taxonID	type	description	language	source
039A87E0FF8CEB3BFC4D53AB29E0FD85.taxon	description	previous work, and demonstrates that recently reassessed morphological diagnostics are largely reliable. Moreover, close examination of the divergent forms of both C. parbicinctus and C. annuliventris have revealed subtle morphological differences that have since been integrated into a revised key (Drayson et al., 2015). Although we accept that these taxa may represent additional ‘ cryptic’ species of Cricotopus, too many lacunae (e. g. all were represented by larvae only) currently exist to justify formal description. Perhaps the most surprising outcome of the molecular phylogeny was the observed paraphyly of Cricotopus with regard to Paratrichocladius. All sampled Paratrichocladius taxa were larvae, except for a single adult male, and initial identification of the larvae was as C. brevicornis under a previous key (Cranston, 1996). Only after closer examination were subtle morphological differences apparent (see Cranston & Krosch, 2015, in press), and thus larvae for the two recognized Paratrichocladius species are included near to C. brevicornis (now C. draysoni Cranston & Krosch) in the revised key of Drayson et al. (2015). Rigorous morphological assessment of type material across all life stages from voucher collections has prompted the synonymization with Paratrichocladius into Cricotopus as a subgenus (Cranston & Krosch, 2015). The strongly supported sister relationship between Paratrichocladius and the C. albitibia group was somewhat unexpected, given the larval morphology; however, given the inclusion of African Paratrichocladius and both African and Asian C. albitibia we believe the result is sound. Future studies would benefit from the inclusion of Holarctic members of both genera, as this is widely acknowledged as the centre of diversity for both genera.	en	Krosch, Matt N., Cranston Fls, Peter S., Baker, Andrew M., Vink, Sue (2015): Molecular data extend Australian Cricotopus midge (Chironomidae) species diversity, and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for biogeography and freshwater monitoring. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 175 (3): 496-509, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12284, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12284
039A87E0FF82EB39FC6E54E12822FBDA.taxon	description	Within the Australian Cricotopus, our sampling strategy allowed us to estimate divergence times of taxa on certain Australian islands, namely Tasmania and Lord Howe Island. Both islands were proposed to possess endemic species not found on the mainland (C. tasmania and C. howensis, respectively; Drayson, 1992; Cranston, 1996); however, we have shown clearly that C. tasmania occurs also on mainland Australia, albeit in apparently lower abundance. The non-monophyly of island versus mainland specimens within C. tasmania suggests that this taxon may well have diversified in isolation on the island prior to colonizing the mainland. Likewise, its sister taxon, C. annuliventris, is known mostly from the mainland but also from a small number of locations in Tasmania, and exhibits a similar phylogenetic pattern to C. tasmania, which suggests that this species may have colonized Tasmania following divergence. The divergence of the two species around 14 Mya obviously pre-dates the most recent closure of Bass Strait at the end of the last glacial cycle (∼ 18 000 years ago; Lambeck & Chappell, 2001), along with Pleistocene divergences reported for some other taxonomic groups (e. g. Toon et al., 2007; Gongora et al., 2012; Martin & Zuccarello, 2012), but accords with other molecular phylogenetic studies that report Miocene – Pliocene divergences between mainland and Tasmanian taxa (e. g. Waters & White, 1997; Symula, Keogh & Cannatella, 2008). Thus, we argue that these taxa diverged in allopatry, separated by the proto- Bass Strait, and have both since dispersed across an intermittent sea barrier to colonize the opposite landmass. Whether this occurred via direct transoceanic dispersal, by island-hopping across the Bass Strait, or during periods of exposure of the Bassian Isthmus landbridge remains speculative. Nevertheless, there are apparent precedents for dispersal between geographically distant austral landmasses in other chironomid groups (Krosch et al., 2011; Krosch & Cranston, 2013). Somewhat in contrast, phylogenetic relationships within other Cricotopus species for which we have Tasmanian representatives (C. conicornis, C. hillmani, and C. parbicinctus) all supported mainland and Tasmanian populations as reciprocally monophyletic, with divergences of Late Miocene – Pliocene age. This suggests that populations of these three species were isolated across the proto-Bass Strait and diverged in allopatry, but have not dispersed across the strait since. Differential dispersal among congeners that were isolated and diverged in allopatry across Bass Strait is also known from terrestrial mammals (Antechinus; T. Mutton, pers. comm., 2014), and highlights the biogeographical complexity of the region. In contrast, the estimated divergence time for the Lord Howe Island endemic C. howensis from its sister mainland species C. hillmani of around 6 Mya accords closely with the geological time frame for the emergence of Lord Howe Island (6.4 – 6.9 Mya; McDougall, Embleton & Stone, 1981) as a result of volcanism along the Lord Howe Rise. This accords with molecular phylogenetic information from other freshwater invertebrates (Page et al., 2005), but contrasts with other much older Lord Howe Island endemic insect taxa (e. g. Buckley, Attanayake & Bradler, 2009). No information exists concerning the Cricotopus faunas of other nearby South Pacific Islands (e. g. Norfolk Island), so it remains unknown whether the arrival of Cricotopus on Lord Howe Island was facilitated by island hopping via extant or now-submerged land areas or by transoceanic dispersal, possibly mediated by West Wind Drift (Cook & Crisp, 2005). Interestingly, there does not seem to be a close relationship between C. howensis and our New Zealand representative, given the many instances of apparent colonization of New Zealand via the Lord Howe Rise during the Eocene – Oligocene, around the time at which we estimate the New Zealand taxon to have diverged (node F); however, greater sampling of New Zealand’s Cricotopus diversity is needed to resolve this question fully.	en	Krosch, Matt N., Cranston Fls, Peter S., Baker, Andrew M., Vink, Sue (2015): Molecular data extend Australian Cricotopus midge (Chironomidae) species diversity, and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for biogeography and freshwater monitoring. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 175 (3): 496-509, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12284, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12284
