taxonID	type	description	language	source
94ABA150DF49B46F0AC04FE2A2B7ED2F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. UFRJ 11859, male, 36.9 mm SL; Brazil: Bahia state: Malhada municipality: temporary pool near road BR- 030, about 8 km NE of the village of Malhada, Sao Francisco River floodplains, 14 ° 17 ' 39 " S, 43 ° 42 ' 32 " W, altitude about 440 m above sea level (a. s. l.); W. J. E. M. Costa et al., 31 January 2010. Paratypes. UFRJ 6797, 3 males, 29.7 - 36.1 mm SL, 2 females, 27.9 - 30.0 mm SL; UFRJ 11860, 2 males, 30.6 - 33.0 mm SL, 2 females, 26.6 - 27.9 mm SL (C & S); UFRJ 6796, 3 males, 32.6 - 36.8 mm SL, 4 females, 26.5 - 29.3 mm SL (DNA); CICCAA 02038, 2 males, 32.9 - 33.6 mm SL; all collected with holotype.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
94ABA150DF49B46F0AC04FE2A2B7ED2F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hypsolebias gardneri differs from all other species of the H. magnificus complex, except H. harmonicus, by the following combination of character states relative to the male colour pattern: anterior part of the flank with three dark greenish grey bars (vs. dark greenish grey bars absent in H. hamadryades); dorsal fin with transverse blue stripes and one basal row of blue dots (vs. rows of blue dots on the whole fin in H. picturatus); anal fin with dots and short vermiculate marks irregularly arranged on the anterior part of the fin (vs. dots on the entire fin in H. picturatus, and transverse blue stripes on most fin in H. magnificus and H. hamadryades); and anterior half of caudal fin with transverse rows of blue dots, posterior half with transverse blue bars (vs. blue bars on most fin in H. magnificus and dots on the entire fin in H. picturatus). Hypsolebias gardneri is distinguished from H. harmonicus by having the caudal fin with 23 or 24 rays, subtruncate and longer in males, measuring 34.5 - 36.4 % SL (vs. with 22 or 22 rays, round, measuring 31.2 - 33.2 % SL), and from H. hamadryades by having the dorsal-fin origin just posterior to anal-fin origin in males (vs. anterior) and between the base of 3 rd and 5 th anal-fin rays in females (vs. between the base of 1 st and 3 rd anal-fin rays), and the second proximal radial of the dorsal fin between neural spines of the 7 th and 8 th vertebrae in males (vs. between neural spines of the 5 th and 7 th).	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
94ABA150DF49B46F0AC04FE2A2B7ED2F.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data appear in Table 2. Body relatively deep, compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Head narrow, sub-triangular in lateral view. Jaws short, teeth numerous, conical, irregularly arranged; outer teeth hypertrophied, inner teeth small and numerous. Vomerine teeth absent. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch 3 + 9, gill-rakers long, straight, without denticles. Urogenital papilla conical in males, pocket-shaped in females, slightly projecting over anterior part of anal fin. Dorsal and anal fins relatively short, extremities rounded to slightly pointed in both sexes, without filamentous rays. Caudal fin subtruncate in males, rounded in females. Pectoral fin elliptical, posterior margin reaching between base of 6 th and 9 th anal-fin ray in males, reaching anus in females. Pelvic fin small, tip reaching between base of 3 rd and 5 th anal-fin rays in males, reaching base of 1 st anal-fin ray in females; pelvic-fin bases medially united. Dorsal-fin origin at vertical between base of 1 st and 2 nd anal-fin rays in males, between base of 3 rd and 5 th anal-fin rays in females. Dorsal-fin rays 22 - 24 in males, 15 - 17 in females; anal-fin rays 21 - 22 in males, 17 - 19 in females; caudal-fin rays 23 - 24; pectoral-fin rays 12 -; pelvic-fin rays 5 - 6. In males, minute papillate contact organs on inner surface three dorsal-most pectoral-fin rays. Second proximal radial of dorsal fin between neural spines of 7 th and 8 th vertebrae in males, between neural spines of 11 th and 12 th vertebrae in females; first proximal radial of anal fin between pleural ribs of 6 th and 8 th vertebrae in males, between pleural ribs of 8 th and 9 th vertebrae in females; total vertebrae 26 - 27. Scales small, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except anterior ventral surface of head. Body squamation extending over anterior 20 % of caudal-fin base and gently extending on middle portion of anal-fin base; no scales on dorsal and pectoral-fin bases. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales overlapping medially; no row of scales anterior to G-scale; supraorbital scales 1 - 2. Longitudinal series of scales 25 - 26; transverse series of scales 10; scale rows around caudal peduncle 12. One minute contact organ per scale of ventral portion of flank. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 11 - 14; parietal 2; anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1; infraorbital 2 + 20 - 24; preorbital 3 - 4; otic 1 - 2, post-otic 2 - 3; supratemporal 1; median opercular 1, ventral opercular 2; pre-opercular 15 - 17, mandibular 10; lateral mandibular 4, paramandibular 1.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
94ABA150DF49B46F0AC04FE2A2B7ED2F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Hypsolebias gardneri is known only from the type locality (14 ° 17 ' 39 " S, 43 ° 42 ' 32 " W, altitude about 500 m a. s. l.; Figure 3), a wide temporary pool, with dense aquatic vegetation in open areas and bushes concentrated on part of the pool bank. Specimens of Hypsolebias pterophyllus Costa, 2012 were common in all parts of the pool, whereas specimens of H. gardneri have their distribution restricted to shadow areas, under marginal bushes. The pool was sampled a single time (31 January 2010), when the whole type series was collected. No similar pools were found in the region, thus it is not possible to evaluate its conservation status.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
94ABA150DF49B46F0AC04FE2A2B7ED2F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name gardneri in honour of Scottish naturalist George Gardner, who was in the Caatinga during his trip to Brazil between 1836 and 1841, making rich natural history collections. His reports on the region, and the numerous plant species and Cretaceous fossil fish collected by him represent important landmarks of our knowledge about Caatinga biodiversity.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
0ABA1DD4B1BADF2474B86FFB1AA64C33.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hypsolebias hamadryades is distinguished from all other species of the H. magnificus complex by the absence of dark greenish grey bars on the anterior portion of the flank in males (vs. presence) and presence of transverse blue stripes on the unpaired fins in males wider than interspace (vs. transverse series of dots or stripes narrower than interspace). It also differs from all other species of the complex by the following combination of character states relative to the male colour pattern: dorsal fin with transverse blue stripes and one basal row of blue dots (vs. rows of blue dots on the whole fin in H. picturatus); anal fin with transverse blue stripes on most portion of the fin (vs. dots and short vermiculate marks arranged on most part of the fin in H. gardneri, H. harmonicus and H. picturatus); and most portion of caudal fin with blue bars (vs. anterior half of caudal fin with transverse rows of blue dots, posterior half with transverse blue bars in H. gardneri and H. harmonicus, or dots on the entire fin in H. picturatus), and the presence of eight to ten light red bars between humeral region and the anterior part of the caudal peduncle (vs. six or seven in H. magnificus, H. harmonicus and H. gardneri). Hypsolebias hamadryades is further distinguished from H. gardneri and H. picturatus by having the dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin in males (vs. just posterior anterior) and from H. harmonicus by having 23 or 24 caudal-fin rays (vs. 21 or 22).	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
0ABA1DD4B1BADF2474B86FFB1AA64C33.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data appear in Table 3. Body relatively deep, compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical just anterior to pelvic-fin base. Dorsal and ventral profiles of head and trunk slightly convex, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Head narrow, sub-triangular in lateral view. Jaws short, teeth numerous, conical, irregularly arranged; outer teeth hypertrophied, inner teeth small and numerous. Vomerine teeth absent. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch 3 + 9, gill-rakers short, straight, without denticles. Urogenital papilla conical in males, pocket-shaped in females, slightly projecting over anterior part of anal fin. Dorsal and anal fins relatively short, extremities rounded to slightly pointed in both sexes, without filamentous rays. Caudal fin rounded. Pectoral fin elliptical, posterior margin reaching base of 7 th anal-fin ray in males, reaching anus in females. Pelvic fin small, tip reaching between base of 2 nd and 3 rd anal-fin rays in males, reaching urogenital papilla in females; pelvic-fin bases medially united. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin in males, anal-fin origin at vertical between base of 1 st and 3 rd dorsal-fin rays; dorsal-fin origin posterior to anal-fin origin in females, dorsal-fin origin at vertical between base of 1 st and 3 rd anal-fin rays in females. Dorsal-fin rays 22 - 26 in males, 15 - 17 in females; anal-fin rays 20 - 23 in males, 18 - 19 in females; caudal-fin rays 23 - 24; pectoral-fin rays 12 - 13; pelvic-fin rays 5 - 6. In males, minute papillate contact organs on inner surface of dorsal-most pectoral-fin ray. Second proximal radial of dorsal fin between neural spines of 5 th and 7 th vertebrae in males, between neural spines of 10 th and 12 th vertebrae in females; first proximal radial of anal fin between pleural ribs of 7 th and 9 th vertebrae in males, between pleural ribs of 8 th and 10 th vertebrae in females; total vertebrae 27 - 29. Scales small, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except anterior ventral surface of head. Body squamation extending over anterior 25 % of caudal-fin base; no scales on dorsal, anal and pectoral-fin bases. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales overlapping medially; no row of scales anterior to H-scale; one supraorbital scale. Longitudinal series of scales 26; transverse series of scales 11; scale rows around caudal peduncle 12. One minute contact organ per scale of anteroventral portion of flank. Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 14 - 16; parietal 2; anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1; infraorbital 2 + 18 - 20; preorbital 2; otic 2 - 3, post-otic 2; supratemporal 1; median opercular 1, ventral opercular 1; pre-opercular 12 - 15, mandibular 10; lateral mandibular 5, paramandibular 1.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
0ABA1DD4B1BADF2474B86FFB1AA64C33.taxon	distribution	Distribution and conservation. Hypsolebias hamadryades is only known from a pool in the floodplains of the Gorutuba River, within the town of Janauba, Minas Gerais, Brazil (15 ° 48 ' 06 " S, 43 ° 19 ' 19 " W, altitude about 530 m a. s. l.; Figure 3). This area has been studied since January 2002 (Costa, 2006), but H. hamadryades was first collected only in 2017. Previous field studies revealed two endemic seasonal killifishes, H. janaubensis (Costa, 2006) and Cynolebias gorotuba Costa, 2017, as well as an intense process of urbanization which result in the complete extirpation of all temporary pools studied between 2002 and 2010 (Costa 2017). The type locality pool of H. hamadryades was only found in January 2017, since it was hidden by a dense Caatinga forest. The pool occupied an area of about 100 m 2 and was about 1 m deep. The whole pool was densely populated by adult specimens of H. janaubensis, whereas individuals of H. hamadryades, mostly juvenile specimens below 20 mm SL including, were found only in a small part of the pool containing shaded zones, near the pool margins, where bushes were concentrated. The largest males exhibited damaged caudal fins, indicating possible territorial disputes as commonly occurring in other seasonal killifishes. A new collecting trip was made in April 2017, when physical conditions of the pool were nearly identical to the first collection, except that the pool was shallower (about 0.5 m at deepest places). At that time, however, only two females and no males of H. hamadryades were found. According to local people, pools in the region did not dry between January and the period of the second collection.	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
0ABA1DD4B1BADF2474B86FFB1AA64C33.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name hamadryades is an allusion to the occurrence of the new species in the forested part of a Caatinga temporary pool. This name was used by the Bavarian naturalist Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius for the Caatinga in his classification of vegetation formations of Brazil, in which he used names of Greek mythological beings to name each Brazilian phytogeographical province. The name is opportune by referring to hamadryades, a particular kind of Greek nymph entity that is believed to be associated to trees, vanishing when trees die. Similarly, field studies have shown that populations of species of the H. magnificus group became extinct after marginal deforestation (see discussion below).	en	Costa, Wilson J. E. M., Amorim, Pedro F., Mattos, Jose Leonardo O. (2018): Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebiasmagnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). ZooKeys 777: 141-158, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058
