taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A1AA57DC42FFC86AFBFEBFFDDBFE64.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pyrgula nevadensis Stearns, 1883, by original designation Diagnosis: Liu & Hershler 2005: 296.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	description	Types. Holotype (Fig. 3 A), USNM 1102148, Tudor Warm Springs, east side of Owyhee River, second spring from north, Malheur County, Oregon (484936 E, 4708680 N), 11 / v / 2007, Robert Hershler, William H. Clark & Shaney Rockefeller. Paratypes, USNM 1116914 (from same lot, 751 specimens); USNM 1102161 (453 specimens), 12 / v / 2007, Robert Hershler & William H. Clark.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In honor of recently deceased colleague Terrence J. Frest, who made tremendous contributions to the study and conservation of the nonmarine mollusks of the Pacific Northwest through his extensive fieldwork, documentation of previously little known faunas, and staunch environmental advocacy.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. OREGON. Malheur County. USNM 1097817, spring tributary to Owyhee River upflow from Tudor Warm Springs, 484401 E, 4707220 N, 11 / x / 2006. USNM 1097818, spring complex along Owyhee River upflow from Tudor Warm Springs, 483313 E, 4705913 N, 11 / x / 2006. USNM 873474, above Three Forks, T. 35 S, R. 45 E, E 1 / 2 SW 1 / 4 sec. 3, 15 / i / 1987. USNM 892084, Tudor Warm Springs, east side of river, second spring from north, 485020 E, 4708400 N, 23 / ix / 1989. USNM 1071457, ibid., 485060 E, 4708420 N, 25 / ix / 2002. USNM 1102151, Tudor Warm Springs, east side of river, third spring from north, 484935 E, 4708661 N, 12 / v / 2007. USNM 892082, Tudor Warm Springs, east side of river, fourth spring from north, 485040 E, 4708330 N, 23 / ix / 1989. USNM 1092856, ibid., 484949 E, 4708640 N, 19 / vii / 2006. USNM 1102147, ibid., 484950 E, 4708634 N, 11 / v / 2007. USNM 892083, Tudor Warm Springs, west side of river, first spring north of mouth of Warm Springs Canyon, 484920 E, 4708520 N, 23 / ix / 1989. USNM 1092860, Tudor Warm Springs, west side of river, second spring north of mouth of Warm Springs Canyon, 484853 E, 4708749 N, 19 / vii / 2006. USNM 1102146, ibid., 484851 E, 4708753 N, 11 / v / 2007.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small species of Pyrgulopsis having a low-spired, globose or trochiform shell with medium to highly convex whorls. Penis having a small lobe and short filament; penial ornament consisting of a large, disc-shaped ventral gland.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	description	Description. Shell subglobose or trochiform (Fig. 3 A – C); height about 1.3 – 2.7 mm; whorls 3.0 – 4.0. Periostracum light brown, thin. Protoconch near planispiral, often eroded, about 1.3 whorls, diameter about 330 µm, surface weakly wrinkled near apex, otherwise smooth (Fig. 3 D – E). Teleoconch whorls medium or highly convex, variably shouldered; sculpture of strong, collabral growth lines. Aperture large, broadly ovate, slightly angled adapically. Inner lip usually adnate, rarely slightly disjunct, often nearly straight, thin or slightly thickened internally, without columellar shelf; outer lip thin, prosocline. Umbilicus narrow or perforate. Shell measurements (mean ± standard deviation in parentheses): height 2.06 – 2.67 mm (2.24 + 0.14), width 1.79 – 2.26 mm (1.98 + 0.12), body whorl height 1.87 – 2.27 mm (2.02 + 0.10), body whorl width 1.38 – 1.71 mm (1.54 + 0.08), aperture height 1.18 – 1.63 mm (1.33 + 0.09), aperture width 1.09 – 1.34 mm (1.20 + 0.06), shell width / height 0.82 – 0.97 (0.88 + 0.04), body whorl height / shell height 0.85 – 0.94 (0.90 + 0.02), aperture height / shell height 0.55 – 0.65 (0.60 + 0.03) (paratypes, USNM 1116914, n = 29). Measurements of holotype: height 2.67 mm, width 2.03 mm, body whorl height 2.16 mm, body whorl width 1.74 mm, aperture height 1.30 mm, aperture width 1.22 mm, shell width / height 0.76, body whorl height / shell height 0.81, aperture height / shell height 0.49, 4.0 whorls. Operculum thin, flat, amber-colored, multispiral with eccentric nucleus; last half whorl weakly frilled on outer side (Fig. 3 F); inner side sometimes having weakly rimmed along outer edge, attachment scar border smooth to slightly thickened almost all around (Fig. 3 G – H). Radula taenioglossate (Fig. 4 A), with about 55 well-formed rows of teeth. Central teeth (Fig. 3 B) about 33 µm wide, cutting edge strongly concave; lateral cusps 5 – 8; central cusp narrow, pointed, sometimes parallel-sided proximally; basal cusp 1, small; basal tongue U-shaped, about as long as lateral margins. Lateral tooth (Fig. 4 C) face rectangular, angled; central cusp large, pointed, parallel-sided proximally; lateral cusps 2 – 4 (inner), 3 – 5 (outer); outer wing rather broad, straight, about 145 % length of cutting edge; basal tongue weakly developed. Inner marginal teeth having 15 – 20 cusps (Fig. 4 D). Outer marginal teeth having 15 – 21 small cusps (Fig. 4 E); inner edge having long, rectangular wing (Fig. 4 F). Head-foot generally dark brown. Cephalic tentacles light brown dorsally, proximal half sometimes darker, ventral surfaces nearly pale. Distal lips of snout pale. Sole of foot pale or grey. Pallial roof, visceral dark brown or black dorsally. Ctenidium well developed, positioned a little in front of pericardium; ctenidial filaments about 18, rather small. Osphradium narrow, positioned posterior to middle of ctenidium. Prostate gland small, bean-shaped, almost entirely visceral. Anterior vas deferens opening from ventral edge of prostate gland a little in front of pallial wall, section of duct on columellar muscle having prominent bend. Penis (Fig. 5 A – B) large, base rectangular, inner edge weakly folded proximally; filament short, tapering, slightly oblique, distal tip sometimes folded; lobe short, rectangular or tapering, horizontal or slightly oblique. Ventral gland large, disc-shaped, slightly elevated, composed on numerous small units, proximally positioned (Fig. 5 B). Penial duct very narrow, nearly straight. Penial filament containing a dense core of black pigment; penis otherwise pigmented with a few black granules distally. Female glandular oviduct and associated structures shown in Figure 5 C – D. Coiled oviduct a circular or vertical loop. Bursa copulatrix small, ovate, horizontal or slightly oblique, largely or entirely overlapped by and sometimes partly embedded within albumen gland. Bursal duct slightly shorter to slightly longer than bursa, opening from distal edge. Seminal receptacle absent. Albumen gland longer than capsule gland, entirely visceral or with very short pallial section. Capsule gland composed of two distinct tissue sections. Genital aperture a terminal slit.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Pyrgulopsis fresti is distributed along a short reach of the Owyhee River above Three Forks (Fig. 1). This species was previously thought to be endemic to Tudor Warm Springs (Frest & Johannes 1995, as Owyhee hot springsnail). The two additional populations reported herein were discovered during a survey that was focused on riverine hydrobiids (Myler & Hopper 2006). Additional surveys of seeps and springs along the Owyhee River in southeastern Oregon will be needed to accurately delineate the geographic range of this species. Pyrgulopsis fresti lives on loose cobble and basalt rock faces in very shallow, thermal (ca. 24 – 33 º C.) spring runs and is sometimes found in sympatry with P. owyheensis; additional ecological details are provided by Frest & Johannes (1995).	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC42FFCB6AFBFDE6FC2FF87E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pyrgulopsis fresti is readily distinguished from other congeners living in the Owyhee River basin and adjacent drainages by its broad, low-spired shell and distinctive glandular ornament on its penis. It also differs from these species in lacking a seminal receptacle, a character which it uniquely shares with P. arizonae (Taylor, 1987) (see Taylor 1987, fig. 15 d, e), and in its mitochondrial DNA sequences (Table 2). Pyrgulopsis fresti is further differentiated from P. bruneauensis Hershler, 1990, the only other congener endemic to thermal springs in the Snake River basin, by its larger penial lobe and shorter penial filament (compare Fig. 5 B with Hershler, 1990, fig. 6). The COI sequence divergence between these two species is 7.7 – 8.9 % (Liu & Hershler unpublished). Eight congeners which live in drainages well to the south of the Snake River basin have penial ornament similar to that of P. f re s t i (Hershler & Sada, 2002: 271, “ species group 2 ”). As noted in the Diagnosis (above), one of these species (P. arizonae) uniquely shares with P. fresti the absence of a seminal receptacle. However, the COI sequence divergence between these two species is 8.8 – 9.2 % (Liu & Hershler unpublished), which suggests that they are not close relatives. None of the remaining seven species is closely related to P. fresti either based on our molecular evidence (Liu & Hershler unpublished). Pyrgulopsis fresti appears to be another example of a morphologically and genetically divergent, narrowly endemic springsnail lineage associated with thermal spring habitats (Liu & Hershler 2005). Specimens from the Tudor Warm Springs localities varied somewhat in terms of spire height, whorl convexity and thickening of the inner shell lip (Fig. 3 A – C). The few individuals collected from the two upriver sites (not figured) differed from the above in having weaker shouldering of the teleoconch whorls. The single sequenced specimen from the west side of the river at Tudor Warm Springs (IP 69) differed from those collected on the east side (IP 68, P 176, P 210, P 212) by 2.1 % sequence divergence and from specimens obtained from the two upriver sites (P 207, P 208) by 2.0 % (1.6 – 2.5 %). (The other two groups differed from each other by only 0.9 % [0.6 – 1.2 %].) This level of divergence falls within the range of values documented for other congeners (1.1 - 13.1 % for COI, Liu & Hershler 2005). Additional sequencing may provide the basis for recognizing the western Tudor Warm Springs population as a distinct conservation unit. Radular count data were from USNM 1092860, USNM 1102161.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	description	Types. Holotype (Fig. 6 A), USNM 883435, Owyhee Spring, T. 32 S, R. 42 E, SE 1 / 4 sec. 6, Gary L. Vinyard, 27 / vii / 1993. Paratypes, USNM 1116915 (from same lot, 2283 specimens).	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A geographic epithet referring to the distribution of this species in the Owyhee Uplands region.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. OREGON. Malheur County. USNM 883448, Cherry Spring, T. 36 S, R. 43 E, sec. 14, 29 / vii / 1993. USNM 883437, Tree Spring, T. 35 S, R. 41 E, sec. 36, 29 / vii / 1993. USNM 1092853, 1092854, ibid., 447555 E, 4700938 E, 16 / vii / 2006, 18 / vii / 2006. USNM 1106163, USNM 1102150, ibid., 447559 E, 4700915 E, 11 / v / 2007, 13 / v / 2007. USNM 1115387, spring tributary to Owyhee River upflow from Tudor Warm Springs, 484401 E, 4707220 N, 11 / x / 2006. USNM 1070694, USNM 1071458, USNM 1115399, Tudor Warm Springs, east side of river, second spring from north, 485060 E, 4708420 N, 25 / ix / 2002. USNM 1115389, USNM 1115400, ibid., 484936 E, 4708680 N, 11 / v / 2007, 12 / v / 2007. USNM 1115390, Tudor Warm Springs, east side of river, third spring from north, 484935 E, 4708661 N, 12 / v / 2007. USNM 1115401, Tudor Warm Springs, west side of river, second spring north of mouth of Warm Springs Canyon, 484853 E, 4708749 N, 19 / vii / 2006. USNM 1071259, springs on south side of Owyhee River, 0.32 km west of Sand Hollow, 455620 E, 4736750 N, 24 / ix / 2002. USNM 883450, spring 1.6 km east-southeast of Owyhee Spring, T. 32 S, R. 42 E, sec. 6, 27 / vii / 1993. JFBM 20915, Owyhee Spring, T. 32 S, R. 42 E, sec. 6, 18 / v / 1982. USNM 1070697, USNM 1071456, ibid., 450500 E, 473600 N, 26 / ix / 2002. USNM 1092819, Owyhee Spring, first spring south of main spring, 450415 E, 4737821 N, 16 / vii / 2006. USNM 1102149, USNM 1102162, ibid., 450422 E, 4737819 N, 11 / v / 2007, 13 / v / 2007. USNM 1107068, seep wall on west side of Owyhee River, just above mouth of Crooked Creek, 443352 E, 4747342 N, 5 / ix / 2007. USNM 1107070, spring on east side of Owyhee River below mouth of Crooked Creek, 443026 E, 4749973 N, 5 / ix / 2007. USNM 1115388, spring on east side of Owyhee River, above Long Sweetwater rapids, 442355 E, 4753770 N, 6 / ix / 2007. USNM 1107073, Weeping Wall springs, west side of Owyhee River, just below mouth of Granite Creek, 440473 E, 4760771 N, 6 / ix / 2007. USNM 1107074, spring on east side of Owyhee River, above Artillery rapids, 443011 E, 4765226 N, 7 / ix / 2007. USNM 1102152, Kane Springs, 462846 E, 4846953 N, 15 / v / 2007.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small to medium-sized species having an ovate to narrow conic shell with medium to highly convex whorls. Penis having a medium-sized lobe and medium length filament; penial ornament consisting of a transverse terminal gland; a penial gland; and a well-developed, distally positioned ventral gland.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	description	Description. Shell (Fig. 6 A – I) ovate to narrow conic, height about 1.6 – 3.3 mm; whorls, 3.50 – 4.75. Periostracum tan or dark brown, thin. Protoconch (Fig. 6 J – K) near planispiral, about 1.5 whorls, diameter about 350 µm, surface entirely smooth or weakly wrinkled on initial 0.75 whorl. Teleoconch whorls medium or highly convex, narrowly and sometimes distinctively shouldered (Fig. 6 A), last 0.5 – 0.25 whorl sometimes slightly loosened (Fig. 6 E); sculpture of collabral growth lines. Aperture ovate, angled adapically. Inner lip usually disjunct, rarely adnate, usually thickened internally; columellar shelf absent; outer lip thin, weakly prosocline or orthocline. Umbilicus narrow or perforate; umbilical area sometimes having a narrow, adapertural groove. Shell measurements (mean ± standard deviation in parentheses): height 2.13 – 2.78 mm (2.53 + 0.16), width 1.79 – 2.19 mm (2.00 + 0.11), body whorl height 1.87 – 2.39 mm (2.13 + 0.12), body whorl width 1.43 – 1.89 mm (1.69 + 0.10), aperture height 1.19 – 1.41 mm (1.29 + 0.06), aperture width 1.05 – 1.32 mm (1.17 + 0.07), shell width / height 0.69 – 0.91 (0.79 + 0.05), body whorl height / shell height 0.78 – 0.88 (0.84 + 0.02), aperture height / shell height 0.46 – 0.56 (0.51 + 0.03) (USNM 1116915, n = 30). Measurements of holotype: height 2.29 mm, width 1.99 mm, body whorl height 1.97 mm, body whorl width 1.45 mm, aperture height 1.34 mm, aperture width 1.19 mm, shell width / height 0.87, body whorl height / shell height 0.86, aperture height / shell height 0.58, 3.75 whorls. Operculum thin, flat, amber-colored, multispiral with eccentric nucleus; last half whorl usually frilled on outer side (Fig. 7 A – B); inner side sometimes having a distinct rim along outer edge (Fig. 7 C), attachment scar border slightly thickened along inner edge to strongly thickened almost all around (Fig. 7 C – F). Radula taenioglossate (Fig. 8 A), with about 50 well-formed rows of teeth. Central teeth (Fig. 8 B) about 27 µm wide; cutting edge concave, sometimes strongly so; lateral cusps 4 – 6; central cusp narrow, considerably longer than lateral cusps, pointed, parallel-sided proximally; basal cusp 1, small; basal tongue V-shaped, length about equal to lateral margins. Lateral tooth (Fig. 8 C) face rectangular, angled; central cusp large, hoe-shaped; lateral cusps 2 – 3 (inner), 2 – 4 (outer); outer wing rather broad, straight, about 160 % length of cutting edge; basal tongue well developed. Inner marginal teeth (Fig. 8 D) having 17 – 22 cusps. Outer marginal teeth (Fig. 8 E) having 23 – 36 small cusps; a rectangular wing along inner edge was seen in some specimens (Fig. 8 F). Head-foot generally dark brown. Cephalic tentacles pale dorsally except for central pigmented strips, ventral surfaces pale. Distal lips of snout light brown or pale. Sole of foot pale or grey. Pallial roof, visceral dark brown. Ctenidium well developed, positioned a little in front of pericardium; ctenidial filaments about 15. Oshpradium narrow, positioned posterior to middle of ctenidium. Prostate gland small, pea-shaped, with about 33 % of length in pallial roof. Anterior vas deferens opening from ventral edge of prostate gland a little in front of pallial wall, section of duct on columellar muscle having weak bend. Penis (Fig. 9 A – D) medium to large, base elongate-rectangular, inner edge smooth; penial filament medium length, tapering, oblique; lobe medium-sized, rectangular or tapering, oblique. Terminal gland narrow, transverse, overlapping dorsal and ventral edges of lobe. Penial gland overlapping up to 50 % of filament length, slightly overlapping penis posteriorly. Ventral gland well developed, narrow, distally positioned, borne on short stalk (Figs 9 B, D). Penial duct narrow, straight. Penial filament containing a dense core of black pigment; penis otherwise pigmented with scattered black granules. Female glandular oviduct and associated structures shown in Figure 9 E – G. Coiled oviduct a large, posteriorly oblique, proximally kinked loop. Bursa copulatrix small, narrowly ovate, horizontal, largely overlapped by albumen gland. Bursal duct about as long as and slightly narrower than bursa, opening from distal edge, sometimes pigmented with black granules near edges. Seminal receptacle small, pouch-shaped, positioned near antero-ventral edge of bursa; duct short. Albumen gland about as long as capsule gland, entirely visceral or with very short pallial section, sometimes pigmented with scattered black granules. Capsule gland composed of a single tissue section. Genital aperture a sub-terminal slit.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Pyrgulopsis owyheensis is disjunctly distributed among five small areas in southeastern Oregon (Owyhee River near Three Forks, Rattlesnake Creek drainage, Owyhee Spring area, lower Owyhee River, Malheur River drainage) (Fig. 1). Additional sampling will be needed to determine whether the intervening areas are also inhabited by this species. Pyrgulopsis owyheensis lives in spring sources and stream outflows, some of which are thermal, and is found on a variety of hard substrates. This species was collected together with P. intermedia in a spring along the Owyhee River above Long Sweetwater rapids, and with the invasive New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) (USNM 1107078) at a seep wall above the mouth of Crooked Creek.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC46FFD26AFBF9B6FB78FEAA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pyrgulopsis owyheensis differs from closely similar P. intermedia in size (shell height about half of that of the latter when in sympatry; Figs 6 F, 10 A) and in its typically disjunct inner shell lip, longer and narrower penial filament, more distally positioned ventral gland of penis, and mitochondrial DNA sequences (6.9 + 0.01 %, Table 2). None of our phylogenetic analyses supported a close relationship between these species (e. g., Fig. 2). Shell variation within P. owyheensis (Fig. 6 A – I) was minor, involving slight differences in size and shape (Fig. 6). The sequence divergence between specimens from the type locality (Owyhee Spring) and the other four areas inhabited by this species ranged from 1.5 – 1.8 % whereas the latter differed from each other by only 0.3 – 0.8 %. This suggests the possibility of incipient speciation in the Owyhee Spring area and a need to manage these populations as a distinct conservation unit. Radular count data were from USNM 1092854, USNM 1102152, USNM 1116915.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC58FFD36AFBFEA7FCE5F833.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. OREGON. Malheur County. JFBM 20497, JFBM 20507, Crooked Creek Spring, ca. 16 km southwest of Burns Junction, T. 33 S, R. 39 E, sec. 22, 23 / v / 1963, 19 / v / 1982. USNM 1075362, spring tributary to Birch Creek, 459964 E, 4781865 N, 25 / iv / 2003. USNM 1075684, ibid., 459871 E, 4782621 N, 25 / vi / 2003. USNM 1092855, ibid., 460058 E, 4781808 N, 18 / vii / 2006. USNM 1107071, spring on east side Owyhee River, above Long Sweetwater rapids, 442355 E, 4753770 N, 6 / ix / 2007. USNM 1107076, spring on hillside, Jackson Hole, 447566 E, 4781838 N, 8 / ix / 2007. USNM 1107079, spring west of Two Mile Spring, 453320 E, 4782496 N, 9 / ix / 2007. USNM 1107077, mouth of Rinehart Creek, west side of Owyhee River, 449007 E, 4783611 N, 9 / ix / 2007.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC58FFD36AFBFEA7FCE5F833.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Crooked Creek (Owyhee River basin), Barren Valley (Great Basin), plus new records from the Crooked Creek headspring and along the lower Owyhee River, southeastern Oregon (Fig. 1). This species lives in springs and small streams. It was collected in association with Potamopyrgus antipodarum (USNM 1107069) at the mouth of Rinehart Creek.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
03A1AA57DC58FFD36AFBFEA7FCE5F833.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In an unpublished checklist, Taylor (1977) contended that the type locality of Fontelicella intermedia (= Pyrgulopsis intermedia) may have been incorrectly attributed to Crooked Creek (Owyhee River drainage) instead of Crooked Creek (Deschutes River drainage) and consequently provided a new species name, Fontelicella malhorica, for the congener that lives in the headspring of the former stream. (Note that Taylor apparently changed his mind on this subject as he later stated that P. intermedia lives in Crooked Creek, Owyhee River drainage [Taylor 1985: 309 – 310].) In an unpublished report, Frest & Johannes (1995: 198, 202) listed this nomen nudum (to which they applied a common name, “ Malheur springsnail ”) as a different species than P. intermedia and indicated that both of these snails live in Crooked Creek, Owyhee River drainage. Pyrgulopsis intermedia and P. sp. nov. (Malheur springsnail) have subsequently been listed in various conservation-related documents and publications (cited in the Introduction; also see Wisdom et al. 2003; Brown et al. 2007). Taylor’s (1977) manuscript name is not valid because his checklist does not constitute published work under ICZN Articles 8.1 and 9.7 and the only subsequent citation (Frest & Johannes 1995) was also in an unpublished venue. (Also note in this context that the name was not accompanied by a description or definition.) There is no reason to suspect that Tryon (1865) made an error in reporting the type locality of P. intermedia as his types well conform to snails now living in Crooked Creek, Owyhee River drainage (Hershler 1994). Snails (collected by Taylor) from Crooked Creek Spring (JFBM 20497, JFBM 20507, Fig. 10 A) conform morphologically to P. intermedia in all respects and our genetic studies also suggest that only one congener lives in Crooked Creek. Thus, there is no basis for recognizing the Malheur springsnail as a validly described and / or distinct species and this name therefore should be removed from conservation watch lists and other databases. Snails from the newly reported localities are referable to P. intermedia based on their relatively large (> 3.3 mm), solid, ovate conic shell (Fig. 10 A – D) with prominent spire; and details of penis shape and glandular ornament (Fig. 11 A – B), particularly the short penial filament and medially positioned ventral gland. Samples from Crooked Creek (IP 60) and the lower Owyhee River drainage (IP 67, P 217, P 222, P 223, P 224) that were newly sequenced for this project were closely similar (0.2 % divergence) to previously analyzed specimens from Crooked Creek (P 1, P 2) and Barren Valley (P 4). The mean uncorrected sequence divergence within P. intermedia was quite low (0.2 %), ranging from 0 – 0.8 %. The new records detailed herein extend the range of P. intermedia about 65 km north of its type locality area into the lower Owyhee River basin. It may be appropriate to reconsider the conservation status of this species in the light of this significant range extension.	en	Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping (2009): New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna. Zootaxa 2006: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185684
