taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AC301E2A6DFFD0FED2DD86FCE5FA44.taxon	description	(Figure 1) Type material Holotype. Clitellate (mature) specimen (121 mm in length, dissected) collected 15 March 2000 along Road 20 near Hsiangyang (elevations 2100 – 2300 m), Taitung County by C. F. Tsai, S. C. Tsai, H. P. Shen, S. T. Chang, H. S. Fang, H. P. Yang, and T. J. Lin (TESRI-O-H- 31). Paratypes. Two clitellates (same collection data as holotype, TESRI-O-P- 26). Other material One clitellate collected 14 March 2000 along Meilan Forest Road (elevation 2000 m) off Road 20 near Meishan, Kaohsiung County (coll. no. 2000 - 12 - Shen); one clitellate (dissected) collected 15 March 2000 along Road 20 near Likuan Bridge (elevation 2000 m), Kaohsiung County (coll. no. 2000 - 17 - Shen); one clitellate and one aclitellate (immature) specimens collected 15 March 2000 along Road 20 near Kuaigu (elevation 2500 m), Kaohsiung County (coll. no. 2000 - 19 - Shen); six clitellates (one dissected) and two aclitellates collected 15 March 2000 along Road 20 near Takuanshan-Yako Tunnel (elevation 2700 m) between Taitung and Kaohsiung counties (coll. no. 2000 - 20 - Shen); four clitellates collected 15 March 2000 along Road 20 near Yako (elevation 2700 m), Taitung County (coll. no. 2000 - 21 - Shen). All collections were made by collectors of the holotype. Diagnosis Small to medium; length (clitellates) 50 – 121 mm. Segments numbering 61 – 103. Setae 30 – 41 in VII, 40 – 51 in XX, 8 – 13 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 5 / 6 or 6 / 7. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, 0.28 – 0.32 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.27 – 0.3 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a round porophore surrounded by one to three shallow skin folds, with one to eight genital papillae at medioanterior and / or medio-posterior portion outside the skin folds. Genital papillae tiny, in transverse patches between setal line and intersegmental furrow, presetal in VIII – IX, XVIII – XIX and occasionally in XX, and postsetal in XVII – XVIII and occasionally in XIX. Spermathecae four pairs in VI – IX. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII. Prostate glands large, mostly in rectangular shape with follicular surface in XVI – XIX or XVII – XX. Prostatic duct short, C-shaped or U-shaped. Accessory glands stalked, corresponding to external genital papillae, each small with a round head and a slender stalk. Description External characters. Total length (clitellates) 50 – 121 mm. Weight 0.46 – 1.16 g. Segments numbering 61 – 103. Clitellum XIV – XVI, length 2.74 – 4.11 mm and width 1.98 – 3.96 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setal number 30 – 41 in VII, 40 – 51 in XX, and 8 – 13 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 5 / 6 or 6 / 7. Spermathecal pores four pairs, each small, lip-like elevation, in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, distance between paired pores 0.28 – 0.32 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae tiny, round, tubercle-like, and highly variable in number and positions (Table 1). Presetal papillae in transverse patches between setal line and intersegmental furrow; the number 5 – 37 in VIII and 5 – 40 in IX. No preclitellar papilla in the postsetal portion and in the vicinity of spermathecal pores (Figure 1 A). Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.27 – 0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Each pore on a round porophore about 0.35 mm in diameter, surrounded by one to three shallow skin folds, with one to eight genital papillae at medio-anterior and / or medioposterior portion outside the skin folds (Figure 1 B). Postclitellar papillae similar in shape and size to those in the preclitellar region, also in transverse patches between male pores (Figure 1 B); presetal papillae 20 – 61 in XVIII, 8 – 59 in XIX and 0 – 1 in XX; postsetal papillae 0 – 8 in XVII, 0 – 5 in XVIII and 0 – 3 in XIX (Table 1). Preserved specimens pinkish brown on head and dorsum, light brown on ventrum, and dark pinkish brown on clitellum. Internal characters. Septa 5 / 6 – 7 / 8 and 10 / 11 – 13 / 14 thick, 8 / 9 / 10 missing. Nephridial tufts thick on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large, round in VIII – X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII – XXIV, each simple, slender, slightly folded with white end that bent toward the dorsum (Figure 1 F). Oesophageal hearts in XI – XIII. Spermathecae four pairs in VI – IX, varied in sizes and shapes (Figure 1 C). Each with a round or oval-shaped ampulla 0.7 – 3.27 mm long and 0.4 – 2.18 mm wide, and a slender to stout spermathecal stalk 0.37 – 0.87 mm in length. Diverticulum with a small, oval-shaped seminal chamber and a slender stalk 0.6 – 1.0 mm in length, that is as long as or slightly longer than the spermathecal stalk. Holandry. Testes two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI; first pair large. Vas efferens connected in XI on each side to form a vas deferens. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, normal, medium-sized or large, occupying the full compartment, follicular surface with a round dorsal lobe (Figure 1 D). Prostate glands large, mostly in rectangular shape with follicular surface in XVI – XIX or XVII – XX. Prostatic duct short, C-shaped or U-shaped (Figure 1 E). Accessory glands stalked, transparently white in colour, corresponding to external genital papillae; each gland small with a round head 0.15 – 0.47 mm long and a slender stalk 0.15 – 1.5 mm in length in both preclitellar and postclitellar regions (Figure 1 C, E). Etymology The name pavimentus is given to this species to indicate the mosaic-like pavement of genital papillae in the mid-ventral portion. Remarks	en	Tsai, Chu-Fa, Shen, Huei-Ping, Tsai, Su-Chen (2010): Four new species of Amynthas earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Central Mountain Range of southern Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 44 (21 - 22): 1251-1267, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003624788, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003624788
03AC301E2A69FFDCFEE6DD93FD2BFDA6.taxon	description	(Figure 2) Type material Holotype. Clitellate (72 mm in length, dissected) collected 16 March 2000 along the Yenping Forest Road (elevation 1000 m) near Hongyeh, Taitung County by C. F. Tsai, S. C. Tsai, H. P. Shen, S. T. Chang, H. S. Fang, H. P. Yang, and T. J. Lin (TESRI-O-H- 32). Paratypes. Three clitellates (same collection data as holotype, TESRI-O-P- 27). Diagnosis Small earthworm; length (clitellates) 55 – 72 mm. Segments numbering 62 – 71. Setae 32 – 38 in VII, 34 – 41 in XX, and 9 – 11 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 5 / 6. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, 0.27 – 0.28 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.24 – 0.27 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a round porophore surrounded by one to three shallow skin folds. Genital papillae tiny, in horizontal rows, one presetal with or without one postsetal, closely along the setal lines in VII – IX, XVII, XIX and occasionally XX. In addition, horizontal rows of smaller genital papillae closely along the intersegmental furrows, one anterior and one posterior to each of 17 / 18, 18 / 19 and occasionally 19 / 20. No genital papillae in the vicinity of the male pores. No presetal or postsetal papillae in XVIII. Spermathecae four pairs in VI – IX. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, large, occupying one and a half segments. Prostate glands large, lobed with follicular surface in XVII – XX. Prostatic duct short, C-shaped or U-shaped. Accessory glands corresponding to external genital papillae in both preclitellar and postclitellar regions, each small with a round head and a slender stalk. Description External characters. Total length (clitellates) 55 – 72 mm. Weight 0.22 – 0.36 g. Segments numbering 62 – 71. Clitellum XIV – XVI, length 2.6 – 2.64 mm and width 2.31 – 3.03 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setal number 32 – 38 in VII, 34 – 41 in XX, and 9 – 11 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 5 / 6. Spermathecal pores four pairs, each small, oval in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6 – 8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.27 – 0.28 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae tiny, round, tubercle-like, arranged in horizontal rows, one presetal and / or postsetal, closely along the setal lines in VII – IX (Figure 2 A). The number of presetal papillae 0 – 5 in VII, 0 – 15 in VIII and 4 – 14 in IX; number of postsetal papillae 0 – 4 in VII, 9 – 15 in VIII and 5 – 15 in IX. No papillae in vicinity of the spermathecal pores and along intersegmental furrows. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.24 – 0.27 body circumference ventrally apart. Each pore on a round porophore surrounded by one to three shallow skin folds. No genital papillae in the vicinity of the male pores. Genital papillae in horizontal rows closely along the setal lines in XVII, XIX and occasionally XX, similar to those in the spermathecal region. In addition, horizontal rows of smaller genital papillae closely along the intersegmental furrows, one anterior and one posterior to each of 17 / 18, 18 / 19 and occasionally 19 / 20 (Figure 2 B). The number of presetal papillae 0 – 11 in XVII and 0 – 14 in XIX; number of postsetal papillae 0 – 10 in XVII, 5 – 12 in XIX and 0 – 7 in XX. Total number (prefurrow and postfurrow papillae combined) 19 – 34 in 17 / 18, 23 – 39 in 18 / 19 and 0 – 22 in 19 / 20. No presetal or postsetal papillae in XVIII. Preserved specimens pinkish brown on head and dorsum, light brown on ventrum, and dark pinkish brown on clitellum. Internal characters. Septa 6 / 7 / 8 and 11 / 12 / 13 thick, 8 / 9 / 10 missing. Nephridial tufts thick on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII – X, rectangular shape, white in colour. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII or XXIV, each simple, slender, distal end either straight or bent dorsally (Figure 2 F). Oesophageal hearts in XI – XIII. Spermathecae four pairs in VI – IX, each with a round or oval-shaped ampulla 1.17 – 1.58 mm long and 0.59 – 1.12 mm wide, and a slender spermathecal stalk 0.19 – 0.49 mm in length. Diverticulum with a small, oval-shaped seminal chamber and a slender stalk 0.59 – 0.65 mm in length, that is longer than the spermathecal stalk (Figure 2 C). Holandry. Testes small, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII, folliculated with a round dorsal lobe, occupying one and a half segments (Figure 2 D). Prostate glands large, lobed with follicular surface in XVII – XX. Prostatic duct short, C- or U-shaped (Figure 2 E). Accessory glands corresponding to external genital papillae in both preclitellar and postclitellar regions. Each small with a round head 0.13 – 0.31 mm long and a slender stalk 0.35 – 1.25 mm in length (Figure 2 C, E). Etymology The name libratus is given to this species with reference to the “ horizontal line ” in the arrangement of its genital papillae. Remarks	en	Tsai, Chu-Fa, Shen, Huei-Ping, Tsai, Su-Chen (2010): Four new species of Amynthas earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Central Mountain Range of southern Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 44 (21 - 22): 1251-1267, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003624788, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003624788
03AC301E2A65FFDBFEFADA33FE0CFDFE.taxon	description	(Figure 3) Type material Holotype. Clitellate (86 mm in length, dissected) collected 16 March 2000 near Hsinwu (elevation 412 m), Taitung County by C. F. Tsai, S. C. Tsai, H. P. Shen, S. T. Chang, H. S. Fang, H. P. Yang, and T. J. Lin (TESRI-O-H- 33). Paratypes. Two clitellates collected 16 March 2000 along Yenping Forest Road (elevation 1000 m) near Hongyeh Village, Taitung County by the same collectors of the holotype (TESRI-O-P- 28). Other material One clitellate (dissected) collected 15 March 2000 at Meishanko (elevation 1000 m) along Road 20, Kaohsiung County by the same collectors of the holotype (coll. no. 2000 - 15 - Shen); one amputated clitellate (same collection data as holotype, coll. no. 2000 - 25 - Shen). Diagnosis Small earthworm; length (clitellates) 61 – 86 mm. Segments numbering 72 – 97. Setae 33 – 40 in VII, 41 – 48 in XX, and 8 – 12 between male pores. Spermathecal pores four pairs, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, 0.28 – 0.29 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.24 – 0.3 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a round porophore about 0.3 mm in diameter with concave centre. A pair of large genital papillae in XVIII, each papilla round, about 0.5 mm in diameter, closely adjacent to the male porophore at the medio-posterior portion immediately posterior to the setal line. No genital papillae in the preclitellar region. Spermathecae four pairs in VI – IX. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, each small, with a prominent and round or peach-shaped dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, deeply divided into five or six lobes with follicular surface in XVI – XX. Prostatic duct U-shaped, proximal portion enlarged. A large accessory gland with folliculated patch extending longitudinally near the proximal end of the prostatic duct, corresponding to each external genital papilla. Description External characters. Total length (clitellates) 61 – 86 mm. Weight 0.31 – 0.67 g. Segments numbering 72 – 97. Clitellum XIV – XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, 2.05 – 2.4 mm in length and 2.63 – 3.32 mm in width. Prostomium epilobous. Setal number 33 – 40 in VII, 41 – 48 in XX, and 8 – 12 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores four pairs, each small, not easily detectable, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, distance between paired pores 0.28 – 0.29 body circumference ventrally apart. No genital papillae in the preclitellar region. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired on setal line in XVIII, 0.24 – 0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Each pore on a round porophore about 0.3 mm in diameter with concave centre. A pair of genital papillae in XVIII, each papilla round, about 0.5 mm in diameter (larger than male porophore), closely adjacent to the male porophore at the medio-posterior portion immediately posterior to the setal line; both porophore and genital papilla surrounded by one or two skin folds (Figure 3 A). Preserved specimens pinkish brown on head and dorsum, light brown on ventrum, and dark pinkish brown on clitellum. Internal characters. Septa 5 / 6 – 7 / 8 and 10 / 11 – 13 / 14 thick, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts thick on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large, round in VIII – X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII or XXIV, each simple, slightly folded, the end straight or bent dorsally (Figure 3 E). Oesophageal hearts in XI – XIII. Spermathecae four pairs in VI – IX, each with a conical or peach-shaped ampulla of 0.9 – 1.11 mm long and 0.45 – 0.68 mm wide, and a slender to stout spermathecal stalk of 0.45 – 0.79 mm that is about one-half to two-thirds of the ampullar length. Diverticulum with a small, oval-shaped seminal chamber and a slender stalk 0.35 – 0.75 mm in length, about the same length to spermathecal stalk (Figure 3 B). Holandry. Testes small or large, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Vas efferens connected in XII on each side to form a vas deferens. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, each small, with a prominent and round or peach-shaped dorsal lobe (Figure 3 C). Prostate glands large, deeply divided into five or six lobes with follicular surface in XVI – XX. Prostatic duct U-shaped, in XVIII or XVII – XVIII, proximal portion enlarged. A large sessile accessory gland with folliculated patch extending longitudinally near the proximal end of the prostatic duct, corresponding to each external genital papilla (Figure 3 D). Etymology The name biorbis is given to this species to indicate the large, paired genital papillae adjacent to the male porophores. Remarks	en	Tsai, Chu-Fa, Shen, Huei-Ping, Tsai, Su-Chen (2010): Four new species of Amynthas earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Central Mountain Range of southern Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 44 (21 - 22): 1251-1267, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003624788, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003624788
03AC301E2A62FFC6FE1BDA11FE1FFA3B.taxon	description	(Figure 4) Type material Holotype. Clitellate (195 mm in length, dissected) collected 16 March 2000 along the Yenping Forest Road (elevation 950 m) near Hongyeh Village, Taitung County by C. F. Tsai, S. C. Tsai, H. P. Shen, S. T. Chang, H. S. Fang, H. P. Yang, and T. J. Lin (TESRI-O-H- 34). Paratype. One clitellate (amputated, same collection data as holotype, TESRI-O- P- 29). Other material One clitellate (dissected) collected 16 March 2000 along the Yenping Forest Road (elevation 1000 m) near Hongyeh, Taitung County by the same collectors as for the holotype (coll. no. 2000 - 27 - Shen). Diagnosis Medium earthworm; length (clitellates) 140 – 195 mm. Segments numbering 87 – 136. Setae 52 – 57 in VII, 65 – 78 in XX, and 12 – 14 between male pores. Spermathecal pores three pairs, small, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7 – 8 / 9, 0.26 – 0.29 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.23 – 0.24 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a round, white porophore 0.55 – 0.8 mm in diameter, surrounded by one or two shallow skin folds. Two pairs of large, round genital papillae, each 0.6 – 0.85 mm in diameter, with depressed centre of 0.3 – 0.45 mm in diameter, located slightly medially to male porophores at presetal portions in XVIII and XIX. Genital papillae absent in preclitellar region. Spermathecae three pairs in VII – IX; ampulla large, oval or peach-shaped, surface wrinkled, with a short, stout stalk. Diverticulum with an oval-shaped seminal chamber and a slender stalk. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII. Prostate glands large, folliculated in XVII – XX. Prostatic duct long, U-shaped in XVII – XVIII. Accessory glands sessile, each oval-shaped, corresponding to its external genital papilla. Description External characters. Total length (clitellates) 140 – 195 mm. Weight 2.64 – 4.06 g. Segments numbering 87 – 136. Clitellum XIV – XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 5.35 – 6.33 mm and width 5.28 – 5.42 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Three annulets (secondary segments) per segment in VII – XIII. Setal number 52 – 57 in VII, 65 – 78 in XX, and 12 – 14 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores three pairs, small, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7 – 8 / 9 (Figure 4 A), distance between paired pores 0.26 – 0.29 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae absent in the preclitellar region. Female pore single, midventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.23 – 0.24 body circumference ventrally apart. Each pore on a round, white porophore 0.55 – 0.8 mm in diameter, surrounded by one or two shallow skin folds. Two pairs of large, round genital papillae, each 0.6 – 0.85 mm in diameter, slightly larger or as large as the porophore, with depressed centre 0.3 – 0.45 mm in diameter, located slightly medially to the porophore at the presetal portions in XVIII and XIX (Figure 4 B), and an additional pair in XX for paratype. Preserved specimens purple brown on head and dorsum, light brown on ventrum, and dark purple brown around clitellum. Setal ring white, distinctive. Internal characters. Septa 5 / 6 – 7 / 8 and 10 / 11 thick, 11 / 12 – 13 / 14 muscular. Nephridial tufts thick on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard in VIII – X, large, yellowish in colour. Intestine enlarged from XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII or XXIV, each simple, slender, slightly wrinkled (Figure 4 G). Oesophageal hearts in XI – XIII. Spermathecae three pairs in VII – IX, ampulla large, oval or peach-shaped, surface wrinkled, each 2.66 – 3.65 mm long and 1.63 – 2.54 mm wide, with a short, stout spermathecal stalk 0.35 – 0.57 mm in length. Diverticulum with an oval-shaped seminal chamber and a slender stalk 1.2 – 1.65 mm in length that are about twofold to more than threefold of the spermathecal stalk length (Figure 4 C). Holandry. Testes large, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Vas efferens connected in XII on each side to form a vas deferens. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, large, occupying the full compartment, anterior pair larger, each vesicle with a round, finely folliculated dorsal lobe, darker in colour (Figure 4 D). Prostate glands large, lobed, folliculated, in XVII – XX. Prostatic duct long, U-shaped in XVII – XVIII (Figure 4 E). Accessory glands sessile, each oval-shaped, about 0.55 mm long, corresponding to its external genital papilla (Figure 4 F). Etymology The name hongyehensis is given to this species with reference to the nearest village of its type locality. Remarks	en	Tsai, Chu-Fa, Shen, Huei-Ping, Tsai, Su-Chen (2010): Four new species of Amynthas earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Central Mountain Range of southern Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 44 (21 - 22): 1251-1267, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003624788, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003624788
