identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A887D2FF8F6938359028D0FDEFFE1D.text	03A887D2FF8F6938359028D0FDEFFE1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fulakora estevae Jacintho & Chaul & Teixeira & Barros & Lopes & Serrão 2025	<div><p>3.1.1. Fulakora estevae Jacintho &amp; Chaul sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 9C, G, M; 20B; 21B)</p><p>Type material. Holotype worker. Original label: “ BRA: MG, Viçosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.86526&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.80183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.86526/lat -20.80183)">M. Paraíso</a> -20.80183, -42.86526 01.ix.21 Manual Jacintho, G. F.; Chaul, J. ” (pinned, unique specimen identifier ANTWEB1047071, collecting event GFJ000100) [CELC] . Paratype: one worker with the same label data as the holotype (pinned, unique specimen identifier ANTWEB1047070, collecting event GFJ000100) [DZUP] . Paratype: One worker. Original label: “ BRA: MG, Viçosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.85/lat -20.8)">Mata do Paraíso</a> 20º48’S 42º51’W 11.x.2014 rotten log Winkler II. J. Chaul &amp; R. Jesus ” (pinned, unique specimen identifier UFV-LABECOL-000012, collecting event JCMC00652) [MZSP] .</p><p>Non-type material. One entirely dissected worker with the same data as the holotype (some sclerites mounted on cards and some between slides; unique specimen identifier ANTWEB1047069, collecting event GFJ000100) [CELC].</p><p>Worker diagnosis. Body mostly black, except for the orangish mandibles, antennae, and legs (Fig.2). Head longer than wide (CI 87.32–90.43), not strongly tapering posteriorly (HTI 91.92– 95.48); costate on the anterior half, smooth posteriorly (Figs.2B; 3A). Genal tooth about as long as clypeal tubercle plus its chaeta (Fig.2B; GentL 0.05, Ch+CltbL 0.04). Mandibles about 2/3 of head length (Fig.2B; ML 0.71–0.74, HL 0.86–0.89). Mesometapleural sulcus absent (Figs.2A; 5A). Propodeal corners without pale patches (Fig.2A). Petiole dorsum evidently longer than the first gaster posttergite (PtI 107.14–114.41, AIIIL 0.31–0.34); subpetiolar process reduced.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Atlantic Forest).</p><p>Measurements (mm) and indexes. Holotype. HL 0.89, HW 0.78, VxW 0.74, SL 0.46, ML 0.74, GentL 0.05, Ch+CltbL 0.04, WL 1.2, MsW 0.33, PpW 0.45, PtL 0.53, PtW 0.48, AIIIL 0.33, AIVL 0.40, AVL 0.15, AVIL 0.13, AVIIL 0.29, TL 4.64, CI 87.32, SI 52.11, MI 83.10, PtI 110.53, HTI 95.48, MFI 73.11. Other examined material (N=3). HL 0.86–0.87, HW 0.78, VxW 0.72–0.74, SL 0.44, ML 0.71–0.74, GentL 0.05, Ch+CltbL 0.04, WL 1.16–1.30, MsW 0.32–0.34, PpW 0.45–0.46, PtL 0.50–0.54, PtW 0.46–0.47, AIIIL 0.31–0.34, AIVL 0.38–0.41, AVL 0.15–0.17, AVIL 0.10, AVIIL 0.28–0.30 TL 4.48–4.69, CI 89.86–90.43, SI 50.52–50.72, MI 82.61–85.51, PtI 107.14–114.41, HTI 91.92–93.88, MFI 68.91–72.97.</p><p>Worker description. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular, longer than wide (CI 87.32–90.43), wider anteriorly than posteriorly (HTI 91.92–95.48); vertexal margin straight to slightly concave; lateral margins slightly convex (Figs. 2B, 3A). Overlapping mandibles; mandible about 4/5 as long as head (ML 0.71–0.74, HL 0.86–0.89; MI 82.61–85.51); outer margin almost straight along its basal 3/4, apically strongly curved; inner margin dentition arrangement, from apex to base: a prominent single apical tooth; a pair of rounded-tipped subapical teeth; five pairs of sharp, equally-sized, and basally fused teeth posteriorly directed, each pair with one tooth inclined dorsally and the other ventrally (Figs.2B; 3A, F); one large, broad, trapezoidal basal tooth. Anterior clypeal margin convex; medial section with five tubercles, with dentiform chaetae on their apexes, arranged as follows: medial tubercle with two chaetae diverging laterally (apparently resulted from the fusion of two tubercles); next to the medial tubercle, on each side, a thin tubercle with one chaeta inclined laterally; further laterad, a thick tubercle with two chaetae inclined laterally (apparently also resulted from the fusion of two tubercles); tubercles about two to three times their chaetae size (Fig.3B). Genal tooth acute, relatively small, longer than its base, shorter than maximum basal width of mandible, and about as long as the thinnest clypeal tubercle plus its chaeta (Fig.3E). In full-face view, the distance between frontal lobes to anterior clypeal margin about half as long as lobes; frontal carinae reach about mid-length of head, with a feeble medial sulcus between them. Compound eyes with few (about four) fused, degenerate ommatidia (Fig.3D), located just posterior to head mid-length, barely interrupting lateral margins of head in full-face view. Twelve antennomeres; scape about half as long as remaining antennomeres combined; pedicel almost as long as antennomere 3–5 combined; antennomeres 3–12 gradually increasing; antennomeres 3–11 mildly constricted apically (Fig.3C). Lateral margins of labrum concave; distal margin with a narrow medial notch between short, broad lobes (Fig.4A). Palpal formula 3, 2 (three maxillary palpomeres, two labial) (Fig.4B).</p><p>Mesosoma. In dorsal view, anterior margin of pronotum round (excluding pronotal neck), lateral margins slightly converging posteriorly; pronotum separated from the posterior mesosoma by a constriction, the promesonotal articulation (Fig.2C). Posterior to the pronotum, all mesosoma sclerites (mesothorax, metathorax, and propodeum) fused, block-like, without sutures, lines, or carinae delimiting them. In dorsal view, area corresponding to the mesonotum, metanotum, and dorsum of propodeum trapezoidal, as long as pronotum (excluding the mesothorax articulatory anterior edge); pronotum as wide as propodeum posterior (maximum) width. Articulatory anterior edge (mesothrorax presclerite) thick, sometimes visible (Fig.5A). In profile, dorsal outline of mesosoma almost straight, except for the oblique anterior pronotum and posterior propodeum faces. Latero-posterior margins of propodeum well-defined and conspicuously angled in relation to posterior surface; dorsal surface softly curving into posterior surface (Figs.2A; 5A). Metathoracic spiracle tiny, twice as distant from the propodeal spiracle as from the mesothoracic spiracle; propodeal spiracle round, just below mid-height of propodeum. Metapleural gland opening a curved slit, overlapped ventrally by a cuticular flap (Fig.5A).</p><p>Legs. Fore- and hindlegs more robust than midleg; with the legs in postero-lateral view, pro- and metafemora about 1.3x thicker than mesofemur; mesotibia shorter and thinner than pro- and metatibiae (Fig.2A). Protibial calcar fully pectinate, without velum (Fig.5D). Mesotibia with short posterior spur, which is basally glabrous with some apical microtrichia; anterior spur not observed. Anterior metatibial spur slightly longer than mesotibial posterior spur, almost glabrous, with a few inconspicuous microtrichia; posterior spur resembling the calcar, sinuous, fully pectinate with lanceolate microtrichia. Posterior surface of probasitarsal notch armed with a single stout seta; inner portion of probasitarsus without a basal projection. Basitarsal sulcus gland present on mesobasitarsus (Billen et al., 2021); absent on metabasitarsus. Pretarsal claws subequal on all legs, about the size of the fourth tarsomere, without teeth on their inner margins (Fig.5E).</p><p>Metasoma. Petiole sessile. In dorsal view, petiole longer than wide, subrectangular (Fig.2C); in lateral view, petiole longer than high, trapezoidal (Figs.2A; 5B). In lateral view, anterior margin of petiole straight to slightly concave, perpendicular to the slightly convex dorsal margin; paired protuberances just anterior to the petiolar spiracle small. In lateral view, petiolar sternite visible at the anterior two thirds of the ventral margin of the petiole, with constant width along its anterior visible half, obtusely angled at midpoint and becoming progressively narrower along its posterior visible half; laterotergite triangular, visible in lateral view at the posterior third of the ventral margin of the petiole. Petiolar sternite anterior process not surpassing anteroventral “pinch-like" fusion area of tergite; its anterior edge about half as tall as the anteroventral “pinch-like" fusion area of tergite (Ward, 1994; Keller, 2011), that lies dorsad it. Prora well-developed as a pair of swellings ventrally carinated. Helcium supraaxial (Fig.5B). Helcium and presclerites of abdominal segment IV separated from postsclerites by scrobiculate sulci (cinctus); cinctus of AIII about 0.80x as thick as cinctus of AIV, in profile. Posttergite of AIV slightly longer than that of AIII; length of posttergites V and VI subequal and the shortest in metasoma; posttergite VII (pygidium) about as long as posttergite III (Fig.2A). Poststernite VII (hypopygium) with a row of 10 stout setae on each side. Sting apparatus well-developed (Fig.5C).</p><p>Sculpturing. Major area of dorsum of head irregularly costate anteriorly until mid-height, smooth posteriorly and laterally except for foveolate piligerous punctures; frontal lobes and area between the frontal carinae mostly smooth (Figs.2B; 3A); clypeus smooth, except for clypeal tubercles; tubercles with tiny, sharp and thick, dentiform, chaetae that are spirally costulate (Fig.3B). Mandible dorsal surface irregularly costate; apical, preapical, and basal teeth smooth (Figs.2B; 3A); remaining teeth irregularly sculptured (Fig.3F). Antennal scape irregularly strigate; remaining antennomeres smooth but for piligerous punctures (Fig.3C). Mesosoma smooth, except for foveolate piligerous punctures on the pronotum and dorsum of the posterior mesosoma. Lower metapleuron costate. Presclerite of the mesonotum imbricate (Fig.5A). Legs smooth except for the foveolate piligerous punctures. Petiolar tergite anterior and anterolateral surfaces smooth, except for the imbricate area ventrad the spiracle and posterolateral foveolate piligerous punctures. Petiolar sternite imbricate. Helcium and presclerites of abdominal segment IV mostly imbricate (Fig.5B). Piligerous foveolate punctures present on the petiolar dorsum and abdominal postsclerites III– VII.</p><p>Pilosity and color. Simple, suberect to subdecumbent pilosity all over the body. Mandible with various setae oriented medially and arranged contralaterally along its inner margin, with filiform setae on the dorsal surface and spatulate setae on the ventral surface (Figs.3A, F). Clypeal anterior margin with a pair of longer filiform setae enclosing the medial tubercle laterally (Fig.3B). Labrum with simple, minute setae (Fig.4A). Antennae densely pilose. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, and lateral surface of the propodeum glabrous (Fig.5A). Legs with short pilosity; tibia and tarsi with denser pilosity than the femur. Petiole sternite with long erect setae (Fig.5B). Pilosity on metasoma slightly longer than on the mesosoma; AV–VII with longer setae; AVII with the longest and more densely distributed pilosity. Abdominal presclerites glabrous. Head and body mostly shiny black. Mandible reddish with orangish apex. Antennae orangish. Genal teeth, clypeal anterior portion, and frontal lobes brownish to reddish (Fig.2B). Pronotum and metasomal sclerites with a narrow, lighter-colored area at their posterior limits. Coxae basally black, gradually lightening distally, blending with the orangish color of the legs (Fig.2A).</p><p>Larva description. TL 4.79, CW 0.21, CL 0.18, Masuko’s TL 3.68 (N=1). Larva with meconium, at advanced development stage. Small hypognathous head. In full-face view, head slightly longer than wide; occipital margin and lateral margins of head convex. Mandibles strongly sclerotized, slender, half as long as head; in full-face view, outer margins with a notch at mid-length; in profile, posterior margins conspicuously concave; apical teeth curved medially and posteriorly. Labrum bilobed; lobes with round apex. Maxillary and labial palps not visualized; galea finger-shaped, slender and bearing two minute apical sensilla.Antennae small, round, located just posteriad the mid-length of head (Fig.6A). Body “pogonomyrmecoid” sensu Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1976), in profile somites up to AI or AII thin, abruptly thickened posteriad AIII, also strongly curving at this point. Anus ventral (Fig.6B). Spiracles not visualized. Three types of seta on body: (i) minute, stiff, slightly thickened, simple, present in all somites, more abundant on dorsum; (ii) simple, slender, flexible, slightly angled setae, about three times the size of type i, densely present in all somites, including some sparse setae on the head; (iii) same morphology of type ii, but longer and sparsely distributed dorsally on the thoracic somites and ventrally on all somites (Fig.6).</p><p>Examined material. One larva from the type series' colony fragment.</p><p>Queen, male. Unknown.</p><p>Karyology. 2n = 24 (16 metacentrics + 8 submetacentrics) (see session 3.2 for discussion).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named in honor of the Brazilian myrmecologist Flávia de Araújo Esteves, an amblyoponine specialist. The name is formed directly from a modern personal name “Esteves”. It was formed by adding -ae to the stem of her last name, “Estev”, as it reffers to a woman, according to the ICZN code's article 31.1.2. Eponym orthography is unchangeable and does not depend on the generic name for which it is applied.</p><p>Comments. In comparison to other species of the genus, F. estevae is most similar to F. agostii, F. armigera, F. cleae, F. elongata, F. lurilabes, and to certain extent, even to the strange F. heraldoi, as all share a mostly darkcolored body, clypeal chaetae arising from distinct clypeal tubercles (or platform), a relatively conserved mandibular dentition pattern, and poorly developed subpetiolar anterior process. Despite the odd appearance of F. heraldoi, with crescent-shaped mandibles, tubercles on clypeus fused into a platform, and absence of genal tooth, it is similar to these species in the other respects. Fulakora estevae differs from F. elongata and F. lurilabes by the absence of propodeal pale patches, absence of mesometanotal suture, and, from the latter, by the smooth rather than opaque vertex. The genal tooth in F. estevae is much smaller than that of F. agostii, F. armigera, and F. cleae . Moreover, it differs from F. cleae by the subrectangular head, rather than the subquadrate head. A comprehensive list of the differences and similarities between these species is presented in section 3.1.3 (see Table 1; Appendix 2).</p><p>Out of the 10 workers originally found in the colony fragment, only three became part of the type series due to an accident during the period the colony was maintained for karyological studies, where seven workers escaped from the lab colony and got lost.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887D2FF8F6938359028D0FDEFFE1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jacintho, Gabriela De Figueiredo;Chaul, Júlio Cezar Mário;Teixeira, Gisele Amaro;Barros, Luísa Antônia Campos;Lopes, Denilce Meneses;Serrão, José Eduardo	Jacintho, Gabriela De Figueiredo, Chaul, Júlio Cezar Mário, Teixeira, Gisele Amaro, Barros, Luísa Antônia Campos, Lopes, Denilce Meneses, Serrão, José Eduardo (2025): A morphological and cytogenetic study of two Fulakora Mann, 1919 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5588 (1): 77-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.3
03A887D2FF81693835902920FD1CF859.text	03A887D2FF81693835902920FD1CF859.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fulakora elongata (Santschi 1912)	<div><p>3.1.2. Fulakora elongata (Santschi, 1912)</p><p>(Figures 7; 8; 9D, F, K; 17A; 21A)</p><p>Larva. TL 3.05, CW 0.19, CL 0.18, Masuko’s TL 2.39 (N=1). Larva with meconium, at advanced development stage. Small hypognathous head. In full-face view, head slightly longer than wide; occipital and lateral margins of head convex. Mandibles strongly sclerotized and slender, having less than half the lenght of head, apical teeth directed medio-posteriorly. In profile, posterior margin of mandible concave. Labrum bilobed, with lobes about the same width as the wider region of mandible in full-face view; lobes covering mandibles dorsally. Maxillary and labial palps not visualized; galea conical and slender, bearing two well-developed apical sensilla. Antennae small, round, posteriad the mid-length of the head (Fig.8A). Body “pogonomyrmecoid” sensu Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1976); in profile somites slightly thickened posteriad, without any strong curve. Anus ventral (Fig.8B). Spiracles not visualized. Two types of setae on body: (i) simple, slightly thickened, minute, stiff setae, present in all somites except the head, more abundant on dorsum; (ii) simple, thick, erect, stiff setae, about three times the size of type i, densely present in all somites, sparsely distributed on the head (Fig.8).</p><p>Examined material. One larva from the following collect event: BRA, MG, Viçosa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.86205&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.758253" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.86205/lat -20.758253)">Mata da Biologia</a>, - 20.758253 -42.86205, 31.iii.2023, Jacintho G.F, Chaul J. (ANTWEB1053725, collecting event GFJ000102) [CELC] .</p><p>Karyology. 2n = 24 (16 metacentrics + 8 submetacentrics) (see 3.2 for discussion).</p><p>Comments. The most conspicuous difference between the larvae of both species is the type of pilosity: F. estevae has long, thin, and slightly curved setae (Fig.6), whereas F. elongata has stiffer, shorter, and thicker setae (Fig.8). It is worth noting that F. elongata has overal denser pilosity on all surfaces compared to F. estevae . Also, F. estevae is bigger than the F. elongata larvae, however, as we don’t know exactly its developmental stage, no comparison is possible.</p><p>We considered the specimens of our studied colonies to belong to F. elongata, despite some variation observed among them and the type species from Uruguay (Santschi, 1912; AntWeb, 2024). The complex taxonomic issue of this species concerning its infraspecific morphological variation requires further investigation. This is beyond the scope of this study, and involves the examination of the various types of subspecies currently synonymized under F. elongata, as well as the study of hundreds of non-type specimens from a much broader geographical range across the Neotropics than we did. Future revisionary studies must consider the larval description is attributed to the Minas Gerais population.</p><p>We examined, either physically at CELC or through images (AntWeb, 2024), specimens of the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Paraná, and Santa Catarina, and from the neighbor countries Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay (AntWeb, 2024). All specimens shared the following characters: (i) small overall body size (TL 2.74–3.18), (ii) small genal teeth, (iii) vertex smooth, at most with piligerous punctures, (iii) presence of meso-metapleural suture/ line, and (iv) propodeal pale patches. In comparison to the Uruguayan type, the Minas Gerais population has longer mandibles, slightly longer and sharper genal teeth, and broader head.</p><p>The types of F. lurilabes, a very similar species, differs from all examined populations of F. elongata by: lateral margins of head mildly tapering posteriorly; opaque/coriaceous vertexal area; A3 cinctus narrower than propodeal spiracle; and larger total length (Table 1; Appendix 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887D2FF81693835902920FD1CF859	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jacintho, Gabriela De Figueiredo;Chaul, Júlio Cezar Mário;Teixeira, Gisele Amaro;Barros, Luísa Antônia Campos;Lopes, Denilce Meneses;Serrão, José Eduardo	Jacintho, Gabriela De Figueiredo, Chaul, Júlio Cezar Mário, Teixeira, Gisele Amaro, Barros, Luísa Antônia Campos, Lopes, Denilce Meneses, Serrão, José Eduardo (2025): A morphological and cytogenetic study of two Fulakora Mann, 1919 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5588 (1): 77-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.3
03A887D2FF85692035902A48FD06FB7C.text	03A887D2FF85692035902A48FD06FB7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fulakora Mann 1919	<div><p>3.1.4. Key to the Neotropical species of Fulakora based on workers</p><p>In the Neotropics, any Amblyoponinae species that does not have the diagnostic characters of Prinopelta, particularly the typical tridentate mandibles of that genus (Ladino &amp; Feitosa, 2020), is necessarily a member of Fulakora .</p><p>Fulakora minima (Kusnezov, 1955) and Fulakora egregia (Kusnezov, 1955) are only known by males and are not considered here.</p><p>1. Frontal lobes widely separated. Mandible robust, thick along most of its length. Clypeal chaetae not rising from clypeal tubercles. Genal tooth absent. Pretarsal claws of hind legs hypertrophied (Central America up to northern Brazil) (Fig.10A)........................................................................................ mystriops Brown</p><p>- Frontal lobes closely approximated. Mandible delicate, becoming thin and sharp apically. Clypeal chaetae rising from clypeal tubercles. Genal tooth usually present. Pretarsal claws of hind legs not conspicuously enlarged (Figs.10B, C)............ 2</p><p>2. Clypeal chaetae thick, large, and blunt, originating from a platform. Genal tooth absent (Central Amazonia) (Fig.11A).................................................................................... heraldoi Lacau &amp; Delabie</p><p>- Clypeal chaetae tooth-like, small, and usually sharp-tipped, originated from clypeal tubercles. Genal tooth present or absent (Fig.11B)............................................................................................ 3</p><p>3. Chilean species. Mandibles medially thickened, as if forming a distinct basal margin. Genal tooth very small and thin. Coloration brownish or reddish, never black (Figs.12A, B)...................................................... 4 (Note 2)</p><p>- Occurring elsewhere in South America or Central America. Mandibles without a distinct basal margin. Genal tooth either small, large or absent. Coloration either yellowish, brownish, reddish or black (Figs.12C, D)............................... 5</p><p>4. Sculpturing on head dorsum shallow, head mostly smooth. Metanotal suture poorly marked (Figs.13A, B)... monrosi Brown</p><p>- Sculpturing on head dorsum conspicuous, head mostly opaque. Metanotal suture deep (Figs.13C, D)........ chilensis Mayr</p><p>5. Antenna with less than 12 antennomeres................................................................... 6</p><p>- 12-segmented antennae................................................................................ 8</p><p>6. Antenna with 11 antennomeres. Body coloration brown to ferruginous. Genal tooth present and well-developed (Caribbean) (Fig.14A)........................................................................................... 7</p><p>- Antenna with 6–9 antennomeres. Body coloration yellowish. Genal tooth absent or minute (Fig.14B).............................................................................................. degenerata Borgmeier (Note 1)</p><p>7. Foveolate piligerous punctures on head dense. Mandible shorter (ML about 0.7 mm) (Cuba) (Fig.15A).................................................................................................. bierigi Santschi (Note 2)</p><p>- Foveolate piligerous punctures on head sparse. Mandible longer (ML about 0.9 mm) (Puerto Rico) (Fig.15B)..................................................................................................... falcata Lattke</p><p>8. Subpetiolar process large, with a fenestra. Body light brown to yellowish. Head dorsum punctate. Genal tooth small but clearly discernible. Metanotal suture deep (USA, Mexico, Central America, and northern Colombia) (Fig.16)................................................................................................. orizabana Brown (Note 4)</p><p>- Subpetiolar process reduced or absent and without fenestra. Body (excluding antennae, legs and mandibles) dark brown or black, rarely lighter in coloration. Head dorsum sculpturing varying. Genal tooth either small or large. Metanotal suture absent... 9</p><p>9. Propodeum posterolateral corner with a pale patch. Small species (TL less than 4 mm)............................. 10</p><p>- Propodeum posterolateral corners without a pale patch. Usually larger species (TL more than 4 mm).................. 11</p><p>10. Lateral margins of head subparallel. Vertex smooth (Fig.17A).................................... elongata Santschi</p><p>- Lateral margins of head mildly tapering posteriorly. Vertex dull or opaque (Fig.17B).................... lurilabes Lattke</p><p>11. Head dorsum strongly sculptured up to the vertexal level. Medial clypeal tubercles separated (Fig.18A)................................................................................................... cleae Lacau &amp; Delabie</p><p>- Head dorsum smooth at the vertexal level. Medial clypeal tubercles fused (Fig.18B)............................... 12</p><p>12. Lateral margins of head more strongly tapering posteriorly. Meso-metapleural suture present (Figs.19A, B).. armigera Mayr</p><p>- Lateral margins of head mildly tapering posteriorly. Meso-metapleural suture absent (Figs.19C, D)................... 13</p><p>13. Genal tooth longer than twice clypeal tubercle plus its chaeta (Fig.20A)....................... agostii Lacau &amp; Delabie</p><p>- Genal tooth about as long as the clypeal tubercle plus its chaeta (Fig.20B)............................ estevae sp. nov.</p><p>Note 1. The type locality of F. degenerata is Santa Catarina, Brazil, where the holotype has seven antennomeres. Lacau &amp; Delabie mentioned a variation from six to seven antennomeres in their key for the species. Moreover, they mentioned an Amazonian specimen with 11 antennomeres similar to F. degenerata, which should be further examined. There are specimens from the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo in Brazil and from Honduras with nine segments, making evident that F. degenerata is a complex of various cryptic species distributed from Central America to southern South America; F. degenerata itself is likely restricted to southern Brazil .</p><p>Note 2. The original description of F. bierigi (Santschi, 1930) did not mention the number of antennomeres. The species is treated as having 12-merous antennae by Lattke (1991) and Lacau &amp; Delabie (2002); however, the holotype images show 11 antennomeres (CASENT0915097). This condition makes F. bierigi close to F. falcata, with only the characters cited in this key separating them. One paratype of F. falcat a (CASENT0102200) has the mandibles considerably smaller than the holotype, and, in fact, smaller than F. bierigi . We considered only the holotypes of both species to separate them in the key.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A887D2FF85692035902A48FD06FB7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jacintho, Gabriela De Figueiredo;Chaul, Júlio Cezar Mário;Teixeira, Gisele Amaro;Barros, Luísa Antônia Campos;Lopes, Denilce Meneses;Serrão, José Eduardo	Jacintho, Gabriela De Figueiredo, Chaul, Júlio Cezar Mário, Teixeira, Gisele Amaro, Barros, Luísa Antônia Campos, Lopes, Denilce Meneses, Serrão, José Eduardo (2025): A morphological and cytogenetic study of two Fulakora Mann, 1919 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5588 (1): 77-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.3
