taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A487C23137FFF4FF25F8962ACCFE32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ: [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Laysan, Guano Rock | “ cone ” case, III- 25 - [20] 08 | em [ergence]. VI- 17 - [20] 08, # DR 07 C 22 | leg [it]. C [ynthia]. King’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | laysanensis | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect condition. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 46 ɗ, 44 Ψ, from Laysan Island, Hawaii, USA; 4 ɗ, 5 Ψ, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: IV- 2 - [20] 08 (2 ɗ), IV- 8 - 08 (1 ɗ), IV- 16 - 08 (1 ɗ, 5 Ψ); 1 Ψ, HI: Laysan, Guano Rock, Camp Pritchardia, “ cone case ”, III- 24 - 08, em. IV- 2 - 08, # DR 08 C 21, leg. C. King; 1 Ψ, HI: Laysan, Guano Rock, “ cone case ”, III- 25 - 08, em. IV- 28 - 08, # DR 08 C 23 A, leg. C. King; 1 ɗ, HI: Laysan, Guano Rock, “ cone case ”, III- 25 - 08, em. IV- 28 - 0 8, # DR 08 C 24 A, leg. C. King; 38 ɗ, 33 Ψ, HI: Laysan, Guano Rock, “ cone case ”, IX- 19 - [20] 07, em. IX- 27 - 0 7 (1 Ψ), IX- 28 - 07 (1 ɗ), X- 3 - 07 (2 ɗ, 2 Ψ, one dissected PS 124), X- 8 - 07 (2 ɗ, 2 Ψ), X- 11 - 07 (1 Ψ), X- 13 - 07 (2 Ψ, one dissected PS 125), X- 15 - 07 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), X- 22 - 07 (1 Ψ), X- 26 - 07 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), X- 27 - 07 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), X- 29 - 0 7 (2 ɗ), X- 30 - 07 (1 Ψ), X- 31 - 07 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), XI- 2 - 07 (1 ɗ, 2 Ψ), XI- 5 - 07 (5 ɗ, 6 Ψ), XI- 6 - 07 (3 ɗ, 4 Ψ), XI- 7 - 07 (4 ɗ), XI- 8 - 07 (1 ɗ, 2 Ψ), XI- 9 - 07 (1 Ψ), XI- 13 - 07 (3 ɗ, 2 Ψ), XI- 15 - 07 (2 ɗ, 2 Ψ), XI- 24 - 07 (2 ɗ), XI- 27 - 07 (1 ɗ, dissected PS 122), XI- 30 - 07 (1 ɗ), XII- 5 - 07 (1 ɗ), XII- 17 - 07 (1 ɗ, dissected PS 121), I- 7 - 08 (1 ɗ), II- 19 - 08 (1 ɗ), # DR 07 I 2 E, leg. C [indy]. Rehkemper; 2 ɗ, 4 Ψ, HI: Laysan, Guano Rock, “ cone case ”, IX- 15 - 0 7, em. X- 17 - 07 (1 Ψ), X- 29 - 07 (1 Ψ), X- 31 - 07 (1 ɗ, dissected PS 123, 1 Ψ), XI- 5 - 07 (1 Ψ), XI- 6 - 07 (1 ɗ), # DR 07 I 2 D, leg. M [ike]. Richardson; 1 ɗ (dissected PS 123), HI: Laysan, Guano Rock, “ cone case ”, IX- 15 - 07, em. XI- 7 - 07 (1 ɗ), # DR 07 I 2 C, leg. M. Richardson. Deposited in BPBM, MHNG, UHIM, and USNM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23137FFF4FF25F8962ACCFE32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among all the species of Hyposmocoma from the NWHI, H. laysanensis can be easily separated by the combination of its size, distinct pattern, and coloration. The species is relatively small compared to the others inhabiting this remote island chain (wingspan between 5.2 and 7.7 mm). Also, the spotted pattern and the beige-brown coloration that confer excellent camouflage to the resting adult on the sandy background found on Laysan Island are unique for the NWHI Hyposmocoma.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23137FFF4FF25F8962ACCFE32.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 47) (Figs. 1, 12). Wingspan 5.2 – 7.7 mm (Holotype: 7.0 mm). Head with browntipped beige scales converging toward midline on occiput. Base of haustellum with beige and dark-brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved upward with off-white scales ventrally and darkbrown scales dorsally, off-white ring apically on second segment, and long slender dark-brown third segment with sometimes sparse off-white scales at base. Antennal flagellum dark brown, with off-white ring at apex on first flagellomere; scape mostly dark brown with off-white scales ventrally and forming ring apically, antennal pecten present consisting of three thin setae. Thorax mostly dark brown with brown-tipped beige scales at collar and apex of tegula; metascutellum beige. Foreleg dark brown with off-white ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but more grayish brown and with off-white rings at apex of tarsomeres I – V. Forewing basally mostly dark brown with three more or less distinct dark-brown markings as a postbasal patch above midline, another submedian patch under midline, and a spot medially on midline, often joined together, reaching 0.5 length of forewing, and usually disconnected from basal patch; otherwise with brown-tipped beige scales, sometimes dense enough to appear as dark-brown spots in middle of postmedian and submarginal regions. Hindwing and fringe off-white. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally uniform beige; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long off-white scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized ring strongly developed across entire sternum VII with sclerotized hook arising on right side (pseuduncus sensu Zimmerman 1978), elongate, slightly curved at apex, large basally and narrowing apically to blunt apex. Genital flaps (epiptygmata sensu Zimmerman 1978), membranous, rounded, broad and thin, arising on both sides apically of sclerotized sternum VIII. Male genitalia (n = 3) (Fig. 12). Uncus and gnathos absent, but replaced by uncuslike processes attached to tegumen (brachia sensu Zimmerman 1978); right process elongate, curved ventrally, apically pointed, about 6 X length of left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, each forming long and slender arm slightly bent upward adorned with setae disposed comblike along dorsal margin, slightly broadened distally, with three sclerotized spurlike setae sequentially longer distally on each valva, the setae on left valva being 4 – 5 X length of minute setae on right valva. Phallus slightly bent to right, stout, blunt-tipped, heavily sclerotized, slightly down curved; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, thin until apex, both adorned with small setae, with two or three very long setae at apex. Female (n = 44). Wingspan 6.4 – 7.3 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n = 2) (Fig. 20). Papillae anales short, lightly sclerotized and setose, slightly longer than wide. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, posterior apophyses about 2.5 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, snailshell shaped with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of narrow girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with broad emargination medially. Larval case (n = 529). Cone-shaped structure, 4.5 – 6.0 mm in length, small and thin, decorated with bits of sand, and probably guano, woven with silk filaments; aperture covered with operculum decorated with small pebbles, or sand grains fastened by silk; background color ranging from off-white to gray.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23137FFF4FF25F8962ACCFE32.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of H. laysanensis is derived from that of the type locality, the island of Laysan.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23137FFF4FF25F8962ACCFE32.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. All adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected during the day on rocks, the latter sometimes disposed in a pile, on the island of Laysan in March and September. When disturbed, larvae were observed to tightly close the operculum of their case with their mandibles. The abundance of the cases suggests that the species is very common on Laysan. Parasitoids were reared from some larvae and have been identified as belonging to the Eupelmidae (n = 5) and Pteromalidae (n = 2) (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Most species of cone-cased bearing Hyposmocoma in the younger main Hawaiian Islands live in streams and are aquatic (Rubinoff 2008), making the dry habitat of this species unusual.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23137FFF4FF25F8962ACCFE32.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Laysan where it is presumed to be endemic.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ (dissected, slide PS 138): [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Laysan, Guano Rock | “ purse ” case, IX- 15 - [20] 07 | em [ergence]. XI- 15 - [20] 07, # DR 07 I 2 H | leg [it]. C [indy]. Rehkemper’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | ekemamao | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae and labial palpi. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratype: 1 Ψ (dissected, slide PS 139), from Laysan Island, Hawaii, USA; HI, Laysan, Guano Rock, “ purse ” case, III- 27 - [20] 08, em. IV- 17 - 08, # DR 07 C 24 C, leg. C [ynthia]. King’. Deposited in the UHIM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma ekemamao is a relatively large beige species (wingspan between 10.0 and 10.5 mm). It could be confused in the NWHI only with H. mokumana which is also mostly beige, but has more contrasting markings, is larger, and occurs only on Necker Island.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 1) (Fig. 2). Wingspan 10.0 mm (holotype). Head mostly pale beige on occiput becoming off-white on vertex and frons. Base of haustellum with pale-beige scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Thorax and tegula with dark-brown-tipped pale-beige scales; metascutellum pale beige. Foreleg coxa pale beige; femur gray brown; tibia and tarsomeres gray brown with pale-beige ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs pale beige. Hindleg as midleg, pale-beige rings at apex on tarsomeres I – V. Forewing mostly pale beige with dark-brown-tipped scales sometimes dense enough to appear as dark-brown area, with dark-brown markings as a median patch above midline reaching costal margin, line starting from bottom of patch undulating anteriorly along midline, and postmedian spot separated from apex of line by the pale-beige area. Hindwing and fringe off-white. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally pale beige; ventrally off-white, with tuft of off-white long scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook of sternum VII absent. Genital flaps rounded, elongated and thin, arising on both sides at apex of sclerotized sternum VIII. Male genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 13). Right uncuslike process sickle shaped, very long, about 6 X length of left process, slightly twisted. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, with long arms medium width, bent upward at right angle and enlarged postbasally in middle, adorned with setae disposed comblike along dorsal margin, distally with five sclerotized spurlike setae on left valva, the outer seta being thinner than the other four distant larger setae of same length, and only one thin spurlike seta on right valva. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and bent downward at right angle at about 2 / 3 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, thin until apex, both adorned with small setae, with long setae on apex. Female (n = 1) (Fig. 27). Wingspan 10.5 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Head mostly covered with smooth cream-colored scales. Labial palpus recurved, first two segments pale beige, third segment dark brown with some pale-beige scales. Antennal flagellum dark brown, pale-beige ring at apex on first 8 flagellomeres; scape dark brown with pale-beige ring apically, antennal pecten absent. Forewing background creamy with fewer dark-brown-tipped scales than male, thus cream areas appearing scattered on forewing, dark-brown markings less contrasting than in males. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 21). Papillae anales short, lightly sclerotized and setose, slightly longer than wide. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, posterior apophyses about 3 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, snailshell shaped curled to the left, with base of same girth. Ductus bursae long and thin. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII without medial emargination. Larval case (n = 18). Purse-shaped, 4.1 – 7.0 mm in length, smooth and cylindrical, bulged and flat in middle, with growth lines starting at middle and extending laterally toward two entrances; background color shiny dark brown.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of H. ekemamao, from the Hawaiian, eke, bag, refers to the purselike case of this species, and mamao, remote, refers to the remote position of Laysan in the NWHI chain.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected on the ground during the day on the island of Laysan in September away from shoreline.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Laysan where it is presumed to be endemic.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23132FFF6FF25F9972D3BF99D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The case collected by Fullaway (1914) on Laysan Island may belong to this species. On the right valva of the single available male the presence of a socket near the thin spurlike seta could indicate another spurlike seta, which was lost before dissection.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23130FFF8FF25F9682FAAFE4F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ (dissected, slide PS 132): [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Necker, Flagpole Hill | “ cone ” case, VI- 23 - [20] 07 | em [ergence]. VIII- 20 - [20] 07, # DR 07 F 3 I | leg [it]. C [indy]. Rehkemper’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | opuumaloo | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae and left labial palpus. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 2 Ψ (dissected, slide PS 134), from Necker Island, Hawaii, USA, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: VIII- 16 - [20] 07, IX- 13 - 0 4. Deposited in the UHIM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23130FFF8FF25F9682FAAFE4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. H. opuumaloo is somewhat similar in wing pattern to H. papahanau. The two species can be easily separated by the presence in H. opuumaloo of a cream area on the inner margin of the forewings and a patch of dark-brown scales at the base of the hindwings. Also, males of H. opuumaloo possess a sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII. Also, H. opuumaloo is endemic to the island of Necker and H. paphana is found only on the island of Nihoa.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23130FFF8FF25F9682FAAFE4F.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 1) (Figs. 3, 14). Wingspan 9.1 mm (holotype). Head mostly grayish-brown on occiput becoming off-white on vertex and frons. Base of haustellum with white scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus grayish brown dorsally and off-white ventrally, with some sparse grayishbrown scales on second and third segment apically. Antennal flagellum dark brown, with off-white ring at apex on first flagellomere; scape dark brown with off-white scales ventrally and forming ring apically, antennal pecten made of five thin setae. Thorax and tegula dark brown; metascutellum pale beige. Foreleg coxa beige; femur dark brown; tibia and tarsomeres dark brown with off-white ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but ground color more silver gray, with off-white rings at apex on tarsomeres I – V. Forewing grayish brown, with crescent-shaped band basally and costal margin slightly darker, cream area on inner half of forewing with some dark-brown-tipped off-white scales; dark-brown markings as a wavelike median patch along midline and somewhat fused with upper grayish-brown area, and postmedian spot separated from median patch by cream area; cream markings as notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin. Hindwing gray with some dark-brown scales at base of inner margin; grayish-beige fringe. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally pale beige; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long off-white scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook small with indistinct sclerotized ring on segment VII. Male genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 14). Uncuslike processes with right process elongate, curved ventrally, apically pointed, adorned with small crest mediodorsally at 1 / 3 of length to apex, about 4 X length of left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized along margins, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, forming long and slender arms, as wide as long, bent upward at almost right angle medially, adorned with setae disposed comblike along dorsal margin, with three sclerotized spurlike setae sequentially longer distally on each valva, setae on left valva about 4 – 5 X length of smaller setae on right valva. Phallus large, heavily sclerotized, slightly bent to right, blunt tipped, with large bulbous base; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, thin, angled upward, adorned with small setae until apex, and without longer apical setae. Female (n = 1) (Fig. 28). Wingspan 8.9 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Head mostly with beige smooth scales. Forewing gray with brown-tipped scales dense enough apically to appear as brown patch; cream to offwhite area on inner half larger basally; with some scattered rusty-brown scales; dark-brown markings as crescent shaped band basally, another along 1 / 3 length of costal margin, a median patch undulating along midline and a postmedian spot separated from the median patch by cream area; rusty-brown markings as a notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin, connected by a thin V-shaped subapical off-white line. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 22). Papillae anales short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses about 2.5 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized and very large, externally protruding, snailshell shaped curled to the left, with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with broad U-shaped emargination medially forming a bowl encompassing ostium with patches of dense scales situated laterally. Larval case (n = 113) (Fig. 9). Cone-shaped, 6.7 – 7.1 mm in length, small and thin, decorated with bits of sand woven with silk filaments; operculum decorated with small pebbles; case background color ranging from gray to brown.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23130FFF8FF25F9682FAAFE4F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Hawaiian ō pu’u, cone, and malo’o, dry, referring to the type of case and habitat of this species.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C23130FFF8FF25F9682FAAFE4F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected on the ground during the day on the island of Necker in June. Most species of cone cased Hyposmocoma in the younger and higher Hawaiian Islands are aquatic (Rubinoff 2008), making the dry habitat of this species unusual. Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Necker where it is presumed to be endemic. Remarks. This species may represent the new species 28 of Zimmerman (1978) collected on Necker Island based on characters like absence of subcostal brush, presence of sclerotized hook, male genitalia, and thornlike larval case.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313EFFF9FF25FE3E2ACCFC62.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ: [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Necker, Annexation Hill, elev [ation]. 60 m [eters] | in Sesbania litter, “ purse ” case, IX- 4 - [20] 04 | em [ergence]. I- 22 - [20] 05, # DR 04 I 1 | leg [it]. S [teve]. Montgomery’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | mokumana | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for left broken antenna and broken labial palpi. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 1 ɗ (dissected, slide PS 172), 4 Ψ (one dissected, slide PS 126), from Necker Island, Hawaii, USA, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: I- 25 - [20] 08 (3 Ψ), II- 25 - 08 (ɗ). Deposited in the UHIM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313EFFF9FF25FE3E2ACCFC62.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among the species of Hyposmocoma from the NWHI, H. mokumana can be easily distinguished by its large size (wingspan between 11.4 and 14.3 mm). The purse-shaped cases are also larger than those of H. ekemamao (4.1 – 7.0 mm in length, compared to 7.4 – 8.9 mm for H. mokumana). Also, each is endemic to a single island.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313EFFF9FF25FE3E2ACCFC62.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 2) (Figs. 4, 15). Wingspan 11.4 – 12.5 mm (Holotype: 11.4 mm). Head mostly pale beige. Base of haustellum with pale-beige scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Antennal flagellum dark brown; scape dark brown with pale-beige ring at apex. Thorax and tegula pale beige with dark-brown-tipped palebeige scales; metascutellum pale beige. Foreleg coxa pale beige; femur dark brown; tibia and tarsomeres gray brown with pale-beige ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs pale beige. Hindleg pale beige and grayish tarsomeres with pale-beige rings at apex on tarsomeres I – V. Forewing background pale beige and mostly covered with dark-brown-tipped scales sometimes dense enough to appear as dark-brown area; dark-brown markings as a median thin line starting undulating anteriorly along midline, and another postmedian spot separated from apex of line by background color. Hindwing and fringe uniformly beige. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally shiny beige; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long scales on each side of genitalia shiny beige. Sclerotized ring very large and strongly developed across entire sternum with sclerotized hook short and large on entire length until enlarged blunt apex; minute sclerotized point on left side with blunt apex. Tergum VII with two large strongly sclerotized flaps joined in the middle. Sterna V, VI, and VII with sclerotized anterior margins. Genital flaps rounded, elongated and thin; arising on both sides apically of sclerotized sternum VIII. Male genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 15). Uncuslike processes with right process sickle shaped, very long, about 6 X length of left process, slightly twisted. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, with long arms of large width, bent upward at right angle in the middle, with basal small rounded projection (slightly larger on right valva) and subapical large triangular projection (slightly more elongated on right valva), adorned with setae disposed comblike on inner surface of dorsal margin, with absence of sclerotized spurlike setea on right valva (but presence of sockets), and five sclerotized spurlike setae sequentially longer distally on left valva. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, and bent downward at about middle of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, thin until apex, both adorned with small setae, setose on apex adorned with one long setae. Female (n = 4). Wingspan 13.8 – 14.3 mm. Head mostly grayish brown with grayish-brown-tipped beige scales around eye. Base of haustellum with beige scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus grayish brown dorsally and beige ventrally; third segment slender and grayish brown. Antennal flagellum grayish brown; scape grayish brown with brown scales forming ring apically. Thorax and tegula mostly grayish brown with scattered beige scales; metascutellum pale beige. Foreleg coxa and femur grayish brown; tibia and tarsomeres brown with beige ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs beige. Hindleg as midleg, but ground color more grayish beige, with beige rings at apex on tarsomeres I – V. Forewing mostly grayish brown, with pale beige to rusty-beige inner half; darkbrown markings as submedian and postmedian spots at midline, a median V-shaped line in between these two spots and of same width in middle of wing, and as notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin. Abdomen shiny beige. Hindwing and fringe silverish off-white. Frenulum with three acanthae. Female genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 23). Papillae anales very short and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, slightly enlarged at posterior end, posterior apophyses about 2.5 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae very small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, and snailshell shaped curled left. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very much enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII without emargination medially. Larval case (n = 10) (Fig. 10). Purse-shaped, 7.4 – 8.9 mm in length, smooth and cylindrical, bulged and flat medially, with growth lines starting at middle and extending toward two entrances situated laterally; background color is brown.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313EFFF9FF25FE3E2ACCFC62.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name mokumana is short for Mokumanamana which is the Hawaiian name for Necker Island.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313EFFF9FF25FE3E2ACCFC62.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Cases were collected in Sesbania litter (Fabaceae) during the day on the island of Necker in September.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313EFFF9FF25FE3E2ACCFC62.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Necker where it is presumed to be endemic.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313FFFFAFF25F8972AFBF8AB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ: [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Nihoa, Miller Canyon | “ burrito ” case, VII- 17 - [20] 07 | em [ergence]. VIII- 16 - [20] 07, # DR 07 G 8 | leg [it]. D [aniel]. Rubinoff, J [esse]. Eiben’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | nihoa | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 3 ɗ, 2 Ψ, from Nihoa Island, Hawaii, USA; 3 ɗ, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: IX- 24 - [20] 07 (1 ɗ), IX- 28 - 07 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 131), X- 11 - 07 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 140); 2 Ψ (one dissected, slide PS 133), with same data as holotype except date of emergence: VIII- 8 - 07, and rearing log number: # DR 07 G 10. Deposited in BPBM and UHIM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313FFFFAFF25F8972AFBF8AB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among the known species of Hyposmocoma from the NWHI and within the genus, the black and off-white forewing markings of H. nihoa are unique (see Fig. 5).	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313FFFFAFF25F8972AFBF8AB.taxon	description	Description. MALE (n = 4) (Fig. 5). Wingspan 6.3 – 7.2 mm (Holotype: 7.1 mm). Head with large black scales flattened on vertex, replaced on frons by small dark-brown scales. Base of haustellum with black scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved, with off-white scales ventrally and black scales dorsally. Antennal flagellum and scape black, sometimes with off-white scales at base of first flagellomeres; antennal pecten made of three thin setae. Thorax mostly black, with some off-white scales distributed on outer margins, metascutellum dark gray. Foreleg coxa and femur with a mixture of off-white and black scales; tibia and tarsomeres black with off-white ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but with off-white rings at apex of tarsomeres I – V. Forewing mostly black with bluish-green tinge, off-white markings as postbasal triangle with point reaching about 1 / 4 costa and base between 1 / 5 and 2 / 5 on inner margin, and narrower transverse postmedian band of variable width at about 3 / 4 forewing length. Hindwing gray with grayish-beige fringe. Subcostal brush present on dorsal surface of inner margin as a tuft of long dark-gray scales arising over conspicuous orange spot (not visible on Fig. 5) extending 1 / 3 length of hindwing. Abdomen dorsally uniform shiny dark gray; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long dark gray scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook of segment VII absent. Genital flaps rounded, elongated and thin; sternum VIII fused dorsally as a band, forming encompassing hull around tegumen. Male genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 16). Right uncuslike process thick and large, sickle shaped, about 4 X length of left process; left process membranous. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae asymmetrical, with three sclerotized spurlike setae of same length on each valva; right valva spoon shaped, broader, and rounded distally, slightly upcurved and adorned with setae only on apical margin; left valva narrower, more strongly upturned from middle, with low rounded bump on dorsal margin subbasally. Phallus slightly bent to right, stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and slightly angled downwards; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two thin symmetrical lobes adorned with small setae, with very long setae at apex. Female (n = 2). Wingspan 7.6 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Postmedian off-white band less conspicuous than for male. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 24). Papillae anales short, lightly sclerotized and setose, slightly longer than wide. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, posterior apophyses about 2.5 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae relatively small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, snailshell shaped curled to left, with base slightly larger. Ductus bursae long and thin. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII without medial emargination. Larval case (n = 23) (Fig. 11). Burrito-shaped (for a definition, see Schmitz & Rubinoff 2008), 3.4 – 4.8 mm in length, large and rounded with curved pointed distal end, decorated with lichens woven with silk filaments; case background color ranging from green to gray.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313FFFFAFF25F8972AFBF8AB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of H. nihoa is derived from that of the type locality, the island of Nihoa.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313FFFFAFF25F8972AFBF8AB.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected during the day in July on small bushes and rocks on the island of Nihoa.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313FFFFAFF25F8972AFBF8AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Nihoa where it is presumed to be endemic.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313DFFFCFF25FF5D2F98FE4F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ: [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Nihoa, Miller Canyon | “ cone ” case, VII- 17 - [20] 07 | em [ergence]. IX- 5 - [20] 07, # DR 07 G 6 | leg [it]. D [aniel]. Rubinoff, J [esse]. Eiben’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | kikokolu | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in perfect condition. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 6 ɗ, 7 Ψ from Nihoa Island, Hawaii, USA: 2 ɗ, 4 Ψ, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: VIII- 22 - [20] 07 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), VIII- 27 - 07 (1 Ψ), IX- 2 - 07 (1 Ψ dissected, slide PS 128), IX- 4 - 07 (1 Ψ), IX- 13 - 07 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 130); 3 ɗ, 3 Ψ, with same data as holotype except date of emergence and rearing log number: VIII- 28 - 07, # DR 07 G 9 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 141); IX- 4 - 07, # DR 07 G 2 (1 ɗ); IX- 7 - 07, # DR 07 G 9 (1 ɗ); IX- 10 - 07, # DR 07 G 2 (1 ɗ, dissected, slide PS 129; 1 Ψ, dissected, slide PS 127); X- 5 - 07, # DR 07 G 2 (1 Ψ); X- 11 - 07, # DR 07 G 9 (1 Ψ). Deposited in BPBM, MHNG, UHIM, and USNM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313DFFFCFF25FF5D2F98FE4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma kikokolu is a mostly uniform grayish-brown species. Based on external characters H. kikokolu can be separated from the closest looking species, H. menehune, by its larger size (wingspan between 8.0 and 10.0 mm vs 7.2 and 7.4 mm), and the thinner sclerotized hook in males. The two species are also allopatric. The genitalia are diagnosed in the treatment of H. menehune.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313DFFFCFF25FF5D2F98FE4F.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 6) (Figs. 6, 17). Wingspan 8.0 – 10.2 mm (Holotype: 9.5 mm). Head mostly grayish brown with dark-brown scales on each side, and beige to reddish-brown scales around eyes, with few, if any, reddish-brown and off-white scales on base of occiput; larger smooth grayish-brown to whitish-brown scales on vertex, replaced on the frons by smaller off-white scales. Base of haustellum with off-white scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus slender and recurved with off-white scales ventrally and dark brown scales dorsally. Antennal flagellum dark gray with apical off-white ring on first 5 – 12 flagellomeres; scape dark gray with off-white scales ventrally and forming ring apically, antennal pecten present with row of 5 or 6 thin setae. Thorax mostly dark brown, with some grayish-brown scales on lateral margins; tegulae with a mixture of grayish-brown and dark-brown scales; metascutellum silver gray. Foreleg dark brown with offwhite ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but more grayish brown and with off-white rings at apex of tarsomeres I – V. Forewing base dark brown otherwise wing mostly covered with grayish-brown-tipped off-white scales; dark brown markings as pair of oblong spots medially, disconnected from each, with most basal spot below other, and more or less conspicuous small spot postmedially on midline; off-white markings as small notch subapically on costa and another opposite on inner margin. Hindwing and fringe uniformly silver-gray. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally silver-gray; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long off-white scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook of segment VII elongate, very slightly curved, large basally and narrowing apically to acute apex arising from thin sclerotized ring. Genital flaps membranous, rounded, large, and thin, arising on both sides at apex of sclerotized sternum VIII. Male genitalia (n = 2) (Fig. 17). As for H. opuumaloo, except for bulbous anellus lobes at apex. Female (n = 7). Wingspan 9.0 – 10.0 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Head, labial palpus, and thorax darker; metascutellum and first abdominal segment dark brown; ground color of forewing more dark gray. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n = 2) (Fig. 25). Papillae anales short. Anterior apophyses straight with slight angle at base; posterior apophyses thin and straight, about 2.5 X length of anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized and very large, externally protruding, snailshell shaped curled to the left, with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with broad U-shaped emargination medially forming a bowl encompassing ostium bursae with patches of dense scales situated laterally. Larval case (n = 318). Cone-shaped, 6.0 – 8.7 mm in length, small and thin, decorated with beige, brown, and black sand grains; operculum of case covered with small pebbles; background color ranging from gray to grayish brown.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313DFFFCFF25FF5D2F98FE4F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Hawaiian kiko, spot, and kolu, three, referring to the pattern of the forewing.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313DFFFCFF25FF5D2F98FE4F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. All adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected on the ground during the day on the island of Nihoa in July. As noted, most cone-cased Hyposmocoma in the main Hawaiian Islands are aquatic (Rubinoff 2008), but streams do not exist in the NWHI.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313DFFFCFF25FF5D2F98FE4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Nihoa, where it is presumed to be endemic. Remarks. This species may represent the new species 28 of Zimmerman (1978), collected on Nihoa Island, based on characters such as absence of subcostal brush, presence of sclerotized hook, male genitalia, and thornlike larval case.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313AFFFDFF25FAFB2AC2FAEF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ (dissected, slide PS 135): [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Nihoa, Miller Canyon | “ burrito ” case, VII- 17 - [20] 07 | em [ergence]. VII- 22 - [20] 07, # DR 07 G 5 | leg [it]. D [aniel]. Rubinoff, J [esse]. Eiben’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | menehune | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae and labial palpi. Deposited in the UHIM. Paratypes: 1 Ψ (dissected, slide PS 136) from Nihoa Island, Hawaii, USA, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: XI- 1 - [20] 07. Deposited in the UHIM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313AFFFDFF25FAFB2AC2FAEF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma menehune is a relatively small grayish species similar to H. kikokolu although smaller (see above Diagnosis of H. kikokolu). It differs from H. kikokolu in male genitalia by having the arms of the valvae thinner and longer, with minute spurlike setae on the right valva (these setae are longer in H. kikokolu), and in female genitalia by having the apical margin of tergum VIII with no medial emargination.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313AFFFDFF25FAFB2AC2FAEF.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 1) (Figs. 7, 18). Wingspan 7.4 mm (holotype). Head mostly grayish brown with rusty-beige scale tufts on each side at base of occiput. Base of haustellum with off-white scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Thorax and tegulae mostly gray brown; metascutellum silver gray. Foreleg gray brown with off-white ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs offwhite. Hindleg as midleg. Forewing mostly covered with gray-brown-tipped gray scales; dark-gray-brown markings as pair of spots medially, disconnected and situated on top of each other, and another small spot postmedially on midline; off-white markings as a small notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin. Hindwing and fringe uniformly silver gray. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally silvergray; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long scales on each side of genitalia off-white. Sclerotized hook elongated, straight, apically enlarged with blunt apex arising from thin sclerotized ring. Genital flaps membranous, rounded, large, and thin, arising on both sides at apex of heavily sclerotized sternum VIII. Male genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 18). Right uncuslike process elongate, curved ventrally, blunt apically, about 4 X length of left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized along margins, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, long and slender, with same width until apex, bent upward at right angle before middle, adorned with setae disposed comblike along dorsal margin, with three long sclerotized spurlike setae of same length on left valva, first seta thinner and with three minute setae on right valva. Phallus large, heavily sclerotized, slightly pointed apically, with large bulbous base becoming gradually slender until apex; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, with very thin arms, slightly enlarged from middle and adorned with small setae at apex. Female (n = 7). Wingspan 7.2 mm. Frenulum with 3 acanthae. Head and thorax darker than male with grayish-blue tinge. Antennal pecten made of two thin setae; ground color of forewing light-grayish blue, with markings darker than male, sometimes black, and terminal scales on termen black tipped. Otherwise externally like males. Female genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 26). Papillae anales short. Anterior and posterior apophyses straight and very thin, posterior apophysis about 2.5 X length of anterior apophysis. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized and very large, externally protruding, snailshell shaped curled to the left, with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, with light scobination; signum absent. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated at posterior end of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII without medial emargination. Larval case (n = 9). Burrito-shaped, 3.7 – 4.0 mm in length, similar to that of H. nihoa, but without distinctly curved pointed distal end.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313AFFFDFF25FAFB2AC2FAEF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In the Hawaiian mythology, menehune represents a legendary race of small people who worked at night and lived far from the eyes of normal humans referring to the nocturnal case-bearing larvae of this species.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313AFFFDFF25FAFB2AC2FAEF.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected on the ground during the day on the island of Nihoa in July.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313AFFFDFF25FAFB2AC2FAEF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Nihoa, where it is presumed to be endemic.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313BFFFFFF25FA5E2AFBFBD1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ (dissected, slide PS 137): [1] ‘ H [AWAI] I: Nihoa, Miller Canyon | “ burrito ” case, VII- 17 - [20] 07 | em [ergence]. VIII- 20 - [20] 07, # DR 07 G 4 | leg [it]. D [aniel]. Rubinoff, J [esse]. Eiben’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | papahanau | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae and labial palpi. Deposited in the UHIM.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313BFFFFFF25FA5E2AFBFBD1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. H. papahanau can be confused based on external characters only with the similar-looking H. opuumaloo in the NWHI but can be easily separated from the latter by the combination of wing pattern and coloration, and the absence of a sclerotized hook in males. The two species also occur allopatrically.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313BFFFFFF25FA5E2AFBFBD1.taxon	description	Description. MALE (n = 1) (Fig. 8). Wingspan 8.8 mm (holotype). Head mostly rusty beige with darkbrown scales as tufts on each side at base of occiput. Base of haustellum with white scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Thorax and tegula dark brown, with some scattered rusty scales; metascutellum pale beige. Foreleg coxa beige; femur dark brown; tibia and tarsomeres dark brown with off-white ring at middle and apex of tibia, and apex of tarsomeres I, II, and V. Midleg as foreleg, spurs off-white. Hindleg as midleg, but ground color more silver-gray, with off-white rings at apex on tarsomeres I – V. Forewing mostly covered with rustybrown tipped beige scales dense enough to appear as band along dorsal margin with dark-brown scales at base with grayish-brown scales forming interrupted band along costal margin and crescent shaped band before termen; dark-brown markings as a basal spot on the costal margin, a postbasal line extending diagonally from costal margin at 1 / 6 to about 2 / 3 of wing width, a wavelike median patch along midline and somewhat fused with upper grayish-brown area on costal margin, and a postmedian spot separated from median patch; rusty scales as thin line extending from base of wing along midline to about 1 / 4 of wing length, and merging gradually with forewing background color between basal spot and postbasal line. Hindwing gray; fringe grayish beige. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally pale beige; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long scales on each side of genitalia off-white. Sclerotized hook absent on segment VII. Genital flaps rounded, elongated and thin; arising on both sides at apex of sclerotized sternum VIII. Male genitalia (n = 1) (Fig. 19). Right uncuslike process straight and blunt tipped, about 2 X length of left process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized along margins, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, spoon-shaped with short arms broader distally, slightly upcurved, adorned with setae disposed comblike along dorsal margin, with two thin sclerotized spurlike setae of same length on each valva. Phallus heavily sclerotized, bulbous near middle, second half slightly angled downward; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, not enlarged, both adorned with small setae, with very long setae at apex. Female. Unknown Larval case (n = 11). Burrito-shaped, 4.5 – 8.7 mm in length, similar to that of H. nihoa.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313BFFFFFF25FA5E2AFBFBD1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of H. papahanau is short for Papahānaumokuākea, which is the goddess who gave birth to the NWHI in the Hawaiian mythology and the name of the recently proclaimed Marine National Monument that encompasses all the NWHI.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313BFFFFFF25FA5E2AFBFBD1.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults were reared from case-making larvae. Larvae were collected on the ground during the day on the island of Nihoa in July.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
03A487C2313BFFFFFF25FA5E2AFBFBD1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the NWHI of Nihoa where it is presumed to be endemic.	en	Schmitz, Patrick, Rubinoff, Daniel (2009): New species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae) from the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Laysan, Necker, and Nihoa. Zootaxa 2272: 37-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190995
