E) set with stiff bristles. 6+7 trichobothria in 2 rows on tibia, 10 in zig-zag row on tarsus. Palpal bulb relatively small (in comparison to tibia), with oval base and quite long, tapering, almost straight embolus with a slightly curved tip.</p>
            <p> Legs 1234. All tarsi pseudosegmented and armed with spines. No preening combs. I: tibia cylindrical, with few prolateral and proventral spines in median third of tibia and with few ventral spines only in distal half, retroventral and retrolateral spines lacking (Fig. 13G); patella with a row of 3 quite long spines [curved in lateral view (Fig. 13F), slightly sigmoid in ventral view (Fig. 13G)], without triangular projection on retrolateral margin; femur with relatively long and narrow band of hooked spinules retrodorsally (Fig. 12D). II: metatarsus ventroproximally with 2 keels close to each other and projecting ventrally (not sideward; Fig. 13J, L), proventral keel reduced to small blunt cone (Fig. 13I –J) on the much larger, widely rounded retroventral keel with a distal angle (Fig. 13K); tibia II slightly incrassate, longer than tibia I (not so in males of other  Phyxioschema species), band of elongated spinules on prolateral side straight, fairly narrow and exceptionally short, clearly not reaching height of proximal side of ventral spur, following longitudinal axis of tibia (Fig. 12C); ventral spur of tibia slender, its apex not bilobed, carrying 2 megaspines of equal length, prolateral one basally turning away from retrolateral one, distally both running more or less in parallel (Fig. 13H); femur II with long (slightly longer than on femur I) and narrow band of hooked spinules proventrally (Fig. 12E). Spination: I: patella p1, r3; tibia p7/8, v5; metatarsus v7; tarsus p 1. II: patella p1, r3; tibia p2, v2 megaspines; metatarsus p1/2, v4; tarsus r 2. III: patella p2/3, r1; tibia d1/2, p2/3, r2, v4; metatarsus d5, p1/2, v7; tarsus p1, r1/ 2. IV: patella p2, r1; tibia d2, p2, r2, v4; metatarsus d5, 2p, 1r, v7; tarsus r2. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 8–9 each on tibiae, 11–14 in single row on metatarsi, 10–11 in single row on tarsi. Paired claws with 11–13 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 5–6 sessile teeth. </p>
            <p>Opisthosoma 6.0 long, 3.9 wide; dorsal side quite densely covered with fine light hairs, stronger dark hairs and long, strong dark bristles with darkened sockets (Fig. 12B); ventral side only with short dark and medium-sized dark hairs. Posterior median spinnerets 0.8 long; posterior laterals 7.1 long (proximal article 2.1, median article 2.1, pseudosegmented distal article 2.9).</p>
            <p>FEMALE ("allotype"). As male, except for: prosoma (especially chelicerae, maxillae and tips of palpal tarsi) darker; opisthosoma (especially ventral side) lighter; pale prolateral zone of maxillae and pale anterior zone of labium more distinct.</p>
            <p>Body 16.4 long. Carapace 5.2 long, 4.4 wide. Eye group (Fig. 13A) 0.51 long, anterior eye row 1.13 wide, posterior eye row 1.19 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.24, ALE 0.36, PME 0.21, PLE 0.24; AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.43, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.45 long, 0.54 wide anteriorly, 0.83 posteriorly.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae stronger than in male, grooves with 11/12 prolateral teeth and 24/25 median proximal denticles. Maxillae 1.5 long, 1.1 wide, serrula slightly wider than in male. Labium 0.4 long, 1.0 wide. Sternum 2.5 long, 2.2 wide.</p>
            <p>Palps with 8+8 trichobothria on tibia and 10 on tarsus. Tarsal claw with 13/14 teeth.</p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi integral. Tibia II shorter than tibia I. Spination: I: patella p1/2; tibia p1/2, v5 /6; metatarsus v9; tarsus p2, r 2. II: patella p2; tibia p1/2, v5; metatarsus p2, v7; tarsus p1, r1/ 2. III: patella p2/3, r1/2; tibia d1/2, p2/3, r2/3, v5; metatarsus d1, p4, r2/3, v8; tarsus p2, r2/ 4. IV: patella p2, r1; tibia d1/2, p2, r2, v5; metatarsus d5, p2, r2/4, v5; tarsus p1, r1/2. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 8–9 each on tibiae, 14–15 in single row on metatarsi, 12–15 in single row on tarsi. Paired claws with 11–13 teeth, unpaired claw with 4–5 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma (Fig. 12A) 8.4 long, 6.4 wide. Posterior median spinnerets 0.9 long; posterior lateral spinnerets 8.3 long (proximal article 2.4, median article 2.3, distal article 3.6). Vulva (Fig. 14A) with 2 fairly narrow spermathecae, each carrying 2 receptacles; lateral receptacle with very short, sclerotised stalk and small head; median receptacle with much longer, slightly convoluted stalk and larger head.</p>
            <p>Palp and leg measurements: See Table 1.</p>
            <p>Variation: Measurements of males (n=5) (females with egg sacs in parentheses; n=7): body length 10.2–13.1 (11.7–19.9), carapace length 4.0–5.3 (4.2–5.2), width 3.5–4.5 (3.6–4.7). One male has its tibia II on one side shorter than tibia I, but on the other side it is the inverse (tibia II is always longer than tibia I in other males). One male has four retroventral spines on its right patella I, its left patella I has three spines (as in all other conspecific males). One female has three foveal setae (the unpaired one less pronounced than the paired ones), all other specimens examined have only two such setae. Variation in the shape of spermathecae (n=4), see Fig. 14A–D. One female possesses a vestigial secondary receptacle on one side (Fig. 14C). Very small lateral receptacular heads are without pores (Fig. 14A), larger ones with few pores (Fig. 14D).</p>
            <p> Relationships: Judged by similarities in female genitalia, P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n. is closest to  P. huberi sp. n.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat: This species is known only from a small limestone hill, surrounded by remnants of semi-evergreen rain forest, in the Khao Sok N.P. (Fig. 1, locality 16). All spiders examined were collected from quite large webs leading into crevices and holes in vertical rock walls.</p>
            <p>Phenology (Table 3): One mature male was collected at the type locality in mid-May. All other males were raised to maturity in captivity, either from specimens collected in the field, or from spiderlings that hatched in captivity. Maturations of males took place in late January to late March. No copulations were observed. Females which did not reproduce moulted in June to July and then again in January (n=6); females reproducing in May to July moulted in September to November and then again in January (n=4). In mid-May, three females were collected with egg sacs suspended in their webs. From two of them the spiderlings had already hatched, one contained second instar spiderlings. In two additional webs, third (or later) instar spiderlings were found at the entrance of the retreat. In captivity, other females laid eggs in June and July. Considering that male maturations in captivity were observed in January to March and that only a single mature male was collected in the field in mid-May, at the time when several females had already reproduced, the mating period was then obviously in its end phase. There is no indication for two mating periods per year. Male spiderlings which hatched and were raised in captivity reached maturity after 1.5 years. After the final moult they continued to feed for only a short time.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFB57E61FF06B311FD27FC06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
03A9B15AFFB17E6CFF06B0F0FB53FF08.text	03A9B15AFFB17E6CFF06B0F0FB53FF08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema eripnastes	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema eripnastes sp. n.</p>
            <p>Figures 15–17</p>
            <p>Material: THAILAND (southern region): Phang Nga Province and District, limestone cliffs near Pha Phueng Cave (8°28’21”N, 98°32’12”E), 60 m, ca 3 km NE of Phang Nga city, male holotype (matured 30.IX.1997), 2 male paratypes (matured 1.X.1997, 8.X.1997) and 2 female paratypes, collected 29.IX.1997. From same locality: 1 male paratype (matured 14.I.2004) and 6 female paratypes, collected 17.V.2003 (sample TH-03/ 11). All specimens collected by P.J. Schwendinger and deposited in MHNG.</p>
            <p>Etymology: Greek: "eripne" = precipice, cliff, "nastes" = inhabitant, dweller; noun in apposition.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Medium-sized species, distinguished from the distinctly larger  P. huberi sp. n. by: Males with more strongly curved embolus tip; leg tarsi with few or without spines; tibia I without spines in proximal third; tibia II with narrower prolateral band of elongated spinules, with a distally narrower and not bilobed ventral spur with a pair of megaspines of unequal lengths; metatarsus II with fewer spines, a more distally situated proventral keel and a more proximally situated retroventral keel. Females with much wider spermathecae carrying much shorter receptacles. </p>
            <p>Description: MALE (holotype). Colour in alcohol: Carapace, palps, booklung plates, genital region, anal mound and spinnerets light brown, legs and palpal bulbs slightly darker; eye mound black. Dorsal side of opisthosoma with very indistinct light transverse stripes forming incomplete chevrons; ventral side of opisthosoma mottled with dark spots; posterior lateral spinnerets with pattern of darker patches and light spots ventrally.</p>
            <p>Body 8.9 long. Carapace 3.6 long, 3.3 wide, oval, almost flat, covered with light adpressed hairs interspersed by darker, more erect bristles (some wavy), these longest on carapace margin, in front, on and behind eye mound, and in front and behind fovea. Eyes on low mound; eye group (Fig. 16B) 0.41 long, anterior eye row slightly procurved, 0.75 wide, posterior eye row slightly recurved, 0.86 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.24, ALE 0.24, PME 0.16, PLE 0.21; AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.33, PME–PLE 0.01. MOQ 0.37 long, 0.43 wide anteriorly, 0.62 posteriorly. Fovea pit-like, with 3 long, thickened and slightly procurved foveal setae anterior to it.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae weak, grooves with 9/10 prolateral teeth and 14/16 median proximal denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 16C) 1.0 long, 0.5 wide, with pallid prolateral zone; anterior lobe indistinct, with quite wide but fairly indistinct serrula on ridge. Labium (Fig. 16C) 0.3 long, 0.7 wide, anterior edge distinctly setose, followed by a pallid zone; posterior part pigmented, with few fine setae. Sternum (Fig. 16C) 1.9 long, 1.6 wide, cordate, with deeply excavated post-labial depression formed by fused anterior sigilla and labio-sternal groove, and with 3 pairs of indistinct marginal sigilla.</p>
            <p>Palps (Fig. 16D–E) set with stiff bristles. 8+8 trichobothria in 2 rows on tibia, 8 in zig-zag row on tarsus. Palpal bulb with oval base and quite long embolus with distinctly curved tip.</p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi pseudosegmented and without spines. Preening combs absent. I: tibia cylindrical, with strong spines prolaterally, ventrally and retrolaterally in distal two-thirds but without spines in proximal third (Fig. 16G); patella with row of 4 sigmoid spines retroventrally, without triangular projection on retrolateral margin (Fig. 16F); femur with short, fairly wide band of hooked spinules retrodorsally (Fig. 15D). II: metatarsus with only few spines, ventroproximally with 2 widely separated angular keels (Fig. 16K), proventral one (Fig. 16J) situated more distally than retroventral one (Fig. 16K–L), the latter only slightly projecting sideward (Fig. 16K, M); tibia moderately incrassate (Fig. 16H), band of elongated spinules on prolateral side straight, narrow, parallel to longitudinal axis of tibia, almost reaching height of distal side of ventral spur (Fig. 15C); ventral spur of tibia with apex not bilobed, pair of megaspines basally close to each other and distally slightly diverging, prolateral megaspine clearly longer than retrolateral one (Fig. 16H); femur with moderately long and relatively wide band of hooked spinules proventrally (Fig. 15E). Spination: I: patella d2, r4; tibia p11/12, r4, v4; metatarsus v 5. II: patella d2; tibia p2, v2 megaspines; metatarsus p2, v 4. III: patella d3; tibia d2, p2, r2, v5; metatarsus d8, v 8. IV: patella d3; tibia d1, p2, r2, v5; metatarsus d8, v7. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 7–9 each on tibiae, 13–16 in single row on metatarsi, 11–12 in single row on tarsi. Paired claws with 9–10 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 5–7 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma 4.2 long, 3.0 wide; dorsal side quite densely covered with fine light hairs, short dark hairs and long, strong dark bristles with darkened sockets (Fig. 15B); ventral side only with short dark and mediumsized dark hairs. Posterior median spinnerets 0.6 long, posterior laterals 6.0 long (proximal article 1.6, median article 1.7, pseudosegmented distal article 2.7).</p>
            <p>FEMALE ("allotype"). As the male, except for: legs slightly lighter, chelicerae, labium, maxillae and tips of palpal tarsi darker; pale prolateral zone of maxillae and pale anterior zone of labium more distinct.</p>
            <p>Body 14.4 long. Carapace 4.8 long, 4.2 wide. Eye group (Fig. 16A) 0.41 long, anterior eye row 0.86 wide, posterior eye row 0.96 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.24, ALE 0.25, PME 0.19, PLE 0.21; AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.38, PME–PLE 0.03. MOQ 0.38 long, 0.44 wide anteriorly, 0.67 posteriorly.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae stronger than in male, grooves with 9 prolateral teeth and 17/18 median proximal denticles. Maxillae 1.5 long, 0.8 wide, serrula longer, wider and more pronounced than in male. Labium 0.5 long, 1.0 wide. Sternum 2.2 long, 2.0 wide.</p>
            <p>Palps with 8+8 trichobothria on tibia and 15 on tarsus. Tarsal claws with 16/17 teeth.</p>
            <p>Legs 1=234. All tarsi integral and armed with spines. Spination: I: patella d1; tibia p1, v3; metatarsus v7; tarsus p1, r 2. II: patella d2; tibia p2, v3; metatarsus p2, v7; tarsus p1, r 2. III: patella d3; tibia d2, p2, r2, v3; metatarsus d7, v7; tarsus p1, r 2. IV: patella d3; tibia d2, p2, r2, v3; metatarsus d7, v7; tarsus p1, r2. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 8–9 each on tibiae, 14–16 in single row on metatarsi, 12–13 in single row on tarsi. Paired claws with 12–16 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 6–7 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma (Fig. 15A) 7.5 long, 5.5 wide. Posterior median spinnerets 1.3 long; posterior lateral spinnerets 7.5 long (proximal article 2.2, median article 2.0, distal article 3.3).</p>
            <p>Vulva (Fig. 17A) with 2 wide spermathecae, each carrying 4/5 short receptacles; lateral receptacle with short, wide and completely sclerotised base, and with small blister-like head carrying only few pores; median receptacle with fairly short stalk and globular head with pores; secondary receptacles similar to median receptacle, situated quite high up on the spermathecal trunk at almost the same level as the lateral receptacle.</p>
            <p>Palp and leg measurements: See Table 1.</p>
            <p>Variation: The number of foveal setae varies between two and four. Two males (including the holotype) have no spines on leg tarsi, a third male has only a single spine on one tarsus, and a fourth male has a single spine on each of tarsi II–IV. One male paratype has three retroventral spines on patella I of both sides, two others have three on one side and four on the other, the holotype has four on both sides. One male paratype possesses three megaspines on the ventral spur of its left tibia II (Fig. 16I). Another male paratype has a rather triangular retroventral proximal keel on metatarsus II (Fig. 16N). Usually there is only a single retroventral spine situated distally to the retroventral keel on metatarsus II (Fig. 16K), but two male paratypes additionally possess a proventral spine (in a more distal position than the retroventral one) on one side. The female genitalia examined (n=6) have 3–6 receptacles per spermathecal trunk; the base of the lateral receptacle is wide or slightly constricted to an indistinct neck (Fig. 17A–D). Measurements of males (n=4) (females in parentheses; n=8): body length 8.1–10.8 (11.5–16.0), carapace length 3.3–4.3 (4.1–5.4), width 3.0–4.0 (3.6–4.5). The smallest female produced eggs and was thus mature.</p>
            <p> Relationships:  Phyxioschema eripnastes sp. n. is most closely related to P. s p e l a e u m sp. n., both of them are very similar to  P. sayamense sp. n. and  P. huberi sp. n.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat: This species is known only from near the Pha Phueng Cave close to Phang Nga city (Fig. 1, locality 17). All spiders were collected from webs leading into crevices and holes of vertical limestone cliffs and into cracks between hardened mud and rock at the base of the cliffs. All were found in places shaded by remnants of an evergreen forest, not on the sun-exposed parts of the cliffs near the temple cave and near the huts of the resident monks.</p>
            <p>Phenology (Table 3): Three males collected in late September became mature soon afterwards (30 September, 1 October and 8 October); one immature male collected in May reached maturity in mid-January of the following year. The latter maturation date is presumably due to a delay in development caused by conditions in captivity. Mature males continued to feed for only about one month. No copulations were observed. Some females collected in mid-May had egg sacs suspended in their webs. One web was then seen with three egg sacs from two of which the spiderlings had already hatched, the third one contained 27 undeveloped, light yellow eggs. Two more egg sacs were later built in captivity by different females, one in early July (36 eggs), the other in early September (18 eggs). Either females are able to store sperm and produce eggs for almost a year, or there is a second mating period in April and/or May.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFB17E6CFF06B0F0FB53FF08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
03A9B15AFFBC7E56FF06B765FBA5FD52.text	03A9B15AFFBC7E56FF06B765FBA5FD52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyxioschema spelaeum	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phyxioschema spelaeum sp. n.</p>
            <p>Figures 18–20, 21B, D, 22D–I</p>
            <p>Material: THAILAND (southern region): Krabi Province, Ao Luk District, Sra Yuan Thong Cave, ca 3 km SE of Ao Luk Tai (8°21'40''N, 98°44'55''E), 60 m, male holotype (matured 2.I.2008), 4 male paratypes (matured 28.XI.2007, 14.XII.2007, hatched 10.X.2007 and matured 7.IX.2008, hatched 31.VIII.2007 and matured 18.XII.2008) and 13 female paratypes, 11.VII.2007 (sample TH-07/07). From the same locality, 1 male paratype (matured 9.II.2009) and 3 female paratypes, 1 juvenile, 21.VI.2008 (sample THMA-08/12). All specimens collected by P.J. Schwendinger and deposited in MHNG.</p>
            <p> Etymology: Latin: "  spelaeum " (from the Greek "spelaion") = cave; noun in apposition. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Medium-sized species, distinguished from the similar and geographically close  P. eripnastes sp. n. by: Males with stronger apical bristles on palpal tarsus and less curved embolic tip; ventral spur of tibia II proximally narrower; metatarsus II with evenly rounded (not angular) retroventral keel and a plane or slightly depressed C-shaped area at distal end of proventral keel; leg tarsi III–IV with spines, I–II without. Females with longer spermathecae, each with distinct proximal boss on its inner (ental) side; lateral receptacles larger; secondary receptacles absent. </p>
            <p>Description: MALE (holotype). Colour in alcohol: Body generally light brown. Dorsal side of opisthosoma light grey-brown, no dorsal pattern discernible (Fig. 18B, see also Fig. 22G showing a male paratype), its ventral side cream-grey; eye mound black; ventral side of prosoma (including legs) cream; anterior zone on labium and prolateral zone on maxillae white; ventral spur on tibia II orange; spinnerets ventrally mottled with white spots.</p>
            <p>Body 9.0 long. Carapace 3.7 long, 3.3 wide, oval, almost flat, covered with adpressed hairs interspersed by darker, more erect bristles (some wavy), these longest on carapace margin, in front and on eye mound, and in posterior part of carapace. Eyes on low mound; eye group (Fig. 19B) 0.40 long, anterior eye row slightly procurved, 0.77 wide, posterior eye row slightly recurved, 0.77 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.25, PME 0.18, PLE 0.21; AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.34, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.33 long, 0.33 wide anteriorly, 0.62 posteriorly. Fovea pit-like, with 2 long, thickened and slightly procurved foveal setae anterior to it.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae weak, grooves with 10/13 prolateral teeth and 15/16 median proximal denticles. Maxillae (Fig. 19C) 0.9 long, 0.6 wide, with pallid prolateral zone; anterior lobe indistinct, with quite wide but fairly indistinct serrula on ridge. Labium (Fig. 19C) 0.3 long, 0.6 wide, anterior edge distinctly setose, followed by pallid zone; posterior part pigmented, with few fine setae. Sternum (Fig. 19C) 1.9 long, 1.6 wide, cordate, with deeply excavated post-labial depression formed by fused anterior sigilla and labio-sternal groove, and with 3 pairs of indistinct marginal sigilla.</p>
            <p> Palps (Fig. 19D–E) set with stiff bristles, including 6/7 thick apical bristles on tarsus (these stouter than in other congeners, but longer, and therefore relatively more slender, than cymbial spines of an  Euagrus chisoseus Gertsch male from Texas in MHNG). 6+6 trichobothria in 2 rows on tibia, 8 in a zig-zag row on tarsus. Palpal bulb at base of embolus fairly wide; embolus quite short, mostly straight, with indistinctly curved tip. </p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi pseudosegmented; tarsi III and IV with spines, tarsi I and II aspinose. Preening combs absent. I: tibia cylindrical, with strong prolateral, ventral and retrolateral spines in distal two-thirds but none in proximal third (Fig. 19G); patella with a row of 4 sigmoid spines retroventrally, without triangular projection on retrolateral margin (Fig. 19F); femur with medium-long, rather narrow band of hooked spinules retrodorsally (Fig. 18D). II: metatarsus ventroproximally with 2 keels (Fig. 19L), proventral one (Fig. 19K, L) sharp, distally ending in C-shaped depression, and situated sligthly more distally than retroventral keel (Fig.</p>
            <p>19L), latter widely rounded and protruding sideward (Fig. 19L–N); tibia slightly incrassate, band of elongated spinules on prolateral side straight, narrow, slightly inclined from longitudinal axis of tibia, reaching height of distal side of ventral spur (Fig. 18C); ventral spur of tibia with indistinctly bilobed apex carrying a pair of equally long and parallel megaspines (Fig. 19H); femur with long band of hooked spinules proventrally (Fig. 18E). Spination: I: patella d1, r3; tibia p8/9, r4, v3; metatarsus v4 / 5. II: patella d2; tibia p2, v2 megaspines; metatarsus p2, v 6. III: patella d3; tibia d2, p2, v6, r2; metatarsus d6, v7; tarsus p0/1, r0/3 (3 on left side). IV: patella d3; tibia d1/2, p2, v6, r2; metatarsus d7, v7; tarsus r1. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 6–8 each on tibiae, 10–12 in single row on metatarsi, 10–12 in single row on tarsi. Paired claws with 11–13 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 4–6 sessile teeth.</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma 4.5 long, 3.3 wide; dorsal side quite densely covered with fine light adpressed hairs, short dark hairs and long strong dark bristles with darkened sockets (Fig. 18B); ventral side only with short and medium-sized dark hairs. Posterior median spinnerets 0.6 long; posterior laterals 5.8 long (proximal article 1.7, median article 1.6, pseudosegmented distal article 2.5).</p>
            <p>FEMALE ("allotype"). As the male, except for: body generally darker (more orange-coloured); chelicerae, labium, maxillae, sternum, tips of palpal and leg tarsi, booklung covers and anus distinctly darker; pale prolateral zone of maxillae and pale anterior zone of labium more distinct.</p>
            <p>Habitus as in Fig. 22D (showing a different female). Body 11.7 long. Carapace 4.0 long, 3.2 wide. Eye group (Fig. 19A) 0.39 long, anterior eye row 0.80 wide, posterior eye row 0.87 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.19, ALE 0.24, PME 0.18, PLE 0.21; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.36, PME–PLE 0.02. MOQ 0.36 long, 0.39 wide anteriorly, 0.64 posteriorly.</p>
            <p>Chelicerae stronger than in male, grooves with 14 prolateral teeth and 25/28 median proximal denticles. Maxillae 1.2 long, 0.7 wide, serrula wider and more pronounced than in male. Labium 0.3 long, 0.8 wide. Sternum 1.9 long, 1.7 wide.</p>
            <p>Palps with 7+7 trichobothria on tibia and 11/12 on tarsus. Tarsal claw with 16/17 teeth.</p>
            <p>Legs 2134. All tarsi integral; tarsi II–IV armed with spines. Spination: I: patella d1; tibia p1, v5 (indistinct); metatarsus v7 / 8. II: patella d2; tibia p1, v5 (indistinct); metatarsus p2, v6 /7; tarsus p1, v0/1, r1/ 2. III: patella p2, r1; tibia d2, p2, r2, v6 (indistinct); metatarsus d6/7, v7; tarsus p0/1, r 2. IV: patella p2, r1; tibia p2, d1, r2/3, v6 /7 (indistinct); metatarsus d6/8, v7 /8; tarsus p1, r1/2. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 7–8 each on tibiae, 11–13 in single row on metatarsi, 10–12 in single row on tarsi. Tarsal organ low, with shallow concentric ridges (Fig. 21B). Paired claws with 12–16 teeth in sigmoid row, unpaired claw with 4–8 sessile teeth (Fig. 21D).</p>
            <p>Opisthosoma (Fig. 18A) 6.0 long, 4.5 wide. Posterior median spinnerets 0.7 long; posterior lateral spinnerets 6.2 long (proximal article 1.8, median article 1.7, distal article 2.7).</p>
            <p>Vulva (Fig. 20A) with 2 proximally wide spermathecae, each with distinct proximal boss on inner (ental) side; only 2 receptacles present; lateral receptacle short, with completely sclerotised, slightly constricted neck and moderately large head lacking pores; median receptacle with moderately convoluted stalk and large head lacking pores; secondary receptacles absent.</p>
            <p>Palp and leg measurements: See Table 1.</p>
            <p>Variation: Measurements of males (n=6) (females with egg sacs in parentheses; n=7): body length 8.6–9.2 (9.8–11.3), carapace length 3.4–3.7 (3.4–4.0), width 3.0–3.3 (2.9–3.5). Most specimens (from a total of 23) possess two foveal setae, one has only one seta, two have three setae. One male paratype has a spine on tarsus II of one side, another lacks spines on tarsus III on one side; other males have spines on tarsi III–IV of both sides. Seven (out of 16) females, including the "allotype", lack spines on tarsus I; six have a spine on one side of tarsus I, one has a spine on both tarsi I; one female has two spines on tarsus I of one side, but none on the other, another female has two on one side and none on the other. Two male paratypes have three retroventral spines on both patellae I, one male has three on one side and four on the other, the other three males (including the holotype) have four patellar spines on both sides. In three males (including the holotype), the two megaspines on the ventral spur of tibia II are slightly convergent, with their tips almost touching (Fig. 19H); in another male the tips are overlapping; in two other males the megaspines are parallel to each other (Fig. 19I). Of the six vulvae examined, one has a single pore on each median receptacular head (Fig. 20B), one has three pores on one median receptacular head (Fig. 20C), all others have none; four females have pores on the lateral receptacular head (Fig. 20B–D) and two (including the "allotype") lack pores on all receptacular heads (Fig. 20A).</p>
            <p> Relationships: The shape of the lateral receptacles shows that P. s p e l a e u s sp. n. is most closely related to  P. eripnastes sp. n. (lateral receptacular bases short, quite wide and completely sclerotised in these two species) and that both are sister to P. s a y a m e n s e sp. n. and  P. huberi sp. n. (lateral receptacular bases completely sclerotised and prolateral band of elongated spinules on tibia II straight in all four species). </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat: This species is known only from the limestone hills east of Ao Luk Tai (Fig. 1, locality 18). Most spiders were collected from the twilight zone behind the wide entrance (with a pond) of a cave at the foot of an isolated limestone hill; only few spiders were seen in the completely dark parts of that cave. Webs retreating into holes in rock and stal were found at the base of cave walls and of columns (Fig. 22E). A few webs were also seen outside the cave, on large, isolated limestone rocks in a semi-evergreen rain forest about 1 km away, but surprisingly not on the nearby cliffs of the main ridge of limestone hills.</p>
            <p>Phenology: (Table 3): Four males were collected in June and July, and subsequently matured between late November and early February. A fifth male hatched in captivity at the end of August and became mature in late December of the following year. A sixth male hatched in October and became mature in the following September, presumably earlier in the year than males in nature. Males thus have a lifespan of not more than 1.5 years; they continued feeding for only about two weeks after reaching maturity. An egg sac containing newly hatched first instar spiderlings was found in the cave in early June, more such egg sacs in late June. Three females (captured in June and July) constructed egg sacs in captivity between the end of July and late October; spiderlings hatched almost six weeks after oviposition. Two other females mated in captivity in early January; one of them (but not the other) produced an egg sac more than six weeks later, in late February, and again in early April and late May. Egg sacs, suspended in the web outside the retreat and camouflaged with particles of limestone (Fig. 22F, see small arrows), contained 15–37 light yellow eggs (n=7). Females which built egg sacs in July to October moulted between October and December; one with egg sacs in February to May moulted in September; others moulted in July to March.</p>
            <p> The presence of eggs in the cave about four months after the short-lived males became mature suggests that, in nature, inseminated females produce eggs for much longer than females did in captivity. An alternative explanation is that a second mating period in April and/or May was overlooked (see also the phenology of  P. eripnastes sp. n. ). Inspecting webs in the cave at night, when all spiders were sitting outside their retreats (only a few did so during daytime), in early June and again in late June, however, revealed no adult males. </p>
            <p> Mating behaviour: Three matings (of different pairs) were observed in January 2008 and 2009. Copulation lasted 35 to 86 minutes during which the male held his opisthosoma bent ventrally by almost 90° so that its tip was in (or in near) contact with the opisthosoma tip of the female. No such mating posture was observed in other  Phyxioschema species. During courtship the male produced some light jerk-quivers and drummed on the female with his first pair of legs, but he did not drum on the web with his palps. The female responded by advancing and also drumming on the male with her first pair of legs. Adoption of the mating position was quick and vigorous, as in other  Phyxioschema . During interlocking, the female repeatedly became “restless” but was “quieted” again by the male by means of vigorous jerks. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9B15AFFBC7E56FF06B765FBA5FD52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Schwendinger, Peter J.	Schwendinger, Peter J. (2009): A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), I: species from Thailand. Zootaxa 2126: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188258
