taxonID	type	description	language	source
039A9E34FFD5C41DFF13FBF5FABF4E49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large Palparini, with characteristic narrow, sinuate or lanceolate, heavily-pigmented, densely reticulated wings; costal area usually with one or more irregular biaereolate or triaereolate cells. Head robust with raised vertex, distinct median stripe on head extending onto pronotum and mesonotum. The palpimacula on the terminal labial palpomere is a long slit that extends for much of the incrassate portion of the segment as far as the tip, but not beyond. Abdomen blood-red in living specimens (no observations for Madagascan specimens). Male ectoprocts black, forcipate. Males with gonarcus and parameres complex fused into a cone-shaped structure, gonarcal bulla prominent, parameres pitch black sculptured with microscopic striations. CuP in forewings not fused with A 1; in hindwings CuA arches forward at junction with posterior branch of Mp fork, forming the typical palparine recurrent vein. All males with prominent pilula axilaris at base of the hindwing. Larvae characterized by reddish brown head and three mandibular teeth and thorax and abdomen black or pale with black markings.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD6C41BFF13FEEEFBBA4E9A.taxon	description	Crambomorphus sinuatus (Olivier): Kolbe 1897: 6. 3434.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD6C41BFF13FEEEFBBA4E9A.taxon	description	Redescription. Habitus (Figs 2, 3). Very large Palparini, as in genus diagnosis. Wings smoothly-sinuate with falcate tips and a broad sinuate stripe along posterior margin of forewing. Wings markedly darker and broader than other species with falcate wings. Meso- and metathorax densely clothed with long white recumbent setae. Head: as wide as prothorax, vertex raised, yellow, densely speckled with black maculae and clothed with dense white recumbent setae; median black stripe extends from vertex broadening posteriorly over prothorax; frons yellow with recumbent white setae; clypeus and labrum yellow. Eyes large, greater than hemispherical. Antennae slightly longer than head-width, black, densely covered in short black setae, antennal toruli greater than scape diameter apart, scape bearing long white and black setae. Palps black, labial palps clavate with short acute tip, covered with black setae, palpimacula slit-like extending to, but not over apex (Fig. 86). Thorax: prothorax short, much wider than long, pale-yellowish with central black stripe, and small spot on either side, lateral margins black, anterior margin raised, with dense fringe of long white anteriorly-directed setae and black setae posteriorly, hind margin raised with long white and black setae. Meso- and metathorax densely covered with long white pubescence, completely obscuring thoracic patterns. Wings: narrow, heavily marked with dark-brown, hind margins of both fore- and hind wings characteristically sinuate with acute falcate tips (Figs 1 – 3); crossveins densely reticulated, pale yellowish-white, wing veins mainly devoid of setae, except for dense fringe along C and in hypostigmatic area; hypostigmatic cells long; pterostigma miniscule, scarcely discernible. Forewings with four brown markings; basal mark large, diffuse, apical mark divided, posterior margin with broad sinuate brown stripe in apical half, posterior basal margin pale. Costal vein with short dense black setae; a few (2 – 10) costal cells biaereolate or bifurcate before Rs but highly variable, all veins beyond Rs unbranched; R mainly black, alternating black and yellow distally; CuA black and yellow, Rs arises beyond CuA fork, presectoral veins irregularly biaereolate; Mp 2 (oblique vein) arises well beyond CuA fork. Hind wings brown with three pale bands and pale area basally; costal cells usually uniaereolate, occasionally bifurcate, slightly sinuate; Rs arises at same level as Mp fork; presectoral crossveins biaereolate. Legs: black with faint orange patches on tibiae, densely covered with short white and black spinose setae; forelegs with dense setal brush on tibiae, tibiae longer than tarsi in all legs, tibial spurs dark-brown, curved, extending to just beyond Ta 2; Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4; pretarsal claws longer than Ta 1 – Ta 2, dark-brown, slightly curved. Abdomen: shorter than hind wings, blood-red in living specimens, covered with short black setae, with some long white setae on T 1 and anterior margin of T 2. Male (Figs 4 – 12) with T 9 divided, sternite IX (Figs 5, 9) with rounded smooth apex; ectoprocts (Figs 4 – 6) black, curved, cylindrical, apices incrassate, with short white setae dorsally, long black setae laterally, dense pad of stout curved black spines on inner surface and two stout spines basally. Gonarcus and parameres (Figs 10 – 12) fused into a rigid cone-shaped structure, parameres slerotized, shiny black with medial tuft of sensory setae, gonarcal bulla strongly pronounced (Fig. 12); hypandrium internum (Figs 7 – 8) lightly sclerotized, keel-shaped. Female (Figs 13 – 15) with rounded ectoprocts bearing stout fossorial spines; anterior gonapophyses rounded with long slender setae, lateral gonapohyses fused into cone-shaped structure with stout fossorial spines; pregenitalae (Fig. 15) triangular, sclerotized. Spermatheca (see Fig. 52) sclerotized proximally becoming slender, coiled, tapering distally, with fine setae along distal extremity. The small sclerotized triangular pregenitale of the female, which is situated in membranous folds between the anterior gonapophyses serves to accommodate and guide the equally inconspicuous keel-shaped hypandrium internum of the male to the spermatheca during sperm transfer. Larva. Unknown.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD6C41BFF13FEEEFBBA4E9A.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 92). Crambomorphus sinuatus is endemic to the Western and Northern Cape Provinces of South Africa, and is mainly centred in the Great Karoo region of South Africa.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD6C41BFF13FEEEFBBA4E9A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype (Fig. 1), Myrmeleon sinuatum Olivier, photograph (only wings remaining, glued to card) “ Cap de Bonne-Efpérance ” (Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Province, South Africa), RMNH. Holotype ♀, Palpares haematogaster Gerstaecker, “ Caffraria (Drége) ” (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa), ZMHB. Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province: 1 ♀, Tierberg Research Station, Prince Albert District, 33.07.39 S 22.16.26 E, 816 m, 17. i. 1988, W. R. J. Dean, NEUR 00882; 1 ♀, same locality and collector but 8. ii. 1988, NEUR 02367; 1 ♂, Wolfdrif, Cedarberg, 32.01.00 S 19.03.29 E, 281 m, 19. ii. 2001, M. W. Mansell, H. & U. Aspöck, H. Hölzel, NEUR 05508; 1 ♀, same locality but 5. xi. 2003, A. K. Brinkman, JBNE 00218 (JBBC); 1 ♀, Wolfdrif Pass, 32.05.33 S 19.04.01 E, 465 m, 5. xi. 2003, A. K. Brinkman, JBNE 00219 (JBBC); 1 ♂, Beaufort West, 32.21.00 S 22.35.00 E, 855 m, 30. i. 2004, No collector name, JBNE 00220 (JBBC). Northern Cape Province: 3 ♂, Roodekruis Farm, Fraserburg District, 31.47.11 S 21.53.21 E, 1251 m, 10. i. 1988, G. Visser, NEUR 00870; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, 5 km W Fraserburg, 31.55.32 S 21.27.36 E, 1305 m, 10. i. 1991, M. de Jager, NEUR 01277; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Uurhoogte 11 km E Fraserburg, 31.50.56 S 21.35.59 E, 1266 m, 14. xii. 1989, M. W. Mansell, H. & U. Aspöck, NEUR 01347; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Sterkfontein Farm, Calvinia District, 31.49.26 S 20.29.28 E, 1226 m, 8. ii. 1988, same collectors, NEUR 01355; 2 ♀, Fraserburg, 31.55.00 S 21.30.49 E, 1357 m, 15. xii. 1986, M. de Jager, NEUR 02366; 1 ♂, (Wings folded) Snyderspoort Pass, 31.55.53 S 20.42.27 E, 1254 m, 31. xii. 1988, R. B. Miller, NEUR 02378; 1 ♂, (Wings folded), 5 km N Middelpos, 31.52.00 S 20.15.34 E, 1152 m, 25. xii. 1988, same collector, NEUR 02379; 1 ♀, Kenhardt, 29.20.57 S 21.09.03 E, 794 m, 14. xii. 2006, A. K. Brinkman, JBNE 00566 (JBBC); 1 ♀, Kelkiewyn Farm, Calvinia District, 31.12.01 S 19.41.33 E, 681 m, 24. i. 2009, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 09896; 1 ♀, Trawal, 31.50.39 S 18.38.14 E, 52 m, 23. i. 2015, H. Basson, NEUR 12106; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Lang Hoogte Mine Office, 29.32.19 S 17.23.27 E, 104 m, 9. ii. 1996, A. J. van Wyk, NEUR 02381; 3 ♂ 5 ♀, same locality and collector, 12. i. 1997, NEUR 03812; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same locality and collector, 6. ii. 1997, NEUR 03813; 1 ♀, same locality and collector, 25. ii. 1997, NEUR 03814.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD6C41BFF13FEEEFBBA4E9A.taxon	discussion	Comments. Myrmeleon sinuatum was named and described by Olivier (1811) from “ Cap de Bonne- Efpérance ” from a drawing by Seba (1765) who did not provide a name or description (Brauer 1867). Brauer (1867) stated that Olivier (1811) had naïvely cited Albertus Seba’s drawing under the name “ dans le cabinet de feu M. Alberti ”, thereby obscuring the association of Seba’s (1765) drawing with his (Olivier 1811) description of M. sinuatum. This was perpetuated by Hagen (1866) who tentatively listed Seba’s illustration under Palpares latipennis Rambur, while citing M. sinuatum separately under Myrmeleon. Brauer (1867) drew attention to this anomaly, and Hagen (1887) replied that it had been a typographical error where Seba’s Fig. 5 (1765) had been incorrectly cited instead of Fig. 17 in his paper (Hagen 1866). All that remains of the holotype (the specimen represented in Seba’s drawing) are the two pairs of wings mounted on a card in RMNH. A photograph is available (Fig. 1) and is sufficient to confirm the identity of the species. See also, van der Weele (1903). Gerstaecker (1863) added a second species, Palpares haematogaster, from “ Caffraria ” (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa), collected by Drége. However, C. sinuatus is not known from the Eastern Cape, so Gerstaecker’s concept of “ Caffraria ” probably included the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This specimen is in excellent condition in ZMHB where I have examined it. A comparison of these two specimens confirms that P. haematogaster is a junior synonym of M. sinuatum, thereby supporting the synonymy of Brauer (1867).	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD3C411FF13F893FDD04AA3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Derived from the name of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park), the centre of distribution of the species.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD3C411FF13F893FDD04AA3.taxon	description	Description. Based on holotype male, 17 male, 22 female paratypes. Habitus (Figs 16, 17). Similar to C. sinuatus, but wings distinctly narrower with paler markings and distinctly more pronounced falcate tips. The sinuate stripe along the forewing hind border is very faint and much narrower than in C. sinuatus; C. kalaharicus has more numerous biaereolate cells in the costal areas than C. sinuatus, and thoracic vestiture consistently less dense than in C. sinuatus. Head: wider than prothorax, vertex raised, pale brown, densely speckled with black maculae and clothed with dense white recumbent setae; median black stripe extends from vertex broadening posteriorly over prothorax; frons yellow with recumbent white setae; black markings extend below toruli, clypeus and labrum yellow. Eyes large, greater than hemispherical. Antennae slightly longer than head width, black, densely clothed in short black setae, antennal toruli greater than scape diameter apart, scape bearing long white and black setae. Palps black, labial palps clavate with short tip, covered with black setae, palpimacula slit-like extending to, but not over apex (Fig. 88). Thorax: prothorax short, much wider than long, pale yellowish-brown with central black stripe, a small spot on either side, lateral margins black, anterior margin raised, finely spotted, with dense fringe of long white anteriorlydirected setae and black setae posteriorly, hind margin raised with long white and black setae. Mesothorax covered with long white and black pubescence, a central black stripe divided posteriorly, black patches above wing bases. Metathorax mostly black with long white recumbent setae and velvet patches anteriorly. Wings: very narrow, marked with brown, hind margins of both fore- and hind wings characteristically sinuate, with markedly acute falcate tips (Figs 16, 17, 73); crossveins pale yellow, R with alternating black and yellow, wing veins mainly devoid of setae, except for short dense fringe along C and in hypostigmatic area; hypostigmatic cells long; pterostigma miniscule, hardly discernible. Forewings with four light-brown markings; basal mark large, diffuse, apical mark divided, posterior margin with very narrow sinuate pale brown stripe in apical half. Costal area with biaereolate or bifurcate costal cells before Rs but highly variable (2 – 14), all veins beyond Rs unbranched; Rs arises beyond CuA fork, presectoral veins irregularly biaereolate; Mp 2 (oblique vein) arises beyond Rs; CuP not fused with A 1. Hind wings brown with three pale incomplete bands and pale areas basally and in costal area; biaereolate costal cells varying between 0 – 10; Rs arises at same level as Mp fork; presectoral crossveins biaereolate, CuA arches forward at junction with posterior branch of Mp fork, forming the typical palparine recurrent vein; CuP forks close to base, anterior branch arches and runs freely to hind margin, posterior branch fused with A 1. Legs: black with faint pale patches on tibiae, densely covered with short white and black spinose setae; forelegs with dense setal brush on tibiae, tibiae longer than tarsi in all legs, tibial spurs slender, black, curved, extending to Ta 2; tarsi pitch black, shiny, Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4; pretarsal claws longer than Ta 1 – Ta 2, black, slightly curved. Abdomen: shorter than hind wings, red in living specimens, clothed with short black setae, with some long white setae on T 1 and anterior margin of T 2. Male (Figs 18 – 26) with T 9 divided, sternite IX (Fig. 23) with rounded smooth apex; ectoprocts (Figs 18 – 22) black, curved, cylindrical, apices incrassate, with short white setae dorsally, long black setae laterally, dense pad of stout curved black spines on inner surfaces and two stout spines basally; gonarcus and parameres (Figs 24 – 26) fused into a rigid cone-shaped structure, parameres slerotized, shiny black with medial tuft of sensory setae, gonarcal bulla strongly pronounced (Fig. 26), hypandrium internum lightly sclerotized, keel-shaped. Female (cf. Figs 13 – 15) with rounded ectoprocts bearing stout fossorial spines; anterior gonapophyses rounded with long slender setae, lateral gonapohyses fused together forming a triangular shape with stout fossorial spines; pregenitalae triangular, sclerotized; spermatheca (cf. Fig. 52) sclerotized proximally becoming slender, coiled, tapering distally with fine setae along distal region. Larva (Figs 27, 28). Mature third instar larva length 35 – 37 mm, head width 5.2 – 5.6 mm, head length 5.8 – 6.2 mm, mandibles 6.8 – 6.9 mm. Mandibles black with three internal teeth. Head slightly longer than wide, rusty-red centrally, paler laterally, black posteriorly, sparsely covered with short sparse setae. Eyes comprising six facets on prominent tubercles. Prothorax rusty-red dorsally with central dark marking flanked by two narrower curved markings. Meso- and Metathorax largely blueish-black, with red spots over wing buds. Legs pale. Abdomen dark blueish-black with pale yellow marks as depicted in Fig. 27; sternite 8 bearing distinct sclerotized fossoria (digging appendages).	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD3C411FF13F893FDD04AA3.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Larvae inhabit loose dune sand near vegetation. They have been excavated by sieving, usually several centimetres below the surface. It is possible that they either actively hunt on the surface at night or are crepuscular ambush predators just below the surface, with the red dorsum of the head and prothorax blending with that of the surrounding red Kalahari sand. Their black coloration provides a stark contrast to larvae of Golafrus oneili (Péringuey) and Annulares annulatus (Stitz), which occur in the same habitat but are predominantly white (Mansell 1999, Figs 3, 4, 5). This leads to the conclusion that C. kalaharicus larvae are largely crepuscular and nocturnal, whereas the latter two species spend more time near the surface during daylight, with their white coloration being an adaptation to radiate heat thereby enabling them to tolerate the high surface temperatures more effectively (Mansell 1999). The dark coloration of C. kalaharicus probably is an adaptation to heat retention by surfacehunting nocturnal predators. Adult flight period October to early January.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD3C411FF13F893FDD04AA3.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 92). Crambomorphus kalaharicus is endemic to the Kalahari ecosystem of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, Botswana and Namibia. It is centred and protected within the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park of South Africa and Botswana.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD3C411FF13F893FDD04AA3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Northern Cape Province: Holotype ♂. Nossob Camp, 25.25.15 S 20.35.49 E, 964 m, 31. x. 1991, M. W. Mansell, NEUR 02371. Paratypes: 1 ♂, Rooiputs, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, 26.19.25 S 20.44.13 E, 884 m, 28. x. 1989, M. W. Mansell, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 01223; 5 ♀, Nossob Camp, 25.25.15 S 20.35.49 E, 964 m, 30. x. 1989, M. W. Mansell, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 01224; 2 ♂ 8 ♀, same locality and collectors, 31. x. 1991, NEUR 02371; 1 ♀, same locality, 13. x. 1975, M. G. L. Mills, NEUR 02368; 2 ♂, Bayip, 25.18.19 S 20.10.00 E, 1006 m, 31. x. 1989, M. W. Mansell, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 01225; 2 ♀, Twee Rivieren Camp, 26.28.21 S 20.36.42 E, 870 m, 30. x. 1990, M. W. Mansell, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 01271; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, same locality and collectors, 28. x. 1991, NEUR 02372; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same locality, 16. i. 1993, S. L. Chown, NEUR 02373; 1 ♂, same locality, 25. x. 1997, M. D. Picker, NEUR 09581; 1 ♂, (Wings folded), 50 km S Twee Rivieren Camp, 26.54.09 S 20.41.15 S, 880 m, 10. xii. 1985, R. B. Miller, NEUR 02374; 1 ♂, Mata Mata Camp, 25.46.01 S 20.00.01 E, 951 m, 15. xii. 1974, M. G. L. Mills, NEUR 02369; 1 ♀, same locality, 3. i. 1978, M. W. Mansell, NEUR 02370; 4 ♂, same locality, 1. xi. 1997, M. de Jager, NEUR 03455; all of these localities are in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. BOTSWANA: 1 ♂, Kang, 23.41 S 22.50 E, 1000 m, 10. x. 1988, A. Benn, NEUR 01270; 1 ♀, same locality, 5. x. 2001, M. W. Mansell, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 05600; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 73 km N Kang, 23.13 S 22.19 E, 1000 m, 4. x. 2001, M. W. Mansell, C. H. Scholtz, NEUR 05597; 1 ♀, Xade, 22.07.21 S 22.25.01 E, 1054 m, Akiyama, NEUR 12254. NAMIBIA: 1 ♂, Ngoma Border Post, 17.54.55 S 24.42.45 E, 934 m, 26. ix. 2015, R. W. Mansell, NEUR 12142. Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA, Northern Cape Province: 1 ♀, Twee Rivieren Camp, 15. i. 1961, Burgher, TMSA 00449 (TMSA); 1 ♀, Vanzylsrus, 26.52.39 S 22.03.08 E, 935 m, 14. xii. 1994, C. Brooks, WUSA 00001. BOTSWANA: 1 ♀, Gemsbok Pan, 21.43.19 S 21.24.32 E, 1170 m, 23. iv. 1930, Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition, TMSA 00450 (TMSA).	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD9C40DFF13FD51FEF34E27.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Derived from the country Namibia, the centre of distribution of this species.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD9C40DFF13FD51FEF34E27.taxon	description	Description. Based on holotype male, 4 male, 9 female paratypes. Habitus (Figs 29, 30). Similar to C. sinuatus and C. kalaharicus, but easily distinguished by the angular projection on the hind margin of the forewing, narrower wings with fainter sinuate stripe along forewing hind margin than the former and wider wings than the latter, as well as more dense thoracic vestiture. Crambomorphus namibicus has more numerous biaereolate cells in the costal areas than C. sinuatus, and is also distinguished by the black posterior margin of the pronotum. Head: wider than prothorax, vertex raised, pale brown, densely speckled with black maculae and clothed with dense white recumbent setae; median black stripe extends from vertex broadening posteriorly over prothorax; frons yellow with recumbent white setae; clypeus and labrum yellow. Eyes large, greater than hemispherical. Antennae longer than head width, black, almost devoid of setae, antennal toruli greater than scape diameter apart, scape bearing long white setae. Palps black, labial palps clavate with short tip, covered with black setae, palpimacula slitlike extending to, but not over apex (Fig. 89). Thorax: prothorax short, much wider than long, pale yellowish-brown with central black stripe, a small spot on either side, lateral margins black, anterior margin raised, finely spotted, with dense fringe of long white anteriorlydirected setae, hind margin raised, black posteriorly with sparse long white setae. Mesothorax covered with dense long white pubescence, a central black stripe divided posteriorly, black patches above wing bases obscured by setae. Metathorax mostly black with long white recumbent setae and black velvet patches anteriorly. Wings: narrow, marked with brown, hind margins of both fore- and hindwings characteristically sinuate, with acute falcate tips (Figs 29, 30, 74); crossveins pale yellow, wing veins devoid of setae, except for short dense fringe of short black hairs along C; hypostigmatic cells long; pterostigma miniscule, hardly discernible. Forewings with four small light-brown patches; basal patch diffuse, apical patch divided, posterior margin with narrow sinuate faint brown stripe in apical half; hind margin with distinct characteristic angular projection (Fig 29, 30, 74). Costal area with biaereolate or bifurcate costal cells before Rs but highly variable (1 – 15); R and CuA marked with black and yellow, all veins beyond Rs unbranched; Rs arises beyond CuA fork, presectoral veins irregularly biaereolate; Mp 2 (oblique vein) arises beyond Rs; CuP not fused with A 1. Hind wings brown with three pale patches and pale areas basally; biaereolate costal cells varying between 0 – 9; R and Mp black, Rs arises at same level as Mp fork; presectoral crossveins biaereolate, CuA arches forward at junction with posterior branch of Mp fork; CuP forks close to base, anterior branch arches and runs freely to hind margin, posterior branch fused with A 1. Legs: black, densely covered with recumbent short white and spinose black setae; forelegs with dense setal brush on tibiae, tibiae longer than tarsi in all legs, tibial spurs slender, black, curved, extending to Ta 2; tarsi pitch black, shiny, Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4; pretarsal claws longer than Ta 1 – Ta 2, black, slightly curved. Abdomen: shorter than hind wings, red in living specimens, covered with short black setae, with some long white pubescence and setae on T 1 and T 2. Male (Figs 31 – 38) with T 9 divided, sternite IX (Fig. 35) with round smooth apex; Ectoprocts (Figs 31 – 34) black, curved, cylindrical, apices incrassate, with short white setae dorsally, long black setae laterally, dense pad of stout curved black spines on inner surfaces and two stout spines basally; gonarcus and parameres (Figs 36 – 38) fused into a rigid cone-shaped structure, parameres sclerotized, shiny black with medial tuft of sensory setae gonarcal bulla strongly pronounced (Fig. 38), hypandrium internum lightly sclerotized, keel-shaped. Female (cf. Figs 13 – 15) with rounded ectoprocts bearing stout fossorial spines; lateral gonapohyses fused together forming a triangular shape with stout fossorial spines; anterior gonapophyses rounded with long slender setae; pregenitalae (cf. Fig. 51) triangular, sclerotized; spermatheca (cf. Fig. 52) slender, coiled, tapering distally with delicate short setae in distal region. Larva (Fig. 39). Mature third instar larva about 30 mm in length from tip of mandibles. Mandibles black with three internal teeth. Head slightly wider than long, rusty-red centrally, paler laterally and posteriorly, sparsely covered with short setae. Eyes comprising six facets on prominent tubercles. Prothorax pale reddish with broad central band. Meso- and Metathorax creamy white with two irregularly-shaped bands on either side of midline, with red spots over wing buds. Legs pale. Abdomen creamy white with row of interconnected black spots along pale midline, with two similar rows laterally as depicted in Fig. 39; sternite 8 bearing distinct sclerotized fossoria (digging appendages). Very little is known of its biology, except that larvae were excavated by sieving in deep sand.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD9C40DFF13FD51FEF34E27.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 92). This species is widespread throughout Namibia, extending to the northernmost parts of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFD9C40DFF13FD51FEF34E27.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. NAMIBIA: Holotype ♂, Karibib, 27.57 S 15.47 E, 6. xii. 1988, R. B. & W. Miller, NEUR 02377. Paratypes: 1 ♂ 3 ♀, (1 ♀ with wings folded), same data as Holotype; 1 ♀, Helmeringhausen, 25.53 S 16.49 E, 1400 m, 17. ii. 1988, H. Rausch, NEUR 01000; 1 ♂, Velloorsdrift, 28.45 S 19.15 E, 25. xi. 1992, E. Holm, NEUR 02375; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Ameib Ranch, 21.48 S 15.39 E, 1000 m, 7. xii. 1988, R. B. & W. Miller, NEUR 02376; 2 ♀, Waldhausen-Süd Farm, 21.48 S 16.15 E, 27. xii. 1996, R. G. Oberprieler, NEUR 02387; 1 ♀, Van Zyls Pass, 17.38 S 12.44 E, 24. xii. 2002, H. & D. Bodenstein, NEUR 06067; 1 ♀, Naukluft, 24.10 S 16.10 E, 1300 m, 25. xii. 1999, C. Deschodt, NEUR 08965. SOUTH AFRICA. 1 ♀, Koms Farm, Keimoes, 28.44.08 S 20.56.15 E, 730 m, 27. xii. 2013, P. de Vos, NEUR 12051. Additional material. NAMIBIA: 1 ♀, Okahandja, 21.58.59 S 16.54.48 E, 1345 m, 12. xii. 1927, R. E. Turner, BMNH 00039 (BMNH); 1 ♀, same locality but 15. xii. 1958, F. Gaerdes, SMWN 00008 (SMWN); 1 ♂, same locality and collector but 31. x. 1960, SMWN 00009 (SMWN); 1 ♂, same locality but 10. x. 1936, No collector name, TMSA 00448 (TMSA); 1 ♀, Naukluft, 24.10 S 16.10 E, 7. xii. 1933, K. Jordan, 7. xii. 1933, BMNH 00040 (BMNH); 1 ♀, Windhoek, 22.34 S 17.04 E, 1700 m, K. Jordan, BMNH 00041 (BMNH); 1 ♂, same locality but 30. x. 1991, M. Pusch, SMWN 00013; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Tsams Ost Spring, 24.14 S 16.06 E, 26. xi. 1997, A. Kirk-Spriggs, E. Marais, SMWN 00006; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Naukluft Spring, 24.15 S 16.14 E, 28. xi. 1997, same collectors, SMWN 00007; 1 ♀, Welwitchia, 20.22 S 14.56 E, 17. ii. 1966, W. J. Smit, SMWN 00010; 1 ♂, Daan Viljoen Game Reserve, 22.36 S 16.47 E, 11. xi. 1984, A. O. Dias, SMWN 00011; 1 ♂, 13 km W Namutoni, 18.46 S 16.48 E, 27. iii. 1988, E. Griffin, SMWN 00012 (All SMWN); 3 ♀, Schönfeld 92, 21.10 S 15.57 E, 1500, 8. i. 1996, K. & F. Adlbauer, HHCA 00003 (HHCA).	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC5C40BFF13F9C8FA8649F7.taxon	description	Redescription. Habitus (Figs 40, 41). Medium-sized Palparini. Wings heavily marked with brown, lanceolate with acute apices and a narrow sinuate stripe along posterior margin of forewing. Hind wings almost completely iridescent dark brown with a few pale spots. Meso- and metathorax sparsely clothed with white recumbent setae. Differs from other southern African species by the lanceolate wings. Head: wider than prothorax, vertex prominently raised with sparse short recumbent black setae, median black stripe extends from vertex broadening posteriorly over pro- and mesothorax; vertex, frons, clypeus, labrum all uniformly yellowish brown. Eyes slightly greater than hemispherical. Antennae longer than head width, toruli about scape diameter apart with a black spot medially, scape bears sparse white and black setae black, flagellum densely covered in short black setae. Labial palps (Fig. 87) black, covered with black setae, clavate, with prominent extended tip, palpimacula slit-like extending to, but not over apex, maxillary palps brown. Thorax: prothorax short, much wider than long, yellowish brown with central black stripe, lateral margins black, anterior margin raised, with dense fringe of long white anteriorly-directed setae and black setae posteriorly, hind margin raised with long white and black setae. Mesothorax yellowish brown, black stripe medially, lateral black stripes and black marks over wing bases, sclerites bordered with black creating X-shaped mark medially, sparse black setae dorsally, white pubescence laterally; metathorax yellowish brown, broadly black laterally with brown velvet spots medially, black setae dorsally, long white pubescence laterally, metascutum black. Thoracic pleurites and sternites dark brown with long white pubescence. Wings: lanceolate, with acute apices, heavily marked with dark-brown, (Figs 40, 41, 75, 79); crossveins densely reticulate, wing veins mainly devoid of setae, except for dense black fringe along C and in hypostigmatic area; hypostigma long; pterostigma not discernible. Forewings: with four highly variable diffuse brown markings; basal mark elongated, two middle marks occasionally coalesce posteriorly to form diffuse stripe towards apex, apical mark divided, posterior margin with narrow sinuate brown stripe. Costal vein with short dense black setae, some costal cells occasionally biaereolate or bifurcate (0 – 9) but usually unmodified. Wing veins yellow, but R and CuA fork black, Rs arises slightly beyond CuA fork, presectoral veins irregularly biaereolate; Mp 2 arises beyond CuA fork. Hind wings: almost completely iridescent dark brown with pale patches, pale area basally; costal cells usually uniaereolate, very occasionally bifurcate, slightly sinuate especially distally; Rs arises slightly before Mp fork; presectoral crossveins biaereolate. Legs: dark brown, tarsi black, femora and tibiae with faint orange patches, sparsely covered with black spines and dense short white setae; forelegs with dense setal brush on tibiae, tibiae longer than tarsi in all legs, tibial spurs dark brown, slightly curved, extending to just beyond Ta 2; Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4; pretarsal claws longer than Ta 1 – Ta 2, dark-brown, slightly curved. Abdomen: shorter than hind wings, blood-red in living specimens, covered with short white setae, with some long white setae on T 1 and anterior margin of T 2. Male (Figs 42 – 50) with T 9 divided, sternite IX (Fig. 47) with rounded smooth apex; ectoprocts (Figs 42 – 46) black, curved, cylindrical, apices incrassate, with short white setae dorsally, long black setae laterally, dense pad of stout curved black spines on inner surfaces and two stout spines basally; gonarcus and parameres (Figs 48 – 50) fused into a rigid cone-shaped structure, parameres sclerotized, shiny black with medial tuft of sensory setae, gonarcal bulla pronounced (Figs 50, 83), hypandrium internum lightly sclerotized, keel-shaped. Female (cf. Figs 13. 14) with rounded ectoprocts bearing stout fossorial spines; lateral gonapohyses fused together forming a triangular shape with stout fossorial spines; anterior gonapophyses rounded with long slender setae; pregenitalae (Fig. 51) triangular, sclerotized; spermatheca (Fig. 52) slender, coiled, tapering distally. Larva. Unknown.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC5C40BFF13F9C8FA8649F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 92). This species is centred in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, Western Cape Province and southern Namibia.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC5C40BFF13F9C8FA8649F7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, designated here. Labelled: “ Palpares Karrooanus type ♂ Py ” (Péringuey’s handwritten label) / “ SAM-NEU-A 001123 ” /; Paralectotype ♀, designated here. Labelled: “ Palpares Karrooanus type ♀ Py ” (Péringuey’s handwritten label) / “ Fraserburg Alston, E. G. 3 85 ” / “ 42 ” / “ SAM-NEU- A 001126 ” /. Both SAMC. Additional material examined. NAMIBIA: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Aar Farm, 26.43.57 S 16.28.41 E, 1525 m, 13. i. 1972, British Museum Expedition, BMNH 00123; 1 ♂, Noachabeb Farm, 27.25.58 S 18.30.59 E, 1487 m, 10. xii. 1972, same collector, BMNH 00124 (all BMNH). SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape Province: 2 ♀, Beaufort West, 32.21.00 S 22.35.00 E, 855 m, 10. i. 1964, R. B. Copley, TMSA 00395 (TMSA); 1 ♀, Stolshoek, Karoo National Park, 32.19.50 S 22.29.23 E, 950 m, 18. ii. 1996, M. W. Mansell, H. & U. Aspöck, NEUR 02364. Northern Cape Province: 1 ♀, Britstown, 30.35.16 S 23.30.18 E, i. 1903, E. Seinund, BMNH 00125 (BMNH); 1 ♀, Driekop Nature Reserve, Kenhardt, 29.24.23 S 21.06.18 E, 850 m, 24. ii. 1996, M. W. Mansell, H. Hölzel, P. Ohm, NEUR 02365; 1 ♀, Jagpan 40 mi W Hopetown, 29.37.09 S 23.22.28 E, 1074 m, 27. i. 1930, H. K. Munro, NEUR 02361; 1 ♀, Fraserburg, 31.55.00 S 21.30.49 E, 1357 m, 15. ii. 1990, M. de Jager, NEUR 01456; 5 ♀, Ghaamsberg, 29.13.05 S 19.59.04 E, 906 m, 3. ii. 2000, M. W. Mansell, L. R. Minter, NEUR 03776; 1 ♀, Groblershoop, 26.53.44 S 21.59.04 E, 868 m, 14. ii. 1972, M. W. Mansell, S. J. Blaber, NEUR 02360; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 20 km N Kliprand, 30.25.54 S 18.46.12 E, 900 m, 24. i. 1995, P. Bayliss, NEUR 02010; 1 ♂, Koms Farm Keimoes, 28.44.08 S 20.56.15 E, 730 m, 6. ii. 2014, P. de Vos, NEUR 12053; 2 ♀, Pofadder, 29.06.49 S 19.25.51 E, 998 m, 26. i. 1995, P. Bayliss, NEUR 02009; 1 ♀, same locality, 1. ii. 2000, M. W. Mansell, L. R. Minter, NEUR 03774; 2 ♀, same locality, 9. ii. 2004, M. W. Mansell, A. K. Brinkman, NEUR 09392; 2 ♀ same data but JBNE 00227 (JBBC); 1 ♀, 8 km NE Pofadder, 29.04.15 S 19.24.38 E, 933 m, 2. ii. 2000, M. W. Mansell, L. R. Minter, NEUR 03775; 1 ♀, Twee Rivieren, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, 26.28.21 S 20.36.42 E, 870 m, 18. xii. 1970, H. A. D. van Schalkwyk, NEUR 03787; 1 ♀, same locality, 12. i. 1993, S. L. Chown, NEUR 02363; 1 ♀, Prieska, 29.40.12 S 22.44.39 E, 1050 m, 10. ii. 1972, P. J. Ashton, S. J. Blaber, NEUR 02359; 1 ♀, same locality, 15. xii. 1925, E. S. Bryant, NEUR 02362; 3 ♀, Roodekruis Farm, Fraserburg, 31.47.11 S 21.53.21 E, 1251 m, 10. i. 1988, G. Visser, NEUR 00871; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Rooiputs, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, 26.19.25 S 20.44.13 E, 884 m, 23. xii. 1988, C. H. Scholtz, S. Caveney, NEUR 01155.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC5C40BFF13F9C8FA8649F7.taxon	discussion	Comments. The original description of Palpares karrooanus Peringuey (1910) is based on a male and female specimen from Beaufort West and Fraserburg, both labelled as “ type ” by Péringuey (1910) who did not designate a holotype. These two specimens are still in good condition in SAMC where I have examined them and photographs are available. The male, illustrated by Péringuey (1910, Fig. 6) does not bear a locality label but it is safe to assume that this is the specimen from Beaufort West as the female syntype bears the Fraserburg label. Beaufort West, where it has frequently been recorded, is also well within the distribution range for the species. The male illustrated by Péringuey (1910) has been designated as Lectotype despite the lack of an associated locality label as there is no doubt about the identity of this beautiful endemic taxon. A redescription has been provided to include other features not included in the original description, and to bring it in line for direct comparison with its congeners.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC3C407FF13FDB8FD8949A0.taxon	description	Redescription. Habitus (Figs 53, 54). Very large Palparini. Wings heavily marked with brown, lanceolate with acute apices and a narrow sinuate stripe along posterior margin of forewings. Costal area of forewings densely reticulated with irregular bi- or triaereolate or more (up to five) cells. Meso- and metathorax sparsely clothed with white recumbent setae. Differs from other Crambomorphus species by the multi-celled costal area. Head: wider than prothorax, vertex prominently raised with fine sculpturing, largely devoid of setae, median black stripe extends from vertex broadening posteriorly over pro- and mesothorax; vertex, frons, face below antennae dull white, clypeus, labrum yellow; toruli less than scape diameter apart with shiny black band over antennal bases. Antennae longer than head width, black, covered in short black setae, scape with black setae. Eyes slightly greater than hemispherical. Labial palps (Fig. 90) long, brown, covered with white and black setae, clavate, with short rounded tip, palpimacula slit-shaped extending to, but not over apex, maxillary palps brown. Thorax: prothorax short, much wider than long, yellowish brown with central black stripe, lateral margins black, anterior margin raised, with dense fringe of black setae, hind margin raised with long black setae. Mesothorax yellowish brown, black stripe medially, lateral black stripes and black marks over wing bases, sclerites bordered with black creating X-shaped mark medially, sparse black setae dorsally, white pubescence laterally; metathorax yellowish brown, broadly black laterally with brown velvet spots medially, black setae dorsally, long white pubescence laterally, metascutum black. Thoracic pleurites and sternites dark brown with long white pubescence. Wings: lanceolate, with sub-acute apices, marked with dark-brown, (Figs 53, 54), wing veins mainly devoid of setae, except for dense black fringe along C and in hypostigmatic area; hypostigma long; pterostigma not discernible. Forewings: with four highly variable diffuse pale brown markings; basal mark variable, two middle marks distinct, apical mark divided, posterior margin with narrow sinuate brown stripe; crossveins densely reticulate, yellow, but R dark brown, basal costal cells densely and irregularly triaereolate or with up to five cells, lessening to biaereolate distally; Rs and CuA arise on about same level, presectoral veins irregularly bi- or triaereolate; Mp 2 arises beyond CuA fork; Hind wings: with four discernible dark brown bands and divided apical mark; costal cells usually uniaereolate, very occasionally biaereolate, slightly sinuate especially distally; Rs and Mp fork arise on about same level; presectoral crossveins biaereolate. Legs: dark brown with faint orange patches, sparsely covered with black spines and dense short white setae; forelegs with dense setal brush on tibiae, tibiae longer than tarsi in all legs, tibial spurs black, slightly curved, extending to just beyond Ta 2; Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4; pretarsal claws longer than Ta 1 – Ta 2, black, slightly curved. Abdomen: shorter than hind wings, dark brown in preserved specimens, sparsely covered with black setae and white setae on terminal segments, with some long white pubescence on T 1 and anterior margin of T 2. Male (Figs 55 – 62) with T 9 divided, sternite IX (Figs 56, 59) with smooth apex; ectoprocts (Figs 55 – 58) black, curved, cylindrical, apices incrassate, with short white setae dorsally, long black setae laterally, dense pad of stout curved black spines on inner surfaces and two stout spines basally; gonarcus and parameres (Figs 60 – 62) fused into a rigid cone-shaped structure, parameres sclerotized, shiny black with medial tuft of sensory setae, gonarcal bulla strongly pronounced (Figs 62, 84), hypandrium internum lightly sclerotized, keel-shaped. Female (cf. Figs 13 – 15) with rounded ectoprocts bearing stout fossorial spines; lateral gonapohyses fused together forming a triangular shape with stout fossorial spines; anterior gonapophyses rounded with long slender setae; pregenitalae (cf. Fig. 15) triangular, sclerotized; spermatheca (cf. Fig. 52) slender, coiled, tapering distally. Larva. Unknown.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC3C407FF13FDB8FD8949A0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Madagascar and appears to be confined to the arid and semiarid areas of the south western part of the island.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC3C407FF13FDB8FD8949A0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. MADAGASCAR: Holotype ♀, Stenares madagascariensis van der Weele, 1907, Madagascar, no further data (MNHN). Additional material examined. 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Madagascar, no further data, NEUR 06038: 1 ♂ 3 ♀, NEUR 05880, Madagascar, Tulear, 23.20 S 43.04 E, 15. i. 1988, A. Peyrieras (all SANC).	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFC3C407FF13FDB8FD8949A0.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was originally described as Stenares madagascariensis by van der Weele (1907), with Stange (2004) correctly transferring it to Crambomorphus. Crambomorphus madagascariensis differs from Stenares by the irregular costal cells, the shape of the male ectoprocts and the gonarcus / parameres complex, and the palpimacula on the terminal labial palpomere which is slit-like, but not quite reaching apex, whereas in Stenares it extends over the tip of the apex.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFCFC43CFF13FE40FB3A4E6D.taxon	description	Redescription. Habitus (Fig. 63). Large Palparini. Wings marked with brown, sinuate with falcate apices and narrow sinuate stripe along posterior margin of forewings. Costal area of forewings with irregular biaereolate cells in apical half, basal costal crossveins mostly unmodified. Meso- and metathorax sparsely clothed with white recumbent setae. Differs from other Crambomorphus species by the lack of a distinct median stripe on the vertex, although visible on the thorax, and by the shorter, almost straight ectoprocts. Size: Forewing length 59.4 mm, hindwing 58.9, forewing width 12.8, hind wing width 13.6, body 69.2 (male specimen, badly damaged). Female holotype: forewing length 66.0, Hind wing length 65.0, abdomen 40.0 (van der Weele 1907: 253). Head: wider than prothorax, vertex slightly raised with fine, sparse white and black setae, setae, median black stripe absent, but with row of black maculae across vertex, three maculae in occipital region and three on frons, face below antennae, clypeus, labrum shiny black; toruli less than scape diameter apart. Antennae longer than head width, black, covered in short black setae, scape with black setae. Eyes greater than hemispherical. Labial palps (Fig. 91) black, covered with short black setae, clavate, with distinct tip, palpimacula slit-shaped extending to, but not over apex, maxillary palps black. Thorax: prothorax short, much wider than long, greyish black with central black stripe, lateral margins black, anterior margin raised, with dense fringe of black setae, hind margin raised with long black setae. Mesothorax greyish black, black stripe medially, lateral black stripes and black marks over wing bases, sparse black setae dorsally, white pubescence laterally; metathorax greyish black, broadly black medially with brown velvet spots, black setae dorsally, long white pubescence laterally, metascutum greyish black with central black stripe. Thoracic pleurites and sternites dark brown with long white pubescence (it is possible that the general greyish black coloration is due to discoloration as the specimen examined is extremely old: collected in 1902). Wings: sinuate, marked with brown, (Fig. 63), wing veins mainly devoid of setae, except for dense black fringe along C and in hypostigmatic area; hypostigma long; pterostigma not discernible. Forewings: with four highly variable diffuse pale brown markings; basal mark variable, two middle marks distinct, apical mark diffuse, with narrow sinuate brown stripe on posterior margin; wing veins black not densely reticulate, basal costal veins uniaereolate becoming biaereolate distally; Rs and CuA arise on about same level, basal presectoral veins uniaereolate becoming irregularly biaereolate distally; Mp 2 arises well beyond CuA fork. Hind wings: with three discernible dark brown bands and small spot basally; basal costal cells uniaereolate becoming biaereolate distally, slightly sinuate especially distally; Rs arises before Mp fork, presectoral crossveins uniaereolate. Legs: black covered with black spines and dense short white setae; forelegs with dense setal brush on tibiae, tibiae longer than tarsi in all legs, tibial spurs black, slightly curved, extending to just beyond Ta 2; Ta 1 – Ta 4 short, Ta 5 long, approximately equal to combined length of Ta 1 – Ta 4; pretarsal claws longer than Ta 1 – Ta 2, black, slightly curved. Abdomen: shorter than hind wings, dark brown in specimen examined, covered with black setae and white setae on terminal segments, with some long white pubescence on T 1 and anterior margin of T 2. Male (Figs 64 – 71) with T 9 divided, sternite IX with acute apex (Fig. 65). Ectoprocts (Figs 64 – 67) short, black, outwardly curved, thickened medially bearing long straight spines along the distal two thirds; gonarcus and parameres (Figs 69 – 71) fused into a rigid cone-shaped structure, parameres sclerotized, shiny black with medial tuft of sensory setae, gonarcal bulla smoothly rounded, not as pronounced as in congeners (Figs 71, 85), hypandrium internum (Fig. 68) lightly sclerotized, keel-shaped in ventral view. Female not examined and no description from van der Weele (1907). Larva. Unknown.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFCFC43CFF13FE40FB3A4E6D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Madagascar and apparently confined to the arid and semiarid areas of the south western part of the island.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFCFC43CFF13FE40FB3A4E6D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. MADAGASCAR: Holotype ♀, Crambomorphus grandidieri van der Weele, 1907, Madagascar, Côte Ouest, entre Morondava et Mahabo, Grandidier, 2855 - 90 (MNHN). Additional Material examined. MADAGASCAR: 1 ♂, Muséum Paris, Ankazoabo [22.17.20 S 44.30.38 E, 403 m], Bastard, 1902 (MNHN).	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
039A9E34FFCFC43CFF13FE40FB3A4E6D.taxon	discussion	Comments. Crambomorphus grandidieri is a poorly known taxon, with very little material available for study. As in C. madagascariensis, more extensive exploration is required to determine its range, extent and conservation status, and to procure fresh material for molecular analyses to verify its phylogenetic affiliation.	en	Mansell, Mervyn W. (2018): Antlions of southern Africa: genus Crambomorphus McLachlan, 1867, including extra-limital species (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Palparinae: Palparini). Zootaxa 4382 (3): 465-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.3.3
