identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039A87BBFFA8FFB9CA46FD74FF6FFAC0.text	039A87BBFFA8FFB9CA46FD74FF6FFAC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea L. And	<div><p>3.2. Gentiana lutea L. And antioxidant activity</p> <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are typical cellular metabolism products with critical physiological roles in cell signaling; however, an alteration of the balance between ROS production and ROS elimination causes damage to cellular structures (DNA, lipids, and proteins), leading to a condition known as oxidative stress (Da Pozzo et al., 2018). This situation is related to several pathological conditions such as neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, ischemia/reperfusion, etc. ROS are also responsible for food deterioration leading to the necessity for using synthetic antioxidants. The more used in the food industry are butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tert-butylhydeoquinone (TBHQ), which, however, should be related to the increased incidence of carcinogenic illness (Schieber and Chandel, 2014). For this reason, there is a continuous search for undescribed natural molecules with antioxidant action useable for preventing or treating human disease and preserving foods from lipid peroxidation and rapid deterioration (Faraone et al., 2019). Specifically, G. lutea seems to be a promising source of antioxidant molecules; this section treats the knowledge about the scavenging activity of this natural source.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFA8FFB9CA46FD74FF6FFAC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFA4FFB5C910FB63FA71F841.text	039A87BBFFA4FFB5C910FB63FA71F841.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea L. And	<div><p>3.4. Gentiana lutea L. and atherosclerosis</p> <p>Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of mortality in industrialized countries. It results from hyperglycemia and lipid oxidation and is considered a disease of the vascular intima since the entire vascular system, from the aorta to coronary arteries, may be involved (Rafieian-Kopaei et al., 2014). Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to several vascular events, including stroke, coronary artery diseases, and peripheral artery diseases (Taleb, 2016). The atherosclerotic process is characterized by several steps, including inflammation, lipids deposition, a proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and plaque formation. As a result, it is possible to observe an abnormal blood vessel narrowing due to arterial wall thickening, which causes insufficient blood flow (Rader and Daugherty, 2008). In this condition, to avoid total arterial obstruction, surgery is performed. However, one of the adverse events of this intervention is the recurrence of blood vessel constriction due to excessive vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Dzau et al., 2002). To counteract the overcome of restenosis end to contrast the excessive growth of VSMC, anti-proliferative compounds, e.g., rapamycin or paclitaxel (Taxol®), are generally administrated. Nevertheless, these drugs are characterized by several side effects; thus, alternative compounds from natural resources are demanded. Several studies have demonstrated that G. lutea extract and its compounds possess anti-atherosclerotic and anti-proliferative effects, making it a candidate as a potential drug for treating this condition.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFA4FFB5C910FB63FA71F841	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFA3FFB2C910FF5EFC5BFE05.text	039A87BBFFA3FFB2C910FF5EFC5BFE05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea	<div><p>3.5. Gentiana lutea L. vs. inflammation and pain</p> <p>Several pathological diseases are typified by pain and inflammation and thus by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. Plant-derived compounds have been used to prevent or treat inflammatory disorders for centuries. In particular, G. lutea extract and its constituents have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFA3FFB2C910FF5EFC5BFE05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFA0FFB1CA46FB29FD18FA26.text	039A87BBFFA0FFB1CA46FB29FD18FA26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea	<div><p>3.6. Gentiana lutea L. effects on the central nervous system</p> <p>In the last year, researchers have paid particular attention to discovering undescribed active principles from plants able to modulate nervous system functions and prevent neurological disorders. Compounds like iridoids have been reported to exert several beneficial effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Several studies have indeed demonstrated that iridoids like geniposide possess neuritogenic effects on neuronal cell cultures, probably thanks to their ability to activate protein kinase leading to neuronal cell differentiation induction (Yamazaki et al., 1996). In this paragraph, the discoveries to date on the effect of G. lutea extract and its compounds on CNS will be treated.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFA0FFB1CA46FB29FD18FA26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFBEFFAFCA46FE8AFD64FE32.text	039A87BBFFBEFFAFCA46FE8AFD64FE32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea	<div><p>3.7. Gentiana lutea L. cytoprotective and antitumoral activity</p> <p>Treatments used today for cancer have several negative effects not only related to the cost and, therefore, difficult to access for everyone but also for the side effects that often affect the patient’ s quality of life. For this reason, it is necessary to find undescribed molecules, also of natural origin, able to produce beneficial effects in this field.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFBEFFAFCA46FE8AFD64FE32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFBFFFAECA46FE94FF06FD1C.text	039A87BBFFBFFFAECA46FE94FF06FD1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea L. Activity	<div><p>3.8. Gentiana lutea L. Activity again atopic dermatitis and psoriasis</p> <p>The stratum corneum is formed principally by differentiated keratinocytes surrounded by an extracellular lipid bilayer. Lipids forming this bilayer are secreted from lipid droplets, consisting of intracellular organelles specialized in lipids storage, assemblage, and supply (Feingold et al., 2007). In keratinocytes, lipid droplets are generated during their differentiation, reaching the maximum number in the stratum granulosum when there is the highest extracellular calcium level (Feingold, 2009). Several lipids contribute to optimizing epidermal barrier function, and ceramides are particularly important among these. Indeed, reducing ceramide levels is involved in several skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, which are also characterized by inflammation and dysregulation in keratinocytes synthesis. Active principles from G. lutea have been demonstrated to improve skin disorders.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFBFFFAECA46FE94FF06FD1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFBCFFADC910FE7FFBE0FA26.text	039A87BBFFBCFFADC910FE7FFBE0FA26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea	<div><p>3.9. Gentiana lutea L. gastroprotective and hepatoprotective activity</p> <p>3.9.1. In vivo studies</p> <p>Gentianae radix has been extensively studied for its choleretic and hepatoprotective properties, thus representing a good remedy for stomach and liver inflammations. As regards the gastroprotective effect, in pylorus-ligated mice treated with methanolic extract of gentian root in the duodenum, there was a decrease in gastric juice secretion and total acid output with a dose-dependent effect considerable at doses of 500 and 1000 mg /kg. The same results were achieved by EtOAc and n - BuOH fractions with an activity comparable to that of 60 mg /kg of cimetidine (histamine H2 receptor antagonist that blocks stomach acid secretion during ulcer treatment). These effects could be related to increased secretin levels or other mechanisms. The radix extract and the fractions obtained (EtOAc and n -BuOH) also showed a protective effect in the case of pyloric-ligation plus aspirin-induced ulcers (20 mg /mL) in a dose-dependent manner, and in particular, for the fractions, the effect was comparable to cimetidine. Furthermore, oral administration of the two fractions revealed protective effects in gastric ulcers induced by immersion stress, while EtOAc soluble fraction showed protection against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. In these two fractions, a high concentration of gentiopicroside and amarogentin was observed, and these bitter compounds are probably responsible for the gastroprotective effect by acting on the prostaglandin pathway. In fact, both secoiridoids showed a protective effect in the case of ulcers induced by immersion stress, while amarogentin was also effective in gastric lesions induced by ethanol. However, no effect was observed when indomethacin (5 mg /kg), an inhibitor of prostaglandins synthesis, was used as pre-treatment (Niiho et al., 2006).</p> <p>As for hepatoprotective action, in recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of liver problems (Xiao et al., 2019). Several plant species have shown important liver effects, such as silymarin from Silybum marianum induces a reduction of inflammatory factors like interleukin-10, TNF - α, interferon, and IFN- γ with a consequent hepatoprotective effect (Vargas-Mendoza et al., 2014). The beneficial effect of gentian on the liver may be due to the gentiopicroside since its protective effect in the presence of cholestasis has been reported in previous studies (Han et al., 2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFBCFFADC910FE7FFBE0FA26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
039A87BBFFBDFFACCA46FE96FE6BFDA2.text	039A87BBFFBDFFACCA46FE96FE6BFDA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gentiana lutea L. Antimicrobial	<div><p>3.10. Gentiana lutea L. Antimicrobial activity</p> <p>Over the years, the excessive and improper use of antibiotics has generated resistance phenomena by pathogens. Therefore, it is necessary to search for undescribed molecules capable of fighting bacterial infections, obviating the problem of resistance. Several studies have reported that G. lutea and its bitter agents exert an antimicrobial action. In this regard, it was observed that the effect of gentian corresponded to that of the antibiotic ampicillin, which is used to treat different gram-positive and negative bacterial infections, including meningitis, endocarditis, salmonellosis, respiratory and urinary tract infections (Brogden et al., 1979; ˇSavikin et al., 2009b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A87BBFFBDFFACCA46FE96FE6BFDA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ponticelli, Maria;Lela, Ludovica;Moles, Mariapia;Mangieri, Claudia;Bisaccia, Donatella;Faraone, Immacolata;Falabella, Roberto;Milella, Luigi	Ponticelli, Maria, Lela, Ludovica, Moles, Mariapia, Mangieri, Claudia, Bisaccia, Donatella, Faraone, Immacolata, Falabella, Roberto, Milella, Luigi (2023): The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: A systematic review. Phytochemistry (113518) 206: 1-27, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113518
