identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039F807CFFC4B266FCDFAF3779A2E86B.text	039F807CFFC4B266FCDFAF3779A2E86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus capricorni Stuckenberg 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus capricorni sp. n.</p>
            <p>A species with an almost entirely reddish-brown abdomen. The thorax is dull black, generally lacks coloured reflections, and is quite heavily punctate. The antennae are short, and the femora are reddish-brown without bands of darker colour. The epandrium is elongated, and there is a large, median, finger-like projection on the ventral surface of the penis sheath. The ejaculatory apodeme-isvery large.</p>
            <p>Male.-Head: Face yellow, evenly covered with distinot punctures, and with a sparse silvery-white facial pile; a narrow, median stripe present, extending from oral margin almost to bese of antennae, conspicuously ligneous brown over the facial tubercle and almost colourless on its upper third. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a strip of dark brown. Two basal segments of antennae leather brown, the first slightly paler than the second; third segment dull crineous, paler on its lower half, and twice a4 long as first two segments together. Vertex black, with pale violaceous reflections. Stripes of hair on eyes moderately distinct, and each outer stripe broadly interrupted in the middle. Thorax: Mesonotum dull black with colourless reflections, in some positions appearing to be the colour of pencil lead; irregularly and conspicuously punctate. Mesonotal pile short, erect and yellow. Dorsal stripes pale; just meeting at anterior margin of prewutum, and diverging posteriorly, each becoming narrower and ending almost in a point at posterior margin of scutum. Scutellum fusoous on basal half, slightly paler medially, and with apical half of the same yellow aa the face. Fourteen yellowish-brown, prominent scutelhr teeth present, each tipped with brown. Laterally the scutellum bears a few longish, silvery white hairs. Legs.- All femora reddish-brown, almost dark amber, and translucent. Apical sixth of each femur and basal half of each tibia pale yellow. Tarsi ferruginous. Wings: Hyaline, with a glossy membrane. Stigma yellow, slightly tinged with brown; subcosta, humeral cross-vein, basal and apical parts of first longitudinal veiu testaceous; remainder of veins very dark brown. Abdomen (fig. 6): A distinctive reddish-brown, almost ferruginous, and a little dark on the apical segments; corners and knob-like protuberances of the first segment fusco-piceous. Third and fourth segments distinctly carinate, with somewhat flattened sides. Abdomen subtruncated apically, with abruptly rounded corners; ita margins diverging, each curving only slightly, then curving rapidly into prominent shoulders; greatest width ie across middle of first segment. The three pairs of white vittae distinct, and not meeting in the median line; transverse furrows on third and fourth segments narrow and moderately deep. Surface of second, third, fourth, and to a lesser extent the fifth, segments quite heavily sculptured, and with numerous small, inconspicuous, reclinate black hairs. First tergite smoother, but quite heavily punctate. Short, white hairs present on all segments, most noticeably on the fifth, where they are quite long; elsewhere they are reclimte, sparse and inconspicuous. ffenitalia (fig. 3): Epandrium elongate and rectangular, with its dorsal posterior corner broadly rounded; about twice as long as deep. Cerci inconspicuous. Seen dorsally the epandrium is as broad as long, with protuberances at each apical corner. Styles have almost parallel margins, with apex curved slightly forward and bluntly rounded; each style about as long as epandrium is deep. Inferior claspers moderately developed; drawn dorsally into projecting points, and ventrally flattened and truncated; a little shorter than the styles. Superior claspers borne on bluntly pointed processes of penissheath. Penis-sheath bears a ventral, median, finger-like projection that curves gently forward and which is about three-quarters as long as inferiorclaspers. Ejaculatory apodeme (fig. 4) very large, as large as hypopygium; shaped like an open umbrella, with a broad flattened handle that is abruptly narrowed at its end; the " umbrella " portion about as deep as one-half of the length of the handle, and ellipsoidal in sh a p i ts greatest width approximately equal to the length of the handle.</p>
            <p>Length 7.2 mm.</p>
            <p>  Holotype male. SOUTHERN RHODESIA:  Sawmills , 26. xii. 1919. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo. </p>
            <p>Ferrule.-Vestiture better developed than in the holotype, the white hairs on the abdomen and the stripes on the eyes being more conspicuous. b nt black with bluish reflections, and bordered by two strips of silvery-white tomentum which broaden at their upper ends. Mesonotum in some positions shows faint blue reflections. Thirteen soutellar teeth. Abdomen (fig. 6) darker, fourth segment entirely fusco-piceous behind median vith; area between first two pairs of vittae blackish laterally with faint blue reflections, and reddish-brown in the centre; anterior corners of third segment and sides of second segment dark, also with faint blue reflections; shoulders pale; remainder of abdomen reddish-brown. Abdomen stouter, deeper and less obviously carinate than that of holotype, with tergites rounded in cross-section and margins more curved. Fourth sternite fusco-piceousand fifth reddish-brown suffused with black.</p>
            <p>Length 7.2 mm.</p>
            <p> Allotype female, SOUTHERN RHODESIA: Sabi River, iii. 1939. In the collection of the Department of Agriculture of Southern Rhodesia, Salisbury, (no. 6626) . </p>
            <p>  Paratypes: SOUTH-WEST AFRICA:  Kaoko Otavi , iii. 1926, l ♂;  Ombombo, ii.1926, 1 ♀. In the South African Museum, Cape Town. BELGIAN CONGO: Elisabethville, 5. iv.1912, 1 ♂ (Dr. J. C. Bequaert). In the Museé du Congo Belge, Tervuren, Belgium.  UGANDA: Karamoja Province,  Lobwor Hills ,  Aremo , iv.1951, 1 ♂ (T. H. E. Jackson). In the Coryndon Museum,Nairobi.   SOUTHERN RHODESIA:  Sawmills , 1.iv. 1923; 1 ♂;  25. xii. 1925,l ♀; 27. xii. 1920, 1 ♀. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia.  ZULULAND:  M’fongosi , iii. -iv.1935, 1 ♀, 2 ♂ (W. E. Jones). In the South African Museum, Cape Town.   SOUTH AFRICA:  Pretoria , 30, i.1915, 1 ♂;  Barberton, 9.x. 1919, 1♀;  P. (Premier?)  Mine , 11.iv.1914, 1 ♀ (H. K. Munro). In the South African National Insect Collection, Department of Entomology, Pretoria.   Komati Poort , xi. 1918, 1 ♂ (R. W. Tucker). In the South African Museum. </p>
            <p>The male from Aremo, Uganda, is of exceptional interest as its abdomen is entirely dull black; its antennae are almost black; the sides ofthemesonotum have green and cupreous reflections, the pile is brassy,the face isdusky yellow, and the median vitta is very dark and conspicuous. The specimen from Pretoria has amber legs and slight blue-green reflections on thethorax. The abdomen of the male from Elisabethville has a coloration likethatofthe allotype, except that the sides of the second segment are testaceous. The number of scutellar teeth varies from thirteen to fifteen. The genitalia of each male paratype have been examined and no variation has bcen noticed. The female from Premier Mine, South Africa, has a distinctly orangeabdomen which is broader than that of the allotype and has the fourthand fifth sternites yellowish brown; the legs are amber. Shortest paratype 5.4 mm., longest paratype 7-8 mm.</p>
            <p> Remarks.-This species is easily distinguished from the other African species by the shape and colour of the abdomen. The females may resemble those of P. azurea  subsp. scrupeus , but differ in that they lack the spotsof pollen before the anterior ocellus. The name was suggested by the distribution of the specimens before me, which are grouped approximately across the Tropic of Capricorn. The male paratype from Elisabethville is the one mentioned by Herv 6-Bazin (1914)-the female which he records is probably also of this species. ’ </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFC4B266FCDFAF3779A2E86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFCAB265FCB4A9D77AC0E8BD.text	039F807CFFCAB265FCB4A9D77AC0E8BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus pusillus Stuckenberg 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus pusillus sp. n.</p>
            <p>A narrow, dark species with very short mesonotal pile. The vertex of the male is closed behind by two posteriorly converging strips of tomentum. The femora are testaceous and lack bands of darker colour. The abdomen is very dark, except for a patch of lighter colour over the second and third segments. The females have a small, oval, diagonal spot of pollen on each side of the anterior ocellus. The styles are foliaceous and there is a prominent, median, finger-like process on the ventral surface of the penis-sheath. The ejaculatory apodeme is smaller than the hypopygium.</p>
            <p> Mak.-Hrlead: Face creamy-yellow, with indistinct punctures and a sparse short silvery white pile; facial stripe extends upwards to base of antennae, and is almost colourless except over the facial tubercle, where it is pale brown. Oral tubercle piceous and surrounded by a strip of light brown. Antennae shorter than the face; h t segment badious; second similar, but dark above; third segment crineous, becoming brownish below, and twice as long as first two together. Vertex black with an admixture of brown, showing pale blue and cupreous reflections; bordered posteriorly by two small arms of silvery tomentum which converge at edge of occiput and extend anteriorly, ending at sides of vertex just past upper corners ofcompound eyes. Stripes of hair oneyes indistinct, the outer on each eye being almost absent and the inner two intermingling. Thorax: Mesonotum shining black with metallic blue and grey, and some slight cupreous reflections; conspicuouslypunctate. Mesonotal pile very short and scanty-it is bombycinous. Stripes on mesonotum moderately heavy, more so than in P. mpricorni; converging anteriorly for a short distance, and not ending in sharp points posteriorly. Pileonposterior humeri slightly longer and paler. Scutellum creamy on apical third, colourless on middle third, end basally black with a strong admixture of brown. Fourteen long, yellow scutellar teeth. Legs: Femora testaceous basally, creamy-yellowon apical fifth. Posterior tibiae rreamy-yellow basally, distally ferrugino-testaceous like the posterior tarsi. The two anterior pairs of tibiae creamy-yellow on basal half, testaceous distally. The two anterior pairs of tarsi testaceous, paler than femora. Wings: Hyaline, with a yellow stigma that is slightly tinged with brown. Apex of subcosta pale, almost the eame colour as stigma. Remainder of veins ligneous brown, not as heavy as in cuprimmi. Abdomen (fig. 9): Very different from that of  P. capricorni . Very dark, especially on fist and last two segments. First segment almost entirely fusco-piceous except for a small, median, testaceous patch on its posterior margin. Second segment reddish in the centre, pale amber laterally, then slightly reddish.brown, the margins and shoulders fusco-piceouswith pale blue reflections. Third segment dark reddish-brown with a darker median area, and beooming very dark on sides. Fourth segment entirely fusco-piceous, the fifth similar, except that it is margined with reddish-brown. Anterior vittae distinct, though not clearly dehed against the pale colour of the second segment; middle and posterior paira distinct, and each pair almost meets in the midline. Third and fourth segments distinctly &amp;ate; their sides more rounded than in P. cupicorni. Abdomen not robust, and narrow, with hardly prominent shoulders and margins nearly parallel; its apex rounded. Transverse troughs in which the vittae of third and fourth segments lie large and deep, especially the anterior pair. Tergites distinctly sculptured, inoluding fist segment; in addition there are numerous deep, round punctures evenly distributed over all tergites. A thin covering of short, very inconspicuous,reclinate black hairs, and longer, sparse, thin, white hairs present, erect on first segment and reclinate elsewhere. Genitalia (fig. 7): Epandrium rectangular, with posterior margin inclined at an angle to lower margin. Ratio of upper to lower margins 5: 8. Epandrium about aa deep as length of upper margin; its lower, posterior corner broadly rounded and produced. Cerci long, flattened and moderately prominent. Styles foliaceous when seen from the side, with upper and lower margins sinuate, upper more so than lower, both coming together at an acute angle and ending in a somewh.tt deflexed point. Inferior claspers well developed; extending ventrally into rounded lobes that project below level of penis sheath and bend cephalad a little; dorsally they are tnincated at about level of lower margin of epandrium, with dorsal edge concave and meeting outer margin in a point; each about aa long as epandrium is deep, Superior claspers borne on broad lobes with straightened edges. </p>
            <p>Ventrally penis-sheath bears a finger-like projection that has a slightly concave inner surface, and which is about half a8 long as an inferior clasper. Ejaculatory apodeme missing in the preparation.</p>
            <p>Length 6.2 mm.</p>
            <p>  Holotype male, SOUTHERN RHODESIA:  Sawmills , 23.x. 1922. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo. </p>
            <p>Female.-Facial stripe as broad as facial tubercle, and light ligneous brown. Tomentose strips on h nt linear and uniformly wide, and each with a short, beak-like, incurved hook of tomenturn at upper end. Also a small, oval, diagonal spot of pollen on eaoh side of anterior ocellus. Front black, with some metallic reflections. Stripes of hair on eyss distinct. Apical half of scutellum creamy-yellow; fourteen ecutellar teeth. Abdomen like that of holotype, but darker; entirely piceous behind first pair of vittae and has a wq dark fusiform patch in centre of second tergite. Abdomen (fig. 10) rounded in crosshection and slightly carinate, its shape similar to that of abdomen of holotype, but margins very gently curved from shoulders to apex. Fourth and fifth sternites shining black.</p>
            <p>Length 64 mm.</p>
            <p> Allotype female, SOUTH-WEST AFRICA: Zesfontein, ii. 1925. In the South African Museum, Cape Town.</p>
            <p>  Paratypes: SOUTH-WEST AFRICA:  Kaross , 1 ♂, 1 ♀;  Zesfontein, 1 ♂, 2 ♀; Warmbad, 5 ♀, ii. 1925. In the South African Museum, Cape Town.</p>
            <p> The males are like the holotype, except that they are smaller and darker, the thorax of each specimen with only slightly coloured reflections. Each has only ten scutellar teeth and the yellow of the scutellum occupies the apical Mf. Their genitalia differ in having the styles with only slightly sinuate margins. The ejaculatory apodeme (fig. 8) from one paratype is very different from that of  P. capricorni . It is much smaller than the hypopygium, and consists of a stem-like portion which bears a hood. The stem is very broadly flattened at its junction with the hood, expanding laterally into short, flattened flanges, and then tapering off quite slowly for a distance about equal to the greatest width of the hood-at this point it constricts slightly and then becomes cylindrical for a short length, finally dilating into a funnel-shaped apex. The hood is ellipsoidal, slightly distorted, and concave; dorsally it is furrowed over its greatest width along the line of attachment of the stem. </p>
            <p>Of the female paratypes, two (Warmbad) are of the same size as the allo. type, the rest smaller. They all have the coloured reflections of the thorax very poorly developed. The number of scutellar teeth varies from nine to fourteen. All appear to be almost completely black except for the lighter colouring on the second abdominal segment, and some have very reddish legs. Shortest paratype 4.6 mm., longest paratype 6.8 mm.</p>
            <p> Remurks.-This species is distinguished by its small size, generally dark coloration and narrow body. It is easily separated from  P. capricorni by the characters given in the key above, and from the other African species by its very short mesonotal pile. It appears to be most closely related to P. serratgs (Fabricius). The dark coloration of the specimens from South-West Africa my be due to development under the semi-arid conditions usually prevailing there. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFCAB265FCB4A9D77AC0E8BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFC9B263FCFAA98078D2E61C.text	039F807CFFC9B263FCFAA98078D2E61C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus azurea Hull 1949	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus azurea Hull, 1949 . </p>
            <p>This species was established by Hull on a female taken in Sokotra by W. R. 0. Grant. The male in the same collection was apparently overlooked, although its capture was recorded by Ricardo (1903:368), who also noted the bright metallic reflections of the thorax, the abbreviated condition of the mesonotal stripes in the male, and the absence of mesonotal stripes in the female. Grant added a note to the effect that the species was apparently scarce on the island.</p>
            <p>A species with very long mesonotal pile and bright metallic reflections on the thorax. The mesonotal stripes are absent in the female, reduced in the male. The femora are banded with brown. The abdomen lacks sculpturation. There is a protuberance on each side of the epandrium near the lower, anterior corners.</p>
            <p> Bale.-Head:Face yellow, a little creamy, with a quite heavy, silvery white pile and a few small punctures. Facial stripe dark ligneous brown, its upper fifth thin and nearly colourless. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a strip of black which merges on each side with the black border of the oral margins. Basal segment of antennae brunneous; second segment the darkest, being fuscous dorsally and with a small spot of dark reddishbrown below; third segment light crineous, darker dorsally, lighter on inner and ventral surfaces, rather elongated and cylindrical, and just over two-and-a-half times as long as first two segments together. Vertex fusco-piceouswith pale violaceous reflections. Outer two stripes of hair on each eye distinct, inner stripe twice as broad as any of the others, and less sharply defined. Thorax: Mesonotum shining black with strong blue reflections, and a few violaceous reflections on the sides. A pair of pale, abbreviated dorsal stripesthese not meeting anteriorly and ending posteriorly just past the transverse suture. Meaonotal pile long, erect and white. Punctures on mesonotum small and widely separated. Basal third of scutellum fusco-piceous,the rest yellow; these two colours separated by a narrow, indefinite line of pale brown. Nineteen scutellar teeth of unequal length, those in the middle only half length of those on outside; each tipped with brown. Legs: Posterior femora dark brown in the centre; basal quarter dark testaceous and the apical fifth creamy-yellow. Posterior tibiae creamy for a little more than basal third, remainder tawny with a narrow, dark, median band. Posterior metatarsi fusco-testaceous but suffused with dark brown, the following segments similar but lighter, the la&amp; pale testaceous. Two anterior pairs of femora reddish-brown, with distal third creamy-yellow. Two anterior pairs of tibiae creamy-yellowfor a little more than basal half, pale testa.ceous elsewhere. Two anterior pairs of tarsi pale testaceoub. Wings: Hyaline, with a slightly clouded, yellow stigma. Subcosta yellowish-brown,its apex a little paler. Rest of veins ligneous brown, darker and a little heavier than in  P. pusillus but not as dark or as heavy as in caprGxn-ni. Abdomen (fig. 16): Resembles that of  pusillus . Sides and knob-like protuberances of first segment, and shoulders and margins of second segment all piceous with dull blue reflections: this dark colour proceeds more narrowly down entire margin of second segment to end a t apical corners. Both first and second segments broadly translucent yellowish-brownover middle. Area between first two pairs of vittae irregularly dark reddish-brown and fusoous. Abdomen fusco-piceous behind the last pair of vittae except for an irregular reddish-brown, translucent patch which occupies about half of fifth segment and extends a little onto posterior part of fourth segment. Abdomen not carinate, angular, as if a little pinched, between vittae of third segment. Only a trace of a vitta on fifth segment; anterior vittae lie in shallow troughs that broaden very considerably laterally, and are somewhat indistinct against the pale colour of the second segment. Middle pair of vittae lie in very shallow and narrow troughs that do not widen laterally. Abdomen differs from that of P. eapricorni and  pusillus in the complete lack of sculpturation, tergites being smooth except for numerous deep, round, widely separated punctures. Short reclinate black hairs and some longer white hairs present on first segment, absent on the following two, and present on fifth segment and posterior margin of fourth. Genitalia (fig. 13): Epandrium rectangular, a little longer than deep;near the lower, anterior margin swollen into an anteriorly directed protuberance which is better developed on right side than on left. Cerci rounded and prominent. Styles flattened, with almost parallel margins, the upper margin sinuous, the lower slightly so; each style truncated apically and has upper distal corner produced. Inferior claspers moderately developed, rather ear-like with a slight ventral lobe, a somewhat pointed dorsal lobe, and a base nearly as broad as the whole. Superior claspers borne on broad lobes which have irregular margins. Penis-sheath brwdly rounded below, with a slight transverse groove, and entirely lacking the finger-likeprojection found in P.cupricorni and  pusillus . Ejaculatory apodeme missing in the preparation. </p>
            <p>Length 7.4 mm.</p>
            <p>  Allotype male, SOKOTRA:  Hadibu Plains , 13.ii.1899, (W. R. 0. Grant). In the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 1916-75. </p>
            <p>Remarks.-A very distinctive species on account of its long mesonotal pile, bright mesonotal reflections, and modified condition of the mesonotal stripes in both sexes. It is represented in Africa by the following subspecies, which seems to extend from Aden down the east coast as far south as Mozambique. The isolation of the typical €orm has probably accounted for its divergence from the continental stock.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFC9B263FCFAA98078D2E61C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFCFB261FD88A7407843E7A8.text	039F807CFFCFB261FD88A7407843E7A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus Latreille 1804	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus azurea Hull, subsp. scrupeus subsp. n.</p>
            <p>This subspecies differs from the typical form in having well developed sculpturation on the abdomen. The mesonotal stripes are complete in the male, almost complete in the female. The mesonotal pile is a little shorter, and the coloured reflections of the thorax are not as bright. The female has a small, diagonal spot of pollen on each side of the anterior ocellus.</p>
            <p> Male.-Heud: Face a darker yellow, with oral tubercle piceous but surrounded by a fusco-piceous band. A n t e m differ in that second segment is only slightly dark above, and third segment is yellowish-brown on its lower half. Stripes of hair on eyes all of equal width. Thorax: Mesonotum a duller black, with some blue and violaceous reflections. Mesonotal pile shorter, but longer than that of P. q im i and much longer than that of  pusillus : it is bombycinous. Mesonotal stripes conspicuous and white, extending to base of scutellum-quite narrow and tapering only slightly, not ending in sharp points. Twelve subequal scutellar teeth, moderately long and each tippod with dark brown. Legs: Posterior femora less extensively brown, yellowish-testaceous on basal half, creamy-yellow on apical sixth and with a brown band between. Basal third of each posterior tibia creamy-yellow, tawny on remaining two-thirds. Posterior tarsi tawny. Two anterior pairs of femora yellowish-testaceous on basal two-thirds, a little lighter than on posterior pair, and creamy-yellowon the rest. The two pairs of remaining tibiae creamy yellow on basal half and, with their tarsi, the same colour as the femora elsewhere. Wings: Stigma pale, clear yellow, and veins light brown; subcosta and apical part of first longitudinal vein yellowish-brown. Abdomen: Broader than in allotype of P. azurea, and shoulders more prominent; sides flattened and triangular in crosssection, differing in this respect from P. ca/pricorni and  pusillus which have distinctly rounded sides. Third and fourth segments distinctly carinate. Sculpturation strongly developed on all segments. Transverse troughs on third segment not quite as deep or as wide. Abdomen brown, translucent, a little darker and reddish in places. Sides of second segment narrowly fusco-piceous, this dark colour continuing onto apical corners of first segment. Genitalia: Hypopygium similar to that of allotype of P. azurea described above, including presence of protuberances on each side of epandrium, but differs in some characters. Lower edge of epandrium a little arched, instead of being straight. Styles more produced apioally, and almost straight below, but with a deeply sinuous upper margin. Base of penis-sheath with a distinct transverse furrow. Ejaculatory apodeme (fig. 14) larger than hypopygium, made up of two pad, an umbrella-like hood and a handle. The latter flat, expanded into wide lateral flanges along its basal attachment to the umbrella, slightly constricted apically and ending in a rounded knob. </p>
            <p>Umbrella ellipsoidal and concave, with a furrow along line of attachment to the handle, only half as deep as that of P. qriwrni.</p>
            <p>Length 7.2 mm.</p>
            <p> Holotype male, ARABIA: Aden, 28. ii. 1895 (Lt. Col. C. G. Nurse). In the the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 1934-8.</p>
            <p>Female.-The single female before me differs fiom the holotype of P. azurea in many features. Lower half of frons reddish-brown, lighter just above base of antennae-this light patch bordered on each side by a strip of tomentum which widens dorsally and which is enlarged inwards at the upper end, the enlargement of each side not touching the other but separated mowly. Dorsal part of from bluish-black. On each side of anterior ocellus a small, oval, diagonal spot of pollen. Thorax black, with cyanescent and violaceous reflections. Meaonotal pile moderately long. Mesonotal stripes silvery-grey, just meeting anteriorly, and narrowing very abruptly posteriorly midway between transverse suture and scuhllum, continuing to margin of scutellum as faint, broken, greyish lines. Posterior femora translucent and testaceous except for apical seventh, which is pale yellow. Wing veins light brown and thin. Scutellum fusco-piceouswith a strong admixture of brown on basal half, yellow on the rest. Fourteen scutellar teeth which are conspicuouslytipped with red-brown. Abdomen (fig. 6) very strongly carinate, deep and bowl-like-very broad and enlarged. Sides curve strongly backwards from prominent shoulders. Whole abdomen, including shoulders, dark red-brown-some fusco-piceous patches prewnt on most of the segments, apparently due to consolidation of the contents of the abdomen and their adherence to the tergites. A well developed sculpturation on posterior four segments-the first segment coarsely punctate. Transverse troughs on third segment narrow and quite deep, and outer end of each curves backwards. Troughs on fourth segment likewise narrow and quite deep, but linear. Vittae white and prominent. Fourth trnd fifth sternites brown, irregularly marked with black.</p>
            <p>Length 7.2 mm.</p>
            <p>  Allotype female, SOUTHERN RHODESIA:  Sawmills , 25. xii. 1925. In the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo. </p>
            <p> Paratypes: ARABIA: Aden, 5.iii. 1895, 1 ♂ (Lt.-Col. G. G. Nurse). In the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 193-8. ZANZIBAR: nr. Mazi Moja, 20.viii.1924, 4 ♂ (H. J. Snell). In the British Museum (Natural History). PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA: Masiene, xii.1924, 1 ♂ (R. F. Lawrence). In the South African National Insect Collection, Department of Entomology, Pretoria.  Delagoa Bay,  Inhaca Island , 29. iv. 1953, 2 ♂ (E. Giddy). </p>
            <p>The male from Aden has very heavy, silvery-white mesonotal stripes. The specimens from Zanzibar have the thorax more intensely black, with very dark blue re3ections; two of the specimens have a creamy-yellow face, the other two are typical but have a very dark and conspicuous facial stripe. There is considerable variation in the colour of the abdomen, one specimen from Zanzibar being entirely fusco-piceous behind the first pair of vittae and over most of the first segment; the same specimen has pale antennae, the third segment being yellowish-brown. The male from Masiene has a very broad abdomen, shorter than in the other specimens, and which is dark fuscopiceous on the sides of the first three segments and entirely.so on the fourth and fifth segments, translucent reddish-brown elsewhere. The genitalia of each male paratype has been examined and all are similar to that of the allotype of P. azurea; in each case the lower edge of the epandrium is straight, the condition found in the holotype of scrupms apparently being unusual. The number of scutellar teeth varies from eleven to fourteen. Shortest paratype 5.4 mm., longest paratype 7.8 mm.</p>
            <p> Remark-Specimens from the more southern part of the range of this subspecies may possibly be confused with  P. capricorni as they tend to be darker than those from the north and have slightIy shorter mesonotal pile. The males may be distinguished by the genitalia and by the longer antennae, while the females have a spot of pollen on each side of the anterior ocellus. The nine specimens taken at Aden by Yerbury (Verrall: 1898) probably belong to this subspecies. The specimens from Eritrea determined by Speiser (1911) as P. serfatus almost certainly belong here, probably also the specimens from Egypt referred to by Efflatoun Bey (1926),and those from Lourenpo Marques recorded by Curran (1938). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFCFB261FD88A7407843E7A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFCDB27AFD35A6947F6FEEE8.text	039F807CFFCDB27AFD35A6947F6FEEE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus crenulatus Thomson 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus crenulatus Thomson, 1868 . </p>
            <p> This species was erected by Thomson on material from unspecified localities in China. From his description it would seem to differ from  P. serratus as then understood in having extensively dark femora, longish antennae, the mesonotal stripes narrowed behind, and the wings yellowish at the base. </p>
            <p> I have specimens before me from the following localities:   SARAWAK: foot of Mt. Dulit at Junction of rivers  Tinjar and  Lejoh , 22. viii.1932, 11. x. 1932, 3 ♂, 1♀ (B. M. Hobby, A. W. Moore), B.M. 1933-254.   HONGKONG: Hong Kong Peak, 22-24. ix. 1937,1300 - 1600 ft.;  University Grounds , 1-10. xii. 1937, 2 ♂, 4 ♀ (G. M. Herford), B.M. 1938-426.   JAVA:  Pekalongan , iv.1907, 1 ♂, C. H. Curran Collection, ACC. 31144.   DUTCH NEW GUINEA: Cyclops Mts.,  Sabron , 930 ft., iv. 1936,l ♀ (L. E. Cheesman), B.M. 1936-271.  CEYLON: Colombo, 14. vi. 1891, 1 ♂ (Lt.-Col. Yerbwy), B.M. 1892-192.  CELEBES:  Moho , 4000 ft., i.1936, 1 ♀ (L. E. Clzeesman), B.M. 1936-271.   INDIA:  Calcutta , xi. 1908, 1 ♂, 20.xii. 1908, 2 ♂, ex coll. Brunetti, B.M. 1927-184.   MALAYA:  Serdang , 17.xii.1923, 1 ♀ (G. H. Corbett, B. A. R. Gater), B.M. 1924-436.  Singapore, 23. v. 1911, 1 ♀ (R. Hamitsch), B.M. 1936-173.  Selangor,  Kuala Lumpur , 12.xi. 1924,l $ ♀ (H. M. P.ndlebury), B.M.1925-56.  SIAM: Bangkok, 19.vi.1929, 1 ♂, 1 $ ♀ (W. R. S. Ladell), B.M. 1930-215. All except the male from Java are in the British Museum.</p>
            <p> This is one of the most widely distributed species of the complex. It ranges over the whole of the Oriental Region and Austro-Malayan Subregion. The species which Keiser (1952) recorded from Sumba, Sumbawa, Floresand Timor as  P. serratus , and which he notes to occur alsoin the PhilippineIslands, Formosa and China, is almost certainly  P. crenulatus . It is probably the species which occurs in Australia. </p>
            <p>There is considerable variation within the species. Each ofthelarger islands has a slightly different form, and there are small differences between specimens from Malaya, Siam, India and Hong Kong. P. crenulatuscould probably be divided into several subspecies; I lack suEcient materialt o attempt this.</p>
            <p>The following description is based on the specimens from Hong Kong.</p>
            <p>Males.-Hmd: Thomson states that the face ofP. crenulatzlsiswhitishone of the males which I have has a flavescent face, translucent,and in some positions with very pale blue reflections; the other male hasa yellow face.</p>
            <p>Facial pile thin. Median stripe restricted in one specimen t o theoraltubercle,in the other reaching half-way to antennae: pale brown in both. Oral tubercleconspicuously black, and surrounded by a dark brown strip. Two basalsegmentsvery darkbrown, almost piceous above. Third segment paler, subcylindrical and a littlemorethantwice as long as first two segments.together. Vertex entirely black with violaceousreflections. The two middle stripes of hair on each eye tendto merge, buttheoutermostdistinct though narrow. Thorax: Mesonotum black, with quite strong violaceousreflections and a few faint blue reflections. Mesonotal pile quite long, erect, and shiningyellow: pale yellow on anterior humeri and shining brassy-yellow behind attachmentofwings. Mesonotal stripes pale, rather purplish when seen from above-brassy-yellowwhenviewed obliquely. Stripes unite in front, almost uniformly wide asfarbackasmidwaybetween transverse suture and scutellum, and then narrow rapidly,almostendinginpoints. Basal third of scutellum piceous, the remainderyellowish. One malehaseleven, theothertwelve pale, subequal scutellar teeth (Thomson mentions twelve teeth). Scutellarpiledecidedly longer than that of rest of mesonotum. Legs: Posterior femora testaceousonbasal seventh, yellow on apical quarter, the rest conspicuously dark brown. Posteriortibiae yellow on basal half, then banded with dark brown, and with apicalUthtawnywitha gny sheen. Posterior metatarsi dark crineous, rest of tarsalsegmentssimilarbutmore yellow. The two anterior pairs of femora yellow on apical half,luteousonbasal half. The two anterior pairs of tibiae yellow on basal half, testaceouson therest; thetwo anterior pairs of tarsi reddish-brown. Wings: Membrane suffused with yellowish-brown on the basal half, becoming paler apically. Microtrichia on membrane very dark and conspicuous, and the wing bordered posteriorly by a line which is darker than in the other species. Stigma yellowish-brown, distinctly darker than subcostal cell. Veins heawy and very dark, almost piceoua. Abdomen: Broad and rather flattened, subcarinate. Over the second segment it is triangular in cross-section, less so over succeeding segments. Shoulders prominent, sides curving gradually backwards, forming sharply rounded cornera behind. Shoulders dark fusco-piceous, with some violeceous reflections, this dark colour extending down the margin to apex of second segment, from whence it extends diagomlly across the segment to posterior margin of first segment. Anterior corners and knob-like protuberances of first segment fusco-piceous. Remainder of abdomen brownish-amber, a little reddish behind. Prominent, reclinate, black hairs arising from distinct punctures on second, third, and, to a lesser extent, fourth segment. White hairs present on fist segment,where they are thin and erect; better developed and reclinate on fourth segment, and very well developed on fifth segment. Transverse troughs of third segment well developed, rather deep, with flattened sides. Troughs on fourth segment very shallow and inconspicuous. The vittae which normally occupy these troughs almost absent in one specimen, sparingly developed in the other. Sculpturation present on second to Efth segments. Genitalia (fig. 17): Epandrium not very elongated, and its lower posterior corner bluntly rounded. Cerci rounded and prominent. Each style consists of an enlarged base and a narrow, elongated apical portion ending in a point and with sinuous upper and lower margins. Inferior claspers produced above into a moderately curved lobe which has a truncated end; ventrally tbey are produced into small, anteriorly directed lobes. Superior claspers borne on well developed, broadly rounded processes. A thin ventral projection present on penis-sheath.</p>
            <p>Females.-Colour of face variable, being either flavescent, very smoky, translucent yellow, or almost yellow-green. Frons black with some bluish reflections bordered by narrow, linear strips of tomentum that expand at the upper end into a small, inwardly directed, triangular patch. Vertex black with violaceous reflections between ocelli and cyanescent reflections on the side and behind. Number of scutellar teeth varies from eleven to thirteen. Coloration of abdomen (fig. 20) considerably different from that of males described above, and practically the same in each female. Firet segment, including knob-like protuberances, black before the transverse ridge. Second segment wholly black on the sides, this dark colour extending diagonally across to posterior margin of first segment. Remainder of first and second segments, and narrow anterior margin of third segment brownish-amber. A small, black triangular patch in middle of second segment the arms of which in one specimen extend narrowly around entire posterior border of segment. Third segment completely fusco-piceousbehind and between vittae. Fourth segment a little brownish before its vittae, remainder of segment black. Fifth segment dark brown, with irregular dark patches. All three pairs of vittae distinct and complete, though anterior margins of first pair are not clearly defined against the pale colour of anterior part of third segment. Abdomen almost uniformly broad as far back as beginning of third segment; very deep, incompletely carinate, and with slightly flattened sides. Fourth and fifth sternites dark fusco-piceous.</p>
            <p>The specimens from Sarawak have yellow faces and prominent facial stripes. The antennae are paler, and the from of the females and vertex of both sexes show strong cyanescent reflections. The thorax has violaceous and metallic cyanescent reflections. The’mesonotal stripes, when seen from above, appear as two faint, purplish strips, scarcely discernible. When the thorax is viewed obliquely the stripes appear to be brassy or slightly cupreous; in all the specimens they fade out just behind the transverse suture. The number of scutellar teeth varies from twelve to fifteen. In two specimens the wings are only moderately suffused with yellow brown, otherwise they are heavily suffused. The genitalia differ in that the styles are more strongly arched on the upper margin, the epandrium is a little more elongated, and the processes supporting the superior claspers are not as well developed. Two of the males have the abdomen red-brown behind the first pair of vittae.</p>
            <p>The female from Celebes has a darker face that is slightly tinged with brown. There are very strong cyanescent reflections on the front and vertex. The mesonotal pile is long, fine and bombycinous. The mesonotum is black and shining, with deep cyanescent reflections on the sides. The mesonotal stripes are complete though very thin over their posterior third, they are not very heavy, and are dark brassy yellow. The abdomen is greatly enlarged, almost as broad as long, and nearly circular in outline. The first-segment is almost entirely yellowish-brown, except for a small dark patch below each knob-like protuberance. The area behind the vittae on the third segment is brownish medially, fusco-piceous on the sides. The fourth segment is fuscopiceous except for a narrow, median strip of dark brown. The anterior pair of vittae are inconspicuous, while the two posterior pairs are well developed. The troughs on the third and fourth segments are very shallow.</p>
            <p>The female from Dutch New Guinea has a broad, rather flattened abdomen, with sides that curve strongly backwards. The third and fourth segments are conspicuously sculptured. The whole abdomen is a slightly reddish-brown, except for the sides and shoulders of the second segment which are piceous. The fourth and fifth sternites are yellowish-brown. The mesonotal pile is only faintly yellow, and the mesonotal stripes are silvery. The frons, vertex and entire mesonotum have deep cyanescent reflections. The tomentose strips of the vertex are linear and lack inward projections at the upper ends. The tarsi are rather ferruginous. There are eighteen scutellar teeth which are very short except for a few on each side of the scutellum.</p>
            <p>The male from Java has very heavy mesonotal stripes which are silverywhite. The sides of the abdomen (fig. 19) are not so curved, and the abdomen is rather carinate. The hob-like protuberances of the first abdominal segment are fusco-piceous with quite strong blue reflections. The sides of the second segment are dark brown. The remainder of the abdomen is a slightly yellowish brown. The troughs on the third segment are narrow and quite deep. The hypopygium is very similar to that of the Hong Kong form, except that the penis-sheath is not so deeply curved below, and the ventral process is very weak.</p>
            <p>The hypopygium of the male from Ceylon differs in certain respects from that of the Chinese specimens. The styles are not pointed apically, but bluntly rounded; the upper lobe of the inferior claspers is more attenuated and almost ends in a point; the process supporting the superior claspers is much broader.</p>
            <p>The three specimens from Calcutta are rather dark. The abdomen is marked like those of the females from Hong Kong. The mesonotal pile is white, and the mesonotal stripes are complete and silvery. The wings in each case are without any suffusion. The thorax is more coarsely punctate, and has dull violaceous and a few cupreous reflections. The genitalia (fig. 18) differ in having the penis-sheath more broadly curved below, and the styles rounded apically and not enlarged at the base.</p>
            <p>The male from Bangkok has no suffusion on the wings, and the veins are not as heavy as in the Chinese form. The thorax has some cyanescent re0ections, and the mesonotal pile is pale yellow. The mesonotal stripes are complete and silvery. The abdomen is coloured like that of the male from Java. The epandrium is about as long as deep, the styles are enlarged at the base, and the upper lobe of the inferior claspers is more produced. The female from the same locality has moderately suffused wings, heavier mesonotal pile and a darkish face; the tomentose strips of the frons are enlarged at the upper end into stout, hatchet-like projections that almost meet in the mid-line.</p>
            <p>The posterior femora of both specimens are only moderately dark.</p>
            <p>Of the females from Malaya, those from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore have almost clear wings. All have the tornentose strips of the from narrow, with stout, inwardly projecting, beak-like extensions at the upper ends, which almost meet in the mid-line. The specimen from Serdang has heavily suffused wings and has the fourth and fifth abdominal sternites brown. Shortest specimen 5.6 mm., longest specimen 6.8 mm.</p>
            <p> Remarks.-This species can usually be recognised by its suffused wings, and by the extensively dark posterior femora. It may be confused with  P. serratus (Fabricius) when the wings are clear, but the longer mesonotal pile and darker posterior femora distinguish it from that species. The shape of the abdomen is often characteristic. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFCDB27AFD35A6947F6FEEE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFD6B278FD06AC537A80EB0C.text	039F807CFFD6B278FD06AC537A80EB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus serratus (Fabricius 1805) Latreille 1804	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus serratus (Fabricius), 1805 . </p>
            <p> I have material from the localities given below: all the specimens are in the British Museum (Natural History).   NORTH-WEST INDIA:  Jubblepore , 24. ix. 1907, l ♂ (C.G.Nurse), B.M. 1934-38;  16.xi.1907, 1 ♀, ex coll. Brunetti, B.M. 1927-184.  Deesa , viii. 1901, 1 ♂ (C. G.Nurse), B.M.1934-38.  NORTH-EAST INDIA: Delhi, x. 1936, 1 ♂ (T. Jermyn), B.M.1949-53.  INDIA:  Poona , 19-27. ii. 1907, 1 ♂, ex coll. Brunetti, B.M.1927-184.   Coimbatore , 13.viii. 1912, 1♂ (R.S.V.).   Hasi , 17.xi. 1907, 1 ♀,ex coll. Brunetti, B.M. 1927-184.   Mysore,  Bangalore , 1 ♀ (E. Y. Watson). </p>
            <p>Males.-Head: Face varies from sulphur-yellow to creamy-yellow. Facialstripe undeveloped except for a colourless or blightly brown patchoverfacial tubercle. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a narrow strip ofslightlyreddish-brown. Facial pile short and thin. Two basal segments of antennae dark red-brown, the second blackish above. Third segment pale crineous above, tawny on basal half, nearly twice as long as first two segments together, and moderately stout. Vertex fusco-piceous around ocelli, with some violaceous reflections; posteriorly it is black with metallic azureous reflections. Stripes of hair on eyes quite distinct, outer stripe on each eye narrowed in the middle. Thorax: Mesonotum black with strong violaceous reflections dorsally and strong blue reflections on the sides. Mesonotsl pile short, pale, and golden-yellow. Mesonotal stripes heavy and broad, almost uniformly wide throughout their length, and not ending in sharp points; yellowish. Basal half of scutellum fusco-piceous,the remainder yellow. Scutellar teeth variable in length, those towards centre of row shortest, varying in number from ten to fourteen. Legs: All femora testaceous basally, creamy-yellow apically, a narrow, dark-brown band on posterior femora. Tibiae creamy-yellowon basal half, pale testaceous on the rest. Posterior tarsi ferrugino-testaceous, the two anterior peirs pale testaceous. Wings: Membrane hyaline and shining. Veins dark brown, and stigma a dirty yellow. Ahdomen (figs. 23-24): Corners of first segment and shoulders and sides of second segment piceous, sometimes admixed with brown, and usually with bluish reflections. Remainder of first and second segmentsand anterior margin of third segment amber. Abdomen brown between anterior and posterior vittae, sometimes a little reddish, and rarely entirely amber. Moderately carinate on third and fourth segments. Anterior with indistinct and pale; posterior vittae moderately distinct and silvery-grey. Troughs on third segment wide and deep, sometimes rather narrow and moderately deep, those of fourth segment narrow and moderately deep. Sculpturation of fourth sgment reduced; present, though inconspicuous, on second and third segments. Vestiture of abdomen poorly developed; middle three segments with many short, black, reclinate hairs, on first segment some short, thin, erect, white hairs, and on fourth segment a few similar hairs, only reclinate; some longer, silvery-white hairs on the fifth segment. Cfenitalia (figs. 21-22): Epandrium nearly one-and-a-half times as long as deep. Its anterior margin produced forwards on each side into triangular projections. Cerci flattish and quite prominent. Styles very characteristic, flat and wide apically, narrowly constricted over the middle, and dilated basally into a '' head 'I. Inferior claspers well developed: ventrally produced into small, pointed, suboval lobes, dorsally they extend into long, laterally flattened lobes. Superior claspers borne on broad lobes. Penis-sheath very narrow ventrally, and bears a weak, short, median, ventral process.</p>
            <p>Females.-The three females of this species before me are rather variable, and it is possible that the one from Hasi does not belong here.</p>
            <p>Frons black with cyanescent reflections; in the female from Bangalore it is fuscopiceous like the vertex. Tomentose strips of the frons well developed, each broad and linear and inwardly expanded at upper end into stout, triangular patches, both almost meeting in the mid-line; the specimen from Hasi lacks these projections of the tomentose strips. Vertex fusco-piceousaround the ocelli; cyanescent reflections posteriorly, except in the female from Bangalore. Number of scutellar teeth varies from fourteen to seventeen. Fourth and fifth abdominal sternites fusco-piceous, with a strong admixture of red-brown in places.</p>
            <p>Longest specimen 68 mm., shortest specimen 5'1 mm.</p>
            <p>Remarks.-The short mesonotal pile and male genitalia distinguish this species. The antennae are shortish, md the posterior femora are only narrowly darh.</p>
            <p>A translation of the original description of P. stmatus is as follows, for which I am indebted to Mr. S. Whiteley: (( With a black thorax, the edge of the scutellum yellow and serrate. It has the small stature of the preceding species (P.&amp;color). Head yellow, antennae dusky; a black thorax with two shortened grey dorsal lines. Scutellum black, with extensive yellow on the rim, saw-like with many little teeth. Abdomen black on the first segment, red on the rest, with a whitish edge. Clear, unspotted wings; rust-red tarsi”.</p>
            <p> The description is very brief, but I believe that it can be referred to the species described above for several reasons. It isunlikely that Fabricius described R specimen of P. went htus as he would have noticed the suffused wings; his type could not have been a specimen of P. yerbwriensis as in that species the abdomen is not extensively reddish; hally,  P. auritus is much larger than &amp;color, and does not have rust-red tarsi. It seems probable that the species described above is  P. serratus as it is the only Oriental species that agrees with his description on all points. </p>
            <p> It is interesting to note that a Danish factory was opened at Tranqnebar, the type locality, in 1620; Danish influence continued until 1845, except for a brief period of British Occupation from 1801 to 1814 (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 22, 14th edit., 1929). Fabricius probably came by his material of  P. serratus through the efforts of these settlers. The species seem to be collfined to India. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFD6B278FD06AC537A80EB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFD4B277FCCAAA38791EED42.text	039F807CFFD4B277FCCAAA38791EED42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus yerburiensis Stuckenberg 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus yerburiensis sp. n.</p>
            <p>This species has a transverse band of black across most of the first abdominal segment. The posterior corners of the abdomen are very much produced, and the abdomen appears to be truncated in the males. The epandrium is elongated, the inferior claspers are greatly enlarged, and the superior claspers are borne on long narrow processes.</p>
            <p>Male.-Head: Face dark yellow, with distinct punctures and a silvery-white pile. No median stripe, facial tubercle brown. Oral tubercle piceous, and surrounded by a dark brown strip. Two basal segmenb of antennae very dark brown, second segment suffused with black above. Third segment elongated and cylindrical, crineous above and tawny on lower surface at base, twice as long as first two together. Vertex fusco-piceous with dull violaceous reflections; tomentum of occiput extends for a short distance past upper corners of compound eyes, closing the vertax from behind. Stripes of hair on eyes distinct and quite heavy, outermost on each eye the widest, and broadly interrupted in the middle. Thorax: Mesonotum rather dull black, with pale violaceous reflections; quite heavily punctate. Mesonotal pile short and yellowish. Mesonotal stripes heavy and conspicuous, yellowish in front and grey behind, each broad, and meeting in region of transverse suture. Scutellum dark fusco-piceous on basal half, dark yellow on remainder. Sixteen long scutellar teeth, each tipped with black. Legs: Posterior femora with a very dark brown band on their median half, basal quarter testsceous, and apical quarter creamy-yellow. Posterior tibiae yellowish on basal half, ferrugino-testaceous with a dark median band on remainder. Whole tarsus missing from left posterior leg, and two apical segments missing on right leg, remaining three segments red-brown with a grey suffusion. The two anterior pairs of femora testaceous on basal two-thirds, pale yellow on the rest. The two anterior pairs of tibiae pale yellow on a little more than basal half, pale testaceous on remainder and on tarsi. Wings: Narrower than in the other species. Membrane hyaline and a little glossy. Stigma pale yellow, and veins very dark brown, almost black, and rather thin. Microtrichia on membrane sparse. Subcosta and apical part of first longitudinal vein brown. Abdomen (fig. 28): First segment piceous across more than its anterior half, this dark colour extending diagonally across each side of seoond segment, ending at apical cornem of that segment. Second segment with a median, fusco-piceous, triangular patoh. Third segment entirely fusco-piceous behind first pair of vittae, this colour extending forward between vittae, stopping at margin of second segment in alignment with the triangular patch mentioned above. Remainder of first three segments yellow-brown. Fourth segment fusco-piceous and fifth segment similar. Anterior margin of each anterior vitta inconspicuous against the paler colour of third segment, but posterior margin distinct against dark colour of that segment. Middle and posterior pairs of Vittae distinct, and a little creamy. Abdomen of a characteristic shape. Sides almost parallel, diverging a little anteriorly, each curving gently backwards from moderately prominent shoulders. Second segment subtriangular in cross-section, third segment decidedly more rounded; sides of posterior part of fourth segment vertical, a little curved above. Posterior corners of abdomen markedly produced and broadly rounded and swollen, giving the abdomen a rather truncated appearance. Margins of abdomen curve under these swellings. Troughs on fourth segment deep and narrow, those of third segment deep, but with shallow sides. Area between first two pairs of vittae strongly curved longitudinally as well as transversely. Abdomen a little carinate from between median to between anterior Vittae. The dark part of first segment coarsely punchte, and with a thin covering of short white hairs which curve outwards from the median line on each side, remainder of segment impunctate. Triangular patch on second segment covered with large, close punctures which superficially resemble sculpturation, but out of which no hairs arise; a few punctures and some sparse, recliuate, black hairs on remainder of segment. Towards anterior corners of third segment a few punctures out of which arise fine sparse, reclinate, white hairs, rest ofthe segment, behind the anterior vittae, lacks sculpturation. Some reduced punctures present, especially towards sides; hairs lacking over median half but some reclinate black hairs present on sides. Fourth segment similar to third, but with very few punctures, appearing very smooth as a result; some reclinate, black hairs on the sides. Genitalia (fig. 26): Epandrium elongated and about twice as long as deep, its lower posterior corner broadly rounded. Cerci very prorninent, and stand well above upper margin of epandrium. Styles about one-and-a-quarter times as long as epandrium is deep, quite broad and flattened, with subparallel margins, a bluntly pointed distal end and a slightly swollen base. Inferior claspers greatly enlarged and as long as epandrium is deep, dorsally produced into very long, flat, blade-like lobes which twist inwards a little at the tip. Ventrally they are produced into short, sharply truncated lobes which are broadened on inner surface into distinct, almost horizontal faces. Superior lobes borne on thin, sharply pointed processes. Lower surface of penis-sheath bears a median, ventral projection that is flattened laterally and subrectangular in shape.</p>
            <p>Length 7.0 mm.</p>
            <p> Holotype male, CEYLON: Velverry, 18.i. 1891 (Lt.-Col. Yerbuy). In the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 1892-192 . </p>
            <p>Female.-Head with a black from having blue-grey reflections. Strips of tomentum widened above, upper ends bending inwards, pointed and hook-like. Antennae stand on a dark brown base, their two basal segments very dark, and third segment darker than in holotype. Vertex black with strong cyanescent reflections. Scutellum yellow on a little more than apical third. Abdomen (fig. 29) coloured like that of holotype, with the following differences: triangular patch on second segment extended on both sides into thin, long curved arms which follow the border of fist segment, and which are not complete,continuing apically as a series of about ten dark spota around some punctures; dark areas on sides of second segment not extending diagonally acrw segment to end in its corners,but uniformly wide throughout, ending on posterior margin of second segment; abdomen is piceous behind first pair of vittae. Shoulders prominent, and margim of abdomenparallel as far back as first pair of vittae. Troughs on third and fourth segments very deep, narrowieh and distinct. Abdomen triangular in cross-section through second segment,more rounded through third segment, and much more rounded through fourth segment. A moderately developed sculpturation present on third and fourth segments. Fourth and Gth sternites black and shining.</p>
            <p>Length 7.6 mm.</p>
            <p> Allotype female, CEYLON: Mahagany, 30.xi.1890 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). In the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 1892-192.</p>
            <p>  Paratypes: INDIA:  Jubblepore , 15.xi. 1907, 1 ♂ ex coll. Brunetti, B.M. 1927-184.  CEYLON: Mahagany, 30.xi. 1890, 1 ♂ (Lt.-Col. Yerbury), B.M. 1892-192;  Trincomali , 20.iii.1891, 1 ♂ (Lt.-Col. Yerbury), B.M. 1892-192. </p>
            <p>The head of the paratype from Trincomali is missing. The dark colour of the antennae, especially of the two basal segments which are almost black, is a noticeable feature of the other two paratypes. All three specimens differ from the holotype in having the abdomen with a strong admixture of brown behind the first pair of vittae; in the specimen from Trincomali this region is almost pure brown. They differ, too, in having distinct punctures on the third and fourth segments. There are some slight differences in the genitalia of each specimen, these involve the styles, which may be truncated or a little rounded apically, and which in all three paratypes have the upper margin a little sinuous.</p>
            <p> Remarks.-This species is easily distinguished by the characters given in the key above. From the nature of the abdomen of the male and of the male genitalia it seems that  P.yerburiensis is a rather isolated species within the complex. There seems to be considerable variation in size between individuals of this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFD4B277FCCAAA38791EED42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
039F807CFFDBB275FCB2AC0279C1E858.text	039F807CFFDBB275FCB2AC0279C1E858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus auritus Stuckenberg 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paragus auritus sp. n.</p>
            <p>This is a large species with elongated antennae. The abdomen is unusually broad in relation to the thorax, the females especially with greatly distended abdomens. There is no median, ventral projection on the penis-sheath, and the inferior claspers are produced into large ventral lobes. The superior claspers are borne on long, narrow processes.</p>
            <p>Male.-Head: Face yellow, with small punctures and a short, moderately thick facial pile. Oral tubercle piceous and surrounded by a strip of light brown. Third segment of one antenna missing. Segments of other antenna very elongated, especially the third, and antenna as a whole longer than distance between base of antennae and upper margin of oral tubercle; third segment tapering and cylindrical. Basal segments reddish-brown, the second darker than the first; apical segment dark crineous above, somewhat orange below. Vertex black with strong violaceous reflections. Stripes of hair on eyes distinct, the outermost on each eye being the broadest. Thorax: Mesonotum black with pale blue and violet reflections above, and quite strong blue reflections on the sides, heavily punctate, the punctures rather small. Mesonotal pile quite short and thick, fine, erect and yellow. One of the mesonotal stripes has been obliterated by the pin on which the specimen is mounted, the other stripe distinct and quite heavy, yellow in front and silverygrey behind. Scutellum fusco-piceous on basal half and slightly creamy-yellow on apical half: between these two areaa a narrow intermediate band of 'brown. Sixteen scutellar teeth, each tipped with orange, the middle six teeth only half the length of those on the outside. Legs: Posterior femora brown on middle half, pale teshceous on basal quarter, and yellow on apical quarter. Posterior tibiae pale yellow, almost white on basal half, the remainder yellowish testaceous. Hind tarsi brown with a slight admixture of yellow. The two anterior pairs of femora pale testaceous, except for their distal fifth, which is yellow. The middle and anterior pairs of tibiae pale yellow on their basal two-thirds, very pale testaceous on remainder. The two anterior pairs of tarsi brown with a strong admixture of yellow, almost orange. Wings: Membrane hyaline and moderately glossy, slightly suffused on basal half. Stigma yellow and veim ligneous brown and moderately heavy. Subcosta and apical part of first longitudinal vcin light brown. Abdomen: Conspicuously large in relation to thorax. Slightly carinate, rather rounded and deep, a little flattened on each side of median line, and with prominent shoulders; translucent brown. Corners of first segment and shoulders of second suffused with dark brown, also fourth segment behind median vittae. A he sculpturation present on fourth segment and that part of third segment behind anterior vittae. Remainder of abdomen covered with punctures. Middle three segments with a conspicuous covering of quite long, stout reclinate black hairs which are distinct against pale coloration of abdcmen. White hairs present on fifth segment and also a few on fourth. Anterior vittae rather indistinct, and lying in shallow troughs; middle and posterior vittae distinct, troughs on fourth segment shallow and narrow. Genitalia (fig. 30): Epandrium trapezoid, with upper and lower sides parallel-not quite twice as long as deep. Ventral posterior corners broadly rounded. Cerci rounded and prominent. Styles shaped somewhat like the blade of a pen-knife, only with a broadened base and with upper and lower margins a little notched. Inferior claspers ear-like and well developed; the upper lobe slight, but the lower lobe very large and produced ventrally. Penis-sheath narrow, and completely lacking any median. ventral projection. Superior claspers borne on long, narrow, curved, ventrally-directed projections of the penis-sheath, these projections very characteristic.</p>
            <p>Length 8.2 mm.</p>
            <p> Holotype male, CEYLON: Kandy, 29. vi. 1892 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). In the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 1892-292.</p>
            <p>Female.-Third segment of antennae conspicuously darker than the two basal segments. Frons black with dull cyanescent reflections. The two tomentose strips broad and with irregular inner margins, each with a thin inward projection at upper end. Vertex fuscopiceous with violaceous reflections. Fifteen scutellar teeth. Wings quite strongly suffused with yellow-brown, more strongly 80 on basal half. Abdomen very broad and greatly enlarged in relation to thorax, very deep and rounded, with prominent shoulders. Sides curve rapidly backwards under the bulge of the abdomen (fig. 33). Fourth and fifth segments piceous except for a narrow strip of brown along anterior margin of each median vitta. Third segment with a fusco-piceous strip on each side of median line. Black hairs which were present on abdbmen of holotype well developed and conspicuous, perhaps a little longer and thinner. Fourth and fXth sternites dark, shining fusco-piceous.</p>
            <p>Length 8.2 mm.</p>
            <p> Allotype female, CEYLON: Anarudhapura, 10.xi. 1890 (Lt.-Col. Yerbuy). In the British Museum (Natural History), B.M. 1892-192.</p>
            <p>  Paratypes: CEYLON:  KBnthalia , 31. vii. 1890, 17.x.1890, 2 ♂;   Trincomali , 19. ii.1892, 1 ♀;  Pankullam, 1. i. 1891, 1 ♀ (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). All B.M. 1892-192.  INDIA:  Calcutta , 1-17. xii.1908, 1 ♂, ex coll. Brunetti, B.M. 1927-184.   KENYA: Teita Hills,  Lumi River , xii. 1912,l ♂. In the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi. </p>
            <p>One male from Kanthalia has a paler abdomen than that of the holotype, especially the first segment, which is amber; the same specimen has the dark band on the posterior femora very much reduced. The male from Calcutta completely lacks the dark band on the posterior femora, which are pale amber. The male from Kenya has ten quite long scutellar teeth, each tipped with brown; the mesonotal pile is longer than in the holotype; the posterior femora are dark brown and the other legs are generally darker.</p>
            <p>There are some rather puzzling differences in the genitalia, the typical form being illustrated in fig. 30 and an atypical form, which is commoner, shown in fig. 31. The typical form is only repeated in one of the males from Kanthalia. It seems that the typical form represents a more weakly sclerotised condition of the hypopygium; this weakness has apparently led to distorticn involving extension of the parts during maceration in hot caustic potash.</p>
            <p>The genitalia of the male from Kenya are almost identical with those of the males from Ceylon (fig. 31), but differ in that the apex of each style is broader, and the penis-sheath is not strongly angled below. The presence of this species in Africa is unexpected, and the unique specimen may represent a distinct subspecies which would be identified by the differences mentioned above. Unfortunately the specimen is in poor condition.</p>
            <p>Shortest paratype 7.3 mm., longest paratype 9.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Remarks.-M the specimens that I have of this species are strikingly large. It may be distinguished from the other species in the complex by the elongated antennae.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F807CFFDBB275FCB2AC0279C1E858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stuckenberg, B. R.	Stuckenberg, B. R. (1954): The Paragus Serratus Complex, With Descriptions Of New Species (Diptera: Syrphidae). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond 105 (17): 393-422, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1954.tb00770.x
