identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A087FA231EFF8AFF3D615AFDF0B82B.text	03A087FA231EFF8AFF3D615AFDF0B82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epigomphus rufus Bota-Sierra & Novelo-Gutiérrez 2020	<div><p>Epigomphus rufus sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1–4)</p><p>Material examined: Three specimens were collected (1♂, 2♀♀), we assigned them as conspecific due to their share of the same habitat in the same forest patch, their conspicuous coloration, and mainly the correspondence of male cerci and epiproct with the posterior portion of the female head. All three specimens are teneral, and the two females were reared from the last larval instar to the adult stage (one of them was kept alive and feed with small insects for five days, which allowed the coloration pattern to get very close to the mature pattern). CEUA: Holotype. ♀ teneral, CEUA 113500, 19 February 2019, COLOMBIA, Antioquia Department, La Forzoza Reserve, Anorí Municipality, El Roble Township, 7.001010, -75.130792; 1,644 m a.s.l., Leg: R. Novelo-G. and C. Bota. Paratypes, 1♀, teneral, same as holotype but CEUA 113490. 1 ♂, teneral, CEUA 99305, 27 May 2012, Arrierito Antioqueño Reserve, 6.982318, -75.111666; 1,687 m a.s.l., Leg: J.A. Cogollo and C. Bota.</p><p>Etymology: The color of this species is unique among the species in the genus, since its dark ground coloration is reddish-brown instead of the common dark brown or black. Thus we named it rufus from Latin, which means red.</p><p>Description of holotype. Head reddish-brown, eyes when alive greenish-gray. Posterior ocelli over a tumid area, bordered by a C-shaped thick rim (Figs. 1a, c); occipital posterior border sinuous with a small medial concave incision (Fig. 1a); posterior eye margin tumid, with a conic hole located under it (Fig. 1d).</p><p>Thorax. Reddish brown,the following greenish-gray areas were visible when the specimen died, but unfortunately dispel with time (Fig. 2a): two medial spots and two lateroapical spots on posterior lobe of pronotum, mesepisternum with a longitudinal line, a transversal line on anterior border, the second pale antehumeral stripe reduced to a single small posterior spot, the rest of the pleura with three longitudinal lines: one on mesepimeron, one on metepisternum, and one on metepimeron. The antealar crest yellow. Legs brown except distal portion of femora, tibiae, and tarsi which are black. Metafemora approximately 1 ½ the length of pro- and mesofemora. All femora with an external row of spines. Tibiae with long, slender spines on external border, except protibiae with a row of eleven scale-like spines on the external side. Tarsal claws brown with a subapical tooth. Wings. Hyaline with amber tinge on base, veins black and Pt brown (Fig. 2a). Pt covering 7 cells. Left FW with 20 Ax, right FW with 21, FWs with 15 Px; left HW with 14 Ax, right HW with 15 Ax; HWs with 14 Px; supratriangles, triangles and subtriangles without crossevins. Second reinforced antenodal the 8th in left FW, the 7th in right FW, in both HW the 7th; (Fig. 4a). Cubito-anal crossveins in addition to inner side of subtriangle, 3 in FWs, 2 in left, and 3 in right HW. Five crossveins in space between sectors of arculus and point of branching of RP on HW.</p><p>Abdomen. Club-like, narrowing slightly on S3 and widening again on S8, S9 widest. Brown, but S1–S2 darker, the distal part of S3 to S7 light brown, S8–S10 dark brown dorsal and light brown laterally, black distal rings on S2–S7 (Fig. 2a). Auricles rounded and smooth. Epiproct smooth, long with convex apex, almost as long as S10 (Figs. 3 a, c). Cerci approximately ¾ of epiproct length, cylindrical with pointed tips slightly curved ventrad, their apices convergent (Figs. 3 a–c). Paraprocts conical, straight, with pointed tips (Fig. 3b).</p><p>Measurements (mm): TL 58, Ab 44, FW 43, HW 41.</p><p>Male paratype: Teneral, probably do not bear the final coloration pattern. As female holotype but with following differences: Head. With greenish-gray spots on antefrons and in the tumid area behind ocelli, the vertex lacks the C-shaped thick rim, instead it presents a complete transverse postocellar ridge, emarginate medially (Fig. 1b). The posterior part of head behind eyes is not tumid and lacks the conic groove on the occipital region.</p><p>Thorax. Without greenish gray lines on mesepisternum. Metatibia and first two tarsomeres with a row of peglike spines on internal side. Wings. Pt covering 5 ½ cells. Left FW with 20 Ax, left FW with 14 Px; left HW with 16 Ax, left HW with 13 Px; supratriangles, triangles and subtriangles without crossevins. Second reinforced antenodal the 6th in left FW, in left HW the 7th. Cubito-anal crossveins in addition to inner side of subtriangle, 3 in left FW, 2 in left HW (Fig. 2b).</p><p>Abdomen. The width of abdominal segments is more uniform, just slightly wider on S8–10 (Fig. 2b). Auricles subquadrangular, each with rows of 1–4 black denticles on posterior border (Figs. 4b, d). Anterior lamina of genital fossa swollen and rounded, densely covered by long golden setae (Figs. 4b, d); anterior hamuli with pointed black apical margins (Figs. 3 d–e, 4b, d); posterior hamuli long, approximately twice the length of anterior hamuli, subtriangular in lateral view, their mesial side covered by black tubercles (Figs. 3 d–e, 4b, d). Vesica spermalis reddish brown: segment 1 large, concave in ventral view, in lateral view with a ventroapical rounded process directed distally (Figs. 3 d–e, 4b, d); segment 3 widening towards its distal portion, two ventro apical pointed horns directed ventrally; segment 4, in lateral view, with prepuce subquadrangular, lateral lobes strongly bulging dorsally, in ventral view, forming a nozzle-like slender projection directed posteriorly and parallel to cornua; cornua short (Figs. 3 d–e); Cercus and epiproct subequal in length, less than half the length of S10 (Figs. 4a, c). Cerci concave mesially, in lateral view strongly curved ventrally with a pointed dark tip (Figs. 4a, c). Epiproct divided in two lateroapical processes, in ventral view widely V-shaped forming an angle close to 90°, each lateroapical process with two black sharp teeth, one apical and another one subapical (Figs. 4a, c).</p><p>Measurements (mm): TL 54, Ab 42, FW 40, HW 38.</p><p>Variation of female paratype: Ax in FW 19, in HW 16; Px in FW 13–14, in HW 12–14.</p><p>Measurements (mm): TL 59, Ab 44, FW 44, HW 42.</p><p>Diagnosis: The typical color pattern of species of this genus usually alternates black or dark brown with yellow, green and light blue; this is the only known species that has reddish brown coloration as dark background color making it easily recognizable (Figs. 2 a–b). Epigomphus rufus shares with a group of 16 species, including most of the South American and some Central American species, its second pale antehumeral stripe reduced to a single small posterior spot (Table 1). Among them, the males of E. camelus, E. compactus, E. subsimilis, E. tumefactus, and E. verticicornis share with E. rufus cercus length shorter than S10 length (Figs. 4a, c), but males of E. rufus can be easily distinguished from all these species by cercus strongly curved downwards and with a sharp tip which is unique among all 33 known Epigomphus species (Figs. 4a, c), and so is the shape of male epiproct by having two teeth, one apical and one subapical, on each lateroapical process (Figs. 4a, c). As pointed out by Calvert (1920), these caudal structures of males perfectly match with structures on vertex, occiput, and posterior area of females’ head, including the C-shaped tubercles behind the posterior ocelli and the conical holes where cerci match on rear of head (Figs. 1a, c–d), the females of only ten species in this group of Epigomphus are known (Table 1), unfortunately, the descriptions of the posterior area of the head are not meticulous for all of them, but in all the cases where the structures are well described E. rufus females can be easily distinguishable since no other has C-shaped tubercles behind the posterior ocelli or conical holes in the rear area and this combination of characteristics is expected to be unique as the shape of the male cercus and epiproct among the species in the genus.</p><p>Arg: Argentina, Bol: Bolivia, Bra: Brazil, Col: Colombia, Co R: Costa Rica, Ecu: Ecuador, FrG: French Guyana, Gua: Guatemala, Pan: Panama, Par: Paraguay, Per: Peru, Sur: Suriname.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: This species is so far only known to occur in two close localities, which are actually part of the same forest patch at the northern portion of the Colombian Central Cordillera, close to first and second order streams in the interior of the forest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087FA231EFF8AFF3D615AFDF0B82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés;Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo	Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés, Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo (2020): Two new species of Colombian Epigomphus (Odonata: Gomphidae). Zootaxa 4896 (2): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.7
03A087FA2319FF86FF3D64CDFD9BBABC.text	03A087FA2319FF86FF3D64CDFD9BBABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epigomphus brillantina Bota-Sierra & Novelo-Gutiérrez 2020	<div><p>Epigomphus brillantina sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 6–8)</p><p>Material examined: Two adult males (2 ♂♂). CEUA: Holotype. ♂, CEUA 81502, 28 May 2014, COLOMBIA, Antioquia Department, Remedios Municipality, La Cruz Township, Finca La Brillantina 6.881105°, -74.569295°; 558 m a.s.l., Leg: C. Flórez and C. Bota. Paratype, 1 ♂ same as holotype.</p><p>Etymology: brillantina (to be treated as an indeclinable noun) is the word in Spanish for brilliantine, referring to something shiny. It is the name of the forest island protected and preserved by Don Gustavo Campuzano and his family for the last 30 years, which is a refugee to many species of this region’s flora and fauna, including several endemic and threatened Odonata species and the only location so far known for this new species.</p><p>Description of holotype. Head brown, frons with two yellow greenish stripes separated by a small brown portion on the middle, clypeus with dorsolateral green spots. Occiput with two small diagonal scars (Figs. 6 a–b, 7a).</p><p>Thorax. Brown, but yellow as follows: pronotum except the posterior lobe, a longitudinal line on mesepisternum and a transverse line on its anterior border, second pale antehumeral stripe reduced to a single, small, posterior spot, a longitudinal line on mesepimeron, a stripe on metepisternum which apex converges with the completely yellow metepimeron, antealar crest with yellow spots (Figs. 6 a–b). Legs brown except distal portion of femora, tibiae, and tarsi which are black. Metafemora approximately 1 ½ the length of mesofemora (Figs. 6 a–b). All femora with external row of spines. Tibiae with long, slender spines on external border, except protibiae with a row of ten scalelike spines on external side. Tarsal claws brown with subapical tooth. Wings. Hyaline, black veins and brown Pt. Pt covering 9 ½ cells in FW, 7 ½ in right and 8 ½ cells in left HW. Left FW with 17 Ax, right FW with 18, FWs with 15 Px; left HW with 14 Ax, right HW with 13 Ax; left HW with 12 Px, right HW with 13 Px; supratriangles, triangles and subtriangles without crossveins. Second reinforced antenodal in FWs 6th, in the right HW the 6th and in the left the 7th (Fig. 4a). Cubito-anal crossveins in addition to inner side of subtriangle, 3 in FWs, 2 in HWs. Crossveins in space between sectors of arculus and point of branching of RP on HW 3 in left, 4 in right.</p><p>Abdomen. Club-like, becoming thinner on S3 and widening again on S8, S10 is the widest segment (Figs. 6 a–b). Dark brown but S1 yellow except posterodorsal portion, S2 auricles and lateroventral portion yellow, S3 with an anterolateral yellow spot and a thin yellow posterolateral line, S4–6 with anterior yellow rings, S7 anterior ¾ yellow, S8 ventrolateral margin yellow (Figs. 6 a–b). Auricles rounded and dorsally swollen with a posterobasal process bearing rows of three black teeth directed ventrally (Fig 7c). Components of genital fossa dark brown, anterior lamina posterior border sinuose in ventral view with a medial concavity (Fig 7c); anterior hamuli petiolate, widening towards apical portion, ending in a rounded point (Fig 7c); posterior hamuli long, approximately twice the length of anterior hamuli, slightly curved backwards in lateral view (Fig 7b), its mesial side covered by black tubercles (Fig 7c). Vesica spermalis (Figs. 7 b–c, 8a): segment 1 concave in ventral view, in lateral view with a ventroapical rounded process directed distally; segment 3 widening towards its distal portion, two ventro apical horns directed distally; segment 4, prepuce rounded, lateral lobe strongly bulging dorsally, with a slender projection directed posteriorly and parallel to cornua; cornua short. Cercus longer than epiproct and S10 (Figs. 8 e–f). Cerci concave mesially, in lateral view, with a dorsoapical pointed mesial process which turns downwards (Figs. 8 e–f), the ventroapical edge has a series of four small denticles (Figs. 8c, e–f), in posterior and dorsal views a rounded dorsoapical external process is observed (Figs. 8 b–c). Epiproct divided in two lateroapical branches (Figs. 8 b–d), each of them with a rounded tubercle on tip and an elevated medial process which is easily observed in posterior view (Figs. 8 b–c); the lateroapical branches converge in a medial oval notch which is not easily observed in dorsal view since it is invaginated under the lateroapical processes of epiproct (Figs. 8b, d).</p><p>Measurements (mm): TL 57, Ab 44, FW 37, HW 35.</p><p>Paratype variation: Pt. Pt covering 8 cells in FW, 9 ½ HW. Ax in FW 16–17, Px in FW 12; Ax, in HW 13, Px in HW 13. Second reinforced antenodal in FWs 6–7th; (Fig. 4a). Two cubito-anal crossveins in addition to inner side of subtriangle in FW. Five crossveins in space between sectors of arculus and point of branching of RP on HW.</p><p>Measurements (mm): TL 56, Ab 43, FW 36, HW 34.</p><p>Diagnosis. Epigomphus brillantina shares with a group of 16 species, including most of the South American and some Central American species, its second pale antehumeral stripe reduced to a single small posterior spot (Table 1). Among them, the males of eleven species share with E. brillantina cercus length longer than S10 (Figs. 8 e–f). Within this group, E. brillantina and E. quadracies are the only two species that share cercus with a pointed dorsoapical process curved downward easily observed in lateral view (Figs. 8 e–f), but E. brillantina can be easily distinguished from E. quadracies by the shape of its epiproct which has a rounded apical tubercle on each lateroapical process while in E. quadracies two apical points are observed (Calvert 1920; Kennedy 1946) (Figs. 8 b–d). Also, the median portion of the posterior border of epiproct has a quadrangular notch in E. quadracies (Calvert 1920; Kennedy 1946) that can be observed both in ventral and dorsal view, while in E. brillantina this notch is oval and is not easily observed in dorsal view since it is invaginated under the lateroapical processes of epiproct (Figs. 8 b–d). Furthermore, the dorsal slender projection of the vesica spermalis fourth segment is longer in E. brillantina compared to that of E. quadracies .</p><p>Distribution and habitat: This species is so far only known to occur in one locality in the eastern foothills of the Colombian Central Cordillera, in the Magdalena basin (Fig. 5). The specimens were found in the interior of the forest close to first order streams.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087FA2319FF86FF3D64CDFD9BBABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés;Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo	Bota-Sierra, Cornelio Andrés, Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo (2020): Two new species of Colombian Epigomphus (Odonata: Gomphidae). Zootaxa 4896 (2): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.2.7
