identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87.text	03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cotithene gorayebi Valente & Da Silva & De Medeiros 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cotithene gorayebi Valente, da Silva &amp; de Medeiros ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 2–7, 9–12)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. This species differs from other described species of the genus by its smaller size (male: 1.9–2.2 mm, female: 1.6–2.1 mm); integument color pattern dissimilar between sexes (Fig. 2, see details below); procoxal cavities separated by only a narrow septum in both male and female (Figs 2, 3D, 6B); elytral stria I sulcate and; remaining striae very shallow and very similar to elytral intervals (Figs 2, 4D). Males are also distinguished by the aedeagus (Figs 5 D–H) bearing two inner separately arched rami dorsally projected on each side (in the remaining species each side with only one separated arched ramus) and by the endophallus of the aedeagus with a basal sclerite. Females are also distinguished by the sternum VIII (Fig. 7C) with a pentagonal-shaped lamina and furcal arms connected only by membranes, not closed and bearing only subequal setae on apices.</p>
            <p> Similar species: Females of  Cotithene dicranopygia Franz and  Cotithene stratiotricha have procoxal cavities separated by a narrow septum as in the new species, but females of  Cotithene gorayebi can be distinguished from both by the shape of sternum VIII, and also from  C. stratiotricha by a C-shaped spermatheca. Males of  Cotithene anaphalanta Franz and  Cotithene melanoptera can superficially resemble males of the new species due the elytra evidently dark reddish brown to black but males of  Cotithene gorayebi have the rostrum and head darker reddish brown to black in addition to dark elytra. Also,  Cotithene gorayebi and  C. melanoptera are associated with inflorescences of  Evodianthus funifer (for details, see Natural History) but the new species has been recorded in Brazil (Pará) while  C. melanoptera has been recorded only in Venezuela (Merida and Aragua). </p>
            <p> Males of Cotithene can be characterized by the rostrum variously expanded near the apex to basal 2/5 (see Franz 2008). In  Cotithene gorayebi (Figs 2A, 3 A–B), as in  Cotithene dicranopygia and  Cotithene stratiotricha , the males have the rostrum angulate-tumescent near basal 2/5; however, the rostrum of the new species also bears a tubercle on the inner margin of the eye (Figs 2A, 3A) and a irregular dorsolateral carina (Figs 3 A–B). These sexually dimorphic features (tumescence, tubercles and carinae) on the male rostrum of  Cotithene gorayebi are very conspicuous in the largest males but nearly indistinct in the smallest males, with intermediate states present as well. Furthermore, large males have a larger and more inflated pronotum. Franz (2008) observed similar variations in males of  C. stratiotricha ,  Cotithene globulicollis Voss and  C. melanoptera . He considered these scaled modifications as apparent positive allometry, possibly related to alternative reproductive strategies of the males for access to reproductively active females. Here we also observed males of  Cotithene gorayebi making use of the rostrum and head in male-male conflicts during the approach of females. Thus the scaled modifications on the rostrum and pronotum observed in males of  Cotithene gorayebi apparently represent a case of positive allometry as well. </p>
            <p>Description. Male (Figs 2A, 3–5). Length 1.9–2.2 mm, width 0.8–1.0 mm, elongated l/w = 2.3–2.5. Integument (Fig. 2A) from light reddish brown to orange with head, rostrum, elytra (except margins) and anterior margin of pronotum from dark reddish brown to black; sculpture with dark reddish brown punctures on elytra and throughout anterior 1/6 of pronotum, in the latter the punctures are arranged in a triangular maculation. Teneral specimens can be completely or more homogeneously lightly pigmented, pale to light reddish brown. Rostrum (Figs 2A, 3 A–B) very short, 0.4–0.5 mm, r/p = 0.5–0.6, dorsally arcuate; strongly angulate-tumescent near basal 2/ 5 (apparently positively allometric); tumescence distinctively polished dorsally; with one evident tubercle (apparently positively allometric) near inner margin of each eye; dorsolateral carina irregularly rugulose (apparently positively allometric); broad, apically slightly enlarged; dorsal impression (near base) or rugulosity indistinct; antennal insertion near apical 2/5. Eye (Fig 3 A–B) subcircular, interommatidial microsetae only on central region of eye; interocular distance slightly narrower than apex of rostrum. Head (Figs 2A, 3 A–B) evenly slightly convex, without dorsal elevation or projections; setation sparse, short and recurvate; setae longer along dorsal margin of each eye. Pronotum (Figs 2A, 3C) expanded (apparently positively allometric), but not globular (see Franz 2008, Fig. 1), anterolaterally not impressed. Prosternum (Figs 2A, 3D) with procoxal cavities separated by a narrow septum; with dark brown transversal stripe in front of each procoxa. Elytra (Figs 2A, 4D) posteriorly not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae narrower than intervals; only stria I evidently sulcate, remaining striae very shallow and similar to elytral intervals; striae and intervals with one row of dark reddish brown subequal circular punctures, evidently separated. Abdominal ventrites (Figs 2A, 4E): II shorter than III+IV; V with posterior margin sinuous, medially projected. Abdominal tergites (Figs 4 A–C) convex, with eight visible tergites; lateral sclerites absent; spiracular sclerites I–VI distinguished from the median one, very weakly sclerotized, almost membranous, covered by spiculate patch (posteriorly-directed); spiracular sclerite VII fused with the median one; median sclerites complete (no median fissure), weakly sclerotized (especially I–II) being VII–VIII more sclerotized; setation on median sclerites (dorsal surface): I–II covered by minute posteriorly-directed microtrichia (lacking spiculate patches), III with only lateral spiculate patches (laterally-directed), IV–VI with lateral and median spiculate patches (posteriorly-directed), IV–VII with a fringe of setae on posterior margin; tergite VII (Fig. 4C) trapezoidal in dorsal view, concave on posterior margin, covered by trifid fan-like setae, no plectra; tergite VIII (Fig. 4C) subtrapezoidal, posterior margin rounded, covered by trifid fan-like setae become longer unifid setae on apical half. Sternum VIII (Fig. 5A) (each sclerite) triangular, deflexed downwards on outer 1/3, with eight large unifid setae on inner margin. Sternum IX (spiculum gastrale) (Fig. 5B) distinctly shorter than aedeagus (0.6–0.7); basal plate V-shaped; apodeme similar throughout, apically light sclerotized. Tegmen (Figs 5 C–D) 0.3–0.4 as long as aedeagus; basal piece Y-shaped (basal plate reduced); tegminal apodeme deflexed apically. Aedeagus (Figs 5 D–H) l/w = 4.2–5.1, widest near middle; each side with two (instead of only one, see Franz 2008: 6) inner separately arched rami projecting beyond dorsal margin along subapical region; lateral margins evidently sinuous; apex acutely projected and deflexed; basidorsal margin evidently triangular; basiventral margin rounded; endophallus with one basal plicate barrel-shaped sclerite; endophallus ventrally covered by large setae on apical ½ and dorsally (in the region of the ostium) with a pair of subapical plicate sclerotizations, each sclerotization large, triangular, deflexed apically and undulate on inner margin; ostium large. Aedeagal apodemes 0.8 as long as aedeagus.</p>
            <p>Female (Figs 2B, 6–7). Length 1.6–2.1 mm, width 0.7–0.9 mm, l/w = 2.2–2.6. Integument (Fig. 2B) homogeneously light brown, slightly darker on head, rostrum and anterior margin of pronotum; darker punctures on elytra and on triangular maculation of pronotum lighter than male; teneral specimens can be completely or more homogeneously lightly pigmented. Rostrum (Figs 2B, 6A) 0.4–0.5 mm, shorter than pronotum r/p = 0.7–0.8, slightly arcuate, evenly convex, apically slightly expanded; lacking carina, tumescence, expansion or tubercles; outline contiguous with head; antennal insertion near middle. Pronotum (Fig. 2B) slightly expanded, without apparent allometry (see also Franz 2008: 4; 6). Prosternum (Figs 2B, 6B): procoxal cavities as male; transversal impression in front of each procoxa much lighter than in male. Abdominal ventrites (Figs 2B, 6D): II longer than III+IV; V with posterior margin truncate. Abdominal tergites convex, with seven visible tergites; tergite VII (Fig. 6C) triangular in dorsal view, without fringe of longer microtrichia on posterior margin. Tergum VIII (Fig. 7A) concealed in the abdomen (not visible without dissection); 0.3x as long as sternum VIII, covered only by simple (unifid) setae, lateral margins acutely projected antero-ventrally; posterior margin rounded. Sternum VIII (Fig. 7C) lamina pentagonal-shaped, furcal arms weakly sclerotized, connected only by membranous, not closed, covered by 19–23 subequal short setae on distal 1/4, apices no longer setae; apodeme arcuate ventrally. Spermatheca (Fig. 7D) C-shaped, deflexed; corpus swollen; apex of cornu acuminate and deflected, without projection on outer margin at point of deflection; collum and ramus narrowly separated and not protruded; gland large, covered by spinules. Coxite (Fig. 7B) shorter than sternum VIII, bearing small simple setae, slightly narrowed and curved posteriorly, inner margin sinuous; styli (Fig. 7B) apically with three long simple setae.</p>
            <p> Type material.   Holotype male deposited in MPEG: “Brasil-PA-Belém\  Parque Estadual do Utinga \ 12-VIII-2013 \ R.M. Valente Col. [label 1], Em inflorescência de\  Evodianthus funifer \7:40 horas\Amostra 03”[label 2].  Allotype female deposited in MPEG: same as holotype .  Paratypes: same as holotype (22♂ (5 dissected), 22♀ (6 dissected), UFPA) ;  “ 12-VIII-2013, 7:00 horas, Amostra 01” (1♂, 1♀, UFPA) ;  “ 12-VIII-2013, 7:30 horas, Amostra 02” (2♂, 2♀, MZUSP) ;  “ 14-VIII-2013, 6:30 horas, Amostra 06” (2♂, 8♀, MPEG) ;  “ 14-VIII-2 0 13, 6:40 horas, Amostra 07” (2♂, 2♀ (1 dissected), UFPA) ;  “ 14-VIII-2013, 7:40 horas, Amostra 09” (2♂, 2♀, AMNH) ;  “ 16-VIII-2013, 6:20 horas, Amostra 10” (2♂, 2♀, CMNC) ;  “ 16-VIII-2013, 6:45 horas, Amostra 11” (3♂, 7♀ (1 dissected), UFPA) ;  “ 20-VIII-2013, 6:55 horas, Amostra 14” (2♂, 4♀, MPEG) ;  “ 20-VIII-2013, 9:12 horas, Amostra 18” (2♂, 2♀, MCZ) ;  “ 20-VIII-2 0 13, 9:20 horas, Amostra 19” (3♂ (1 dissected), 2♀, MPEG) ;  “ 22-VIII-2013, 6:30 horas, Amostra 21” (1♂, 1♀, MPEG) ;  “ 22-VIII-2013, 6:50 horas, Amostra 22” (8♂, 9♀, UFPA) ;  “ 22-VIII-2013, 7:06 horas, Amostra 23” (2♂ (1 dissected), 2♀, UFPA) ;  “ 22-VIII-2013, 7:36 horas, Amostra 24” (4♂, 2♀, MPEG) ;  “ 22- VIII-2013, 7:56 horas, Amostra 25” (2♂, 1♀ (1 dissected), UFPA) ;  “ 22-VIII-2 0 13, 8:50 horas, Amostra 26” (2♂, 2♀); “ 23-VIII-2013, 6:30 horas, Amostra 27” (3♂, 4♀, UFPA) ;  “ 23-VIII-2013, 6:49 horas, Amostra 28” (2♂ (1 dissected), UFPA) ;  “ 23-VIII-2013, 7:05 horas, Amostra 29” (2♂, 2♀); “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:00 horas, Amostra 30” (2♂, 2♀ (1 dissected), UFPA) ;  “ 27-VIII-2 0 13, 7:15 horas, Amostra 31” (2♂ (1 dissected), 2♀); “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:45 horas, Amostra 33” (1♂, 2♀, MPEG) ;  “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:50 horas, Amostra 34” (1♂, UFPA) ;  “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:55 horas, Amostra 35” (1♂, UFPA) ;  “ 28-VIII-2013, 7:29 horas, Amostra 42” (4♂, 5♀, UFPA) ;  “ 28-VIII-2013, 7:54 horas, Amostra 44” (3♂, 5♀, UFPA) ;  “ 28-VIII-2013, 8:18 horas, Amostra 46” (2♂, 2♀, MPEG) ;  “ 28-VIII-2013, 8:50 horas, Amostra 49” (2♂, 2♀, UFPA) ;   “Brasil-PA-Benevides \ 10-VIII-2013 \ R. M. Valente Col. [label 1], Em inflorescência de\  Evodianthus funifer \6:00–9:00 horas\”[label 2] (5♂, 11♀, UFPA)  . </p>
            <p>Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Inocêncio de Sousa Gorayeb, who mentored the senior author, and for his friendship and dedication to the study of Neotropical insects and to training students in entomology in the Amazon. The name is a noun in genitive case.</p>
            <p> Natural History.  Cotithene gorayebi has been collected on inflorescences of  Evodianthus funifer (  Cyclanthaceae, Carludovicoideae ) at two disjunct localities in the state of Pará, Brazil; i.e., Benevides (1°21’53.28”S 48°14’28.17”W) and Belém (Parque Estadual do Utinga, 1°25’S 48°25’W), both in Amazon lowland rainforest. All specimens were collected in August 2013, from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM, at elevations from 23 to 37 m above sea level. In both localities, the annual precipitation average is about 3,000 mm also the annual mean relative humidity (87%, monthly mean from 85% to 95%) and annual mean air temperature (26°C, minimum temperatures above 18 °C) vary little throughout the year (INMET 2015). The climate is tropical rainforest (Af type, Köppen-Geiger’s Climate classification) which is characterized by average precipitation of at least 60 mm in every month so without a true dry season but with a wetter season from December to May. </p>
            <p> Evodianthus funifer is a root-climbing liana widely distributed in the Neotropical region, and it is the only known species of  Evodianthus (Harling 1958, Leal &amp; Forzza 2012). Among species of Cotithene, only  Cotithene gorayebi and  C. melanoptera (the only previously known South American species of Cotithene) are known in association with inflorescences of  E. funifer , but collected from distant and ecologically different regions.  Cotithene gorayebi has been recorded from Amazon lowland rainforest whereas  C. melanoptera has been recorded in Merida and Aragua, both in a region of Venezuela far from Amazonian forest. Merida and Aragua are located at elevations from 1200 to 1600 m above sea level (Franz 2008) and covered by a mosaic of savannas, deciduous forests and cloud forests (see Huber &amp; Oliveira-Miranda 2010). The climate is humid subtropical to equatorial arid (Köppen-Geiger’s Climate classification). Moreover, the localities belong to different biogeographic domains: Pará (Brazil) belong to the Boreal Brazilian Domain while Merida and Aragua (Venezuela) belong to the Pacific Domain, both comprised in the Brazilian sub-region, Neotropical Region (see Morrone 2014).  Cotithene gorayebi is the first Amazonian representative of the genus. </p>
            <p> In the observations conducted at Parque Estadual do Utinga (Belém),  E. funifer behaved as a monoecious species with protogynous inflorescences (pistillate phase precedes staminate phase, see also Harling 1958, Gottsberger 1991). The pistillate phase (Figs 8 B–C) was short (about one day) and was recognized by droplets of exudate on pistillate flowers, stretched staminodes emitting a strong scent, and by staminate flower buds much more prominent and covering the pistillate flowers leaving just a small space above the stigmas. The staminate phase (Fig. 8D) was very short (few hours) and recognized by dried stigmas, deteriorated staminodes and the opening of the perianth and anthers. One day before the pistillate phase, inflorescences began the phase prior to anthesis with open spathes but staminodes folded and odorless (Fig. 8A). </p>
            <p> Derelomini pollinators of cyclanths are attracted to the inflorescences by the scent emitted by the staminodes during the anthesis, especially during the pistillate phase (Harling 1958; Gottsberger 1990, 1991; Eriksson 1994a; Franz 2004, 2007; Franz &amp; O’Brien 2001a, 2001b). Here, the vast majority (92%) of adults of the new species were collected during the pistillate phase (more attractive to pollinators), a mean of 37 adults (range 16–126) per inflorescence (N=25). In the staminate phase, the sampling effort was conducted at 6:00 AM so after to the departure of pollinators (see Gottsberger 1991, Franz 2007). In this phase we recorded only 8% of all adults collected with mean of 9 adults (range 1–36) per inflorescence (N=15). However, inflorescences with at least scarce staminodes/pollen recorded 20– 36 adults of  Cotithene gorayebi per inflorescence while those with fallen staminodes/released pollen (less attractive to pollinators) recorded only one to three adults. </p>
            <p> In the pistillate phase of  E. funifer , adults of  Cotithene gorayebi were observed arriving in flight at the inflorescence with the first day-light (about 6:00 AM in August 2013). They immediately began to move towards the inner spaces of the inflorescences where the pistillate flowers are located and between the closed staminate flowers (Fig. 9). At these spaces, they fed on the base of staminodes (Fig. 10A) and on the exudate present on pistillate flowers. Adults are small enough to reach the space where the stigma of female flowers are located and frequently touch the stigmas during the pistillate phase. Some adults chewed the perianth of closed staminate flowers to access the anthers (Fig. 10B), and males were observed using the head and rostrum in male-male conflicts in the vicinity of the females. In the staminate phase, adults were already occupying spaces between staminate flowers (Fig. 11) before the observation effort (6:00–10:00 AM). These behaviors, together with their abundance (see above), suggests that adults of  Cotithene gorayebi probably remain in the spaces between the closed staminate flowers until the staminate phase. They leave the inflorescences shortly after pollen has been released from anthers, often before the first day-light, as observed in other  Derelomini pollinators of cyclanths (Gottsberger 1990, 1991, Ericksson 1994a, Franz 2004, 2007). Finally, we observed pollen grains on the body of adults of  Cotithene gorayebi , especially on the prosternum. </p>
            <p> Previously known species of Cotithene are considered as non-pollinators of  Cyclanthaceae because adults are scarcely abundant on inflorescences (typically 1–2 individuals per inflorescence) and present behavior not well synchronized with anthesis phases. Moreover, larvae develop into the rachis of inflorescence and can lead infructescence abortion (Franz 2007, 2008). Here, we did not observe larvae of  Cotithene gorayebi but adults were abundant on inflorescences of  E. funifer (mean of 24 adults, N=40) and behaved synchronously with the phases of anthesis, as do other  Derelomini pollinators of cyclanths. Behavioral patterns, in addition to the small size and high abundance of adults, strongly suggests that  Cotithene gorayebi may be the first species of Cotithene described as playing a role as a pollinator of  Cyclanthaceae . If larvae in this species also cause the abortion of a fraction of intructescences,  Cotithene gorayebi is an additional example of a specialized brood pollinator that destroys seeds, a relatively rare kind of interaction between insects and plants (Hembry and Althoff 2016), which only recently has been recognized in weevils (De Medeiros et al. 2014, Nunes et al. 2018). </p>
            <p> Remarks: Franz (2008: 5) states that species of Cotithene have a subapical foveola on the inner margin of procoxa. In stereomicroscopic view we also observed this feature in  Cotithene gorayebi . Under scanning electron microscopy, we found that this foveola includes an internal circular projection (Figs 12 A–B). </p>
            <p> The mouthparts (Figs 12 C–G) of  Cotithene gorayebi are in accordance with Franz (2008: 4, Fig. 4) but scanning electron microscopy also reveals that the new species bears a subapical obtuse projection on the inner tooth of the mandible (Fig. 12D). Moreover, the maxilla (Figs 12C, E–F) bears six lacinial teeth [vs. 4–6 in the genus, see Franz 2008: 4, Fig. 4B] and the maxillary palps are 2-segmented (as in remaining Cotithene species) but maxillary palpomere II bears three elongate sensillae along the outer margin and two very small setae on the inner margin [both characters described for the first time to Cotithene]. Finally, the prementum of the labium (Figs 12C, G) is rectangular [vs. subquadrate, see Franz 2008: 4, Fig. 4C] and its large setae along lateral margin is inserted subapically [vs. medially, see Franz 2008: 4, Fig. 4C]. Also note the evident apical triangular acute projection on the outer margin of labial palpomere II (Fig. 12G) which is synapomorphic for the Cyclanthura–Cotithene clade (Franz 2006, 2008). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987C94A67FFD4E1B1FCFFF03CFE87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valente, Roberta M.;Da Silva, Paulo A. L.;De Medeiros, Bruno A. S.	Valente, Roberta M., Da Silva, Paulo A. L., De Medeiros, Bruno A. S. (2019): The first species of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) from Amazonian Brazil, with notes on its role as a pollinator of Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. (Cyclanthaceae). Zootaxa 4576 (3): 461-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4576.3.3
03A987C94A75FFD5E1B1FF75F4D1FA28.text	03A987C94A75FFD5E1B1FF75F4D1FA28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cotithene	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Revised key to the species of  Cotithene</p>
            <p>The identification key to the species of Cotithene provided by Franz (2008: 7–8) may be modified as follows to include the new species:</p>
            <p>1. Length 1.6–3.4 mm; rostrum of male in lateral view widest near basal 2/5 (see Franz 2008: e.g., Fig. 5A), pronotum slightly convex (see Franz 2008: e.g., Fig. 2B); procoxal cavities in female narrowly separated by narrow septum (Figs 2B, 6B).... 2</p>
            <p>1'. Length 4.4–6.1 mm; rostrum of male in lateral view widest near apical 2/5 (see Franz 2008: e.g., Fig. 8A), pronotum strongly expanded (see Franz 2008: e.g., Fig. 1B); procoxal cavities in female separated by about width of antennal club........... 4</p>
            <p>2(1). Head of male dorsally without any projections or long, suberect setae (Figs 2A, 3A, see also Franz 2008: Fig. 5A); spermatheca C-shaped, without projection on outer margin at point of deflection (Fig. 7D, see also Franz 2008: Fig. 9A)........... 3</p>
            <p> 2'. Head of male dorsally with convex elevation, three triangular projections and long, suberect setae (see Franz 2008: Fig. 5B); spermatheca J-shaped, with small, narrowly convex projection on outer margin near point of deflection (see Franz 2008: Fig. 9B)................................................................................  C. stratiotricha Franz</p>
            <p> 3(2). Elytral stria I shallow; procoxal cavities in male separated by about width of antennal club, rostrum of male dorsally without any tubercle (see Franz 2008: Fig. 5A); sternum VIII in female with lamina V-shaped, furcal arm with 3–5 longer setae on apex (see Franz 2008: Fig. 9A)..............................................................  C. dicranopygia Franz</p>
            <p> 3'. Elytral stria I evidently sulcate (Figs 2, 4D); procoxal cavities in male separated only by narrow septum (Figs 2A, 3D), rostrum of male with one evident tubercle on inner margin of eye (Figs 2A, 3A); sternum VIII in female with lamina pentagonalshaped, furcal arm with setae subequal in length, no longer setae on apex (Fig. 7C)......................................................................................  Cotithene gorayebi Valente, da Silva &amp; de Medeiros ,  sp. nov</p>
            <p>4(1'). Head of male dorsally without projections or longer setae, anterodorsal region rugulose, prosternum without small obtuse elevation anteriorly of each procoxal cavity, aedeagus with subapical constriction (see Franz 2008: Figs 10A,B); rostrum of female 1.7–2.1x longer than pronotum, (very) narrow, arcuate, scape not reaching eye, rostrum-head transition in lateral view slightly concave (see Franz 2008: Figs 6B, 7B).............................................................. 5</p>
            <p>4'. Head of male with small, posterior, triangular projection and longer, suberect setae, anterodorsal region slightly convex, prosternum with small obtuse elevation anteriorly of each procoxal cavity, aedeagus apically continuously narrowed (see Franz 2008: e.g., Figs 11, 12); rostrum of female 0.9–1.1 x as long as pronotum, narrow, slightly arcuate, scape reaching anterior margin of eye, rostrum-head transition in lateral view evenly convex (see Franz 2008: Fig. 8B)........................ 6</p>
            <p> 5(4). Pronotum light reddish-brown, elytra darker reddish-brown, sclerites of aedeagus ventrally expanded at apex, irregular, undulate (see Franz 2008: Fig. 10A); rostrum of female 2.0–2.1x as long as pronotum, very narrow (see Franz 2008: Fig. 6B)......................................................................................  C. leptorhamphis Franz</p>
            <p> 5'. Pronotum yellowish-brown, elytra dark brown, apex of aedeagal sclerites ventrally narrowed, acute (see Franz 2008: Fig. 10B); rostrum of female 1.7x as long as pronotum, narrow (see Franz 2008: Fig. 7B)....................  C. trigaea Franz</p>
            <p> 6(4'). Pronotum light reddish-brown, elytra dark reddish-brown; internal sac of aedeagus without ventral, subquadrate to annulate structure (see Franz 2008: Fig. 11); spermatheca slightly constricted near apical 3/5 (see Franz 2008: Fig. 11).................................................................................................  C. globulicollis Voss</p>
            <p>6'. Pronotum nearly orange, elytra dark reddish-brown to black; internal sac of aedeagus with ventral, subquadrate to annulate structure (see Franz 2008: Figs 12A, 12B); spermatheca apically gradually narrowed (see Franz 2008: Figs 12A, 12B)..... 7</p>
            <p> 7(6'). Rostrum of male without basal impression, head dorsally with sparse, long, recurvate setation, internal sac of aedeagus ventrally with complex, annulate structure (see Franz 2008: Fig. 12A); female with posterior margins of furcal arms of sternum VIII obliquely truncate, spermatheca J-shaped (see Franz 2008: Fig. 12A); Costa Rica ..............  C. anaphalanta Franz</p>
            <p> 7'. Rostrum of male with slight, basal impression, head dorsally with dense, long, recurvate, anteromedially directed setation, internal sac of aedeagus ventrally with irregular, subquadrate structure (see Franz 2008: Fig. 12B); female with posterior margins of furcal arms of sternum VIII evenly rounded, spermatheca C-shaped (see Franz 2008: Fig. 12B); Venezuela ............................................................................................  C. melanoptera Franz</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987C94A75FFD5E1B1FF75F4D1FA28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valente, Roberta M.;Da Silva, Paulo A. L.;De Medeiros, Bruno A. S.	Valente, Roberta M., Da Silva, Paulo A. L., De Medeiros, Bruno A. S. (2019): The first species of Cotithene Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) from Amazonian Brazil, with notes on its role as a pollinator of Evodianthus funifer (Poit.) Lindm. (Cyclanthaceae). Zootaxa 4576 (3): 461-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4576.3.3
