identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A487F4FF03467DD9AE2FC22366F82B.text	03A487F4FF03467DD9AE2FC22366F82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neodontobutis lani , Zhou and Li 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Neodontobutis lani, Zhou and Li ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>  Holotype. SOU1801007-1 (25911), female, 62.4 mm standard length, obtained from a local market and presumed to be collected from the  Zuojiang River , a tributary of the  Xijiang River of the Pearl River basin, at Longzhou Town, Chongzuo City, Guangxi, China, collected by J.H. Lan, October 2019 (Figure 3). </p>
            <p>Paratypes. SOU1801007-3 (25913), female, 58.8 mm standard length; SOU1801007-5 (25915), male, 60.0 mm standard length. Collection locality and date same as the holotype.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Neodontobutis lani can be distinguished from other  Neodontobutis species by the following characteristics: anterior part of head relatively flat, with interorbital width / eye diameter =1.4–1.9 (mean=1.6), while the other  Neodontobutis species possess rather compressed head and body, with mean interorbital width / eye diameter 1.0 in  N. hainanensis , less than 1 in  N. auarmus , 1.3 in  N. macropectoralis , 1.2 in  N. tonkinensis ; sensory papilla on ventral tip of lower jaw form two oblong clusters (Figure 4c), whereas in other  Neodontobutis papillae form two single lines; several rows of transforming ctenii on posterior edge of body scales (Figure 5a), whereas single row of transforming ctenii on scale of the other  Neodontobutis (Figure 5b) (Chen, Kottelat, &amp; Wu, 2002; Iwata, 2011; Kottelat, 2001b; Vidthayanon, 1995). This species can be distinguished from  Odontobutis by: presence of barbel-like projection on sensory papilla (Figure 5c) (absent in  Odontobutis ), separated right and left gill membranes (joined in  Odontobutis ) and cycloid scales on predorsal region and abdomen (ctenoid scales in  Odontobutis ) (Iwata, 2011; Vidthayanon, 1995). </p>
            <p>Description. Morphometric and meristic data for the holotype and paratypes are presented in Table 3 respectively. Dorsal fin rays VII; I, 9; anal fin rays I, 6–7; pectoral fin rays 15, pelvic fin rays I, 5; caudal fin rays 14–15; lateral scales 34–36; transverse scales 12–15; predorsal scales 18–19; gill rakers 3+6; vertebrae 28 (13+15).</p>
            <p>Body stout, slightly compressed posteriorly. Head large, slightly flat, interorbital distance larger than eye diameter. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper. Gill membrane separated, attached to the isthmus. Cephalic sensory canals absent. Cephalic sensory papilla pattern is illustrated in Figure 4.</p>
            <p>Dorsal spines nearly equal length except for the last shorter one, not reaching origin of the second dorsal fin. Origin of the anal fin slightly posterior to the origin of the second dorsal fin. Pelvic fin short, close but separated. Pectoral fins and caudal fin wide, rounded. Most body scales ctenoid with several rows of transforming ctenii on the posterior edge. Predorsal scales and part of abdominal scales cycloid.</p>
            <p>Coloration: Head and body with dark brown mottling in live individuals. Several dark bars radiate from orbitals. Dark stripes on each side of body. A shiny, greenish blotch on upper side of operculum. A large dark blotch on base of caudal fin. Dorsal fins, anal fin and caudal fin mottled (Figure 2). Preserved specimens light brown, with stripes and irregular darker blotches on each side of body. Abdominal pale, slightly yellowish (Figure 3).</p>
            <p> Phylogenetic analysis. Four individuals of  Neodontobutis lani (25912, 25913, 25914, 25916) and representative species of all genera in family  Odontobutidae , except for the genus Terateleoris, were used in the concatenated nuclear gene tree reconstruction.  Rhyacichthys aspro (Rhyacichthyidae) was used as the outgroup according to Li (H. Li et al., 2018). For each sample, 1,027 –1,688 loci from the 4,434 targeted ones were obtained after assembling. After excluding loci with more than 50% missing data, 2,021 loci were kept for phylogenetic analysis, the length of concatenated alignment was 336,090 bp (electronic appendix). The reconstructed maximum likelihood tree is shown in Figure 6. All genera of  Odontobutidae involved in this research formed a monophyletic group. The genera  Neodontobutis ,  Perccottus and  Odontobutis were all monophyletic.  Neodontobutis lani was the sister group of  N. hainanensis and then formed a clade with  Perccottus glenii . Aligned COI sequences can be found in electronic appendix. The COI gene tree which involved more individuals of  N. lani and more  N. hainanensis is shown in Figure 7. Its topological structure is same as the concatenated nuclear gene tree at genus level except for the position of genus  Microdous . All  N. lani individuals formed a distinct clade apart from  N. hainanensis . Both the nuclear and mitochondrial trees suggest that  N. lani is an independent species and should be placed in the genus of  Neodontobutis . </p>
            <p> Distribution. Specimens of  Neodontobutis lani were bought from a farmers’ market in Longzhou Town, Guangxi, which were collected by a local fisherman from tributaries of the Zuojiang River (Figure 1). The detailed distribution range of  N. lani requires further exploration. </p>
            <p> Biology. According to the measurement of specimens collected in this research, maximum size of  Neodontobutis lani is approximately 62.4 mm standard length. An unidentified small fish (about 25mm standard length) was found in the mouth of a non-type specimen, indicating that  N. lani is carnivorous. Ovaries with mature eggs were found in a non-type specimen (48.2mm standard length), holds approximately 414 eggs, with average diameter of 1 mm. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The new species is named after Jiahu Lan, who found the specimens. The Chinese name is Ầ氏 NJ沙dzffi.</p>
            <p> Discussion. The genus  Neodontobutis was established by Chen et al. (2002), based on  N. hainanensis (Chen et al., 2002; Iwata, 2011; Wu, 2008). This genus can be distinguished from other genera of  Odontobutidae mainly by the following characters: (1) sensory papilla forming a barbel-like projection, which is the most distinctive character; (2) right and left gill membranes separate; (3) rather compressed head and body, interorbital width narrower than eye diameter; (4) predorsal scales cycloid, reaching posterior part of interorbital space; (5) sensory papilla on lower jaw arranged in two single lines (Iwata, 2011). However, some relevant characters of  N. lanii do not fit the description above:  N. lani possess relatively flat head, with mean interorbital width / eye diameter = 1.6 (range = 1.4–1.9), higher than that of  N. hainanensis (mean = 1.0; range = 0.8–1.1),  N. auarmus (1.0 in male, 0.9 in female) (Vidthayanon, 1995),  N. macropectoralis (1.3) (Kottelat, 2001b) and  N. tonkinensis (1.2) (Kottelat, 2001b). The mean value of interorbital width / eye diameter of  N. lani was significantly higher than that of  N. hainanensis (P &lt;0.01) (Figure 8), with the raw measurements can be found in electronic appendix. Moreover, several rows of transforming ctenii present on posterior edge of body scale of  N. lani , while only one row of transforming ctenii present on that part of the other  Neodontobutis species (Iwata, 2011; Vidthayanon, 1995). In addition, sensory papilla on the lower jaw are arranged in two oblong clusters in  N. lani , which differs from other  Neodontobutis species , which have papioae in two single lines on the underside of the jaw (Iwata, 2011). Interestingly, these characteristics of  N. lani closely align with character states described for  Odontobutis . Some critical external characters of genus  Neodontobutis were compared to that of  Perccottus and  Odontobutis in table 4 (Iwata, 2011). </p>
            <p> Despite some similarities to  Odontobutis ,  Neodontobutis lani was assigned to the genus  Neodontobutis based on following reasons: (1) the most critical external characters, such as shape of sensory papilla (presence of barbellike projection), connection of gill membrane (not connected) and predorsal scales (cycloid, ctenoid in  Odontobutis ) consistent with that of the genus  Neodontobutis ; (2) molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that  N. lani and  N. hainanensis , the type species of the genus  Neodontobutis , formed a monophyletic group with a 100 bootstrap support (Figure 6 &amp; 7). Due to inadequate taxon sampling, specimens and tissue samples of  N. auarmus and other relevant species are not available for this study. The relationship of species of this genus needs further research. </p>
            <p> Specimens of  Neodontobutis lani were collected from Longzhou Town, the Zuojiang River basin, which is a tributary of the Pearl River.  Neodontobutis hainanensis and  O. sinensis are other  Odontobutidae species distributed in the Zuojiang Basin, so the differentiation of their niches would be an interesting question. Moreover, other  Neodontobutis species ,  N. auarmus , and  N. tonkinensis and  N. ngheanensis , which are tentatively placed in the genus  Neodontobutis (Iwata, 2011) , are distributed in the Indo-China Peninsula (Khoa &amp; Duc, 2012; Kottelat, 2001a, 2001b; Vidthayanon, 1995). Investigation on the relationship of  N. lani and other  Neodontobutis species may shed light on the origin, diversification and dispersal of these taxa. </p>
            <p> According to Li et al. (2018), southern China may be the region where the family  Odontobutidae originated. Indeed, southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan), and the adjacent Indo-China Peninsula, are the diversity centers of the  Odontobutidae , which is home to 7 species (belonging to 5 genera) and 6 species (belonging to 3 genera) respectively, with 2 shared genera (Chen et al., 2002; Iwata, 2011; Khoa &amp; Duc, 2012; Kottelat, 2001a, 2001b; Wu, 2008). Due to their small size, benthic habit and low economic importance, as well as their remote distribution, diversity of  Odontobutidae in Southern China and Indo-China Peninsula is understudied. Further exploration may uncover more new species from these regions. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487F4FF03467DD9AE2FC22366F82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhou, Mingwei;He, Anyou;Wang, Fangxin;Li, Yusen;Li, Chenhong	Zhou, Mingwei, He, Anyou, Wang, Fangxin, Li, Yusen, Li, Chenhong (2022): Neodontobutis lani, a new sleeper fish of the family Odontobutidae (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) from Guangxi, southern China. Zootaxa 5134 (1): 113-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.1.5
