taxonID	type	description	language	source
039F87A86D5088389999FA69FECDFDE5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult. Labial palpus short, palpimacula not extending to apex; hind femur without sensory hair; pretarsal claws not toothed nor strongly bent near base; tibial spurs present or absent; fore wing vein CuP originates distad of cross vein m-cu; fore wing vein 2 A runs in a fairly even curve toward 3 A; pilula axillaris present, usually well developed; hind wing vein CuA runs close to hind margin, ends near medial fork; hind wing radial sector originates before medial fork, 2 or 3 presectoral cross veins; male abdomen without hair pencils or postventral lobe; male paramere plate-like; female anterior gonapophysis plate-like or membranous; posterior gonapophysis inflated; pregenital plate with tooth; gonapophyseal plate large; female ectoproct with digging setae. Larva. Mandibular bases close together, separated by about basal width of mandible; mandible with 3 teeth, middle tooth closer to distal tooth than basal tooth; distal tooth not shorter than middle tooth; abdomen without dolichasters or tufted setae along median area, sometimes with lateral scoli.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5088389999FA69FECDFDE5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Larvae are either free living in sand (Tyttholeon Adams), live in protected areas (rock overhangs) (Menkeleon) or live on rocks or tree trunks (Gnopholeon Stange). The larvae of Maracandula are unknown, but evidence suggests they are associated with rocks. Some species (especially Maracandula) are afternoon fliers.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5088389999FA69FECDFDE5.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This tribe is characteristic of the Sonoran Region. The larvae of the different genera are among the most diverse found in the family and are quite distinct one from another. The main defining feature of this tribe is the larval structure, especially the close proximity of the mandibular bases. The adults differ from the Brachynemurini in lacking any well-developed postventral lobe on the male ectoproct and, probably more importantly, in the structure of the female terminalia which have the posterior gonapophysis inflated or enlarged and / or with an enlarged pregenital plate. Most of the genera (except Gnopholeon Stange) lack tibial spurs.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D51883F9999FB5FFE93F96C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D51883F9999FB5FFE93F96C.taxon	description	Description. Antenna with flagellomeres II-IV longer than wide; legs moderately long and slender, fore femur more than 1.5 times longer than fore coxa; hind basitarsus shorter or longer than distal tarsomere; femoral sense hair hardly distinguishable from surrounding bristles, one each on fore leg and mid leg; pretarsal claws weakly developed; tibial spurs absent; wings with banksian lines absent, hypostigmatic cell short, less than six times longer than high; posterior area of hind wing narrow, CuA bends to hind margin near medial fork; pilula axillaris well developed with setae covering most of dorsal surface of knob; male genitalia with rather simple gonarcus, free parameres; mesal margin of male ectoproct with short, rather truncate process near origin of weakly developed postventral lobe, somewhat produced ventrally; female terminalia with posterior gonapophysis extremely enlarged and swollen; lateral gonapophyses fused; pregenital plate pale narrow with median tooth; gonapophyseal plate expansive.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D51883F9999FB5FFE93F96C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This genus is found only in Mexico. There are five known species that belong to two distinct species groups. The two species of the colima group are more similar to species of Menkeleon than are the three species of the pygmaeus group because they have the fore leg and mid leg basitarsus very elongate, the hypostigmatic cell longer and the eye larger. However, significant morphological differences between Maracandula and Menkeleon are found in the female terminalia (posterior gonapophysis much more inflated, lateral gonapophyses fused in Maracandula), base of fore wing emarginate and antenna modified (flagellomere I longer than wide). Miller and Stange (unpublished field notes) found four species flying in the afternoon. The habitat was invariably one with abundant rocks and usually grasses. Maracandula apicalis (Banks) was found commonly flying around red top grasses in central Mexico, mostly in sunken areas. The female terminalia suggest that the eggs are laid on rocks but the larvae are unknown. The short hypostigmatic cell is an uncommon character in the family. The female terminalia of Menkeleon differ from those of Tyttholeon Adams in the small pregenital plate and from Maracandula Currie by the separated lateral gonapophyses and the smaller posterior gonapophysis. Menkeleon differs from Maracandula by the less modified eyes, and lack of prominent subbasal emargination of the fore wing. The afternoon flying habits of Maracandula are very unusual since nearly all species of antlions are active at night. Afternoon flying is also documented in the South African genera Pamares Mansell and Pamexis Hagen. The species of Maracandula have reduced eyes and antennal flagellomeres that are probably correlated to their diurnal activity.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D57883E9999FB3FFE35FAA5.taxon	description	(Figure 1 - 6)	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D57883E9999FBFFF889FB65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocular width at most one-fourth interocular width; eye separated from antennal pedicel by at least pedicel diameter (Fig. 2, 10); basal tarsomere of at least fore leg and mid leg shorter than distal tarsomere (Fig. 3, 11); hypostigmatic cell less than twice as long as high (Fig. 1, 7, 9).	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D54883D9999F9DDF9CAF9A3.taxon	description	(Figure 7 - 8) Maracandula pygmaeus (Hagen) 1861: 231 (as Myrmeleon). Holotype male, Mexico, Deppe (ZMHB).	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5588339999FA8AF842FC45.taxon	description	(Figure 9 - 13) Types. Male holotype (FSCA) and 6 m, 5 f paratypes: 13 km. northeast Zapotitlán, Puebla, Mexico, 5. X. 1986, R. Miller and L. Stange (FSCA). Additional paratype: Teyuca, Puebla, Mexico, 1524 m, 1. XI. 1976, E. Ross (1 f, CASC).	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5588339999FA8AF842FC45.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocular width about one-sixth interocular width, eye separated from antennal pedicel by onehalf pedicel diameter; labial palpus with distal palpomere moderately swollen; pronotum about 1.5 times wider than long; basitarsus of hind leg equal to distal tarsomere; distal tarsomere on fore and mid legs about 1.5 times longer than basitarsus; pterostigma of both wings yellowish, membrane distal to stigma brown suffused in anterior one-fourth, basad to stigma not suffused with brown; fore wing with only two cells beyond hypostigmatic cell which is less than twice as long as greatest height.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5588339999FA8AF842FC45.taxon	description	Description. Length to apex of tergite IX 12 mm; fore wing 12 mm; hind wing 11 mm. General coloration dark to light brown, face pale with dark markings; submedian bands extending from antennal fossae to labrum; stripes contiguous near middle and extended laterally below and toward middle of eyes; interantennal mark continuous with expansive epicranial mark; labrum dark brown with median pale stripe; anterior row of vertex markings consisting of a lateral dash and triangular spot at middle which extends posteriorly to posterior median mark, continuous with epicranial mark laterally; middle row with large stripe laterad of middle, posteriorly with central dark brown triangular and lateral stripes. Antenna with basal five flagellomeres half dark brown and half pale, and distal nine all pale; pronotum with broad submedian stripe bifurcating at furrow with many dark brown spots at bases of pale setae in pale regions; mesoscutellum dark brown with pale anterior lateral patches; fore coxa mostly pale straw colored with small basal dark brown spots and dot near middle of lateral face; femur and tibia pale with prominent dark brown spotting at setal bases; tibia with series of dark ring-like dark brown marks, both wings mostly clear with suffused pale brown areas anteriorly beyond yellow stigmal mark (Figure 9); abdomen pale brown with small dark brown markings at setal bases. Chaetotaxy: Pronotum, mesonotum and abdomen with elongate bristles; scutelli with outstanding bristles. Structure: Fourteen flagellomeres (Figure 10); ocular width one-sixth interocular distance measured anteriorly; ocular rim separated from antennal pedicel by one-half pedicel diameter; distal palpomere weakly swollen; pronotum about l. 5 times wider than long; basitarsus of hind leg equal in length to distal tarsomere; distal tarsomere on fore and mid leg about 1.5 times longer than basitarsus; wing tips evenly overlapping in repose; fore wing with only two cells beyond hypostigmatic cell which is less than twice as long as greatest height; male genitalia as in Figure 12. Female. Terminalia as in Figure 13.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5588339999FA8AF842FC45.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Length to apex of tergite IX about 14 to 17 mm in both sexes. Adults were seen flying in the afternoon in a rocky area with numerous grasses and scrubby plants.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5A88339999FC1FFF17FB85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocular width at least one-half as long as interocular width, eye reaching near antennal scape (Fig. 15, 20); basal tarsomere of all legs much longer than distal tarsomere (Fig. 16, 21); hypostigmatic cell at least three times longer than high (Fig. 14, 19).	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5A88329999FB7FFE0AFAA9.taxon	description	(Figure 14 - 18) Types. Male holotype (FSCA) and 5 m, 2 f paratypes: Tepames, Colima, Mexico, 23. X. 1986, R. Miller and L. Stange (CASC; FSCA).	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5A88329999FB7FFE0AFAA9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult 14 to 16 mm long. Antenna bicolored, flagellomeres 1 to 9 whitish followed by dark brown club (Fig. 15); pronotum mostly dark reddish brown with median pale white stripe (Fig. 14); tergite VIII two-thirds length of tergite VII; female terminalia as in Figure 18.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5A88329999FB7FFE0AFAA9.taxon	description	Description. Face pale with extensive dark brown markings; submedian dark bands extending from labrum to antennal scapes, becoming darker near scapes and meeting between them; epicranial mark and middle row of vertex pale brown; antenna bicolored with basal nine flagellomeres pale and distal twelve flagellomeres dark brown (Fig. 15); pronotum light brown with pale median stripe and pale spots laterally at furrow; mesoscutellum and metascutellum uniform medium brown; fore coxa pale and unmarked; femur and tibia pale with prominent dark brown spotting at setal bases; all wings unmarked with light brown veins and white stigmal mark; abdomen light brown with mostly dark setae, except for outstanding whitish setae restricted to the lateral posterior margins of tergites 2 to 8; male genitalia as in Figure 17. Chaetotaxy: Pronotum, mesonotum and abdomen with numerous elongate bristles; scutelli with many outstanding bristles. Structure: Antenna with 21 flagellomeres; ocular width one-half interocular distance measured anteriorly; distance from eye to antennal pedicel about one-third pedicel width; labial palpus slender, distal palpomere weakly swollen; pronotum about 1.3 times wider than long; basal and distal tarsomeres of fore and mid legs equal, with basal tarsomere about one-fifth longer on hind leg; wings as in Figure 14; hypostigmatic cell about four times longer than high; abdomen shorter than wings. Genitalia as in Figure 17. Female. Abdomen shorter than wings. Terminalia as in Figure 18.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5A88329999FB7FFE0AFAA9.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Adults were found in early afternoon in an area with widely scattered rocks or boulders mingled with small trees and grasses. No individuals occurred away from the rocks. Individuals varied in size from 14 to 16 mm in length.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5B8831999AFA7AFE1AF93E.taxon	description	(Figure 19 - 23) Types. Male holotype (FSCA) and 26 m, 12 f paratypes: 3 miles south El Camarón, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2. X. 1986, R. Miller and L. Stange (CASC; FSCA; UNAM). Additional paratypes: Santa Cruz Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico, 23. X. 1987, B. C. Ratcliffe, lowland forest (2 m, 1 f, USNM).	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5B8831999AFA7AFE1AF93E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Antenna tricolored, flagellomeres 1 to 5 dark brown to black, next 2 or 3 whitish, followed by dark brown club (Fig. 20); pronotum mostly pale yellow with dark reddish brown areas concentrated along midline (Fig. 19); tergite VIII one-half length of tergite VII.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5B8831999AFA7AFE1AF93E.taxon	description	Description. General coloration medium brown; face dark brown with central pale area and two lateral off-white spots connected to ocular rim; interantennal mark continuous with dark brown expanded epicranial mark; labrum medium brown with small pale central basal spot; median mark two pale lateral dashes with dark brown dashes connected posteriorly to pale brown triangular mark; antennal flagellomeres 1 to 5 dark brown, 6 to 8 off white, and 9 to 18 dark brown; pronotum pale straw colored with broad posterior median band reaching three-fourths of distance to furrow; mesoscutellum dark brown; fore coxa mostly pale with dark brown base and crescent-shaped mark near middle of lateral face extending part way around coxa; femur and tibia pale with prominent dark brown spots at some setal bases; wings hyaline with brown wing veins; abdomen brown and unmarked with mostly brown setae. Chaetotaxy: Pronotum, prescutum, mesoscutellum, metascutellum and abdomen with elongate bristles. Structure: Antenna with 18 flagellomeres; ocular width about one-half its interocular distance measured anteriorly; antennal pedicel separated from ocular rim by one-half diameter of antennal pedicel; labial palpus slen- der, distal palpomere weakly swollen; pronotum as wide as long; basal and distal tarsomeres of fore and mid leg equal; basal tarsomere of hind leg distinctly longer than distal tarsomere; basal tarsomere about six times longer than wide; wings as in Figure 19; hypostigmatic cell four times longer than high; fore wing with two cells beyond hypostigmatic cell; abdomen shorter than wings; genitalia as in Figure 22. Female. Abdomen shorter than wings; terminalia as in Figure 23.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
039F87A86D5B8831999AFA7AFE1AF93E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Individuals were found flying in the afternoon in an area with abundant grasses and rocks intermixed with trees and shrubs.	en	Miller, Robert B., Stange, Lionel A. (2009): A revision of the genus Maracandula Currie (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Insecta Mundi 2009 (101): 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5167860
