taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A6772D6145167EFF73CDC9FC16527B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Trachelas minor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, by original designation. For diagnosis and description of Old World Trachelas sensu lato see Bosselaers et al. 2009: 16 and Zhang, FU & ZhU 2009: 41; for diagnosis of Trachelas sensu stricto (the minor groUp) see discUssion below.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61451679FF73CCA9FDAB5667.taxon	description	For complete bibliography see World Spider Catalog (2017).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61451679FF73CCA9FDAB5667.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MACEDONIA: Lake Ohrid, 2 ♂ 6 ♀, March, leg. J. Wunderlich (SMF 61825 - 131 a).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61451679FF73CCA9FDAB5667.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 1, 3). Total length 1.85 – 2.37 (n = 2). One male 2.37 long; carapace 1.12 long, 0.97 wide; abdomen 1.25 long, 0.93 wide. Carapace (Figs 1 A, C) brown, ovoid in dorsal view, densely covered with pronounced granulations carrying short transparent hairs. CRW 0.62, 0.64 times carapace width. Fovea indistinct. AME ringed with black, other eyes ringed with dark brown. AER and PER slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 1 F). Eye diameters: AME 0.13, ALE 0.14, PME 0.13, PLE 0.11. Eye diameters: AME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PME 0.09, PLE 0.07. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.06, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.04, ALE – PLE 0.04. MOA 0.17 long, anterior width 0.22, posterior width 0.28. PERW 0.47, 0.76 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.09, wider than diameter of AME. Chilum absent (Fig. 1 E). Chelicerae (Fig. 1 D) yellow-brown, granulated as the carapace, cheliceral boss pronounced, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites yellow-brown and labium dark brown (Fig. 1 B); endites without oblique depression; labium wider than long. Sternum (Fig. 1 B) light yellow-brown with darker border, shield-shaped, granulated as the carapace; precoxal triangles sharply pointed, intercoxal sclerites blunt. Legs spineless, light yellowish brown, without cusps (Figs 1 G-J). Measurements of legs: leg I 2.74 (0.78, 0.36, 0.67, 0.52, 0.41), II 2.47 (0.70, 0.34, 0.59, 0.47, 0.37), III 1.93 (0.54, 0.27, 0.40, 0.46, 0.26), IV 2.79 (0.79, 0.32, 0.65, 0.66, 0.37). Leg formula: 4123. Abdomen oval, dorsum pale yellowish-grey, posterior with thin grey chevrons; dorsal scutum large, nearly 2 / 3 length of abdomen, pale yellowish-brown (Fig. 1 A). Venter pale yellowish-grey (Fig. 1 B). Palp as illustrated (Fig. 3). Femur with small, shallow ventral terminal groove (Fig. 3 D); RPA small, straight, with pointed end, retrolaterally oriented; tibial apophysis absent. Tegulum almost as wide as cymbium, basally rounded, J-shaped sperm duct partly discernable through translucent cuticle. Embolus small, hook-shaped, with small globular base and pointed end, inserted distally on tegulum. Tegular apophysis short, finger-shaped, apically inserted, ventrally oriented. Female (Fig. 2). Total length 2.01 – 2.53 (n = 6). One female 2.26 long; carapace 1.05 long, 0.93 wide; abdomen 1.21 long, 0.92 wide. CRW 0.59, 0.63 times carapace width. Eye diameters: AME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PME 0.09, PLE 0.07. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.05, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.08, PME – PLE 0.05, ALE – PLE 0.03. MOA 0.17 long, anterior width 0.19, posterior width 0.24. PERW 0.43, 0.73 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.10, wider than diameter of AME. Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Measurements of legs: leg I 2.50 (0.73, 0.34, 0.58, 0.45, 0.40), II 2.35 (0.68, 0.34, 0.53, 0.43, 0.37), III 1.94 (0.54, 0.29, 0.39, 0.42, 0.30), IV 2.85 (0.81, 0.32, 0.68, 0.68, 0.36). Leg formula: 4123. Leg cusps absent. Abdomen without dorsal scutum. Other characters as in male. Epigyne (Fig. 2 G): poorly sclerotized, spermathecae and coiled ducts visible through translucent cuticle; copulatory openings small, situated anteriorly; hood absent. Vulva (Fig. 2 H): copulatory ducts very short and directly attached to the ST 2; ST 2 spherical, closely anterior to ST 1; connecting ducts coiling in one circle anteriorly around copulatory openings before proceeding longitudinally along midline; ST 1 dumbbell-shaped, connected to short, weakly sclerotized FD.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61451679FF73CCA9FDAB5667.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is recorded from the Mediterranean to Central Asia, and West Africa (World Spider Catalog 2017). It has been recorded from Sierra-Leone, Liberia, Algeria, Egypt, Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Palestine, Georgia (Abkhazia), Russia (Krasnodar and Ingushetia), Ukraine (Crimea), Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Iran and Uzbekistan (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872; Simon 1932; Bosselaers et al. 2009; Kovblyuk & Nadolny 2009; Marusik & Kovblyuk 2010; Danisman et al. 2010; El-Hennawy 2015; Zamani et al. 2016, Nentwig et al. 2017). Its record from Macedonia here is within the range of its known geographical distribution (Fig. 4).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61451679FF73CCA9FDAB5667.taxon	discussion	Remarks. T. minor can be distinguished from the other eight minor group species (listed in the Discussion) by: small body size 1.8 – 2.5 (T. canariensis 2.5 – 3.4 (Bosselaers et al. 2009: 22); T. chubbi 4.0 – 4.5 (Lessert 1921: 436); T. himalayensis 5.8 (Biswas 1993: 53); T. quisquiliarum 2.5 – 3.0 (Simon 1906: 302); T. oreophilus 3 – 3.5 (Simon 1906: 303); T. sylvae 2.7 (Caporiacco 1949: 448 )); short, straight and pointed RPA, directed retrolaterally (longer, curved and pointed RPA directed apically in T. canariensis; longer, straight and pointed RPA directed retrolaterally in T. quisquiliarum (Simon 1906: 302, fig. 3 B); short, rectangular and truncated RPA in T. oreophilus (Simon 1906: 302, fig. 3 C); longer, curved and pointed RPA directed basally in T. pusillus (Bosselaers 2010: 25, figs 4 – 6); longer, straight RPA with a pointed tip directed apically in T. vulcani); rather short, hook-shaped embolus (long and coiled embolus in T. canariensis; embolus consists of two parts, anterior is weak and posterior is digitiform in T. chubbi (Lessert 1921: 437); longer and stouter, coiled embolus in T. pusillus; extremely long, filiform, coiled embolus in T. vulcani); CD coiled one circle anteriorly (CD bent into an 8 - shape anteriorly in T. canariensis; CD coiled three loops anteriorly in T. vulcani) and ST 1 dumbbell-shaped (ST 1 pear-shaped in T. vulcani). Five species, T. chubbi, T. sylvae, T. himalayensis, T. oreophilus and T. quisquiliarum, lack detailed descriptions and clear diagnostic illustrations of the genitalic organs, so the differences between them and the type species, T. minor, require further study.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61421677FF73C89EFC2950C1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Guangxi Province, Chongzuo City: 1 ♂, Zuozhou Township, Guanghe Village, Nongtan (22 ° 34.044 ′ N, 107 ° 25.237 ′ E), 212 m a. s. l., 14 June 2016, leg. Chi Jin; 2 ♀, Fusui County, Quli Township, Daling Village, Nongyintun (22 ° 33.675 ′ N, 107 ° 41.191 ′ E), 149 m a. s. l., 17 June 2016, leg. Chi Jin and Jingchao He; 1 ♀, Banli Township (22 ° 13.886 ′ N, 107 ° 31.758 ′ E), 227 m a. s. l., 21 August 2004, leg. Mingsheng Zhu; 1 ♀, Pingxiang City, Youyi Township, Yingyang Village (22 ° 08.134 ′ N, 106 ° 41.907 ′ E), 209 m a. s. l., 23 August 2004, leg. Mingsheng Zhu. All specimens are deposited in MHBU.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61421677FF73C89EFC2950C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trachelas vulcani fits well with the diagnostic characters of the minor group that are presented in the Discussion, so it clearly belongs to this group. Among the congeners, the male of T. vulcani resembles T. canariensis in having a similar long, coiled embolus and a long, apically oriented RPA, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) the more slender embolus, coiled in a larger circle, partly around the dorsal side of the tegulum, whereas relatively thick and coiled a small circle distally on the tegulum in T. canariensis; 2) smaller size and heavily granulated carapace. The female is similar to T. minor in having similar small copulatory openings situated anteriorly and close together, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) the copulatory ducts long, coiled three times before entering the ST 2, whereas short and straight in T. minor; 2) ST 2 very small and oval, whereas larger and spherical in the latter species; 3) ST 1 pear-shaped, whereas dumbbell-shaped in T. minor.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61421677FF73C89EFC2950C1.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 5, 7 A – D, 8): body 2.04 long; carapace 0.96 long, 0.85 wide; abdomen 1.08 long, 0.87 wide. Carapace (Fig. 5 A) yellow-brown, ovoid in dorsal view, covered with short pale erect setae arising from pronounced granulations. CRW 0.51, 0.6 times carapace width. Fovea brown, distinct. Eyes ringed with black. AER and PER slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 5 C). Eye diameters: AME 0.13, ALE 0.14, PME 0.13, PLE 0.11. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.06, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.13, PME – PLE 0.06, ALE – PLE 0.05. MOA 0.26 long, anterior width 0.31, posterior width 0.36. PERW 0.60, 0.71 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.10, slightly narrower than diameter of AME. Chilum absent (Fig. 5 E). Chelicerae (Fig. 5 D) yellow-brown, granulated as carapace, cheliceral boss pronounced, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium (Fig. 5 B) light yellow; endites without oblique depression; labium wider than long. Sternum (Fig. 5 B) light yellow, shield-shaped, granulated as carapace, with precoxal triangles and intercoxal sclerites. Legs light yellowish-brown, without cusps (Figs 5 F – I). Measurements of legs: I 2.37 (0.70, 0.32, 0.58, 0.42, 0.35), II 2.19 (0.64, 0.30, 0.51, 0.41, 0.33), III 1.81 (0.51, 0.26, 0.37, 0.39, 0.28), IV 2.68 (0.76, 0.30, 0.66, 0.63, 0.33). Leg formula: 4123. Abdomen oval, pale yellowish, light grey laterally and along dorsal midline; dorsal scutum absent, with two pairs of sigilla (Fig. 5 A). Venter cream-grey, with two narrow lines of tiny sclerites, barely visible (Fig. 5 B). Palp as illustrated (Figs 7 A – D, 8). Femur with large, shallow ventral terminal groove and small triangular dorsal terminal apophysis; RPA thick, long triangular, with pointed end, oriented apically; tibial apophysis absent. Tegulum almost as wide as cymbium, distally rounded, inverted pear-shaped, curved sperm duct partly discernable through translucent cuticle. Embolus filiform, extremely long, originating apically on small membranous portion of tegulum, originating on prolateral side, curving around dorsal side, extending over retrolateral side of tegulum, coiled one circle, with distally-directed tip. Tegular apophysis short, finger-shaped, apically inserted, pointed retrolaterally. Female (Figs 6, 7 E – F, 9 A – B). Total length 2.48 – 2.76 (n = 4). One female: body 2.48 long; carapace 0.97 long, 0.89 wide; abdomen 1.51 long, 1.10 wide. CRW 0.53, 0.6 times carapace width. Eye diameters: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.05, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.09, PME – PLE 0.04, ALE – PLE 0.04. MOA 0.18 long, anterior width 0.21, posterior width 0.26. PERW 0.42, 0.79 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.08, slightly narrower than diameter of AME. Leg measurements: I 2.50 (0.76, 0.34, 0.58, 0.45, 0.37); II 2.34 (0.69, 0.32, 0.53, 0.43, 0.37); III 1.89 (0.53, 0.28, 0.38, 0.43, 0.27); IV 2.83 (0.82, 0.32, 0.68, 0.70, 0.35). Leg formula: 4123. Legs without cusps. Other characters as in male. Epigyne (Figs 7 E, 9 A): poorly sclerotized, spermathecae and coiled ducts visible through translucent cuticle; copulatory openings small, situated anteriorly; hood absent. Vulva (Figs 7 F, 9 B): copulatory ducts long, coiled three times around the anterior of connecting ducts, attached to ST 2; ST 2 small and oval; connecting ducts Ushaped, coiling around the copulatory openings; ST 1 pear-shaped, connected to short, weakly sclerotized FD.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D61421677FF73C89EFC2950C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Java, Moluccas), China (Guangxi) (Fig. 19).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614F1670FF73C992FCBD5273.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♂, CHINA: Hunan Province: Dongan County, Damiaokou Township, Shunhuangshan Mountain National Forest Park, Nvying Creek (26 ° 24 ′ 08.042 ″ N, 111 ° 02 ′ 03.646 ″ E), 679 m a. s. l., 9 October 2015, leg. Chi Jin. Paratypes: 5 ♀, same data as holotype; 4 ♀, Hunan Province: Dongan County, Damiaokou Township, Shunhuangshan Mountain National Forest Park, Ehuang Creek (26 ° 24 ′ 58.684 ″ N, 111 ° 02 ′ 08.473 ″ E), 694 m a. s. l., 8 October 2015, leg. Chi Jin, Jingchao He and Xiangbo Guo. All specimens are deposited in MHBU.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614F1670FF73C992FCBD5273.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning " brachial ". It refers to the arm-like embolus.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614F1670FF73C992FCBD5273.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The male of this species can be easily distinguished from all the other Old World Trachelas species by 1) the palp with one large, long and one small, spine-shaped DTA; 2) embolus arm-like and very thick, with two apophyses apically (considering the spiraling ridges preceding the copulatory openings, these apophyses might both be serving as functional conductors, hooking into the ridges when the embolus enters the CO). The female resembles T. tanasevitchi in having a small upwardly opening hood on the epigynal plate, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) the hood situated posteriorly, whereas hood situated medially in T. tanasevitchi; 2) connecting ducts long, forming two coiled circles anteriorly before proceeding posteriorly along midline, whereas short and almost straight in the latter species; 3) ST 2 smaller than ST 1, whereas ST 2 larger than ST 1 in T. tanasevitchi.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614F1670FF73C992FCBD5273.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 10 A – D, I – J, 11 A – D, 12). Holotype: body 3.56 long; carapace 1.66 long, 1.44 wide; abdomen 1.90 long, 1.35 wide. Carapace (Fig. 10 A) brown, ovoid in dorsal view, highest between fovea and PER, densely covered with tiny granulations. CRW 0.90, 0.63 times carapace width. Fovea dark brown, distinct. Eyes ringed with black. AER and PER recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 10 C). Eye diameters: AME 0.10, ALE 0.11, PME 0.12, PLE 0.12. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.12, AME – ALE 0.07, PME – PME 0.10, PME – PLE 0.09, ALE – PLE 0.07. MOA 0.25 long, anterior width 0.24, posterior width 0.31. PERW 0.59, 0.66 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.14, wider than diameter of AME. Chilum (Fig. 10 D) triangular, sclerotized and brown, with posterior median indentation. Chelicerae yellowbrown, granulated as carapace, cheliceral boss pronounced, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium (Fig. 10 B) light yellow-brown; endites without oblique depression; labium as wide as long. Sternum light yellow-brown, shield-shaped, with sharp precoxal triangles; intercoxal sclerites distinctly present between coxae I and II, II and III, and III and IV. Legs light yellowish-brown; short, black ventral leg cusps present on tarsi and metatarsi I – II, arranged sparsely in two lines on leg I, in single line on leg II (Figs 10 I – J). Measurements of legs: leg I 5.10 (1.63, 0.68, 1.26, 0.94, 0.59), II 5.18 (1.57, 0.63, 1.20, 1.12, 0.66), III 3.56 (1.04, 0.48, 0.68, 0.91, 0.45), IV 5.06 (1.47, 0.56, 1.15, 1.38, 0.50). Leg formula: 2143. Abdomen oval, light yellowish-brown, grey laterally and medially, posterior part with several grey chevrons; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 10 A). Venter pale grey, with four narrow lines of sclerotized spots, barely visible. Palp as illustrated (Figs 11 A – D, 12). Femur with large, shallow ventral terminal groove; patella with large subrectangular apophysis, almost as long as wide, retrolaterally with small blunt projection. Tibia with one large and one small DTA; large one long and thick, with sharp projection pointed posteriorly; small one spine-shaped, pointed anteriorly. Tegulum inverted pear-shaped, distally rounded, S-shaped sperm duct discernable through translucent cuticle; subtegulum nearly invisible in dorsal view. Embolus well-developed, arm-like, extremely thick, originating retrolaterally, with one finger-shaped and one spine-shaped functional conductors apically. Tegular apophysis short, apically inserted, pointed retrolaterally. Cymbium somewhat bent apically towards retrolateral side, along with embolus and over the tegulum. Female (Figs 9 C – D, 10 E – H, 11 E – F). Total length 3.76 – 4.46 (n = 9). One paratype: body 4.46 long; carapace 1.95 long, 1.67 wide; abdomen 2.51 long, 1.70 wide. CRW 1.02, 0.61 times carapace width. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.13, PME 0.13, PLE 0.13. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.06, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.12, ALE – PLE 0.07. MOA 0.28 long, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.34. PERW 0.65, 0.64 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.14, slightly wider than diameter of AME. Leg measurements: I 6.03 (1.86, 0.76, 1.42, 1.22, 0.77); II 5.88 (1.78, 0.71, 1.38, 1.29, 0.72); III 4.05 (1.20, 0.56, 0.81, 1.03, 0.45); IV 5.85 (1.68, 0.62, 1.42, 1.61, 0.52). Leg formula: 1243. Legs without cusps. Sternum with sharp precoxal triangles; intercoxal sclerites distinctly present between coxae I and II, and II and III, but not between III and IV. Other characters as in male. Epigyne (Figs 9 C, 11 E): poorly sclerotized, with small hood posteriorly, opening upward; spiraling ridges present, preceding copulatory openings; copulatory openings small, pore-like, situated medially, far away from each other, above pair of oval invaginated luminas. Vulva (Figs 9 D, 11 F): ST 2 small and oval, with gland pores, connecting with curved inflated copulatory ducts; connecting ducts long and slender, visible through translucent cuticle, coiled twice anteriorly before entering ST 1; ST 1 oval, connected to basally weakly sclerotized FD.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614F1670FF73C992FCBD5273.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 19).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614B166CFF73CCA2FB515337.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♂, CHINA: Guizhou Province: Zunyi City, Suiyang County, Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve, Kuankuoshui Reservoir (28 ° 12.473 ′ N, 107 ° 10.378 ′ E), 1435 m a. s. l., 4 June 2010, leg. Zongxi Li. Paratypes: 1 ♂, same data as holotype; 3 ♂, Sichuan Province: Ya’an City, Mengding Mountain (30 ° 04.286 ′ N, 103 ° 02.555 ′ E), 1213 m a. s. l., 13 May 2012, leg. Kaiyi Xu, Luyu Wang and Dong Wang. All specimens are deposited in MHBU.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614B166CFF73CCA2FB515337.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, formed from the Latin giga (giant) and the English apophysis, refers to the giant dorsal tibial apophysis of the male palp.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614B166CFF73CCA2FB515337.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among all the Old World Trachelas species, the new species resembles T. brachialis sp. n. in having two DTAs, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) the large DTA with two weak nodes, like a bamboo stem, and with blunt tip, whereas with a smooth surface and sharp tip in the latter species; 2) the small DTA is not spineshaped as in T. brachialis sp. n., but larger, broad and blunt; 3) embolus straight and bifurcated, whereas arm-like and twisted in the latter species; 4) palpal femur with a ventral terminal apophysis, instead of a VFG, whereas with a VFG in T. brachialis sp. n.. Female unknown.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614B166CFF73CCA2FB515337.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 13 – 15). Total length 2.74 – 3.17 (n = 6). Holotype: body 3.11 long; carapace 1.32 long, 1.09 wide; abdomen 1.79 long, 1.01 wide. Carapace (Fig. 13 A) yellow-brown, ovoid in dorsal view, truncate at posterior margin, between fovea and PER, sparsely covered with tiny granulations. CRW 0.75, 0.69 times carapace width. Fovea dark brown, distinct. Eyes ringed with black. AER straight and PER recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 13 C); AME conspicuously smaller than the other eyes. Eye diameters: AME 0.07, ALE 0.10, PME 0.09, PLE 0.09. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.05, AME – ALE 0.03, PME – PME 0.11, PME – PLE 0.09, ALE – PLE 0.09. MOA 0.21 long, anterior width 0.17, posterior width 0.29. PERW 0.55, 0.73 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.07, same with diameter of AME. Chilum present (Fig. 13 D). Chelicerae yellow-brown, granulated as the carapace, cheliceral boss pronounced, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium (Fig. 13 B) light yellow; endites without oblique depression; labium wider than long, without lateral invaginations basally or apical depression. Sternum light yellow, shield-shaped, with sharp precoxal triangles and intercoxal sclerites. Legs light yellow; femur I brown and more robust than femora II – IV; short, black ventral leg cusps present on tarsi I, metatarsi I – II and tibia I, arranged sparsely in single line (Figs 13 E – H). Measurements of legs: leg I 3.84 (1.18, 0.52, 0.93, 0.73, 0.48), II 3.27 (0.97, 0.45, 0.79, 0.63, 0.43), III 2.18 (0.63, 0.34, 0.41, 0.50, 0.30), IV 3.44 (1.01, 0.42, 0.85, 0.81, 0.35). Leg formula: 1423. Abdomen long oval, dark yellow-brown, laterally grey; dorsal scutum large, almost covering the whole abdomen (Fig. 13 A). Venter pale grey, with two narrow lines of sclerotized spots, barely visible (Fig. 13 B). Palp as illustrated (Figs 14 – 15). Femur without ventral groove, but with ventral terminal apophysis. Patella with large subtriangular apophysis in retrolateral view. Tibia with one massive and one smaller apophysis dorsally; massive one long and thick, with two weak nodes, like a bamboo stem, and blunt tip pointed retrolaterally; smaller apophysis thick and short, pointed posteriorly. Tegulum nearly oval; sperm duct discernable through translucent cuticle; subtegulum visible in dorsal view; tegular apophysis absent, with groove on apical part ventrally. Embolus slender, originating from top of tegulum, erect, bifurcated apically. Cymbium tip with bunch of setae dorsally.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D614B166CFF73CCA2FB515337.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from two localities in the Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces (Fig. 19).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6157166AFF73CD53FBF7568B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♀, CHINA: Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Longling County, Longxin Township, Xiaoheishan Nature Reserve (24 ° 31.156 ′ N, 98 ° 50.504 ′ E), 2183 m a. s. l., 16 February 2011, leg. Luyu Wang. Paratypes: 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Wuhe Township, Xiaodifang Village (24 ° 53.112 ′ N, 98 ° 45.346 ′ E), 2210 m a. s. l., 27 February 2011, leg. Luyu Wang. All specimens are deposited in MHBU.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6157166AFF73CD53FBF7568B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name “ gaoligongensis ” refers to the Gaoligong mountain range, where the type locality is found; adjective.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6157166AFF73CD53FBF7568B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species can be easily distinguished from all the other Old World Trachelas species by: 1) atrium horseshoe-shaped, with distinct sclerotized lateral and anterior margins; 2) copulatory openings situated posteriorly. Male unknown.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6157166AFF73CD53FBF7568B.taxon	description	Description. Female (Figs 16, 18 A – B). Total length 4.07 – 4.85 (n = 3). Holotype: body 4.85 long; carapace 1.80 long, 1.61 wide; abdomen 3.05 long, 2.27 wide. Carapace (Fig. 16 A) dark brown, ovoid in dorsal view, highest at fovea, without granulations. CRW 0.94, 0.58 times carapace width. Fovea black, distinct. Eyes ringed with black. AER and PER recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 16 C). Eye diameters: AME 0.14, ALE 0.13, PME 0.13, PLE 0.14. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.08, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.13, PME – PLE 0.09, ALE – PLE 0.08. MOA 0.29 long, anterior width 0.33, posterior width 0.39. PERW 0.70, 0.74 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.12, narrower than diameter of AME. Chilum present (Fig. 16 E). Chelicerae dark brown, cheliceral boss pronounced, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium (Fig. 16 B) yellow-brown; endites without oblique depression; labium wider than long. Sternum yellow-brown, shield-shaped, with sharp precoxal triangles and blunt intercoxal sclerites. Legs light yellowish-brown, with black rings (Figs 16 A – B); leg cusps absent. Measurements of legs: leg I 5.60 (1.71, 0.76, 1.28, 1.06, 0.79), II 5.48 (1.63, 0.73, 1.27, 1.06, 0.79), III 4.32 (1.23, 0.61, 0.89, 1.05, 0.54), IV 6.13 (1.78, 0.67, 1.43, 1.52, 0.73). Leg formula: 4123. Abdomen oval, pale grey, dorsally with several dark grey chevrons; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 16 A). Venter pale grey, with four narrow lines of sclerotized spots, barely visible; laterally with dark grey reticulate pattern (Fig. 16 B). Epigyne (Figs 16 F, 18 A): poorly sclerotized, atrium horseshoe-shaped, with distinct lateral margin and extended sclerotized anterior margin; hood absent; copulatory openings small, pore-like, situated posteriorly, at base of atrial lateral margin. Vulva (Figs 16 G, 18 B): copulatory ducts short, thick, sharply curved anteriorly; ST 2 large, elongate-oval, connecting with inflated duct; connecting ducts slender, anterior part curved along the atrium and posterior part straight longitudinally before entering ST 1; ST 1 oval, connected to weakly sclerotized FD.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6157166AFF73CD53FBF7568B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from two localities in the Yunnan Province (Fig. 19).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6151166AFF73CB0AFBF75048.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♀, CHINA: Yunnan Province: Kunming City, Shilin County, Stone Forest (24 ° 54.220 ′ N, 103 ° 20.827 ′ E), 1846 m a. s. l., 30 June 2011, leg. Mingsheng Zhu. Paratypes: 1 ♀, Yunnan Province: Yuxi City, Eshan County, Linjiang Park (24 ° 10.126 ′ N, 102 ° 23.880 ′ E), 1615 m a. s. l., 16 May 2011, leg. Zongxi Li. All specimens are deposited in MHBU.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6151166AFF73CB0AFBF75048.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality; adjective.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6151166AFF73CB0AFBF75048.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among all the Old World Trachelas species, the new species resembles T. fanjingshan in having two impressions posteriorly on the epigynal plate and medially situated copulatory openings, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) the epigynal plate without an atrium, whereas with two large atria anteriorly in the latter species; 2) the impressions that are not triangular, as in T. fanjingshan; 3) the copulatory ducts long and looping, whereas relatively short in the latter species; 4) the ST 2 large and oval, whereas small and teardrop-shaped in T. fanjingshan; 5) the ST 1 dumbbell-shaped, whereas spherical in the latter. Male unknown.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6151166AFF73CB0AFBF75048.taxon	description	Description. Female (Figs 17, 18 C – D). Total length 4.09 – 4.80 (n = 2). Holotype: body 4.09 long; carapace 1.70 long, 1.48 wide; abdomen 2.39 long, 1.54 wide. Carapace (Fig. 17 A) dark brown, ovoid in dorsal view, truncate at posterior margin, highest at fovea, sparsely covered with tiny granulations. CRW 0.85, 0.57 times carapace width. Fovea dark brown, indistinct. Eyes ringed with black. AER and PER slightly recurved in dorsal view (Fig. 17 C). Eye diameters: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08. Eye interdistances: AME – AME 0.04, AME – ALE 0.01, PME – PME 0.08, PME – PLE 0.04, ALE – PLE 0.04. MOA 0.19 long, anterior width 0.21, posterior width 0.24. PERW 0.41, 0.8 times CRW. Clypeus height 0.09, slightly narrower than diameter of AME. Chilum present (Fig. 17 D). Chelicerae yellow-brown, granulated as the carapace, cheliceral boss pronounced, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium (Fig. 17 B) light yellow; endites without oblique depression; labium wider than long. Sternum light yellow, shield-shaped, with blunt precoxal triangles and intercoxal sclerites. Legs light yellowish-brown, without cusps. Measurements of legs: I 3.23 (0.90, 0.35, 1.15, 0.70, 0.33); II 2.91 (0.80, 0.40, 0.85, 0.58, 0.28); III 2.68 (0.75, 0.25, 0.78, 0.65, 0.25); IV 3.19 (0.86, 0.39, 0.98, 0.65, 0.30). Leg formula: 1423. Abdomen oval, pale grey, dorsal scutum absent, with two pairs of sigilla (Fig. 17 A). Venter grey white, with two narrow lines of sclerotized spots, barely visible (Fig. 17 B). Epigyne (Figs 17 E, 18 C): poorly sclerotized, spermathecae and coiled ducts visible through translucent cuticle, with a pair of shallow impressions posteriorly; copulatory openings large, crescent-shaped, situated medially. Vulva (Figs 17 F, 18 D): copulatory ducts thick, long, looped from lateral side to inner side before entering ST 2; ST 2 large and oval, with gland pores, closely anterior to ST 1; connecting ducts slender, coiled one loop medially; ST 1 dumbbell-shaped, connected to a short, membranous FD.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6151166AFF73CB0AFBF75048.taxon	discussion	Remarks. T. shilensis may be the unknown female of T. gigapophysis. It appears that there are some similarities in colouration between these two species, and the epigyne has some structural similarities (looping copulatory ducts, small posterior ST 2, curved / spiralling copulatory openings, posterior hood / impressions). Although the two species haven’t been collected together, the four localities form a “ block ” in western China.	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
03A6772D6151166AFF73CB0AFBF75048.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from two localities in the Yunnan Province (Fig. 19).	en	Zhang, Feng (2017): Four new species of the genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 and the first record of T. vulcani Simon, 1896 from South-West China (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa 4324 (1): 23-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.2
