identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A487B7C76B8C66FD6AFA165DA3F915.text	03A487B7C76B8C66FD6AFA165DA3F915.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998	<div><p>Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998</p> <p>Figures 1–43, tables 1–10</p> <p>Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998: 1003, type genus: Pseudochactas Gromov, 1998; Fet, 2000: 426; Lourenço, 2000a: 24, 32; 2001: 5; Soleglad and Fet, 2001: 1, 7–9, 10–16, 18, 20–22, 24–26,</p> <p>35, 38, figs. 2–9, 12, 13, B-1, table 6, appendices B, C; 2003a: 1, 5, 9, 10, 12, 25, 28–30, figs. 3, 44, table 1; 2003b: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11,</p> <p>17, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 53, 67, 69–71, 74–77,</p> <p>84, 87–89, 92, 104, 120, 121, 135, 139–146, 148, 150–153, 170, 174, figs. 114, B-1, B-2, B-3, E-1, tables 9, 11, appendices A, B, E; Fet et al., 2003: 2, 3, table 1; Coddington et al., 2004: 309, 310, fig. 18.5; Fet and Soleglad, 2005: 2, 12, table 2; Prendini and Wheeler, 2005: 448, 460, 463–465, 473, 482, 491–494, tables 2, 8, 10; Fet et al., 2006: 269; Graham and Fet, 2006: 1, 2, 11; Prendini et al., 2006: 211, 213, 218–220, 225, 226, 234, 238, 243, tables 2–4, 6, 7; Kovařík et al., 2007: 206; Lourenço, 2007a: 770, 771, 774; 2007b: 1, 5; Lourenço and Goodman, 2008: 667; Soleglad and Fet, 2008: 71; Volschenk et al., 2008:</p> <p>656, 659, 670; Vignoli and Prendini, 2009: 3, table 1; Lourenço and Pham, 2010: 1, 2, 6, 12; Botero-Trujillo and Noriega, 2011: 41; Fet et al., 2011a: 15; Prendini, 2011: 117; Lourenço, 2012a: 232, 233, 236, 237, appendix A; 2012b: 732, 733, table 1; Lourenço and Pham, 2012: 80, 84, fig. 4; Soleglad et al., 2012: 89, 95, 96; Steiner, 2013: 417, table 1; Yang et al., 2013: 1; Loria and Prendini, 2014: 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 24, tables 1–4, fig. 3; Lourenço, 2014: 31, 36–38, 45, map 4; Lourenço and Pham, 2014a: 536; Beron, 2015: 172; Sharma et al., 2015a: 351; 2015b: 1, 3–6, 8, 9, table 1, figs.</p> <p>1, 2b, 4; Lourenço, 2017a: 19; Pham et al., 2017: 133, 134; Beron, 2018: 834; Deharveng and Bedos, 2018: 121; Kovařík et al., 2018:</p> <p>10; Loria and Prendini, 2018: 186, table 2; Lourenço et al., 2018: 264, 265, 272; Francke, 2019: 32; Howard et al., 2019: 74, 75; Santibáñez-López et al., 2019a: 26, 29, tables 3, 4.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Pseudochactidae may be separated from all other scorpion families by means of the following combination of characters: carapace with distinct circumocular sutures; pedipalps with Type D trichobothrial pattern; telotarsi of legs I–IV each with pair of ventrosubmedian rows of spinules; Type 1, pentagonal sternum; lamelliform hemispermatophore; meta- somal segment V with ventrosubmedian carinae complete.</p> <p>Pseudochactidae may be separated from Buthidae and Chaerilidae as follows. Whereas basal teeth are absent from the dorsal margin of the cheliceral movable finger in Pseudochactidae, one or two basal teeth are present in Chaerilidae and Buthidae, respectively. A serrula, present on the ventral margin of the cheliceral movable finger in Pseudochactidae, is absent in the other families. Anterosubmedial depressions of the carapace, situated medial to the lateral ocelli, are well developed in Pseudochactidae (figs. 10–12), vestigial in Chaerilidae, and absent in Buthidae. Circumocular sutures of the carapace, present in Pseudochactidae (figs. 10–12), are absent in the other families. Mediolateral major (MLMa) ocelli, absent in Pseudochactidae, are present in the other families. The retrodorsal carina of the pedipalp femur is present and distinct in Pseudochactidae (figs. 23, 28, 34, 38, 42), but often absent or obsolete in the other families. Pedipalp femur trichobothria d 1 and d 6, petite in Pseudochactidae (figs. 23, 28, 34, 38, 42), are full size in the other families, whereas d 4, full size in Pseudochactidae, is petite in Chaerilidae and absent in Buthidae; d 3 and d 4 are situated in the same axis, such that d 3 – d 4 is parallel to the retrodorsal carina in Pseudochactidae, d 4 is retrolateral to d 3 such that d 3 – d 4 is directed toward the retrodorsal carina (α configuration) in Chaerilidae and some Buthidae, or d 4 is prolateral to d 3 such that d 3 – d 4 is directed away from the retrodorsal carina (β configuration) in some Buthidae. The dorsomedian, retromedian, and ventromedian carinae of the pedipalp patella, absent in Pseudochactidae (figs. 23, 28, 34, 38, 42), are present in the other families. Pedipalp patella trichobothium em 1, absent in Pseudochactidae (figs. 23, 28, 34, 38, 42), is present in the other families and est, petite in Pseudochactidae, is full size in the other families. Pedipalp chela trichobothrium it 1 (it situated at the base of the fixed finger) and petite trichobothrium ib 2, present in Pseudochactidae (figs. 24, 25, 29, 30, 35, 36, 39, 43), are absent in the other families, whereas trichobothria est, et, and V 1, absent in Pseudochactidae, are present in the other families. A pair of ventrosubmedian rows</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C76B8C66FD6AFA165DA3F915	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7558C5DFF0CFBD85B6DFE43.text	03A487B7C7558C5DFF0CFBD85B6DFE43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998	<div><p>of Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998</p> <p>1. Tegument usually partially infuscate; carapace median and lateral ocelli present (figs. 10, 11); circumocular sutures complete, connected or disconnected posteriorly; pedipalps relatively robust, chela manus prolateral ventral carina complete, fixed and movable fingers (adult ♂) sinuous, sexually dimorphic (figs. 24, 25, 29, 30); legs III and IV, tibial spurs present (fig. 15A, B); telson vesicle lateral and ventral surfaces with granular carinae, subaculear tubercle obsolete (very small bump evident) (fig. 18)............. 2 (Pseudochactinae, Troglokhammouaninae)</p> <p>– Tegument immaculate; carapace median and lateral ocelli absent (fig. 12); circumocular sutures partial (disconnected); pedipalps gracile, chela manus prolateral ventral carina absent or obsolete, fixed and movable fingers (adult ♂) sublinear, similar to adult ♀ (figs. 35, 36, 39, 43); legs III and IV, tibial spurs absent (fig. 15C, D); telson vesicle lateral surfaces smooth, ventral surfaces smooth or with sparsely granular (obsolete) carinae, subaculear tubercle absent (fig. 19)..............................................................4 (Vietbocapinae)</p> <p>2. Tegument brown; carapace anteromedian margin convex (procurved), protruding, posterolateral margins gently curved (fig. 11); circumocular sutures disconnected posteriorly; carapace and posttergites I–VI, surfaces granular; pedipalp patella prolateral surface, dorsoventral projection (“anterior process”) moderate (fig. 28E, G); pedipalp chela manus dorsomedian, dorsal secondary and subdigital carinae vestigial, retromedian and ventromedian carinae partial, secondary accessory and retroventral carinae incompletely fused, slight disjunction evident in proximal third (figs. 29, 30); legs I–IV basitarsi and telotarsi, spinules long (fig. 15B); sternum ventral surface shallowly concave, lateral margins recurved medially (fig. 13B, D); pectines with 12–16 median lamellae and 13–17 teeth (tables 3, 5, 7, 8); metasomal segments I–IV, dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae, posterior granules markedly larger than preceding granules and spiniform (fig. 16C, D); segments III and IV, median lateral carinae complete (fig. 18C, D); telson vesicle elongate (fig. 20C, D)........................... Troglokhammouanus steineri</p> <p>– Tegument yellowish; carapace anteromedian margin sublinear, recessed, posterolateral margins angular, slanting (fig. 10); circumocular sutures connected posteriorly; carapace and posttergites I–VI, surfaces smooth or nearly so; pedipalp patella prolateral surface, dorsoventral projection (“anterior process”) pronounced (fig. 23E, G); pedipalp chela manus dorsomedian, dorsal secondary, subdigital and retromedian carinae absent, ventromedian carina vestigial, secondary accessory and retroventral carinae entirely fused (figs. 24, 25); legs I–IV basitarsi and telotarsi, spinules short (fig. 15A); sternum ventral surface flat/planar, lateral margins sublinear (fig. 13A, C); pectines with 8–12 median lamellae and 9–13 teeth (tables 3, 5, 6); metasomal segments I–IV, dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae, posterior granules similar to preceding granules (fig. 16A, B); segments III and IV, median lateral carinae partial, becoming obsolete anteriorly on III, vestigial or absent on IV (fig. 18A, B); telson vesicle globose (fig. 20A, B)..............................................................3 (Pseudochactas)</p> <p>3. Carapace, tergites, and legs yellowish, immaculate; pedipalp patella retrodorsal carina costate; pectines with 8 or 9 median lamellae and 9 or 10 teeth (tables 3, 5); metasomal segments, median lateral carinae complete on segment II, partial on V........................................................... Pseudochactas mischi</p> <p>– Carapace, tergites, and legs brownish, infuscate; pedipalp patella retrodorsal carina costate granular (fig. 23E, F); pectines with 9–12 median lamellae and 10–13 teeth (tables 3, 5, 6); metasomal segments, median lateral carinae partial, becoming obsolete anteriorly on II, absent or obsolete on V (fig. 18A, B).............................. Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi</p> <p>4. Carapace median ocular tubercle (demarcated by posterior margin of circumocular sulci) situated medially (fig. 12B, D, F); circumocular triangle parallel sided (U-shape), median ocular curvatures absent; anterolateral surfaces mostly smooth, sparsely granular near anterior carapace margin; posteromedian margin sublinear to shallowly convex (procurved); pedipalp chela manus elongate, prolateral dorsal carina (♂) absent or obsolete (fig. 43); fixed and movable fingers, median denticle rows comprising seven or eight subrows (tables 3, 4, 10); trichobothrium Et 1 situated distally on manus, aligned with or proximal to movable finger condyle, esb 2 in proximal third of fixed finger, between first and second most proximal retrolateral denticles of median denticle row (fig. 43B); pectines with 5–8 median lamellae and 6–10 teeth (tables 3, 5, 10); metasomal segments, median lateral carinae complete on I, partial, becoming obsolete anteriorly on II (fig. 19D, E)............................................................. Vietbocap canhi</p> <p>– Carapace median ocular tubercle (demarcated by posterior margin of circumocular sulci) situated anteromedially (fig. 12A, C, E); circumocular triangle subtriangular (broad V-shape), median ocular curvatures present; anterolateral surfaces mostly granular; posteromedian margin shallowly concave (recurved); pedipalp chela manus globose, prolateral dorsal carina (♂) complete (figs. 35, 36, 39); fixed and movable fingers, median denticle rows usually comprising 10 subrows (tables 3, 4, 9, 10); trichobothrium Et 1 situated on fixed finger, slightly distal to movable finger condyle, esb 2 situated approximately midway on fixed finger, between second and third most proximal retrolateral denticles of median denticle row (figs. 35B, 36B, 39B); pectines with 11–14 lamellae and 12–15 teeth (tables 3, 5, 9, 10); metasomal segments I and II, median lateral carinae complete (fig. 19A–C)..........................................................5 (Aemngvantom)</p> <p>5. Carapace mediolateral and posteromedian surfaces granular (fig. 12A, C); posttergites I–VI, surfaces smooth or nearly so; pedipalp segments proportionally longer and narrower and metasomal segments proportionally longer and broader (figs. 17A, B, 19A, B, 21A, B, 34–36; table 9); metasomal segments II–IV, ventrosubmedian carinae, distinct (fig. 21A, B); segment V, dorsolateral and ventromedian carinae distinct, median lateral carinae complete (figs. 17A, B, 21A, B)............................................................ Aemngvantom lao</p> <p>– Carapace mediolateral and posteromedian surfaces smooth (fig. 12E); posttergites I–VI, surfaces granular; pedipalp segments proportionally shorter and broader and metasomal segments proportionally shorter and narrower (figs. 17C, 19C, 21C, 38, 39; table 10); metasomal segments II–IV, ventrosubmedian carinae, absent or obsolete (fig. 21C); segment V, dorsolateral carinae obsolete, median lateral and ventromedian carinae absent or obsolete (figs. 17C, 21C)................ Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7558C5DFF0CFBD85B6DFE43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7578C5DFF38FE5C5B77FDE8.text	03A487B7C7578C5DFF38FE5C5B77FDE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactinae Gromov 1998	<div><p>Subfamily Pseudochactinae Gromov, 1998</p> <p>Figures 1, 2, 5, 6, 8–10, 13A, C, 15A, 16A, B,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7578C5DFF38FE5C5B77FDE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C75A8C50FF63FE0E5B77FDDE.text	03A487B7C75A8C50FF63FE0E5B77FDDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactas Gromov 1998	<div><p>Pseudochactas Gromov, 1998</p> <p>Figures 1, 2, 5, 6, 8–10, 13A, C, 15A, 16A, B,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C75A8C50FF63FE0E5B77FDDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C75A8C50FD64FF555D58FEF7.text	03A487B7C75A8C50FD64FF555D58FEF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactas mischi Soleglad 2012	<div><p>Pseudochactas mischi Soleglad et al., 2012</p> <p>Figures 6, 8B, 9, tables 2–5</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C75A8C50FD64FF555D58FEF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C75A8C51FD19FEFE5DA2F975.text	03A487B7C75A8C51FD19FEFE5DA2F975.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactas mischi Soleglad et al. 2012	<div><p>Pseudochactas mischi Soleglad et al., 2012:</p> <p>89–97, tables I, II, figs. 1–13, 14–18 (part),</p> <p>19a, 19b, 20, 21 (part); Howard et al., 2019:</p> <p>74, fig. 3G.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype: 1 subad. ♀ (FKPC), AFGHANISTAN: Uruzgan [Orozgan] Prov.: Tarin Kowt Distr.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=65.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 65.666664/lat 32.533333)">Bolakh</a> [Balagh] village, 1380 m (4300 ft), 32°32′N 65°40′E, xi.2011, M. Misch.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Pseudochactas mischi may be separated from the morphologically similar P. ovchinnikovi, by means of differences in coloration and carination. The coloration is paler and yellowish, the carapace, tergites, and legs immaculate, in P. mischi but darker and brownish, the carapace, tergites and legs infuscate, in P. ovchinnikovi. The lyriform anterosubmedial carinae of the carapace are absent in P. mischi but obsolete, granular in P. ovchinnikovi (fig. 10). The retrodorsal carina of the pedipalp patella is costate in P. mischi but costate granular in P. ovchinnikovi (fig. 23E, F). The pedipalp chela, metasoma, and telson vesicle are more robust (proportionally shorter and broader) in P. mischi than P. ovchinnikovi (tables 3, 6). The pectines possess 8 or 9 median lamellae and 9 or 10 teeth in P. mischi (tables 3, 5) but 9–12 median lamellae and 10–13 teeth in P. ovchinnikovi (tables 3, 5, 6). The median lateral carinae are complete on metasomal segment II, and partial on V in P. mischi but partial, becoming obsolete anteriorly, on II, and absent or obsolete on V in P. ovchinnikovi (fig. 18A, B). The telson vesicle lateral and ventral surfaces are more coarsely and densely granular in P. mischi than P. ovchinnikovi (figs. 18A, B, 20A, B).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: The following description supplements the original description of the holotype. As Soleglad et al. (2012) suggested, the holotype and only known specimen is indeed a subadult female. The adults of both sexes are unknown.</p> <p>Total length: Small, 18 mm (table 3).</p> <p>Color: Tegument base coloration pale yellowish orange, immaculate. Chelicerae, pedipalps (except chela fingers), legs, posterior third of tergites and sternites, metasoma, and telson slightly paler than carapace, pedipalp chela fingers, and anterior two-thirds of tergites and sternites. Pedipalp chela fingers light reddish. Sternum, genital operculum, pectines, and sternites pale yellow. Aculeus black.</p> <p>Chelicerae: Fixed finger, dorsal margin with four teeth (basal, median, subdistal, distal); basal and median teeth fused into bicuspid (“conjoined on trunk”); space between median and subdistal teeth U-shaped; ventral margin with four small denticles (ventral accessory denticles). Movable finger, dorsal margin with three teeth (median, subdistal, retrolateral distal), without basal teeth; ventral margin with four small denticles (ventral accessory denticles) and serrula in distal third; retrolateral (dorsal) distal and prolateral (ventral) distal teeth subequal, retrolateral (dorsal) distal tooth smaller than prolateral (ventral) distal tooth and opposable. Ventral surface of fingers and manus with numerous long, dense macrosetae.</p> <p>Carapace: Carapace slightly wider than long. Anterior margin sublinear, shallowly recessed medially; anterolateral margins entire; posteromedian margin shallowly concave (recurved); posterolateral margins angular, slanting. One pair of very small anterolateral major (ALMa) ocelli situated close to anterolateral margins of carapace, other lateral ocelli absent. Anterosubmedial depressions, medial to lateral ocelli, well developed. Median ocular tubercle situated anteromedially on carapace, distance from anterior margin 33% of carapace length (table 3); pair of median ocelli considerably larger than lateral ocelli; superciliary carinae obsolete, not protruding above ocelli; interocular sulcus shallow, obsolete. Circumocular sutures complete, connected posteriorly (postocular); circumocular triangle subtriangular (broad V-shape); median ocular curvatures present. Anteromedian depression narrow, shallow; posteromedian sulcus very shallow anteriorly, becoming slightly deeper posteriorly; posterolateral sulci very shallow, wide, weakly curved; posteromarginal sulcus narrow, shallow. Carapacial surfaces smooth, except for sparse granulation anteromedially, and acarinate.</p> <p>Pedipalps: Pedipalps relatively robust; segments almost apilose, sparsely covered in short microsetae and few macrosetae. Pedipalp femur length 67% greater than width (table 3). Femur with seven carinae evident; promedian carina obsolete, reduced to few spiniform granules in proximal two-thirds of segment; prodorsal, proventral and retrodorsal carinae well developed, granular to costate granular (serrate to crenulate); dorsomedian and retromedian carinae weak, granular rows; retroventral carina vestigial, comprising short granular row; dorsal intercarinal surface sparsely granular proximally; other intercarinal surfaces smooth. Pedipalp patella length 57% greater than width (table 3). Patella with six carinae evident; prodorsal carina well developed, granular; retrodorsal carina well developed, costate; proventral and retroventral carinae well developed, costate granular (crenulate); prolateral surface, dorsoventral “vaulted” projection (“anterior process”) well developed, with prominent pair of dorsal and ventral spiniform granules (“patellar spurs”) proximally, demarcating pair of vestigial, prolateral carinae (“dorsal and ventral patellar spur carinae”), reduced to two granules; dorsomedian, retromedian, and ventromedian carinae absent; intercarinal surfaces smooth. Pedipalp chela relatively short and broad; manus globose, height 4% greater than width and length 33% greater than width (table 3); length of movable finger 4% greater than length of manus. Chela with six carinae evident; dorsomedian carina reduced to few granules at base of fixed finger, becoming obsolete proximally on manus; digital carina well developed, granular in proximal sixth, remainder costate; secondary accessory and retroventral carinae entirely fused; retroventral carina well developed, granular proximally, becoming costate distally, aligned parallel to longitudinal axis of chela, with distal margin connected to retrolateral movable finger condyle; prodorsal, promedian, and proventral carinae</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C75A8C51FD19FEFE5DA2F975	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7488C42FF3AFB6C5B77FAF8.text	03A487B7C7488C42FF3AFB6C5B77FAF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998	<div><p>Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov, 1998</p> <p>Figures 1, 2, 5, 6, 8–10, 13A, C, 15A, 16A, B,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7488C42FF3AFB6C5B77FAF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7358C3FFF1EFA575B44F9F5.text	03A487B7C7358C3FFF1EFA575B44F9F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglokhammouanus Lourenco 2007	<div><p>Troglokhammouanus Lourenço, 2007</p> <p>Figures 3, 5, 7–9, 11, 13B, D, 15B, 16C, D,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7358C3FFF1EFA575B44F9F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7358C2BFD75FC3E5B5BFA11.text	03A487B7C7358C2BFD75FC3E5B5BFA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenco 2007	<div><p>Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007</p> <p>Figures 3, 5, 7–9, 11, 13B, D, 15B, 16C, D, 18C, D, 20C, D, 26–31, tables 1–5, 7, 8</p> <p>Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007a: 771, 775, 776, figs. 1, 3 (4–15), 4 (16–24); 2007b: 1–6, figs. 1–24; Lourenço and Pham, 2010: 2, 12; Botero-Trujillo and Noriega, 2011: 42; Jäger, 2012: 37; Lourenço, 2012a: 233, 236, 237, appendix A; Lourenço and Leguin, 2012: 71; Lourenço and Pham, 2012: 80, 84; Soleglad et al., 2012: 89; Steiner, 2013: 416; Loria and Prendini, 2014: appendix S1: 10, appendix S2: 7; Lourenço, 2014: 31; Beron, 2015: 184; Sharma et al., 2015a: 354; 2015b: 4, 7, figs. 1e, 2c, 3b; Lourenço, 2017a: 19–21, 23, fig. 1; Beron, 2018: 834; Lourenço et al., 2018: 265; Ballesteros et al., 2019: table S1; Francke, 2019: 32; Howard et al., 2019: 76, table 1; Santibáñez-López et al., 2019b: 26, table 3.</p> <p>Troglokhammouanus louisanneorum Lourenço, 2017a: 20–23, figs. 1, 4–16; syn. nov.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: LAOS: Khammouane Prov.:</p> <p>Boualapha Distr.: Hin Namno National Biodiver-</p> <p>sity Conservation Area: Holotype ♀ (MNHN RS 9098) [examined], juv. ♂ paratype (MNHN RS 9099) Boualapha, Tham Xe Bangfai (cave), Ban Nong Ping [17°22′23.6″N 105°50′11.8″E], 14.ii.2007, H. Steiner, midsection of cave [2–3 km from entrance], on sand [alluvial soil and sand bank next to river edge]. Gnommalath Distr.: Troglokhammouanus louisanneorum: Holotype ♀ (MNHN), Ban Naden, Tham Nam Lot cave (17°30′17.9″N 105°23′08.2″E), 176 m, 8.xi.2011, L. Deharveng and A. Bedos, 350–450 m from main cave entrance.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: As for subfamily.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: The following description, based on the holotype female of T. steineri, and material examined, including 10 adult males and 61 adult females, supplements the original descriptions of Lourenço (2007a, 2017a) and supplemental data in Lourenço (2007b).</p> <p>Total length: Small, 32.2 mm (28.4–36.4 mm, n = 9) (♂) or 38.5 mm (35.8–41.3 mm, n = 13) (♀) (tables 3, 7, 8).</p> <p>Color: Tegument base coloration reddish yellow to reddish brown. Carapace diffusely infuscate, with brownish marbled pattern; tergites with paired submedial and sublateral stripes of brownish infuscation longitudinally, or immaculate; other surfaces immaculate. Carapace, pedipalps, tergites, and metasoma reddish yellow to reddish brown. Chela fingers, pedipalpal and metasomal carinae dark reddish brown. Chelicerae, legs, sternum, genital operculum, and sternites pale yellow. Pectines pale, yellowish white. Telson paler than metasomal segment V. Aculeus black.</p> <p>Chelicerae: Fixed finger, dorsal margin with four teeth (basal, median, subdistal, distal); basal and median teeth fused into bicuspid (“conjoined on trunk”); space between median and subdistal teeth U-shaped; ventral margin with five or six small denticles (ventral accessory denticles). Movable finger, dorsal margin with three teeth (median, subdistal, retrolateral distal), without basal teeth; ventral margin with five or six small denticles (ventral accessory denticles) and serrula in distal third; retrolat- eral (dorsal) distal and prolateral (ventral) distal teeth subequal, retrolateral (dorsal) distal tooth smaller than prolateral (ventral) distal tooth, and opposable. Ventral surface of fingers and manus with numerous long, dense macrosetae.</p> <p>Carapace: Carapace slightly longer than wide, anterior width 51% (43%–55%, n = 9) (♂) or 50% (45%–57%, n = 13) (♀) of length, posterior width 90% (85%–94%, n = 9) (♂) or 95% (79%–102%, n = 13) (♀) of length (tables 3, 7, 8). Anterior margin convex (procurved), protruding medially; anterolateral margins entire; posteromedian margin shallowly concave (recurved); posterolateral margins gently curved (fig. 11). One pair of very small anterolateral major (ALMa) ocelli situated close to anterolateral margins of carapace, other lateral ocelli absent. Anterosubmedial depressions, medial to lateral ocelli, well developed. Median ocular tubercle situated anteromedially on carapace, distance from anterior margin 32% (26%– 37%, n = 9) (♂) or 33% (30%–35%, n = 11) (♀) of carapace length (tables 7, 8); pair of median ocelli considerably larger than lateral ocelli; pair of weakly developed, smooth superciliary carinae, not protruding above ocelli; interocular sulcus shallow, obsolete. Circumocular sutures complete but disconnected posteriorly; circumocular triangle subtriangular (broad V-shape); median ocular curvatures present. Anteromedian depression narrow, shallow; posteromedian sulcus very shallow anteriorly, becoming slightly deeper posteriorly; posterolateral sulci very shallow, wide, weakly curved; posteromarginal sulcus narrow, shallow. Carapace acarinate; surfaces finely to moderately granular, except on anteromedian depression and along lateral and posterior margins.</p> <p>Pedipalps: Pedipalps relatively robust; segments almost apilose, sparsely covered in short microsetae and occasional macrosetae. Pedipalp femur length 68% (65%–71%, n = 9) (♂) or 64% (59%–68%, n = 13) (♀) greater than width (tables 3, 7, 8). Femur with seven carinae evident (fig. 28A–D); promedian carina obsolete, reduced to few spiniform granules in proximal two-thirds of segment; prodorsal, proventral and retrodorsal carinae well developed, costate granular; dorsomedian carina moderately developed, granular; retromedian and retroventral carinae vestigial, reduced to few granules proximally; ventromedian carina absent; intercarinal surfaces smooth. Pedipalp patella length 62% (59%–70%, n = 9) (♂) or 61% (58%–62%, n = 13) (♀) greater than width (tables 3, 7, 8). Patella with six carinae evident (fig. 28E–G); retrodorsal, retroventral, and proventral carinae well developed, costate granular to costate; prodorsal carina well developed, granular to costate granular; prolateral surface, dorsoventral “vaulted” projection (“anterior process”) moderately developed, with prominent pair of dorsal and ventral spiniform granules (“patellar spurs”) proximally, the dorsal more strongly developed, demarcating pair of obsolete, granular prolateral dorsal and ventral carinae (“patellar spur carinae”); ventromedian carina vestigial, reduced to proximal granules; dorsomedian and retromedian carinae absent; intercarinal surfaces smooth. Pedipalp chela relatively short and broad; manus globose, width 28% (21%– 32%, n = 9) (♂) or 25% (18%–33%, n = 13) (♀) greater than height and length 14% (8%–19%, n = 9) (♂) or 21% (17%–26%, n = 11) (♀) greater than width (tables 3, 7, 8); length of movable finger 16% (8%–24%, n = 9) (♂) or 24% (16%–35%, n = 11) (♀) greater than length of manus. Chela with 10 carinae evident (figs. 29, 30); dorsomedian carina complete, granular; dorsal secondary and subdigital carinae vestigial, reduced to granules proximally on manus; digital carina well developed, costate granular; retromedian (retrolateral secondary) carina partial, comprising granular row medially; secondary accessory and retroventral carinae incompletely fused, slight disjunction evident in proximal third; retroventral carina well developed, granular, aligned parallel to longitudinal axis of chela, with distal margin connected to retrolateral movable finger condyle; ventromedian carina partial, comprising granular row in proximal quarter; prodorsal, promedian, and proventral carinae obsolete, each reduced to series of isolated granules; intercarinal surfaces smooth except for coarse, scattered granules on prolateral surface of manus, near base of fixed and movable fingers. Fixed and movable fingers, dentate margins sublinear (♀) or markedly sinuous, movable finger with shallow lobe, proximally and fixed finger with correspondingly shallow notch, proximally (♂), no proximal “gap” evident when closed; median denticle rows comprising seven (6 or 7, n = 143) (fixed finger) or eight (6–8, n = 141) (movable finger) oblique and slightly imbricated subrows (tables 3, 4, 7, 8), decreasing in length distally; each subrow comprising large retrolateral denticle proximally (absent from proximal subrow, for total of seven retrolateral denticles on fixed and movable fingers), several small median denticles, and large prolateral denticle distally, slightly offset (total of seven and eight prolateral denticles on fixed and movable fingers, respectively); terminal (prolateral) denticle of first subrow enlarged; accessory denticles absent.</p> <p>Trichobothria: Orthobothriotaxic, Type D, β configuration, trichobothrium d 2 situated on femur dorsal surface, d 3 and d 4 in same axis, parallel and closer to retrodorsal carina than d 1, angle formed by d 1, d 3 and d 4 opening toward prolateral surface, with the following segment totals (figs. 28–30): femur, 12 (6 dorsal, 3 prolateral, 3 retrolateral); patella, 10 (3 dorsal, 1 prolateral, 6 retrolateral); chela, 13 (5 manus, 8 fixed finger). Total number of trichobothria per pedipalp, 35. Five trichobothria on femur, i 4, d 1, d 2, d 4, and d 6, one on patella, est 1, and one on chela fixed finger, ib 2, noticeably smaller than others (“petite”). Trichobothrium Et 1 situated distally on manus, aligned with or proximal to movable finger condyle; eb situated on fixed finger, slightly distal to movable finger condyle; esb 2 situated in proximal third of fixed finger, approximately aligned with proximal retrolateral denticle of median denticle row.</p> <p>Legs: Leg I maxillary lobes (coxapophyses), distal margins rounded, unmodified (not spatulate or dilate) anteriorly, terminating flush with lobes of leg II (figs. 26B, 27B, D). Legs I and II tibiae, retrolateral margins each with scattered macrosetae, without spurs (fig. 15B); III and IV with spurs, smooth, without spinelets. Basitarsi with few scattered macrosetae, pro- and retrolateral rows of long spinules, and pair of pro- and retrolateral pedal spurs. Telotarsi with pair of ventrosubmedian rows of long spinules; proventral and retroventral rows of macrosetae absent, only few scattered macrosetae laterally; laterodistal lobes reduced and truncated; median dorsal lobe very short; ungues short, distinctly curved, equal in length; unguicular spur (dactyl) pronounced, pointed.</p> <p>Sternum: Sternum, Type 1, pentagonal, posterior width 89% (80%–104%, n = 9) (♂) or 86% (79%–97%, n = 11) (♀) of length (tables 7, 8), lateral margins recurved medially, ventral surface shallowly concave, posteromedian depression round (fig. 13B, D).</p> <p>Pectines: Three marginal (anterior) lamellae, proximal sclerite considerably longer, distal sclerite short (fig. 13B, D); 15/14 (13–16, n = 92) (♂) or 13/13 (12–14/12–15, n = 190) (♀) median lamellae (tables 3, 5, 7, 8); fulcra present, small. Proximal median lamella and basal pectinal tooth unmodified. Pectinal teeth present along entire posterior margin of each pecten (♂, ♀); 16/15 (14–17, n = 94) (♂) or 14/14 (13–15/13– 16, n = 190) (♀) teeth. Pectinal peg sensillae long, cylindrical, tubular or bottle shaped, and rounded distally, without pair of laterodistal processes; sensillar sockets smooth.</p> <p>Genital operculum: Opercular sclerites completely separated, prominent genital papillae visible along entire length (♂) or absent (♀) (fig. 13B, D). Genital plugs observed in some females.</p> <p>Male reproductive organs: Paraxial organ without accessory glands. Hemispermatophore lamelliform, pars recta absent (fig. 31); basal lobe present.</p> <p>Female reproductive organs: Ovariuterus comprising reticulate mesh of six cells. Oocytes contained in sessile follicles directly contacting ovaruterine tubes.</p> <p>Mesosoma: Pretergites surfaces smooth and shiny. Posttergites I–VI surfaces moderately to coarsely granular, granulation becoming slightly coarser near posterior margins, acarinate, each with pair of shallow submedian depressions (figs. 26A, 27A, C); VII surface sparsely granular, with pair of costate granular dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae reaching posterior margin of segment. Sternites III–VII surfaces entirely smooth, acarinate (figs. 26B, 27B, D), with scattered macrosetae, posterior margins with sparse row of macrosetae; III–VI, respiratory spiracles (stigmata) small, oval (fig. 13B, D); V posteroventral margin with pale, raised, triangular surface; VII width 41% (34%–47%, n = 9) (♂) or 41% (36%– 46%, n = 11) (♀) greater than length (tables 7, 8).</p> <p>Metasoma: Metasoma relatively short, total length 24% (16%–28%, n = 9) (♂) or 18% (13%–32%, n = 11) (♀) greater than combined length of prosoma and mesosoma (tables 7, 8); segments I–V progressively increasing in length, I and II wider than long, width of length for segment I, 126% (118%–136%, n = 9) (♂) or 138% (124%–156%, n = 13) (♀); II, 101% (92%–109%) (♂) or 107% (96%–118%) (♀); III, 88% (76%–97%) (♂) or 93% (88%–100%) (♀); IV, 65% (59%–68%) (♂) or 68% (64%–74%) (♀); and V, 35% (32%–37%) (♂) or 36% (34%– 39%) (♀). Metasoma almost apilose, sparsely covered in short microsetae. Eight carinae on segment I, 10 on II–IV, and nine on V (figs. 16C, D, 18C, D, 20C, D). Dorsosubmedian carinae well developed, costate granular throughout length of segments I–IV, absent on V; converging posteriorly. Dorsolateral carinae well developed, costate granular throughout length of segments I–V; converging posteriorly on I and V, subparallel on II–IV. Dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae of segments I–IV each terminating posteriorly with enlarged, spiniform granule. Median lateral carinae complete, costate granular throughout length of segments I–V. Ventrolateral carinae well developed, costate granular, but becoming obsolete anteriorly on segments I and II, continuous throughout length of III–V; converging posteriorly on I and V, subparallel on II–IV. Ventrosubmedian carinae absent on segment I, obsolete, costate on II, well developed, costate granular throughout length of III–V; subparallel on II and III, converging posteriorly on IV and V. Ventromedian carina moderately developed, granular, on segment V. Intercarinal surfaces smooth.</p> <p>Telson: Telson large, suboval (figs. 16C, D, 18C, D, 20C, D). Vesicle elongate, width 105% (101%–112%, n = 9) (♂) or 106% (97%–117%, n = 13) (♀) of metasomal segment V width (tables 3, 7, 8), with flattened dorsal surface and rounded ventral surface, height 37% (32%–44%, n = 9) (♂) or 39% (34%–47%, n = 13) (♀) of length; dorsal surface smooth, lateral surfaces with three pairs of obsolete, granular carinae, ventral surfaces with two pairs of obsolete, granular carinae; anterodorsal lateral lobes (“vesicular tabs”) distinct, each with two spiniform granules; subaculear tubercle absent. Aculeus short, shallowly curved, 23% (21%–27%, n = 9) (♂) or 24% (21%–32%, n = 13) (♀) of telson length. Venom glands thin walled, simple and unfolded.</p> <p>Intraspecific variation: One juvenile was completely depigmented and one adult female partially depigmented, including the ocelli (figs. 11E, 27A, B). No other significant variation was noted.</p> <p>Ontogenetic variation: Immature stages of T. steineri are paler in color and less sclerotized than adults, and the posteroventral margin of mesosomal sternite V does not exhibit a pale, raised, triangular surface as in the adults of both sexes. Males and females closely resemble one another externally until the final instar. However, immature stages are easily sexed by examination of the genital aperture.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism: The genital papillae, visible the entire length and thus completely separating the two sclerites of the genital operculum (fig. 13B), are the characters of primary external sexual dimorphism in the male. The opercular sclerites are also completely separated in the female, although genital papillae are absent (fig. 13D). Adult males may be further separated from adult females and immature stages based on several secondary sexual characters. The most obvious are the sexually dimorphic pedipalp chelae, the fixed and movable fingers of which are markedly sinuous in the adult male (figs. 29, 30), as well as the more developed pectines, the median lamellae of which are more numerous and the teeth somewhat larger, and more numerous (fig. 13B, D; tables 3, 5, 7, 8). In addition, the adult male is proportionally more slender (fig. 26), with a slightly longer metasoma and telson (tables 7, 8), and slightly more pronounced granulation on the carapace, pedipalps, and tergites than the adult female (fig. 27). The pale, raised, triangular surface on the posteroventral margin of sternite V is more pronounced in the adult male (fig. 26B) than the adult female.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to the Boualpha District of Khammouane Province, Laos, where it has been recorded from a single cave, Tham Xe Bangfai (also known as Xe Bangfai River Cave or Tham Khoun Xe), in the Hin Namno National Biodiversity Conservation Area, near Nong Ping (fig. 7). Two expeditions to the putative type locality of T. louisanneorum, Tham Nam Lot (Lod), near Ban Naden, in the Gnommalath District, failed to confirm the presence of this species.</p> <p>ECOLOGY: Specimens collected by the first author at Tham Xe Bangfai were found with UV light detection, from the twilight zone to approximately 3 km from the downstream entrance (resurgence) (fig. 3B–D). Whereas specimens were observed in the dark zone during daytime, specimens were only observed in the twilight zone at night. It is not known how far the species extends into the river cave, which is approximately 11 km long, but the greatest abundance of individuals was observed between 300–500 m from the entrance, and their abundance appeared to decrease with increasing distance (more than 500 m upstream). Although a few specimens were collected on flowstone rock faces, the vast majority were collected close to the water, on moist muddy riverbanks at several “beaches” within the cave (fig. 3E). Most were collected in cracks between the drying mud slabs or among sticks and other vegetative debris trapped between rocks, almost always on moist soil (fig. 3F–H). None were taken on the dry sand banks or dry rock faces higher upslope. Although these moist areas presumably harbor a greater abundance of prey, the apparent preference of T. steineri for moist substrates, also observed in the epigean P. mischi and P. ovchinnikovi (Fet et al., 2004; Prendini et al., 2006; Soleglad et al., 2012), strongly suggests an ecological requirement for moisture.</p> <p>Although no specimens of T. steineri have thus far been collected outside the cave, the morphology of this species suggests it is troglophilous rather than troglobitic (Prendini, 2001b; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008). The ocelli, especially the median pair, are well developed, as in some epigean scorpions from low light environments, e.g., rainforests (Loria and Prendini, 2021), the tegument of most individuals does not lack pigmentation (indeed, the base coloration is darker than in the two epigean species of Pseudochactas), and there is no obvious attenuation of the pedipalps or legs, as in Vietbocapinae. It is conceivable that T. steineri is restricted to the cave interior due to its requirement for high humidity rather than for darkness per se.</p> <p>Two buthids, Lychas aberlenci Lourenço, 2013, and Lychas mucronatus (Fabricius, 1798) were collected in the deciduous forest surrounding the cave entrance. The remains of a scorpionid, Heterometrus laoticus Couzijn, 1981, presumably washed in by the Xe Bang Fai River, were collected inside.</p> <p>CONSERVATION STATUS: Troglokhammouanus steineri is very abundant in Tham Xe Bang Fai, which is very large (ca. 11 km long), relatively undisturbed, and situated within a protected area, the Hin Namno National Biodiversity Conservation Area. Due to difficult access, the surrounding forest is relatively intact, except for seasonal subsistence cultivation. Aside from an increase in disturbance associated with recreational ecotourism (e.g., caving and kayaking) in the cave, which could become a threat if unchecked, there appear to be few immediate threats to the survival of this species. Nevertheless, it is characterized by an acute restriction in both its area of occupancy and number of known localities: it is known to exist at one or perhaps two locations, the extent of occurrence is less than 5000 km 2, and the area of occupancy less than 500 km 2. Therefore, while presently of Least Concern, this species is prone to the effects of human activities (or stochastic events, the impact of which may be increased by human activities, e.g., climate change) within a very short period of time in an unforeseeable future, and poten- tially faces a high risk of extinction in the wild, warranting its assignment to the Endangered category of the IUCN Red List in the future.</p> <p>REMARKS: In the description of T. louisanneorum, Lourenço (2017a: 23) noted the following:</p> <p>The new species is very similar to the only other known species of the genus, Troglokhammouanus steineri … Nevertheless, a few differences can be observed: (i) a generally paler coloration in the new species, which is yellow to reddish-yellow, with pale yellow legs, (ii) the granulation on pedipalps and tergites is stronger in the new species, (iii) dorsal and ventral spinoid tubercles of pedipalp patella weaker than on T. steineri, (iv) some morphometric values differ between the two species, although their overall size is almost identical. Furthermore, the two species were found in separate caves that are not connected.</p> <p>No other morphological differences between T. louisanneorum and T. steineri can be discerned from the diagnosis or description, in the absence of which the minor differences noted by Lourenço (2017a) cannot be considered diagnostic for the following reasons. Coloration is known to vary considerably within and between conspe- cific populations of scorpions and the variation described falls well within the variation among the material examined from the type locality, a single cave, during the present study (e.g., although immatures of T. steineri are generally more infuscate than adults, a few are depigmented; figs. 11E, 27A, B). Similarly, the unspecified differences in granulation of the pedipalps and tergites between the two species, which includes the “weaker” tubercles on the pedipalp patella of T. louisanneorum, fall within the range of variation among the material examined from the type locality. Any possible morphometric differences offered by Lourenço (2017a) may be discounted on the grounds that two individuals (i.e., the holotypes of T. louisanneorum and T. steineri) do not comprise a statistical sample. Moreover, multivariate statistical analysis of the morphometric data presented by Lourenço (2007a, 2017a), together with new data (tables 3–5, 7, 8; appendices 4, 5, 7), was unable to separate the holotype of T. louisanneorum from the holotype of T. steineri or other individuals from the type locality, all of which clustered together across a morphospace comparable to that of other pseudochactid species (fig. 8).</p> <p>It would therefore appear that the distinction between T. louisanneorum and T. steineri rests solely on their occurrence in two caves “that are not connected,” also known as the “caves as islands” paradigm (Mammola, 2019). The assumption that species occurring in different caves must be heterospecific, promulgated by others (e.g., Francke, 2009a), is problematic for three reasons. Firstly, geography is not heritable and cannot comprise part of a taxon diagnosis, regardless of the presence or absence of morphological (or genomic) differences. Secondly, no evidence has been presented that the caves are disconnected or, if true, that the scorpion (which appears to be troglophilous) might not occur in other caves, rock shelters or deep crevices in the 50 km between them. The type locality of T. steineri, Tham Xe Bang Fai, is 11 km long, but many other caves and cave networks are more than 50 km in length, e.g., the Clearwater Cave System, Malaysia (over 48 km long), Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico (over 221 km long), the Shuanghedong Cave Network, China (over 240 km long), Optymistychna Cave, Ukraine (over 258 km long), the Sistema Ox Bel Ha (over 268 km long) and Sistema Dos Ojos (over 320 km long), both in Mexico, and the Mammoth Cave Network, Kentucky (over 652 km long). In attributing islandlike properties to caves, researchers must consider the presence of subterranean connections, as well as the vagility of the species of interest (Mammola, 2019). A network of fissures connecting two caves would make it difficult to consider the scorpion populations inhabiting them, to be isolated from one another. Lastly, there is doubt about the accuracy of the original collection data for T. louisanneorum. Two expeditions to Tham Nam Lot (Lod), in different years (June 2012, May 2018), failed to confirm the presence of this species, which is extremely abundant at the type locality, Tham Xe Bang Fai, although numerous other scorpions of several taxa (including the pseudochactid, A. lao), were collected. Not a single specimen of this species was found during either visit to Tham Nam Lot (Lod), whereas ca. 140 specimens were collected during a single visit to Tham Xe Bang Fai, conducted during the same season.</p> <p>In view of the evidence that the holotypes are conspecific, and absent any evidence to the contrary, the following new synonym is proposed: Troglokhammouanus louisanneorum Lourenço, 2017 = Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007, syn. nov.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: LAOS: Khammouane Prov.: Boualapha Distr.: Hin Namno National Biodiversity Conservation Area: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.373222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.83662/lat 17.373222)">Tham Xe Bang Fai</a> (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.373222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.83662/lat 17.373222)">Xe Bang Fai River Cave</a>), 17°22′23.6″N 105°50′11.8″E, 159 m, left bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.373222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.83662/lat 17.373222)">Xe Bang Fai River</a> (coming from downstream entrance): 19.ii.2012, L. Prendini and P. Kanyavong, very steep muddy beach on riverbank, with few cracks and no debris, UV detection, specimen on mud bank, 1 ♂ (AMNH), muddy beach on riverbank, with moderate to steep mud bank with few rocks, UV detection, all specimens on moist mud bank, 2 ♀, 1 subad. ♂, 4 juv. ♂, 1 juv. ♀ (AMNH), rocky beach of riverbank at base of “Stairway to Heaven,” with little mud except at base of rocks close to river, UV detection, 1 ♀, several imm. on moist mud, 1 imm. among vegetative debris caught between rocks, none on dry sand or rocks, 1 ♀, 1 subad. ♀, 3 juv. ♂ [1 juv. ♂ totally depigmented], 3 juv. ♀, pair of pedipalp chelae (AMNH), 1 juv. ♀ (AMCC [LP 11275]), 19–21. ii.2012, L. Prendini, P. Kanyavong, and W. Phimmathong, rocky beach on riverbank, with extensive mud and sand banks in places, UV detection, specimens mostly on mud banks, almost all on moist soil, 5 ♂, 9 ♀, 4 subad. ♂, 9 juv. ♂, 4 juv. ♀, dextral pedipalp femur and patella (AMNH), 1 juv. ♂ (AMCC [LP 11273]), 20.ii.2012, L. Prendini and P. Kanyavong, in twilight zone at cave entrance, muddy beach on riverbank, UV detection at night, specimens sitting on muddy banks (none collected at this site during daylight), 2 ♀ (AMNH), 20–21.ii.2012, L. Prendini, P. Kanyavong, and W. Phimmathong, large sandy beach of riverbank, midway through cave [type locality], with muddy bank immediately along river and muddy patches in several depressions further from river edge, UV detection, all specimens collected on moist muddy soil, some among vegetative debris (sticks, etc.) trapped between stones, others sitting in open on mud, one in mud cracks, one below stone, 7 ♀, 1 juv. ♀ (AMNH), 1 juv. ♀ (AMCC [LP 11272]); right bank of Xe Bang Fai River (coming from downstream entrance): 19–20.ii.2012, L. Prendini and P. Kanyavong, muddy beach of riverbank at bottom of “Balcony Passage,” ca. 300–500 m from downstream entrance of cave, UV detection during day: specimens very common on moist mud banks, mostly in cracks between drying mud slabs or among sticks and other vegetative debris caught between rocks, all collected on moist soil, none on dry sand banks higher upslope; UV detection at night: several ♂♂ sitting on flowstone rock faces, several ♀♀ and juv. on mud banks and cracked clay, 2 ♂ (1 ♂ partly cannibalized by ♀), 22 ♀, 2 subad. ♂, 4 subad. ♀, 5 juv. ♂, 7 juv. ♀, carapace and sinistral pedipalp chela (AMNH), 1 juv. ♀ (AMCC [LP 11271]), 19–21.ii.2012, L. Prendini, P. Kanyavong, and W. Phimmathong, muddy beach of riverbank between “Balcony Passage” and “Stairway to Heaven,” steep and dry with little cracked mud, relatively few rocks with trapped vegetative debris, UV detection, specimens uncommon, mostly on mud close to river edge, few higher upslope against cave walls, near moist flowstone, all specimens collected on moist mud surfaces, none on dry sand, 1 ♂, 7 ♀ (AMNH), 20.ii.2012, L. Prendini and P. Kanyavong, rocky beach of riverbank before second rapids, UV detection, several adult ♀♀ and imm. on mud bank or in rock crevices close to river, none on dry soil higher upslope, 5 ♀, 1 subad. ♀, 1 juv. ♂ (AMNH), 20–21.ii.2012, L. Prendini, P. Kanyavong, and W. Phimmathong, rocky/muddy beach of riverbank before “Stairway to Heaven,” UV detection, several ♀♀ and imm. on muddy banks or among trapped vegetative debris between rocks, none on dry sand, 1 ♂, 4 ♀ [1 ♀ depigmented ocelli], 4 subad. ♂, 1 subad. ♀, 2 juv. ♂, 8 juv. ♀ (AMNH), 1 juv. (AMCC [LP 11274]), 21.ii.2012, L. Prendini and W. Phimmathong, Oxbow Lake, rocky beach on riverbank, UV detection, specimens on rocky shore, 2 ♀, 1 subad. ♂, dextral pedipalp chela (AMNH).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7358C2BFD75FC3E5B5BFA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7218C2BFF21F9B05B7CF98D.text	03A487B7C7218C2BFF21F9B05B7CF98D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vietbocapinae Lourenco 2012	<div><p>Subfamily Vietbocapinae Lourenço, 2012</p> <p>Figures 4, 5, 7–9, 12, 14, 15C, D, 17, 19, 21,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7218C2BFF21F9B05B7CF98D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7248C2EFC9EFCC25DADFC63.text	03A487B7C7248C2EFC9EFCC25DADFC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aemngvantom Prendini & Ehrenthal & Loria 2021	<div><p>Aemngvantom, gen. nov.</p> <p>Figures 4B–D, F–H, 5, 7–9, 12A, C, E, 14A, C,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7248C2EFC9EFCC25DADFC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7288C22FFDBFF555B6DFE9C.text	03A487B7C7288C22FFDBFF555B6DFE9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aemngvantom lao (Lourenco 2012) , comb. 2021	<div><p>Aemngvantom lao (Lourenço, 2012), comb. nov.</p> <p>Figures 4D, G, H, 5, 7–9, 12A, C, 14A, C, 15C,</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7288C22FFDBFF555B6DFE9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7138C1EFD5EFCD85D8EFD36.text	03A487B7C7138C1EFD5EFCD85D8EFD36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vietbocap Lourenco and Pham 2010	<div><p>Vietbocap Lourenço and Pham, 2010</p> <p>Figures 4A, E, 5, 7–9, 12B, D, F, 14B, D, F, 15D, 17D, E, 19D, E, 21D, E, 40–43, tables 1–5, 10</p> <p>Vietbocap Lourenço and Pham, 2010: 6, type species by monotypy: Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham, 2010; Prendini, 2011: 117; Lourenço, 2012a: 232, 233, 236 (part); Lourenço and Leguin, 2012: 71 (part); Lourenço and Pham, 2012: 80, 81, 84; Soleglad et al., 2012: 89, 95, 96; Loria and Prendini, 2014: 5, 20, 21, tables 2, 4 (part); Lourenço, 2014: 31, 36; Lourenço, 2017a: 19; Pham et al., 2017: 134 (part); Deharveng and Bedos 2018: 121 (part); Loria and Prendini, 2018: 186, table 2 (part); Lourenço et al., 2018: 264, 265, 269, 272 (part); Francke, 2019: 16, 32, 39 (part); Sendi et al., 2020: 288 (part).</p> <p>Vietbokap: Beron, 2015: 172 (part).</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: In addition to the marked genetic divergence between the two genera (fig. 9; table 12), Vietbocap may be separated morphologically from Aemngvantom, as follows. The anteromedian depression of the carapace is deep, the circumocular triangle parallel sided (U-shaped), and the median ocular curvatures absent in Vietbocap (fig. 12B, D, F) whereas the anteromedian depression is shallow, the circumocular triangle subtriangular (broad V-shaped), and median ocular curvatures present in Aemngvantom (fig. 12A, C, E). The median ocular tubercle (demarcated by the posterior margin of the circumocular sulci) is situated medially in Vietbocap (fig. 12B, D, F) but anteromedially in Aemngvantom (fig. 12A, C, E). The anterolateral surfaces of the carapace are mostly smooth, but sparsely granular near the anterior carapace margin, in Vietbocap (fig. 12B, D, F), whereas the surfaces are mostly granular in Aemngvantom (fig. 12A, C, E). Pronounced rostrolateral incisions in the anterolateral margins of the carapace, lateral to the lateral ocelli, are present in Vietbocap (fig. 12B, D, F), whereas the anterolateral margins are entire in Aemngvantom (fig. 12A, C, E). The posteromedian margin of the carapace is sublinear to shallowly convex (procurved) in Vietbocap (fig. 12B, D, F) but shallowly concave (recurved) in Aemngvantom (fig. 12A, C, E). The pedipalp chela manus is elongate, with the prolateral dorsal carina of the male absent or obsolete in Vietbocap, whereas the chela manus is globose, with the prolateral dorsal carina of the male complete, in Aemngvantom. The median denticle rows of the chela fixed and movable fingers comprise seven or eight denticle subrows in Vietbocap (tables 3, 4, 10) but usually 10 subrows in Aemngvantom (tables 3, 4, 9, 10). Trichobothrium Et 1 is situated distally on the manus, aligned with or proximal to the movable finger condyle, and esb 2 in the proximal third of the fixed finger, between the first and second most proximal retrolateral denticles of the median denticle row, in Vietbocap (fig. 43B) whereas Et 1 is situated on the fixed finger, slightly distal to the movable finger condyle, and esb 2 approximately midway on the fixed finger, between the second and third most proximal retrolateral denticles of the median denticle row, in Aemngvantom (figs. 35B, 36B, 39B). The pectines possess 5–8 median lamellae and 6–10 teeth in Vietbocap (tables 3, 5, 10) but 11–14 lamellae and 12–15 teeth in Aemngvantom (tables 3, 5, 9, 10). The median lateral carinae of metasomal segment II are partial, becoming obsolete anteriorly in Vietbocap (fig. 19D, E) but complete in Aemngvantom (fig. 19A–C).</p> <p>INCLUDED TAXA: As redefined in the present contribution, Vietbocap accommodates a single species: Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham, 2010.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Vietbocap is endemic to the Southeast Asian country of Vietnam, where it has been recorded from two caves, Tiên SƠn and Thiên ĐƯờng, in the Bố Trạch District of Quảng Bình Province (figs. 4A, 7).</p> <p>ECOLOGY: The sole species of Vietbocap is an obligate troglobite, inhabiting the dark zone of deep caves, 200 m to 5 km from the surface (fig. 4E). The species is markedly troglomorphic.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7138C1EFD5EFCD85D8EFD36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7148C11FD7FFC8F5848FB64.text	03A487B7C7148C11FD7FFC8F5848FB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vietbocap canhi Lourenco and Pham 2010	<div><p>Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham, 2010</p> <p>Figures 4A, E, 5, 7–9, 12B, D, F, 14B, D, F, 15D, 17D, E, 19D, E, 21D, E, 40–43, tables 1–5, 10</p> <p>Scorpionida sp. nov.: Moulds et al., 2010: 4–6, 17, 18, 20, 34, fig. 3.3, table 1.</p> <p>Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham, 2010: 7–12, figs. 3–24; Fet et al., 2011a: 15; Lourenço, 2012a: 233, 235–237, fig. 3G, appendix A; 2012b: 733, table 1; Lourenço and Leguin, 2012: 71; Lourenço and Pham, 2012: 81–84, fig. 3B, E, H; Soleglad et al., 2012: 89; Moulds et al., 2013: 14; Loria and Prendini, 2014: 3, table 1; Lourenço, 2014: 31; Beron, 2015: 184; Pham et al., 2017: 134, 135, fig. 1; Beron, 2018: 834; Lourenço et al., 2018: 265; Francke, 2019: 32.</p> <p>Vietbocap thienduongensis Lourenço and Pham, 2012: 82–85, fig. 3A, C, D, F, G; Lourenço, 2012a: 236, 237, appendix A; 2012b: 732, 733, table 1, fig. 2; Lourenço and Leguin, 2012: 71; Soleglad et al., 2012: 89; Moulds</p> <p>et al., 2013: 14; Loria and Prendini, 2014: 3, table 1; Lourenço, 2014: 31, 37, fig. 6; Pham et al., 2017: 134, 136, figs. 1, 4; Beron, 2018: 834; Lourenço, 2018: 2, fig. 2; Lourenço et al., 2018: 264–267, 269, 271; syn. nov.</p> <p>Vietbocap aurantiacus Lourenço et al., 2018: 268, 269, 271, figs. 6, 7; syn. nov.</p> <p>Vietbocap quinquemilia Lourenço et al., 2018: 269–271, figs. 8–11; syn. nov.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: VIETNAM: Qu ảng Bình Prov.: Bố Trạch Distr.: Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park: Holotype: 1 [juv.] ♂ (MNHN RS 8850), paratypes: 1 [juv.] ♀ (MNHN RS 8851), 2 [juv.] ♀ (IEBR), Tiên SƠn cave, 17°32′N 106°16′E, 16.v.2010, D.-S. Pham, mid section of the cave (200 m from cave entrance), No. VNS-01. Vietbocap thienduongensis: Holotype [subad.] ♂ (MNHH), paratype [juv.] ♂ (IEBR), Thiên ĐƯ ờng cave, mid section of cave (1800 m from cave entrance), 9.viii.2011, N.K. Dang. Vietbocap aurantiacus: Holotype ♀, paratype [juv.] ♀ (MNHN), paratype [juv.] ♀ (IEBR), Thiên ĐƯ ờng cave (17°31′10.3″N 106°13′22.9″E), midsection of cave (3000 m from cave entrance), 23.v.2013, D.-S. Pham. Vietbocap quinquemilia: Holotype: [juv.] ♂, paratype: [juv.] ♀ (MNHN), paratype ♀ (IEBR), Thiên ĐƯ ờng cave (17°31′10.3″N 106°13′22.9″E), midsection of cave (5000 m from cave entrance), 6.iv.2015, D.-S. Pham. It is apparent from the measurements and illustrations provided in the descriptions (Lourenço and Pham, 2010, 2012; Lourenço et al., 2018) that all except the holotype of V. aurantiacus are immature.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: As for genus.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: The following description, based on the material examined, which includes eight adult females, supplements the descriptions of Lourenço and Pham (2010, 2012) and Lourenço et al. (2018). It is unclear from the published photographs and measurements whether any of the males collected thus far are adult (no adult males were examined in the present study). Based on size and coloration, the holotypes of V. canhi and V. quinquemilia are immature, whereas the holotype of V. thienduongensis appears to be subadult. Ratios are presented for adult females only (tables 3, 10) whereas counts include immatures of both sexes (tables 3–5, 10).</p> <p>Total length: Small, 31 mm (27.2–35.8 mm, n = 9) (tables 3, 10).</p> <p>Color: Tegument base coloration pale yellowish to reddish yellow (whitish in immatures), immaculate. Chelicerae, pedipalps (except chela fingers), legs, posterior third of tergites and sternites, and telson slightly paler than carapace, pedipalp chela fingers, anterior two-thirds of tergites and sternites, and metasoma. Chela fingers dark reddish; pedipalpal and metasomal carinae reddish. Sternum, genital operculum, pectines, and sternites pale, whitish. Aculeus reddish black.</p> <p>Chelicerae: Fixed finger, dorsal margin with four teeth (basal, median, subdistal, distal); basal and median teeth fused into bicuspid (“conjoined on trunk”); space between median and subdistal teeth U-shaped; ventral margin with three to five very small denticles (ventral accessory denticles). Movable finger, dorsal margin with three teeth (median, subdistal, retrolateral distal), without basal teeth; ventral margin with four or five very small denticles (ventral accessory denticles) and serrula in distal third; retrolateral (dorsal) distal and prolateral (ventral) distal teeth subequal, retrolateral (dorsal) distal tooth smaller than prolateral (ventral) distal tooth, and opposable. Ventral surface of fingers and manus with numerous long, dense macrosetae.</p> <p>Carapace: Carapace slightly wider than long, anterior width 52% (47%–60%, n = 9) of length, length 101% (90%–107%, n = 9) of posterior width (tables 3, 10). Anterior margin protruding but shallowly concave (recurved) medially; anterolateral margins with pronounced rostrolateral incisions, lateral to lateral ocelli; posteromedian margin shallowly concave (recurved); posterolateral margins gently curved (fig. 12B, D, F). Median and lateral ocelli absent. Anterosubmedial depressions, medial to lateral ocelli, well developed. Median ocular tubercle represented by smooth, flat to slightly depressed surface, situated approximately medially on carapace, distance from anterior margin 46% (44%–47%, n = 8) of carapace length (table 10); superciliary carinae absent; interocular sulcus obsolete, shallow to deep. Circumocular sutures partial (discon- nected); circumocular triangle parallel sided (U-shape), median ocular curvatures (regardless of absence of median ocelli) absent. Anteromedian depression narrow, deep; posteromedian sulcus shallow anteriorly, becoming deeper posteriorly; posterolateral sulci very shallow, wide, weakly curved; posteromarginal sulcus narrow, shallow. Carapace surfaces entirely smooth, except near anterior margin, and acarinate.</p> <p>Pedipalps: Pedipalps gracile; segments apilose. Pedipalp femur width 80% (78%–82%, n = 9) greater than length (tables 3, 10). Femur with five carinae evident (fig. 42A–D); promedian carina vestigial, reduced to few proximal spiniform granules; dorsomedian, prodorsal and proventral carinae weakly developed, granular; retrodorsal carina obsolete, reduced to few granules; retromedian, retroventral, and ventromedian carinae absent; intercarinal surfaces smooth. Pedipalp patella length 71% (70%–72%, n = 9) greater than width (tables 3, 10). Patella with six carinae evident (fig. 42E–H); prodorsal, retrodorsal, proventral, and retroventral carinae weak, granular; prolateral surface, dorsoventral “vaulted” projection (“anterior process”) moderately developed, with prominent pair of dorsal and ventral spiniform granules (“patellar spurs”) proximally, demarcating pair of obsolete, granular prolateral carinae (“dorsal and ventral patellar spur carinae”); dorsomedian, retromedian, and ventromedian carinae absent; intercarinal surfaces smooth. Pedipalp chela relatively short and broad; manus elongate, width 97% (87%–106%, n = 9) of height and 34% (32%–37%, n = 8) of length (tables 3, 10); length of movable finger 37% (25%–45%, n = 8) greater than length of manus. Chela with three or four carinae evident (fig. 43); dorsomedian carina reduced to vestigial granules proximally or absent; digital carina weakly developed, granular; secondary accessory and retroventral carinae incompletely fused, slight disjunction evident in proximal third; retroventral carina weakly developed, granular, aligned parallel to longitudinal axis of chela, with distal margin connected to retrolateral movable finger condyle; ventromedian carina reduced to vestigial granules proximally; other carinae absent; intercarinal surfaces smooth. Fixed and movable fingers, dentate margins sublinear, no proximal “gap” evident when closed; median denticle rows comprising eight (7 or 8, n = 68) oblique and slightly imbricated subrows (tables 3, 4, 10), decreasing in length distally; each subrow comprising large retrolateral denticle proximally (absent from proximal subrow, for total of six or seven retrolateral denticles on fixed and movable fingers), several small median denticles, and large prolateral denticle distally, slightly offset (total of seven or eight prolateral denticles on fixed and movable fingers); terminal (prolateral) denticle of first subrow enlarged; accessory denticles absent.</p> <p>Trichobothria: Orthobothriotaxic, Type D, β configuration, trichobothrium d 2 situated on femur dorsal surface, d 3 and d 4 in same axis, parallel and closer to retrodorsal carina than d 1, angle formed by d 1, d 3 and d 4 opening toward prolateral surface, with the following segment totals (figs. 42, 43): femur, 12 (6 dorsal, 3 prolateral, 3 retrolateral); patella, 10 (3 dorsal, 1 prolateral, 6 retrolateral); chela, 13 (5 manus, 8 fixed finger). Total number of trichobothria per pedipalp, 35. Five trichobothria on femur, i 4, d 1, d 2, d 4, and d 6, one on patella, est 1, and one on chela fixed finger, ib 2, noticeably smaller than others (“petite”). Trichobothrium Et 1 situated distally on manus, aligned with or proximal to movable finger condyle; eb situated on fixed finger, slightly distal to movable finger condyle; esb 2 situated in proximal third of fixed finger, between first and second most proximal retrolateral denticles of median denticle row.</p> <p>Legs: Leg I maxillary lobes (coxapophyses), distal margins rounded, unmodified (not spatulate or dilate) anteriorly, terminating flush with lobes of leg II (figs. 40B, 41B). Legs I and II tibiae, retrolateral margins each with scattered macrosetae, without spurs (fig. 15D); III and IV without spurs. Basitarsi with few scattered macrosetae, pro- and retrolateral rows of long spinules, and pair of pro- and retrolateral pedal spurs. Telotarsi with pair of slightly irregular ventrosubmedian rows of long spinules; proventral and retroventral rows of macrosetae absent, only few scattered macrosetae laterally; laterodistal lobes reduced and truncated; median dorsal lobe very short; ungues short, distinctly curved, equal in length; unguicular spur (dactyl) pronounced, pointed.</p> <p>Sternum: Sternum, Type 1, pentagonal, length 15% (7%–21%, n = 9) greater than posterior width (tables 3, 10), lateral margins sublinear, ventral surface shallowly concave, posteromedian depression round (fig. 14B, D, F).</p> <p>Pectines: Three marginal (anterior) lamellae, proximal sclerite considerably longer, distal sclerite short (fig. 14B, D, F); 8/8 (7 or 8, n = 15) (♂) or 7/7 (5–7/5–8, n = 34) (♀) median lamellae (tables 3, 10); fulcra present, very small. Proximal median lamella and basal pectinal tooth unmodified. Pectinal teeth present along entire posterior margin of each pecten; 9/9 (8–10/8 or 9, n = 18) (♂) or 7/8 (6–8/6–9, n = 46) (♀) teeth. Pectinal peg sensillae long, cylindrical, tubular, or bottle shaped, and rounded distally, without pair of laterodistal processes; sensillar sockets smooth.</p> <p>Genital operculum: Opercular sclerites completely separated, prominent genital papillae visible along entire length (♂) or absent (♀) (fig. 14B, D, F). Genital plugs observed in some females.</p> <p>Male reproductive organs: Unknown.</p> <p>Female reproductive organs: Ovariuterus comprising reticulate mesh of six cells. Oocytes contained in sessile follicles directly contacting ovaruterine tubes.</p> <p>Mesosoma: Pretergites surfaces smooth and shiny. Posttergites I–VI surfaces smooth or nearly so, acarinate, each with pair of shallow submedian depressions (figs. 40A, 41A); VII surface sparsely granular, with pair of granular dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae reaching posterior margin of segment. Sternites III–VII surfaces entirely smooth, acarinate (figs. 40B, 41B), with scattered macrosetae, posterior margins with sparse row of macrosetae; III–VI, respiratory spiracles (stigmata) small, oval (fig. 14B, D, F); V posteroventral margin with pale, raised, triangular surface; VII width 34% (25%– 45%, n = 8) greater than length (table 10).</p> <p>Metasoma: Metasoma relatively short, total length 24% (18%–44%, n = 9) greater than combined length of prosoma and mesosoma (tables 3, 10); segments I–V progressively increasing in length, I wider than long, width of length for segment I, 101% (95%–116%, n = 9); II, 76% (68%–86%); III, 65% (59%–72%); IV, 48% (44%– 53%); and V, 23% (20%–25%). Metasoma with few short macrosetae. Ten carinae on segments I–III, eight on IV, and four on V (figs. 17D, E, 19D, E, 21D, E). Dorsosubmedian carinae moderately developed, granular throughout length of segments I–IV, absent on V; converging posteriorly. Dorsolateral carinae moderately developed, granular throughout length of segments I–IV, obsolete on V; converging posteriorly on I and V, subparallel on II–IV. Dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae of segments I–IV not terminating posteriorly with enlarged, spiniform granules, granules similar to preceding granules. Median lateral carinae complete, granular throughout length of segment I, partial, becoming obsolete anteriorly on II and III, absent on IV and V. Ventrolateral carinae moderately developed, granular, becoming obsolete anteriorly on segments I and II, continuous throughout length of III–V; converging posteriorly on I and V, subparallel on II–IV. Ventrosubmedian carinae absent on segment I, obsolete, costate on II, moderately developed, granular throughout length of III–V; subparallel on II and III, converging posteriorly on IV and V. Ventromedian carina absent on segment V. Intercarinal surfaces smooth.</p> <p>Telson: Telson large, suboval (figs. 17D, E, 19D, E, 21D, E). Vesicle elongate, 32% (20%– 45%, n = 9) wider than metasomal segment V (tables 3, 10), with flattened dorsal surface and rounded ventral surface, height 37% (35%–39%, n = 8) of length; dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces smooth or nearly so (♀); anterodorsal lateral lobes (“vesicular tabs”) obsolete; subaculear tubercle absent. Aculeus short, shallowly curved, 31% (29%–33%, n = 8) of telson length. Venom glands thin walled, simple, and unfolded.</p> <p>Intraspecific variation: The only morphological difference between the material from the two caves, which does not constitute ontogenetic variation or sexual dimorphism, concerns the median denticle rows on the fixed and movable fingers of the pedipalp chela, which comprise eight subrows in material from Tiên SƠn, the type locality of V. canhi, and seven subrows in material from Động Thiên ĐƯờng (Paradise Cave), the type locality of V. aurantiacus, V. quinquemilia, and V. thienduongensis (tables 3, 4, 10). This single difference is not considered sufficient to merit recognition at the species level, in the face of morphological similarity (fig. 8) and low genetic divergence (fig. 9; table 12).</p> <p>Ontogenetic variation: Immature stages, including the types of V. canhi, V. quinquemilia, and V. thienduongensis, are paler in color and less sclerotized, and the posteroventral margin of mesosomal sternite V does not exhibit a pale, raised, triangular surface as in the adult stage. However, immature stages are easily sexed by examination of the genital aperture.</p> <p>Sexual dimorphism: The genital papillae, visible the entire length and thus completely separating the two sclerites of the genital operculum (fig. 14B), are the characters of primary external sexual dimorphism in the male. The opercular sclerites are also completely separated in the female, although genital papillae are absent (fig. 14D, F). The only apparent secondary sexual characters observed in the male are the slightly better developed pectines, the median lamellae of which are more usually numerous and the teeth somewhat larger, and usually more numerous (fig. 14B, D, F; tables 3, 5, 10).</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to the Bố Trạch District of Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam, where it has been recorded from two caves, Tiên SƠn and Động Thiên ĐƯờng (Paradise Cave), near SƠn Trạch, in the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park (fig. 7). The caves are situated in a karstic landscape, in tropical forest at an elevation of 200– 250 m (fig. 4A).</p> <p>ECOLOGY: Specimens from Tiên SƠn were collected with UV detection in the dark zone of the cave, ca. 200–500 m from the entrance, sitting in rock crevices or under small stones, in a moist area with abundant speleothems, including dripstone and flowstone formations, stalactites, and stalagmites (fig. 4E). None were found in dry areas of cave. Specimens from Động Thiên ĐƯờng were also collected with UV detection in the dark zone, but much deeper, at sites between 1–5 km from the cave entrance, under rocks, in limestone cracks, or walking on the surface. Động Thiên ĐƯờng is approximately 31 km in length.</p> <p>Vietbocap canhi is an obligate troglobite, characterized by the absence of ocelli and pigmentation, attenuation of the pedipalps and legs, and slight enlargement of the telson (Prendini, 2001b; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008). It appears to be the most cave-adapted member of the family, displaying the most elongated pedipalp chela and distinct dorsoventral compression of the carapace.</p> <p>CONSERVATION STATUS: Vietbocap canhi is presently known from two caves, ca. 2.5 km apart, in the Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park. Whereas Tiên SƠn is a relatively small cave, Động Thiên ĐƯờng is very deep (ca. 31 km long), and V. canhi has been collected up to 5 km from the entrance of the latter. The anterior section of both caves is heavily disturbed: a concrete walkway and metal railings have been installed, and the cave brightly illuminated to display the speleothems. Few scorpions were observed in the illuminated parts of either cave. Access is restricted beyond the illuminated sections of both caves, however, where the habitat remains largely undisturbed. Despite the high level of protection afforded to its habitat, this highly stenotopic species is characterized by an acute restriction in both its area of occupancy and number of known localities: it is known to exist at only two locations, the extent of occurrence is less than 5000 km 2, and the area of occupancy less than 500 km 2. Therefore, it remains prone to the effects of human activities (or stochastic events, the impact of which may be increased by human activities, e.g., climate change) within a very short period of time in an unforeseeable future, and potentially faces a high risk of extinction in the wild, warranting its assignment to the Endangered category of the IUCN Red List.</p> <p>REMARKS: Lourenço and Pham (2012) described V. thienduongensis from Động Thiên ĐƯờng, a cave ca. 2.5 km from Tiên SƠn, the type locality of V. canhi. Lourenço and Pham (2012: 84) separated V. thienduongensis from V. canhi as follows:</p> <p>(i) bigger size and distinct morphometric values; (ii) complete and more strongly marked circumocular sutures; (iii) chela fingers proportionally shorter (ratios of chela length/ movable finger length 7.1/4.2 = 1.69 for V. canhi and 8.3/4.6 = 1.80 for V. thienduongensis sp. n. and with 8 subrows of granules vs. 7 sub-rows); (iv) sternum only slightly longer than wide (ratio 1.15 for V.canhi and 1.30 for V. thienduongensis sp. n.); (v) metasomal segments less carinated and granulated and with a weaker chaetotaxy; (vi) pedipalp carinae better marked; (vii) pectines shorter and more bulkier with 8 teeth. Moreover, the caves where the species have been found are totally isolated from one other and belong to distinct cave systems. Given that the two caves are only a few kilometres apart, it can be suggested that both Vietbocap species may have a common epigean ancestor that colonized the caves independently.</p> <p>Lourenço et al. (2018) subsequently described the female of V. thienduongensis, and two new species from deeper in the same cave. Whereas the specimens of V. thienduongensis were collected 750–1800 m from the cave entrance, the holotype of V. aurantiacus was collected 3000 m from the entrance, and the types of V. quinquemilia, 5000 m from the entrance. According to Lourenço et al. (2018: 269, 271, 272):</p> <p>Vietbocap thienduongensi s and Vietbocap aurantiacu s sp. n. are the two most geographically close species found in the cave, distant of 1.0 to 1.5 km. V. aurantiacus sp. n. can, however, be distinguished by a number of features: bigger size (35.8 vs 23.9 mm) and distinct morphometric values …; darker coloration, more to orange-yellow; anterior mar- gin of carapace not depressed; sternum longer than wide …; metasomal segments and pedipalps better carinated and granulated; sternite V with a conspicuous white posterior inflated triangular zone; moderate serrula on chelicera movable finger.…</p> <p>Vietbocap quinquemilia sp. n. is geographically separated of Vietbocap aurantiacus sp. n. by 2 km. Their general morphology although similar presents a number of differences and in fact V. quinquemilia seems more closely related to V. thienduongensis. This new species can however be characterized by a number of particular features: small size (only 20.2 mm for female) and distinct morphometric values (see measurements and ratios following the description); a very pale coloration almost whitish; this is the paler species known for the genus; median ocular tubercle on carapace only slightly depressed; cheliceral serrula moderately marked; tergites globally smooth; pedipalp carinae very weakly marked.…</p> <p>It is difficult to estimate from the sole morphological study of these “populations” of Vietbocap living in the Thien Duong cave what is their precise degree of differentiation … Consequently, the question to be addressed is: are we faced with species, subspecies or only morphs of a large polymorphic species? For three of these populations, a specific status is here suggested in association with their possible allopatric distribution, though the number of available specimens is small to evaluate the robustness of the observed differences.… The presence of syntopic and closely related troglobitic species of a same genus in a same cave [sic] is quite exceptional. Molecular approaches will be necessary to evaluate the robustness of the observed differences between the species which have been recognized.</p> <p>The hypothesis that three allopatric populations or species of Vietbocap inhabit Động Thiên ĐƯờng was tested and falsified in the present study by comparing DNA sequences of two nuclear (18S-ITS and 28S) and three mitochondrial (12S, 16S, and COI) gene loci from five samples collected at several sites along a transect 1–5 km from the entrance. The extremely low genetic divergence among the samples along this transect (fig. 9; table 12) are consistent with panmixis. In addition, the same loci were sequenced from three samples collected in Tiên SƠn, the type locality of V. canhi, only 2.5 km away. Similar levels of divergence among the samples from Tiên SƠn, and between those samples and the samples from Động Thiên ĐƯờng, falsified the hypothesis that the two caves harbor different species, refuting the unsubstantiated statement that the caves “are totally isolated from one other and belong to distinct cave systems.” The assumption that species occurring in different caves must be heterospecific, also known as the “caves as islands” paradigm (Mammola, 2019) suggested earlier by others (e.g., Francke, 2009a), is problematic for two reasons, noted earlier. Firstly, geography is not heritable and cannot comprise part of a taxon diagnosis, regardless of the presence or absence of morphological (or genomic) differences. Secondly, no conclusive evidence has been presented that the caves are disconnected or that these scorpions might not occur in other caves or passages in the 2.5 km between them. Several caves and cave networks in Southeast Asia are far longer than the distance between Tiên SƠn and Động Thiên ĐƯờng, e.g., Hang SƠn Đoòng (over 9 km long), Tham Xe Bang Fai (11 km long), and Phong Nha Cave (over 44 km long). Even Thiên ĐƯờng is more than 20 km long. As noted earlier, in attributing islandlike properties to caves, researchers should consider the presence of subterranean connections, as well as the vagility of the species of interest (Mammola, 2019). A network of fissures connecting two caves would make it difficult to consider the scorpion populations inhabiting them, to be isolated from one another.</p> <p>Multivariate statistical analysis of the morphometric data presented by Lourenço and Pham (2010, 2012) and Lourenço et al. (2018), together with new data (tables 3–5, 10; appendices 4, 6, 7), was similarly unable to discriminate among the individuals from the two caves, which clustered together across a morphospace comparable to that of other pseudochactid spe- cies (fig. 8). It is apparent that ontogenetic differences were mistaken as diagnostic by Lourenço and Pham (2010, 2012) and Lourenço et al. (2018). Putatively diagnostic differences concerning size and morphometrics (table 3), coloration, granulation and/or carination, and the relative development of the circumocular sutures (affected by the sclerotization of the carapace tegument) reflect different stages of sexual maturity. Smaller size (and associated morphometric differences; tables 3, 10; appendices 4, 6, 7), paler coloration, weaker granulation and/or carination, and weakly developed circumocular sutures, as exemplified by the types of V. canhi and V. quinquemilia, are consistent with the immature stages, whereas larger size (and associated morphometric differences; tables 3, 10; appendices 4, 6, 7), darker coloration, stronger granulation and/or carination, and well developed sutures, as well as the presence of a pale, raised, triangular surface on the posteroventral margin of sternite V, exemplified by the holotype of V. aurantiacus, are consistent with the adult stage. The only characters that are ontogenetically invariant and offer any potential for species diagnosis are the counts of median denticle subrows on the fixed and movable fingers of the pedipalp chela, and the counts of pectinal teeth and lamellae. However, setting aside the absence of a statistical sample, the variation in these counts (e.g., a difference of one denticle subrow between individuals from the two caves, or of one pectinal lamella or tooth between individuals of the same sex in the same or different caves; tables 3–5) spans the normal levels of variation observed in other scorpion taxa, including pseudochactids.</p> <p>In view of the overwhelming molecular and morphological evidence that the scorpions inhabiting both caves are conspecific, the following new synonyms are proposed: Vietbocap thienduongensis Lourenço and Pham, 2012 = Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham, 2010, syn. nov.; Vietbocap aurantiacus Lourenço et al., 2018 = V. canhi, syn. nov.; Vietbocap quinquemilia Lourenço et al., 2018 = V. canhi, syn. nov.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: VIETNAM: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.267006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.532999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.267006/lat 17.532999)">Qu</a> ảng <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.267006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.532999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.267006/lat 17.532999)">Bình Prov.</a>: Bố Trạch Distr.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.267006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.532999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.267006/lat 17.532999)">Phong</a> Nha-Kẻ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.267006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.532999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.267006/lat 17.532999)">Bàng National Park</a>: Tiên SƠn (Cave), 17°31′58.8″N 106°16′01.2″E, 200 m, 23.ii.2012, L. Prendini and V. A. Dang, dark zone of cave, ca. 200–500 m from entrance, UV detection in moist cave environment with abundant dripstone and flowstone formations, stalactites and stalagmites, specimens usually sitting in rock crevices or under small stones, mostly in moist situations (near areas where water collects from dripstone formations), none found in dry areas of cave, 7 ♀, 2 subad. ♂, 1 subad. ♀, 4 juv. ♂, 4 juv. ♀, pedipalp fragments (AMNH), 3 juv. ♀ (AMCC [LP 11270, 16750, 16751]); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.22305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.51975" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.22305/lat 17.51975)">Thiên</a> ĐƯ ờng (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.22305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.51975" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.22305/lat 17.51975)">Cave</a>), 200 m, 12.xi.2011, ex D.-S. Pham, cave, No. 1279, 1 juv. ♀ (AMCC [LP 11348]), Động Thiên ĐƯ ờng (Paradise Cave), 17°31′11.1″N 106°13′23″E, 248 m, 12–13.xi.2018, S.F. Loria, V. L. Ehrenthal, B.Đ. Tr ần, and H. V. DƯƠng, blacklight in cave, specimens collected between 1 km and 5 km deep in cave, walking on ground, under rocks or in limestone cracks, ca. 1 km from cave entrance, 1 ♀ (AMNH), 1 subad. ♀ (IEBR), [leg] (AMCC [LP 16533]), between 1 km and 5 km from cave entrance, 1 subad. ♂ (IEBR), [leg] (AMCC [LP 16535]), 1 subad. ♀ (AMCC [LP 16536]), ca. 5 km from cave entrance, 1 juv. ♂ (PNKB), [leg] (AMCC [LP 16534]), 1 juv. ♀ (PNKB), [leg] (AMCC [LP 16537]).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7148C11FD7FFC8F5848FB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7088C02FF67FE465B63FCB8.text	03A487B7C7088C02FF67FE465B63FCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akravidae Levy 2007	<div><p>Family Akravidae Levy, 2007.</p> <p>Akrav israchanani Levy, 2007: ISRAEL. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps and legs attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobite (Levy, 2007; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Fet et al., 2011b; Deharveng and Bedos, 2018). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Levy (2007); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Fet et al. (2011b, 2017); Deharveng and Bedos (2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7088C02FF67FE465B63FCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7088C02FF05FC105A5BFAC0.text	03A487B7C7088C02FF05FC105A5BFAC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Belisariidae Lourenco 1998	<div><p>Family Belisariidae Lourenço, 1998.</p> <p>Belisarius ibericus Lourenço, 2015: SPAIN. Habitat: under rocks near to cave entrance. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: endogean hygrophile lapidicolous (Karaman, 2020); endogean (Tropea and Onnis, 2020). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Lourenço (2015); Karaman (2020); Tropea and Onnis (2020). Remarks: The type locality is dubious and this species is probably a junior synonym of B. xambeui.</p> <p>Belisarius xambeui Simon, 1879: FRANCE, SPAIN. Habitat: leaf litter; inside caves. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglophile (Jeannel, 1926; Jaulin et al., 2010; Deharveng and Bedos, 2018; Karaman, 2020); hypogée (Vachon, 1945); endogean (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972; Francke, 1982; Lourenço, 2009; Tropea and Onnis, 2020); hipogea, que tant es pot trobar sota les pedres enfonsades … com dins de les coves (Vives, 1981); found in caves but also inhabits deep soil and litter (Reddell, 1981); vivant préférentiellement dans les grottes, mais également dans la litière forestière et sous les pierres (Emerit et al., 1996); troglophylus (Vignoli et al., 2008); humicolous, not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); endogean hygrophile lapidicolous (Fet, 2010; Karaman, 2020); hypogé, litiéricole (Jaulin et al., 2010); troglomorphic endogean (Prendini et al., 2010; Botero-Trujillo et al., 2017); troglobite (Reddell, 2019; Santibáñez-López et al., 2019a). Current assessment: endogean, hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Simon (1879); Jeannel (1926); Wolf (1937); Kästner (1941); Vachon (1945); Auber (1959); Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Reddell (1981, 2019); Vives (1981); Francke (1982); Emerit et al. (1996); Kovařík (2000a); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Vignoli et al. (2008); Botero-Trujillo and Francke (2009); Lourenço (2009); Jaulin et al. (2010); Prendini et al. (2010); Botero-Trujillo et al. (2017); Deharveng and Bedos (2018); Santibáñez-López et al. (2019a); Karaman (2020); Tropea and Onnis (2020).</p> <p>Sardoscorpius troglophilus Tropea and Onnis, 2020: ITALY (Sardinia). Habitat: under stones inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps and legs attenuate. Previous assessments: eutroglophile (Tropea and Onnis, 2020). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Tropea and Onnis (2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7088C02FF05FC105A5BFAC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7088C01FD4EFAE15B13FCB2.text	03A487B7C7088C01FD4EFAE15B13FCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Buthidae C. L. Koch 1837	<div><p>Family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837.</p> <p>Alayotityus delacruzi Armas, 1973: CUBA. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization slightly reduced. Previous assessments: une espèce néotroglobionte en train d’inféodation dans le milieu cavernicole (Vachon, 1977); mais dans tous les cas, elles ont été considérées uniquement comme des trogloxènes réguliers ou, à la rigueur, comme des troglophiles (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglobite (Armas, 2000; Gallão and Bichuette, 2016); nontroglomorph troglobite (Teruel and Kovařík, 2012); guanobitic-troglobitic (Deharveng and Bedos, 2018). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Armas (1973); Vachon (1977); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Armas (2000); Teruel and Kovařík (2012); Gallão and Bichuette (2016); Deharveng and Bedos (2018).</p> <p>Alayotityus juraguaensis Armas, 1973: CUBA. Habitat: under stones near seashore, arid area. Previous assessments: neotroglobiont (Vachon, 1977); troglobio-guanobio (Decou, 1981); troglófila del primer orden (Armas and Alayón Garcia, 1984); trogloxene/troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Armas (1973); Armas and Alayón Garcia (1984); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a); Teruel and Kovařík (2012).</p> <p>Babycurus johnstonii Pocock, 1896: CAM- EROON. Habitat: surface, forest. Previous assessments: trogloxene/troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Lourenço and Duhem (2010a).</p> <p>Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804): CUBA. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: troglófila del primer orden (Armas and Alayón Garcia, 1984); accidental (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Armas and Alayón Garcia (1984); Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> <p>Heteroctenus junceus (Herbst, 1800): CUBA. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: troglófila del primer orden (Armas and Alayón Garcia, 1984). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Armas and Alayón Garcia (1984); Armas (2000).</p> <p>Lychas hosei Pocock, 1891: MALAYSIA. Habitat: inside cave; surface (forest). Previous assessments: probablement troglophile mais, il se pourrait qu’elle soit uniquement trogloxène (Vachon and Lourenço, 1985); trogloxene/troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a); troglophile (Beron, 2015). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Vachon and Lourenço (1985); Lourenço (2007c); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a); Beron (2015); Kovařík (2019). A monotypic genus of dubious validity, Spelaeolychas Kovařík, 2019, was erected to accommodate this species; it is retained in the genus Lychas C.L. Koch, 1845, in the present contribution. The subspecies, Lychas hosei cavernicola Lourenço, 2007 appears to be a junior synonym of the nominotypical form.</p> <p>Reddyanus deharvengi (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010): VIETNAM. Habitat: inside cave; in litter. Previous assessments: troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a; Beron, 2015). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Lourenço and Duhem (2010a); Beron (2015). Remarks: The holotype male closely resembles the males of other epigean Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, including Reddyanus petrzelkai Kovařík, 2003, with which it may be conspecific. Reddyanus are typically attenuate, consistent with the lithophilous ecomorphotype (Prendini, 2001b).</p> <p>Tityopsis inexpectata (Moreno, 1940): CUBA. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: troglófila del primer orden (Armas and Alayón Garcia, 1984). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Armas and Alayón Garcia (1984); Armas (2000); Teruel and Rodríguez-Cabrera (2020).</p> <p>Tityopsis sheylae Teruel and Rodríguez- Cabrera, 2020: CUBA. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization slightly reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobite (Teruel and Rodríguez-Cabrera, 2020). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Teruel and Rodríguez-Cabrera (2020).</p> <p>Tityus demangei Lourenço, 1981: ECUADOR. Habitat: inside cave; surface, forest. Previous assessments: trogloxene (Lourenço, 1981); not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); trogloxene/troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Lourenço (1981); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Volschenk and Pren- dini (2008); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a); Botero-Trujillo and Flórez (2014). Remarks: According to Lourenço (1981) and Lourenço and Duhem (2010a), this species is a trogloxene, but only the holotype was recorded in a cave, with other specimens collected far from caves (Botero- Trujillo and Flórez, 2014). The yellowish coloration of this species resembles that of many epigean species of the genus and meets the criterion of an accidental.</p> <p>Tityus jussarae Lourenço, 1988: ECUADOR. Habitat: inside cave. Current assessment: hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Lourenço (1988).</p> <p>Tityus grottoedensis Botero-Trujillo and Flórez, 2014: COLOMBIA. Habitat: inside cave, under stone; outside cave. Previous assessments: eutroglophile/subtroglophile (Botero-Trujillo and Flórez, 2014). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Botero-Trujillo and Flórez (2014).</p> <p>Tityus magnimanus Pocock, 1897: BRAZIL, COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA. Habitat: surface, forest; inside cave and surrounding areas. Previous assessments: mais dans tous les cas, elles ont été considérées uniquement comme des trogloxènes réguliers ou, à la rigueur, comme des troglophiles (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglophile (Galan and Herrera, 2006); trogloxene/ troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: González-Sponga (1974, 1996); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Linares and Bordon (1987); Rojas-Runjaic (2004); Galan and Herrera (2006); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a). Remarks: Tityus falconensis González-Sponga, 1974 is a junior synonym of T. magnimanus, which is why the species was listed as hypogean by Lourenço and Duhem (2010a). Cave records and citations from Lourenço and Francke (1985), Linares and Bordon (1987), Rojas-Runjaic (2004), and Galan and Herrera (2006) refer to T. falconensis.</p> <p>Tityus monaguensis González-Sponga, 1974: VENEZUELA. Habitat: forested areas and caves. Previous assessments: mais dans tous les cas, elles ont été considérées uniquement comme des trogloxènes réguliers ou, à la rigueur, comme des troglophiles (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglophile (Galan and Herrera, 2006); trogloxene/ troglophile (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: González-Sponga (1974, 1996); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Linares and Bordon (1987); Rojas-Runjaic (2004); Galan and Herrera (2006); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a).</p> <p>Troglorhopalurus lacrau (Lourenço and Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997): BRAZIL. Habitat: inside caves. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization slightly reduced. Previous assessments: trogloxene; non-cavernicolous (Lourenço and Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997); obligatory cave-dwelling life habitat, troglobite (Gallão and Bichuette, 2016); troglophile (Esposito et al., 2017). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Lourenço and Pinto-da-Rocha (1997); Gallão and Bichuette (2016); Esposito et al. (2017).</p> <p>Troglorhopalurus translucidus Lourenço et al., 2004: BRAZIL. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs and metasoma attenuate; prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs reduced. Previous assessments: troglobite (Lourenço et al., 2004; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Trajano and Bichuette, 2010; Botero-Trujillo and Flórez, 2014; Gallão and Bichuette, 2016; Esposito et al., 2017); unequivocal troglobitic characteristics (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a; Lourenço and Pham, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Lourenço et al. (2004); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a); Ochoa et al. (2010); Trajano and Bichuette (2010); Lourenço and Pham (2013); Botero-Trujillo and Flórez (2014); Gallão and Bichuette (2016); Esposito et al. (2017).</p> <p>Troglotityobuthus gracilis (Fage, 1946): MADAGASCAR. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization unknown (old, faded specimen; pale coloration likely due to preservation); pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle slightly enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobie (Fage, 1946); troglobite (Lourenço, 2000b; Lourenço and Goodman, 2008; Lourenço and Duhem, 2010a; Gallão and Bichuette, 2016); perhaps a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); unequivocal troglobitic characteristics (Lourenço and Pham, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Fage (1946); Lourenço (2000b); Lourenço and Goodman (2008); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Lourenço and Duhem (2010a); Lourenço and Pham (2013); Gallão and Bichuette (2016). Remarks: Although this species may be troglomorphic, it seems likely the pale coloration is an artefact of age and preservation. If so, only the attenuation and presence in a cave would be consistent with its classification in the Schiner-Racovitza system. However, many lithophilous epigean buthids are highly attenuated (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7088C01FD4EFAE15B13FCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C70B8C01FF7DFC1F5A8EFCB2.text	03A487B7C70B8C01FF7DFC1F5A8EFCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chactidae Pocock 1893	<div><p>Family Chactidae Pocock, 1893</p> <p>Broteochactas trezzii (Vignoli and Kovařík, 2003): VENEZUELA. Habitat: under a stone inside Sima Aonda, a long narrow gorge, ca. 50 m deep, the remains of a cave, the ceiling of which collapsed; the biotope was characterized as dark and extremely humid. Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs absent; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Vignoli and Kovařík, 2003; Rojas-Runjaic, 2004; Galan and Herrera, 2006; Vignoli and Prendini, 2009); perhaps a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Vignoli and Kovařík (2003); Rojas-Runjaic (2004); Galan and Herrera (2006); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Ochoa et al. (2010); Rossi (2018a); Ochoa and Rojas-Runjaic (2019). Remarks: A monotypic genus of dubious validity, Antridiscalceatus Rossi, 2018, was erected to accommodate this species; it is retained in the genus Broteochactas Pocock, 1893, in the present contribution.</p> <p>Chactas vilorai Rojas-Runjaic, 2004: VENEZU- ELA. Habitat: under stones, hypogean, twilight zone. Previous assessments: trogloxene (Rojas- Runjaic, 2004); troglóxenas y troglófilas (Galan and Herrera, 2006). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Rojas-Runjaic (2004); Galan and Herrera (2006).</p> <p>Chactas vanbenedenii (Gervais, 1843): COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: troglófila (Galan and Herrera, 2006). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Galan and Herrera (2006).</p> <p>Chactas yupai González-Sponga, 1994: VENEZUELA. Habitat: high altitude tropical forest and savanna. Previous assessments: troglóxenas y troglófilas? (Galan and Herrera, 2006). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: González-Sponga (1994); Galan and Herrera (2006).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C70B8C01FF7DFC1F5A8EFCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C70B8C06FCB5FC1E5AEDFAA3.text	03A487B7C70B8C06FCB5FC1E5AEDFAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaerilidae Pocock 1893	<div><p>Family Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893</p> <p>Chaerilus agilis Pocock, 1899: MALAYSIA. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobite (McClure et al., 1967); probably troglophile (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); cavernicoles (Deharveng and Leclerc, 1989); troglophile/trogloxene (Dittmar et al., 2005); suspected of having a subterranean way of life, mainly because found inside caves, but more formal evidence may be necessary (Lourenço and Rossi, 2019). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Pocock (1899); Bristowe (1952); McClure et al. (1967); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Deharveng and Leclerc (1989); Kovařík (2000b); Dittmar et al. (2005); Lourenço (2008); Beron (2015); Lourenço and Rossi (2019). Remarks: McClure et al. (1967) listed this species as Chaerilus prob. celebensis.</p> <p>Chaerilus agnellivanniorum Lourenço and Rossi, 2019: PHILIPPINES. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: may also be a true troglobitic element, but with a less marked degree of regression for several characters (Lourenço and Rossi, 2019). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Lourenço and Rossi (2019).</p> <p>Chaerilus cavernicola Pocock, 1894: INDO- NESIA. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: probably troglophile (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); probably not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); suspected of having a subterranean way of life, mainly because found inside caves, but more formal evidence may be necessary (Lourenço and Rossi, 2019). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Pocock (1894); Wolf (1937); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Kovařík (2000b); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Lourenço and Rossi (2019).</p> <p>Chaerilus chapmani Vachon and Lourenço, 1981: MALAYSIA. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985; Lourenço, 1995); cavernicoles (Deharveng and Leclerc, 1989); apparently to some extent troglobitic, a facultative troglobite (Kovařík, 2000a); troglobite (Lourenço, 2008, 2009; Lourenço and Goodman, 2008; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Moulds et al., 2013; Lourenço and Rossi, 2019). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Lourenço and Francke (1985); Deharveng and Leclerc (1989); Lourenço (1995, 2009); Kovařík (2000a, 2000b); Lourenço and Goodman (2008); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Moulds et al. (2013); Beron (2015); Lourenço and Rossi (2019).</p> <p>Chaerilus pathom Lourenço and Pham, 2014: VIETNAM. Habitat: inside cave. Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Lourenço and Pham (2014b).</p> <p>Chaerilus sabinae Lourenço, 1995: INDONE- SIA. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps and legs attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: cavernicoles, anophtalme (Deharveng and Leclerc, 1989); troglobie (Lourenço, 1995); troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Lourenço, 2009; Lourenço and Rossi, 2019). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Deharveng and Leclerc (1989); Lourenço (1995, 2009); Kovařík (2000a, 2000b); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Deharveng and Bedos (2018); Rossi (2018b); Lourenço and Rossi (2019). Remarks: A monotypic genus of dubious validity, Chaerilourencous Rossi, 2018, was erected to accommodate this species; it is retained in the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 in the present contribution.</p> <p>Chaerilus spinatus Lourenço and Duhem, 2010: INDONESIA. Habitat: inside cave. Previous assessments: no characteristics of a troglobitic species (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010b); definitely epigean (Lourenço, 2012b). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Lourenço and Duhem (2010b); Lourenço (2012b).</p> <p>Chaerilus telnovi Lourenço, 2009: INDONE- SIA. Habitat: leaf litter. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: litter dwelling (Lourenço, 2009); eyeless forest litter scorpion (Lourenço and Duhem, 2010b); not an epigean species, but a soil dweller (Lourenço, 2012b). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Lourenço (2009, 2012b); Lourenço and Duhem (2010b); Loria and Prendini (2014); Deharveng and Bedos (2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C70B8C06FCB5FC1E5AEDFAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C70C8C04FD5AFA0D58B1FB64.text	03A487B7C70C8C04FD5AFA0D58B1FB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplocentridae Karsch 1880	<div><p>Family Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880</p> <p>Cryptoiclus rodriguezi Teruel and Kovařík, 2012: CUBA. Habitat: exclusively in interstitial spaces of soil, deep inside rocky taluses in cave entrances at the base of coastal cliffs. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced. Previous assessments: lives exclusively in interstitial spaces of soil, deep inside rocky taluses in cave entrances at the base of coastal limestone cliffs 10–52 m (Teruel and Kovařík, 2012). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Teruel and Kovařík (2012).</p> <p>Diplocentrus actun Armas and Palacios-Vargas, 2002: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps and legs attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobite (Armas and Palacios-Vargas, 2002; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Armas and Palacios-Vargas (2002); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013). Remarks: This species is probably a junior synonym of D. anophthalmus.</p> <p>Diplocentrus anophthalmus Francke, 1977: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps and legs attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Francke, 1977, 1978; Reddell, 1977, 1981; Armas, 1994; Armas and Palacios-Vargas, 2002; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013); troglobiont (Santibáñez-López et al., 2014a). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Francke (1977, 1978); Reddell (1977, 1981); Lourenço (1981); Muchmore (1982); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Beutelspacher and López- Forment (1991); Armas (1994); Palacios-Vargas (1994); Armas and Palacios-Vargas (2002); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013); Santibáñez-López et al. (2014b); Rossi (2018a). Remarks: A monotypic genus of dubious validity, Troglopolyphemos Rossi, 2018, was erected to accommodate this species; it is retained in the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, in the present contribution.</p> <p>Diplocentrus cueva Francke, 1978: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps and legs attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobite (Francke, 1978; Reddell, 1981; Armas, 1994; Volshenk and Prendini, 2008); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); in initial stages of regressive evolution (Sissom, 1986); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Francke (1978); Lourenço (1981); Reddell (1981); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Sissom (1986); Beutelspacher and López-Forment (1991); Armas (1994); Palacios- Vargas (1994); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013).</p> <p>Diplocentrus mitchelli Francke, 1977: MEX- ICO. Habitat: inside cave. Previous assessments: troglobite (Francke, 1977, 1978; Reddell, 1977, 1981; Armas, 1994; Armas and Palacios-Vargas, 2002); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); probably not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); possibly troglobitic (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Francke (1977, 1978); Reddell (1977, 1981); Lourenço (1981); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Beutelspacher and López-Forment (1991); Armas (1994); Palacios- Vargas (1994); Armas and Palacios-Vargas (2002); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013). Remarks: The holotype is an early instar juvenile suggesting the absence of pigmentation is the juvenile condition as observed in most other diplocentrids (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008). This species is probably a junior synonym of D. reddelli.</p> <p>Diplocentrus reddelli Francke, 1977: MEXICO. Habitat: inside sinkhole; outside cave. Previous assessments: smallest epigean species (Francke, 1977); troglophile (Reddell, 1977); probably an accidental (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); especies conocidas solo de cuevas, pero probablemente no restringidas a los hábitats subterráneos (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Francke (1977); Reddell (1977, 1981); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013); Santibáñez-López et al. (2014a).</p> <p>Kolotl magnus (Beutelspacher and López-Forment, 1991): MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave but also inhabits cracks and crevices in rocks. Previous assessments: troglobite (Beutelspacher and López-Forment, 1991); not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); probably an accidental (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); semilithophilous (Santibáñez-López et al., 2014a). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Beutelspacher and López-Forment (1991); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Santibáñez-López et al. (2014a, 2014b).</p> <p>Heteronebo clareae Armas, 2001: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. (Navassa Island). Habitat: inside “dark zone” of vertical “cave” ca. 1.2 m in diameter and only 5 m deep. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps and legs attenuate. Previous assessments: troglobite (Armas, 2001); probably not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008). Current assessment: endogean or hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Armas (2001); Volschenk and Prenndini (2008). Remarks: The shallowness of the cave suggests this is a trogloxene, if not an accidental.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C70C8C04FD5AFA0D58B1FB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C70E8C05FF08FB445A37FBE8.text	03A487B7C70E8C05FF08FB445A37FBE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euscorpiidae Laurie 1896	<div><p>Family Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896</p> <p>Euscorpius aquilejensis (C.L. Koch, 1837): CROATIA, ITALY, SLOVENIA. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: it is quite possible that some Euscorpius Thorell, 1876, species are more or less troglophilic, opportunistic taxa, and, where an opportunity presents itself, spend part or all of their lives inside a cave or similar habitat (Tropea and Fet, 2015; Tropea and Ozimec, 2019, 2020); troglophile (Karaman, 2020). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Boldori (1977); Tropea and Fet (2015); Tropea and Ozimec (2019, 2020); Karaman (2020).</p> <p>Euscorpius biokovensis Tropea and Ozimec, 2020: BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA. Habitat: primarily inside cave but also mines and underground tunnels. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglophile (Karaman, 2020); subtroglophile (Tropea and Ozimec, 2020). Current assessment: hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Karaman (2020); Tropea and Ozimec (2020).</p> <p>Euscorpius birulai Fet et al., 2014: GREECE. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: clearly exhibits general attenuation of appendages (pedipalps) although it does not have other typical cave adaptations (depigmentation, eye reduction) (Fet et al., 2014a); it is quite possible that some Euscorpius species are more or less troglophilic, opportunistic taxa, and, where an opportunity presents itself, spend part or all of their lives inside a cave or similar habitat (Tropea and Ozimec, 2019, 2020); troglophile (Karaman, 2020). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile) or trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Fet et al. (2014a, 2018); Tropea and Ozimec (2019, 2020); Karaman (2020).</p> <p>Euscorpius concinnus (C.L. Koch, 1837): FRANCE, ITALY. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: non cavernicola (Di Caporriaco, 1950); troglossena (Bologna and Taglianti, 1985). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Wolf (1937); Caporiacco (1950); Boldori (1977); Bologna and Taglianti (1985). Remarks: Records from Wolf (1937), Bologna and Taglianti (1985) and Boldori (1977) were originally identified as Euscorpius carpathicus L., 1767. However, this species is no longer recognized in Italy and the records are probably referable to E. concinnus.</p> <p>Euscorpius croaticus Caporiacco, 1950: CRO- ATIA. Habitat: inside cave. Previous assessments: troglophile (Karaman, 2020); our investigation did not uncover any morphological features indi- cating that the specimens may be troglomorphic (Graham et al., 2012). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Graham et al. (2012); Fet et al. (2016); Karaman (2020).</p> <p>Euscorpius deltshevi Fet et al., 2014: BUL- GARIA, SERBIA. Habitat: inside cave; surface habitats. Previous assessments: trogloxène (Guéorguiev and Beron, 1962). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Guéorguiev and Beron (1962); Fet et al. (2014b). Remarks: Guéorguiev and Beron (1962) identified scorpions from two caves in northwestern Bulgaria as E. carpathicus and labelled this species as a trogloxene. A phylogenetic analysis of the E. carpathicus species complex using mitochondrial COI data (Fet et al., 2014b) identified E. carpathicus records from northwestern Bulgaria as a distinct species and described it as E. deltshevi.</p> <p>Euscorpius feti Tropea, 2013: BOSNIA-HER- ZEGOVINA, CROATIA,? MONTENEGRO. Habitat: inside cave; outside cave. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: it is quite possible that some Euscorpius species are more or less troglophilic, and, where an opportunity presents itself, spend part or all of their lives inside a cave or similar habitat (Tropea and Fet, 2015; Tropea and Ozimec, 2019); opportunistic eutroglophile/subtroglophile (Tropea and Ozimec, 2019); troglophile (Karaman, 2020). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Tropea and Fet (2015); Tropea and Ozimec (2019, 2020); Karaman (2020).</p> <p>Euscorpius giachinoi Tropea and Fet, 2015: GREECE. Habitat: both inside caves and outside (typical Euscorpius habitats). Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: elongated features and smaller median eyes suggest beginning or partial adaptation to cave life; it is quite possible that some Euscorpius species are more or less troglophilic, and, where an opportunity presents itself, spend part or all of their lives inside a cave or similar habitat (Tropea and Fet, 2015; Tropea and Ozimec, 2019, 2020); troglophile (Karaman, 2020). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Tropea and Fet (2015); Fet et al. (2018); Tropea and Ozimec (2019, 2020); Karaman (2020).</p> <p>Euscorpius studentium Karaman, 2020:?BOS- NIA-HERZEGOVINA, MONTENEGRO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle slightly enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Karaman, 2020). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Apfelbeck (1895); Karaman (2020). Remarks: Apfelbeck (1895) noted a blind cave scorpion from caves in Bosnia that may be conspecific, given the geographical proximity.</p> <p>Megacormus gertschi Díaz Najera, 1966: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave; surface habitats. Previous assessments: possible troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C70E8C05FF08FB445A37FBE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C70F8CFAFCB5FBD85B20FDFF.text	03A487B7C70F8CFAFCB5FBD85B20FDFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hormuridae Laurie 1896	<div><p>Family Hormuridae Laurie, 1896</p> <p>Hormurus polisorum (Volschenk et. al., 2001): AUSTRALIA (Christmas Island). Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced or absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobitic (Humphreys, 2001); troglobite (Volschenk et al., 2001; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Moulds and Bannik, 2012). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Humphreys (2001); Volschenk et al. (2001); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Moulds and Bannik (2012).</p> <p>Opisthacanthus pauliani Lourenço and Goodman, 2008: MADAGASCAR. Habitat: inside cave, 30 m from entry. Previous assessments: obligate cave-dwelling animal, may represent second tro- globitic scorpion species in Madagascar (Lourenço and Goodman, 2008). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: accidental. Citations: Lourenço and Goodman (2008). Remarks: The faded coloration of this old specimen is likely due to age and preservation although several epigean Malagasy hormurids are relatively pale in color, e.g., Palaeocheloctonus pauliani Lourenço, 1996. This species is likely to be conspecific with one of several common epigean Malagasy hormurids.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C70F8CFAFCB5FBD85B20FDFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7F08CFAFF6CFDE9584FFA7C.text	03A487B7C7F08CFAFF6CFDE9584FFA7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iuridae Thorell 1876	<div><p>Family Iuridae Thorell, 1876</p> <p>Protoiurus kadleci (Kovařík et al., 2010): TUR- KEY. Habitat: inside and at cave entrance. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization slightly reduced; pedipalps and legs slightly attenuate. Previous assessments: presence deep in cave, where it has been found hiding in a rock crevice might indicate its lithophilic and/or troglophilic nature; somewhat slender habitus, especially metasoma, suggests some degree of cave adaptation, however, holotype and paratypes were not found in caves (Kovařík et al., 2010); found in cave as well as outside, and exhibits no troglomorphic features (Yağmur et al., 2015a). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Kovařík et al. (2010); Yağmur et al. (2015a, 2015b).</p> <p>Protoiurus kumlutasi Yağmur et al., 2015: TURKEY. Habitat: inside and at entrances of cave. Previous assessments: collected deep inside cave and also at cave entrance; shows no troglomorphic characteristics and resembles other epigean species of the genus (Yağmur et al., 2015a, 2015b). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Yağmur et al. (2015a, 2015b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7F08CFAFF6CFDE9584FFA7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7F08CFBFF2AFA6C5B4DFE1C.text	03A487B7C7F08CFBFF2AFA6C5B4DFE1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998	<div><p>Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998</p> <p>Aemngvantom lao (Lourenço, 2012): LAOS. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; tibial spurs absent; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobiont (Lourenço, 2012a); troglobite (Lourenço, 2012b; Beron, 2015; Lourenço et al., 2018); troglobitic element (Pham et al., 2017); strong troglomorphic features (Steiner, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Lourenço (2012a, 2012b); Steiner (2013); Beron (2015); Pham et al. (2017); Lourenço et al. (2018); present contribution.</p> <p>Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam, sp. nov.: LAOS. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; tibial spurs absent; telson vesicle enlarged. Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: present contribution.</p> <p>Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007: LAOS. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: pigmentation and sclerotization present (two individuals partially or entirely depigmented). Previous assessments: troglobite (Lourenço, 2012b; Beron, 2015); found 2000–3000 m from main cave entrance, but its morphological characteristics are not those of a troglobitic element (Lourenço, 2012a); morphological characteristics do not correspond to a troglobitic element (Lourenço and Pham, 2012); found in caves and considered troglomorphic or troglobitic (Soleglad et al., 2012); troglobitic element (Pham et al., 2017); although this species was found inside a cave, its morphological characteristics do not correspond to a totally troglobitic element (Lourenço et al., 2018). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Lourenço (2007a, 2007b, 2012a, 2012b, 2017a); Lourenço and Pham (2010, 2012); Soleglad et al. (2012); Steiner (2013); Beron (2015); Pham et al. (2017); Lourenço et al. (2018); present contribution.</p> <p>Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham, 2010: VIETNAM. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; tibial spurs absent; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Lourenço and Pham, 2010; Lourenço, 2012a, 2012b; Lourenço and Pham, 2012; Soleglad et al., 2012; Beron, 2015; Lourenço et al., 2018); strong troglomorphic features (Steiner, 2013); troglobitic element (Pham et al., 2017). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Lourenço and Pham (2010, 2012); Lourenço (2012a, 2012b); Soleglad et al. (2012); Steiner (2013); Beron (2015); Pham et al. (2017); Lourenço et al. (2018); present contribution.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7F08CFBFF2AFA6C5B4DFE1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7F18CFBFF06FE4C5A4AFA82.text	03A487B7C7F18CFBFF06FE4C5A4AFA82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scorpiopidae Latreille 1802	<div><p>Family Scorpiopidae Latreille, 1802</p> <p>Alloscorpiops troglodytes Lourenço and Pham, 2015: VIETNAM. Habitat: inside cave, approximately 60 m from entry. Current assessment: hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Lourenço and Pham (2015). Remarks: Although Kovařík et al. (2020) transferred this species to Scorpiops Peters, 1861, it is retained in Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980, in the present contribution.</p> <p>Euscorpiops cavernicola Lourenço and Pham, 2013: VIETNAM. Habitat: inside cave, 120 m from main entrance, on walls of cave. Previous assessments: presents most features of genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980, but may represent first Scorpiopinae Latreille, 1802, species exhibiting certain adaptations to cave life (Lourenço and Pham, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Lourenço and Pham (2013); Pham (2016). Remarks: Although Kovařík et al. (2020) transferred this species to Scorpiops Peters, 1861, it is retained in Euscorpiops in the present contribution.</p> <p>Euscorpiops dakrong Lourenço and Pham, 2014: VIETNAM. Habitat: inside cave, 60–70 m from entrance. Previous assessments: some morphological features indicate certain degree of adaptation to cave life (Lourenço and Pham, 2014b). Current assessment: hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Lourenço and Pham (2014a). Remarks: Although Kovařík et al. (2020) transferred this species to Scorpiops Peters, 1861, it is retained in Euscorpiops in the present contribution.</p> <p>Plethoscorpiops profusus Lourenço, 2017: MYANMAR. Habitat: inside cave, about 90 m from entry, hidden in wall crevices. Current assessment: hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Lourenço (2017b). Remarks: Although Kovařík et al. (2020) transferred this species to Scorpiops Peters, 1861, it is retained in Plethoscorpiops Lourenço, 2017 in the present contribution.</p> <p>Troglocormus ciego Francke, 1981: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps and legs attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Francke, 1981; Armas, 1994; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Francke (1981); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Armas (1994); Soleglad and Sissom (2001); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013).</p> <p>Troglocormus willis Francke, 1981: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps and legs attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Francke, 1981; Armas, 1994; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Francke (1981); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Armas (1994); Soleglad and Sissom (2001); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7F18CFBFF06FE4C5A4AFA82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7F18CF8FD66FA2E5D99FDFF.text	03A487B7C7F18CF8FD66FA2E5D99FDFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troglotayosicidae Lourenco 1998	<div><p>Family Troglotayosicidae Lourenço, 1998</p> <p>Troglotayosicus hirsutus Botero-Trujillo et al., 2012: COLOMBIA. Habitat: leaf litter. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; second pair of lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; retrolateral pedal spurs vestigial. Previous assessments: humicolous (Botero-Trujillo et al., 2012); endogean (humicolous) (Botero-Trujillo et al., 2017; Sánchez-Vialas et al., 2020). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Botero-Trujillo et al. (2012, 2017); Sánchez-Vialas et al. (2020).</p> <p>Troglotayosicus humiculum Botero-Trujillo and Francke, 2009: COLOMBIA. Habitat: leaf litter. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; second pair of lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; retrolateral pedal spurs vestigial. Previous assessments: leaf litter dweller (Botero-Trujillo and Francke, 2009); endogean (humicolous) (Ochoa et al., 2010; Botero-Trujillo et al., 2017); humicolous (Botero- Trujillo et al., 2012). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Botero-Trujillo and Francke (2009); Lourenço (2009); Ochoa et al. (2010); Fet et al. (2011b); Botero-Trujillo et al. (2012, 2017); Sánchez-Vialas et al. (2020).</p> <p>Troglotayosicus meijdeni Botero-Trujillo et al., 2017: COLOMBIA. Habitat: leaf litter. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; second pair of lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; retrolateral pedal spurs vestigial. Previous assessments: endogean (Botero-Trujillo et al., 2017; Sánchez-Vialas et al., 2020). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Botero-Trujillo et al. (2017); Sánchez-Vialas et al. (2020).</p> <p>Troglotayosicus muranunkae Lourenço et al., 2020: ECUADOR. Habitat: on ground. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; second pair of lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; retrolateral pedal spurs vestigial. Previous assessments: endogean (Sánchez-Vialas et al., 2020). Current assessment: endogean. Citations: Sánchez-Vialas et al. (2020).</p> <p>Troglotayosicus vachoni Lourenço, 1981: ECUADOR. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli absent; second pair of lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; retrolateral pedal spurs vestigial; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobitic (Lourenço, 1981, 2006; Graham and Fet, 2006; Lourenço and Goodman, 2008; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Ochoa et al., 2010; Botero- Trujillo et al., 2012); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); hypogean (Ochoa et al., 2010; Sánchez-Vialas et al., 2020); hypogean (troglo- bitic) (Prendini et al., 2010; Botero-Trujillo et al., 2017; Sánchez-Vialas et al., 2020). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Lourenço (1981, 2006); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Armas (1994); Graham and Fet (2006); Lourenço and Goodman (2008); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Jaulin et al. (2010); Ochoa et al. (2010); Prendini et al. (2010); Fet et al. (2011b); Botero-Trujillo et al. (2012, 2017); Brito and Borges (2015); Sánchez-Vialas et al. (2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7F18CF8FD66FA2E5D99FDFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7F58CFFFF75FB9A582AFA3E.text	03A487B7C7F58CFFFF75FB9A582AFA3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urodacidae Pocock 1893	<div><p>Family Urodacidae Pocock, 1893</p> <p>Aops oncodactylus Volschenk and Prendini, 2008: AUSTRALIA (Barrow Island). Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli absent; pigmentation and sclerotization absent; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate; retrolateral pedal spurs absent. Previous assessments: troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Moulds and Bannik, 2012; Deharveng and Bedos, 2018). Current assessment: hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Moulds and Bannik (2012); Deharveng and Bedos (2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7F58CFFFF75FB9A582AFA3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
03A487B7C7F58CFDFF70F9AA5A9AFD5B.text	03A487B7C7F58CFDFF70F9AA5A9AFD5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vaejovidae Thorell 1876	<div><p>Family Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876</p> <p>Franckeus minckleyi (Williams, 1968): MEX- ICO. Habitat: inside cave, 20 m from entrance on exposed wall; known from surface. Previous assessments: possibly a troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> <p>Graemeloweus iviei (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972): UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Habitat: in cave entrances and under rocks and ground detritus outside caves. Previous assessments: troglophile (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972; Reddell, 1981); probably a troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile) or accidental. Citations: Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Reddell (1981); Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> <p>Pseudouroctonus apacheanus (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972): MEXICO, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Habitat: surface and cave habitats. Previous assessments: common on surface near entrance to caves, but none were detected with UV light or by any other means in the caves (Cokedolpher and Polyak, 2004); might be considered troglophilic, probably a troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile) or accidental. Citations: Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Cokendolpher and Polyak (2004); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Rossi (2018a). Remarks: A genus of dubious validity, Ruberhieronymus Rossi, 2018, was erected to accommodate this species, which is retained in Pseudouroctonus Stahnke, 1974, in the present contribution.</p> <p>Pseudouroctonus reddelli Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972: MEXICO, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Habitat: inside and outside cave habitats. Previous assessments: troglophile (Reddell, 1965a, 1965b, 1981, 1988a; Barr and Reddell, 1967; Veni, 1988; Francke and Savary, 2006; Cokendolpher and Reddell, 2009; Bryson et al., 2014); common troglophile (Mitchell and Reddell, 1971; Reddell and Cokendolpher, 2001); common troglophile, holotype found in first room of cave in darkness about 50 feet from entrance outside cave (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972); troglophilic (Reddell, 1994; Brown, 1997); troglophile, seasonally abundant in some caves and reproduces in caves (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); exploits both epigean (surface) and hypogean (subterranean) habitats (Bryson et al., 2014); troglomorphic (Ayrey and Soleglad, 2015). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile). Citations: Reddell (1965a, 1965b, 1981, 1988a, 1988b 1994); Barr and Reddell (1967); Mitchell and Reddell (1971); Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Stahnke (1974); Veni (1988); Brown (1997); Reddell and Cokendolpher (2001); Francke and Savary (2006); Soleglad and Fet (2006); Cokendolpher and Reddell (2009); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Bryson et al. (2014); Ayrey and Soleglad (2015).</p> <p>Pseudouroctonus savvasi Francke, 2009: MEX- ICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median ocelli slightly reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: troglophile (Francke, 2009b); troglophile, no troglomorphic adaptations (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); especies conocidas solo de cuevas, pero probablemente no restringidas a los hábitats subterráneos (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Francke (2009b); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013).</p> <p>Pseudouroctonus sprousei Francke and Savary, 2006: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pedipalps, legs and metasoma attenuate; telson vesicle enlarged. Previous assessments: troglobite (Francke and Savary, 2006; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Bryson et al., 2014); has slightly reduced eyes and pigmentation and is more attenuated than closest relative, P. reddelli (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013); troglobitic/troglomorphic (Ayrey and Soleglad, 2015). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Francke and Savary (2006); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Francke (2009b); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013); Bryson et al. (2014); Ayrey and Soleglad (2015).</p> <p>Uroctonites sequoia (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972): UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Habitat: inside cave, under rocks. Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced; lateral ocelli reduced (two pairs; third pair obsolete). Previous assessments: troglophile (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972; Reddell, 1981; Francke and Savary, 2006; Elliott et al., 2017); no adaptations for cave existence and is at best a troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Reddell (1981); Francke and Savary (2006); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Elliott et al. (2017).</p> <p>Uroctonus grahami Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Habitat: inside cave, 8 foot depth in back end of main entrance; deep soil recesses. Troglomorphies: median ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps and legs attenuate. Previous assessments: cave adapted/endogean? (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972); probably a troglobite (Reddell, 1981); endogean (Sissom, 1986); true troglobite (Francke and Savary, 2006); troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008; Elliott et al., 2017); probable troglobite (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: endogean, hypogean: troglobite. Citations: Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Reddell (1981); Sissom (1986); Francke and Savary (2006); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Elliott et al. (2017).</p> <p>Vaejovis davidi Soleglad and Fet, 2005: MEX- ICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: troglophile (Reddell, 1981; Francke and Savary, 2006); not exhibiting noticeable cave adaptedness (Soleglad and Fet, 2005); probably not a troglobite (Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); possibly a troglobite (Sissom and Reddell, 2009); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Soleglad (1975); Reddell (1981); Soleglad and Fet (2005); Francke and Savary (2006); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013).</p> <p>Vaejovis gracilis Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: median and lateral ocelli reduced; pigmentation and sclerotization reduced; pedipalps, legs, and metasoma attenuate. Previous assessments: cave adaptations but exact status uncertain (Gertsch and Soleglad, 1972); [holotype] is cave adapted due in part to its pale coloration, weak sclerotization, and slender appendages … additional specimens were also collected in caves but do not exhibit cave adaptation (Soleglad, 1975); troglobite (Reddell, 1981; Armas, 1994; Volschenk and Prendini, 2008); troglobie (Lourenço and Francke, 1985); troglophile; in initial stages of regressive evolution (Sissom, 1986); true troglobite (Francke and Savary, 2006); troglobio (Palacios-Vargas and Reddell, 2013). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Gertsch and Soleglad (1972); Reddell (1973, 1981); Soleglad (1975); Lourenço and Francke (1985); Sissom (1986); Armas (1994); Palacios-Vargas (1994); Sissom and González-Santillán (2004); Soleglad and Fet (2005); Francke and Savary (2006); Volschenk and Prendini (2008); Sissom and Reddell (2009); Palacios-Vargas and Reddell (2013).</p> <p>Vaejovis mitchelli Sissom, 1991: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: possible troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean: accidental. Citations: Sissom (1991); Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> <p>Vaejovis norteno Sissom and González-Santillán, 2004: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave. Troglomorphies: telson vesicle slightly enlarged. Previous assessments: does not exhibit any significant troglobitic adaptations, and should be regarded as troglophilic (Sissom and González- Santillán, 2004); troglophile (Francke and Savary, 2006; Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: hypogean: troglophile (eutroglophile). Citations: Sissom and González-Santillán (2004); Soleglad and Fet (2005); Francke and Savary (2006); Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> <p>Vaejovis rossmani Sissom, 1989: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile) or accidental. Citations: Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> <p>Vaejovis sprousei Sissom, 1990: MEXICO. Habitat: inside cave; surface. Previous assessments: probable troglophile (Sissom and Reddell, 2009). Current assessment: epigean, hypogean: trogloxene (subtroglophile) or accidental. Citations: González Santillán et al. (2004); Sissom and Reddell (2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B7C7F58CFDFF70F9AA5A9AFD5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prendini, Lorenzo;Ehrenthal, Valentin L.;Loria, Stephanie F.	Prendini, Lorenzo, Ehrenthal, Valentin L., Loria, Stephanie F. (2021): Systematics Of The Relictual Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, With A Review Of Cavernicolous, Troglobitic, And Troglomorphic Scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (453): 1-153
