taxonID	type	description	language	source
FEC33F4F81F85A3C6A26EE6EE6128AD7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ectoedemia ulmella (Figure 35) can easily be distinguished from the Ulmus - feeding Stigmella spp. by the small collar with hair-scales only (Stigmella spp. have lamellar scales), combined with the medial white fascia and pale fringe. Other species of Ectoedemia may look similar, but males of E. ulmella stand out by the brown androconial scales on hindwing upperside. For genitalia see Wilkinson and Newton (1981).	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
FEC33F4F81F85A3C6A26EE6EE6128AD7.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Host plants. Ulmus americana L., U. alata Michx., U. rubra Muhl. (= fulva Michx.), U. thomasii Sarg. (= racemosa D. Thomas) (Ulmaceae) (Braun 1917, Wilkinson and Newton 1981). Ulmus alata constitutes a new host record. Leafmine (Figs 40 - 43). Egg usually on upper leaf surface, often against a vein. Early mine a narrow linear tract with broken narrow linear frass, sometimes filled with frass, at first often winding, then straighter, often following a vein, later mine abruptly widening into an irregular blotch with scattered frass. Larval exit on leaf upper side, or cocoon spun inside mine, often in center of blotch (Braun 1917) (Figure 43). Larva. Pale yellowish white, feeding with venter upwards, ganglia usually obvious; head capsule translucent brown. Larva spinning brown cocoon inside mine or on debris. Life history. Larvae found from July to early October, possibly in two generations, but it is also possible that this represents one extended generation. Adults recorded from May to August. From larvae collected in August, the adults emerged the following year.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
FEC33F4F81F85A3C6A26EE6EE6128AD7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in Eastern North America, positive records from: Canada: New Brunswick *, Ontario, Quebec, USA: Alabama *, Florida *, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland *, Massachusetts *, Mississippi *, New York, North Carolina *, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee *, Vermont * (Braun 1917, Wilkinson 1981, Wilkinson and Newton 1981, asterisks indicate new records).	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
FEC33F4F81F85A3C6A26EE6EE6128AD7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Canada: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 leafmine, Ontario, La Passe, e. l. 22. ii- 26. iii. 1971, Ulmus americana; 4 leafmines, Ontario, Ottawa, 28. vii- 7. viii. 1955, U. americana; 1 ♀, 5 leafmines, Ontario, Overbrook, 22. vii- 7. viii. 1955, U. americana; 2 larvae, several mines, Quebec, Brome-Missisquoi, St Armand, Etang Streit, 7. ix. 2015, U. americana; 4 vacated mines, Quebec, Gatineau, Aylmer, Deschenes, Ottawa rivershore, 12. ix. 2015, U. rubra; 1 ♂, Quebec, Gatineau, Aylmer, 11. vi. 1989; 1 ♀, ibidem, 7. vii. 1989; 1 ♂, Quebec, Gatineau, Aylmer, 48 rue Notre-Dame, 1. viii. 1997; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Quebec, Gatineau, Aylmer, 18 rue Washington, 21 - 22. vi. 1999; 3 ♂, 4 ♀, 11 leafmines, Quebec, Kingsmere, 10 - 11. ix. 1955, e. l. 12. v- 17. vii. 1956, U. rubra; 5 leafmines, Quebec, Kingsmere, 1971, U. americana; 4 leafmines, Quebec, Quyon, 1969, U. americana. United States: several vacated mines, Alabama, Monroe Co., Haines Island Park, along Alabama River, 12. x. 2010, Ulmus; several mines, Florida, Volusia Co., Lake Woodruff NWR, Mud Lake Road, 24. ix. 2016, U. americana; 1 ♀, Maryland, Calvert Co., Calvert, Scientists Cliffs, 2179 Bluebell Road, 3. viii. 2007; vacated mines, Massachusetts, Hampshire Co., Northampton, Northampton Bikeway west of King St., 13. ix. 2013, Ulmus; several vacated mines, Mississippi, Oktibbeha Co., Black Prairie Reserve, nr 16 th Section Rd, 6. x. 2010, U. alata; 1 larva, several mines, New York, Essex Co., S Wilmington, W branch Ausable river, 13. ix. 2011, U. americana; several mines, New York, Essex Co, Wilsboro, Noblewood Park, 14. ix. 2011, U. americana; 1 ♂, New York, Tompkins Co., Cornell Univ., e. l. 14. viii. 1994, Ulmus; 3 vacated mines, North Carolina, Haywood Co., NP Great Smoky Mts, Big Creek area, 28. ix. 2010, U. alata; 3 larvae, several mines, Tennessee, Blount Co., NP Great Smoky Mts, Rich Mountain Gap, 2. x. 2010, U. americana; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, several mines, Tennessee, Blount Co., Townsend, Laurel Valley, 3. x. 2010, e. l. 11 - 19. iv. 2011, U. americana; 1 vacated mine, Vermont, Addison Co., Addison, Dead Creek WMA, 16. ix. 2011, U. americana; 2 vacated mines, Vermont, Chittenden Co., Burlington, Colchester Bog, C. Eiseman & J. Blyth, 5. ix. 2015, U. americana. Online photographs: Canada: vacated mines, New Brunswick, York Co., Fredericton (Lincoln Trail), 9. ix. 2014, Christopher Adam, https: // bugguide. net / node / view / 1042642.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
72DDE14459DEECF298E6F8CE120CD21D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Stigmella apicialbella (Figure 34) can easily be recognized by the combination of a yellow head, white collar, and forewing with a narrow medial white fascia and an apical triangular white spot extending into the fringe. The basal half of the forewing is a bit more brown or fuscous, whereas the apical part is almost black with coarse scaling. The male genitalia are remarkably " bulky " and do not resemble any other North American species (Newton and Wilkinson 1982).	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
72DDE14459DEECF298E6F8CE120CD21D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Host plants. Ulmus americana L., U. alata Michx., U. rubra Muhl. (= fulva Michx.), U. thomasii Sarg. (= racemosa D. Thomas), Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae) (Braun 1917, Newton and Wilkinson 1982). Ulmus alata constitutes a new host record. Leafmine (Figs 36 - 39). Egg on either leaf surface, may be against a vein, but never in leaf axil. Mines linear, usually rather straight, partly following veins, or more contorted; frass variable, from narrow linear to contorted, green or brown, sometimes completely filling the mine. Larval exit on leaf upperside. Larva (Figure 39). Yellow, feeding with dorsum upwards; head capsule brown. Larva spinning a brown cocoon on debris. Life history. Bivoltine, or possibly trivoltine (Braun 1917). Larvae in June to early July, again in August to October. Adults recorded from April to early July and again in August.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
72DDE14459DEECF298E6F8CE120CD21D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in Eastern North America, positive records from: Canada: New Brunswick, Ontario (BOLD: BIOUG 33718 - A 12), Quebec (van Nieukerken 2018), USA: Alabama *, Connecticut *, Georgia *, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky (Chambers 1873), Massachusetts, Mississippi *, New York *, North Carolina, Ohio (Braun 1917), Tennessee, Vermont. States without reference are new records: from states with asterisk we have as yet only seen vacated mines; from the other states the occurrence is confirmed by adults or DNA barcodes of larvae.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
72DDE14459DEECF298E6F8CE120CD21D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Canada: 1 larva, several mines, Quebec, Brome-Missisquoi, St Armand, Etang Streit, 7. ix. 2015, Ulmus americana; 1 ♀, Quebec, Gatineau, Aylmer, 18 rue Washington, 19. v. 1998. United States: several vacated mines, Alabama, Monroe Co., Haines Island Park, along Alabama River, 12. x. 2010, Ulmus; several vacated mines, Connecticut, Litchfield Co., Canaan, Page Road near Falls Village, 11. ix. 2011, U. americana; 8 vacated mines, Georgia, Murray Co., Chattahoochee Nat. Forest, E of Chatsworth, GA rd 52, 14. x. 2010, U. alata; 1 ♂, Indiana, St. Joseph Co., 25. v. 2010; 1 ♂, ibidem, 13. viii. 2010; 3 ♂, ibidem, 15. viii. 2010; 1 ♂, Kentucky [Kenton Co., Covington], Lectotype; 1 adult, Massachusetts, Hampshire Co., Northampton, Northampton Bikeway west of King St., 13. ix. 2013, Ulmus, emerged 22. v. 2014; 3 vacated mines, Mississippi, Oktibbeha Co., Black Prairie Reserve, nr 16 th Section Rd, 6. x. 2010, U. alata; 1 vacated mine, Mississippi, Winston Co., Tombigbee Nat. Forest, Noxubee Hills trailhead, 7. x. 2010, U. alata; 2 vacated mines, New York, Essex Co, S Wilmington, W branch Ausable river, 13. ix. 2011, U. americana; 1 larva, mines, Tennessee, Obion Co., Reelfoot Lake, 17. xi. 2012, Ulmus; 1 larva, 2 mines, Vermont, Addison Co., Addison, Dead Creek WMA, 16. ix. 2011, U. americana; 1 vacated mine, Vermont, Chittenden Co., Burlington, Colchester Bog, 5. ix. 2015, U. americana. Online photographs: Canada: vacated mine, New Brunswick, York Co., Fredericton, 28. viii. 2015, Christopher Adam, https: // bugguide. net / node / view / 1162297, United States: 1 adult, Illinois, Cook Co., Glencoe, 22. v. 2017, James F. Steffen, https: // bugguide. net / node / view / 1373817; mine with larva, North Carolina, Durham Co., Durham, Pelham Road, 25. vi. 2016, U. alata, Tracy S. Feldman, https: // bugguide. net / node / view / 1247382, plus many records of vacated mines from NC.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
584B811BAA5C24E8206F71C0F3079F03.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In North America S. multispicata is the only Stigmella species with the combination of black frontal tuft, white collar, and single fascia. Stigmella quercipulchella (Chambers, 1882) is relatively similar, but has an additional silver patch at tornus, is slightly larger and has more strongly purple reflections across the forewings. This combination of characters is also diagnostic in East Asia, but there remains a possibility that similar species will be discovered. From the closely related European S. ulmivora it differs by the white collar (dark in ulmivora) and the entirely dark antennae (those of S. ulmivora have the distal 7 - 8 flagellomeres white); S. ulmivora is also slightly larger and has more antennal segments. The female of S. multispicata differs from all more or less similar species by the obvious long ovipositor, visible even without dissection. Male genitalia differ from those of S. ulmivora in the shallowly indented uncus and the very short sublateral processes of the transtilla; the female genitalia are easily recognized by the long apophyses; the ductus spermathecae has no spines in contrast to S. ulmivora. Some species in the S. rhamnella group have superficially similar male genitalia, but they have no juxta, and the moths are externally very different. Stigmella multispicata leafmines are characterized by the egg placement on the leaf underside in vein axils, larval exit on leaf underside, and green to blue-green larval color.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
584B811BAA5C24E8206F71C0F3079F03.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Host plants. Ulmus pumila L. (Ulmaceae), Siberian elm, a widespread tree in East Asia, cultivated globally in temperate climates, widely planted in North America. Vacated mines presumably representing this species were also collected in China on Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, Large-fruited elm. Leafmine (Figs 19 - 22). Egg always deposited in vein axils on leaf underside, beneath the trichomes; leafmine a long narrow upper side gallery or corridor mine, running through leaf, usually not along veins and not crossing midrib; slightly curved, but many mines make a U-turn near the end. Frass initially in narrow medial black line, later becoming contorted, brown and almost filling mine. Larval exit on leaf underside. Larva (Figs 23, 25, 26). Bright green to blue-green, probably feeding with venter upwards (analogy with S. ulmivora, but not positively observed); head capsule translucent brown. Larvae descending by silken threads, sometimes en masse, spinning a brown cocoon on debris. Life history. Larvae and leafmines found in China in October; in North America larvae were observed from 15 June to mid-July and from 19 October to 6 November. Moths were found on 26 May and from 8 July throughout August to 6 September (with a peak between 10 and 15 August), a few late records from 22 and 26 September and 2 October. Moths reared from October mines emerged in the laboratory between 25 March and 19 May. The species has at least two annual generations, maybe more. Adults are frequently found at light.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
584B811BAA5C24E8206F71C0F3079F03.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Figs 28, 29). Presumed to be native in Russia: Primorye and China: Beijing. Almost certainly introduced in North America: Canada: Ontario, Quebec; United States: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Wisconsin. The species has been found in the urban environment, in farmland and in more natural habitats. Table 1 lists the online photographs that we recognized as representing S. multispicata.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
584B811BAA5C24E8206F71C0F3079F03.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 19 ♂, 26 ♀, 3 sex undetermined, 5 larvae, mines. China: 1 larva (green, dried out, destructively extracted for DNA), China, Beijing, Beijng Botanical garden - Wofosi, E. J. van Nieukerken & S. Richter, 17. x. 2013, EvN no 2013117 - M, Ulmus pumila, N 40.00417, E 116.20419, 108 m, RMNH. INS. 30070; 1 mine from which previous larva was taken, RMNH. INS. 43922; 1 mine with dead larva, same data, EvN no 2013117 - H, RMNH. INS. 43923 (all RMNH). Canada: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (in ethanol 96 %), Ontario, Toronto, Etobicoke School of the Arts, EQP-CLL- 602, Brad Schumacher, 22 - 28. ix. 2014, GMP # 05745, Malaise trap, N 43.631, W 79.504, 109 m, BIOUG 16150 - E 04, BIOUG 16150 - E 05 (BIOUG); 1 vacated leafmine, Ontario, Ottawa, Bayview Rd., E. J. van Nieukerken, 12. vii. 2018, U. pumila, amidst 100 ' s of mines of Orchestes steppensis, EvN no 2018080 H, N 45.40819, W 75.72474, RMNH. INS. 45003 (RMNH); 4 vacated mines, Quebec, Montreal, Old Montreal, Avenue de l'Hotel de Ville, E. J. van Nieukerken, 1. viii. 2018, U. pumila, EvN no 2018101 - H, N 45.50894, W 73.55604, RMNH. INS. 45004 (RMNH). United States: 1 ♀, Indiana, St. Joseph Co., J. Vargo, 26. v. 2010, N 41.37 ' 46.2 " - W 86.08 ' 13.9 ", [N 41.62950, W 86.13719] (USNM); 1 ♂, same locality, 2. viii. 2010 (USNM); 5 ♂, 4 ♀, same locality, 10. viii. 2010, genitalia slides JCK 8416, JCK 8417 (♂), JCK 8617, RMNH. INS. 15499 (RMNH, MEM, USNM); 1 ♂, same locality, 13. viii. 2010, genitalia slide EvN 4511, RMNH. INS. 24511 (RMNH); 1 ♂, same locality, 11. viii. 2010 (MEM); 1 ♀, same locality, 13. viii. 2010 (USNM); 5 ♂, 16 ♀, same locality, 15. viii. 2010 (MEM, RMNH); 1 ♀, same locality, 28. viii. 2010 (MEM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, same locality, 6. ix. 2010 (USNM); 1 ♂ (abdomen missing), Indiana, Pulaski Co., Jasper-Pulaski FWA, J. Vargo, 4. viii. 2010, 41 09 ' 31.0 " N 086 58 ' 42.6 " W [N 41.15861, W 86.9785] (USNM); 1 ♂, Iowa, Winneshiek Co., Plymouth Rock, Black light in a planted prairie near woodlands along the Upper Iowa River, M. J. Hatfield, 26. ix. 2014, N 43.4376, W 92.0041, Genitalia slide EvN 5052, RMNH. INS. 25052 (RMNH); 14 leafmines (13 vacated, 1 with dead larva), Massachusetts, Franklin Co., Sunderland, N 42.498380, W 72.544853, C. S. Eiseman, 22. vii. 2018, U. pumila (CSEC); 4 larvae (in Tissue collection, ethanol 96 %, - 80 °, 1 preparation), New York, Suffolk Co., Sagaponack, Ms. Lee Foster, 21. x. 2015, U. pumila, N 40.93, W 72.28, RMNH. INS. 30697, RMNH. INS. 30698 (extracted), larval preparation RMNH. INS. 30698. P, RMNH. INS. 30699, RMNH. INS. 30700 (RMNH); 3 adults (in capsule), same data, emerged 25. iii & 19. v. 2016, (RMNH); 1 ♂, Ohio, Franklin Co., Hillard, D. J. Shetlar, 21. vii. 2016, N 40.007, W 83.1738, Genitalia slide EvN 4901, RMNH. INS. 24901; 1 ♂, same locality, 1. ix. 2016, RMNH. INS. 15533 (RMNH).	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
584B811BAA5C24E8206F71C0F3079F03.taxon	materials_examined	Other data, material not examined. Canada (Data from BOLD, barcode identification): 1 adult, Ontario, Waterloo region, Kitchener, Crestview Public School, EQP-CLL- 863, Sherrie Cochrane, 2. x. 2015, GMP # 08378, N 43.454, W 80.44, 334 m, BIOUG 25491 - E 12 (BIOUG); 1 adult, Ontario, Toronto, Eastdale CI, EQP-CLL- 605, David Servos, 2. x. 2015, GMP # 08428, N 43.666, W 79.349, 89, BIOUG 25505 - D 03 (BIOUG). United States (Observations, personal communications to authors): 4 larvae / mines, Indiana, St. Joseph Co., J. Vargo, 15 - 29. vi. 2018; 120 adults, St. Joseph Co., Mishawaka, J. Vargo, 8. vii. 2018, light trap; larvae descending en masse from trees, New York, Suffolk Co., Sagaponack, Ms. Lee Foster, 21. x. 2015, U. pumila, N 40.93, W 72.28; larvae still present, same locality, 8. xi. 2015; larvae, same locality, Mike Harmon, 16. vii. 2016; larvae, same locality, 19. x. 2016; larvae descending en masse from trees, New York, Suffolk Co., Wainscott, 3. xi. 2015, Mike Harmon, U. pumila, N 40.94, W 72.24.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
0E94AD0EA982C7F82B0311C4D3AF6E83.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Stigmella ulmivora can be separated from S. multispicata by the slightly larger size, the dark collar, and the antennae with the terminal 7 - 8 flagellomeres white. In Europe and North America there are no other Stigmella species with the same combination of characters. The male genitalia are very similar to those of S. multispicata, but have a deeper indentation in the uncus, and longer and more distinct sublateral processes of the transtilla. The female differs by the blunt ovipositor and the spiny ductus spermathecae. Leafmines differ from those of S. multispicata by the egg position not being in vein axils; in Europe mines are inseparable from those of S. ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942). Due to the variability of mines of S. ulmivora, they sometimes are difficult to separate from those of S. lemniscella (Zeller, 1839), from which the yellow larva emerges through the leaf upper side, not the underside as in S. ulmivora.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
0E94AD0EA982C7F82B0311C4D3AF6E83.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Host plants. Ulmus minor Mill., U. glabra Huds., Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae). Reared specimens labeled as coming from Acer were from cocoons found on trunks of that tree; therefore this cannot be considered a host record. Leafmine (Figs 30 - 33). Egg on leaf underside, against a vein. Mine a highly variable gallery, ranging from short and filled with dense frass in thick leaves (usually in the sun) to long and narrow, often partially following a vein, with frass either linear or becoming contorted, mines sometimes much winding. Larval exit on leaf underside. Larva (Figure 32). Bright green, feeding with venter upwards; head capsule translucent brown. Larvae descending by silken threads, spinning a brown cocoon on debris or on tree trunks. Life history. Bivoltine, or possibly partially univoltine in northern parts of Europe. Larvae in June to early July, again in August to November. Adults recorded from May (a single April record) to early July and again in August.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
0E94AD0EA982C7F82B0311C4D3AF6E83.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread throughout Europe, east to the Volga region in Russia (Johansson and Nielsen 1990, van Nieukerken 2017). The species occurs both in natural habitats and on trees in cities, often in large numbers (EJvN, personal observations).	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
0E94AD0EA982C7F82B0311C4D3AF6E83.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Adults: 25 ♂, 50 ♀. Croatia: 1 ♂, Krk, Kampelje, 17. viii. 2001; 1 ♀, Krk, Mt. Hlam, loc. Branusine, 15. viii. 2012. Germany: 1 ♀, Berlin; 1 ♂, Thueringen, Bad Blankenburg, Muschelkalk, 1. vii. 1986; 1 ♀, Thueringen, Bad Blankenburg, Schwarzatal, 5. vii. 1986. Italy: 1 ♂, Cuneo, Entracque, ca 1 km SE, Il Bosco, 16. viii. 2007, la on Ulmus; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, 13. x. 2008, la on Ulmus; 1 ♀, Latina, Monti Aurunci, 4 km NW Castelforte, 22 - 23. vi. 1969. Netherlands: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Gelderland, Wageningen, Ulmus, e. l. 19. v. 1977; 1 ♀, ibidem, larva x. 1989, Ulmus; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Noord-Brabant, Breda, v. 1877; 1 ♀, ibidem, e. l. 10. vi. 1877, " acer pseudop. "; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, ibidem, e. l. 25. vi.; 1 ♀, 3 damaged adults, ibidem, v. 1878; 1 ♀, Noord-Holland, Amsterdam, 2. viii. 1937; 1 ♂, Noord-Holland, Amsterdam, Koloniaal instituut, 7. viii. 1937; 1 ♀, Noord-Holland, Amsterdam, Ulmus, e. p. 30. vi. 1929; 1 ♀, ibidem, Ulmus e. l. 27. iv. 1942; 5 ♀, ibidem, Ulmus e. l. 29. vii- 2. viii. 1943; 1 ♀, Noord-Holland, Amsterdam N. W., Ulmus, 16. viii. 1942; 1 ♂, 4 ♀, ibidem, Ulmus e. l. 2 - 14. viii. 1947; 1 ♀, ibidem, Ulmus e. l. 6. vi. 1948; 1 ♀, ibidem, Ulmus e. l. 11. vi. 1948; 1 ♀, Noord-Holland, Bussum, 16. iv. 1934; 1 ♂, Noord-Holland, Castricum, 15. viii. 1979, Ulmus e. l. 13. vi. 1980; 6 ♂, 9 ♀, Noord-Holland, Hilversum, Ulmus e. l. 4 - 24. vi. 1943; 4 ♀, ibidem, Ulmus e. l. 17. v. - 6. vi. 1945; 1 ♀, Noord-Holland, Overveen, 7. vi. 1929; 1 ♂, ibidem, 1. vii. 1929; 2 ♀, Zuid-Holland, Den Haag, Ulmus e. l. 9. v- 10. vi. 1865; 1 ♀, Zuid-Holland, s Gravenhage, 29. v; 1 ♀, Zuid-Holland, Lexmond, 3. viii. 1999; 1 ♂, Zuid-Holland, Rottm. [Rotterdam], e. p. 22. vi. 1901; 1 ♂, ibidem, e. l. 24. vi. 1864; 1 ♂, ibidem, e. l. 13. vii. 1870; 1 ♂, ibidem, 21. vi. 1877; 1 ♀, ibidem, pupa in iv, e. p. 21. vii. 1879; 1 ♀, ibidem, 27. v. 1877. Poland: 1 ♂, Silesia, Wroclaw (Breslau), e. l. iii. 1882. Leafmines and larvae. When no hostplant is given, read Ulmus sp. - Czech Republic: 1 mine, Moravia, Lednice, 3 km SW, forest near lake, 3. x. 1992. France: 4 larvae, vacated mines, Alpes-Maritimes, Saorge, 0.8 km SW, vallee de Roya, 9. x. 2008, U. minor; 1 vacated mine, Alpes-Maritimes, Tende, ca 1 km S, E. slope, 10. x. 2008, U. glabra; mines, Bouches-du-Rhone, Aix-en-Provence, Parc Jourdan, 12 - 16. x. 1983; several vacated mines, Cher, Villeneuve-sur-Cher, 30. vii. 2009, U. minor; vacated mines, Drome, Beaurieres, 4 km W: Marais des Boulignons, 21. viii. 2002; 1 vacated mine, Eure, Le Marais Vernier, la Vallee, 5. x. 2017; 2 vacated mines, Finistere, Presqu'ile de Crozon, ca 4 km E Crozon, l'Aber, 12. vii. 2006; 1 vacated mine, Haut-Rhin, Colmar, 3 km SW, Le Neuland, 26. ix. 2002; 1 larva, 4 mines, Haut-Rhin, Lapoutroie, La Bohle, 21. x. 2002, U. glabra; 3 vacated mines, Indre-et-Loire, Huismes, N of Contebault, along C 17, 8. x. 2017; several vacated mines, Lozere, Marjoab, 2.5 km SW Meyrueis, 22. vii. 2009, U. minor; 3 vacated mines, Lozere, Barre-des-Cevennes, 26. vii. 2009, U. minor; vacated mines, Pyrenees-Orientales, Port-Vendres, near railway station, 28. vii. 1982. Germany: 1 vacated mine, Brandenburg, Erkner, 9 - 11. ix. 2007; several vacated mines, Saarland, Neunkirchen, Zoo, 30. ix. 2004; 1 vacated mine, Sachsen-Anhalt, Dornburg, 2 km S, along Elbe, 19. vii. 2014. Greece: 2 larvae, many mines, Akhaia, Strofilia, S Kalogria, 4. xi. 2011, U. minor; 6 larvae, several mines, Ilia, Olympia, archeological site, 5. xi. 2011, U. minor. Italy: 1 vacated mine, Bolzano, Vinschgau, Prad an Stilfser Joch, Suldenbach banks, 27. vii. 2005; 1 larva, many mines, Cuneo, Entracque, ca 1 km SE, Il Bosco, 16. viii. 2007; several mines, Cuneo, Entracque, ca 1 km SE, Il Bosco, 13. x. 2008; 3 vacated mines, Roma, Trevignano Romano, 17. ix. 2005. Monaco: 3 vacated mines, Monaco Ville, E slope of Palais Principier, 9. viii. 2007. Netherlands: mines, Gelderland, Winterswijk, Bekendelle, along Slinge, 1. x. 1979; 1 larva, mines, Gelderland, Nijmegen, Winkelsteeg, 11. x. 2008; mines, Limburg, Eys, railway near Piepert, 11. ix. 1979; mines, Limburg, Thorn, klooster Bethanien, 24. ix. 1979; mines, Limburg, Gulpen, NW, holle weg, 8. x. 1979; 1 mine, Limburg, Thorn: Baarstraat, 3. x. 1988; mines, Noord-Holland, Castricum, hedge along road, 15. viii. 1979; mines, Noord-Holland, Castricum, hedge along road, 15. viii. 1979; mines, Noord-Holland, Amstelveen, Beneluxbaan, median reserve, 21. ix. 1979; several vacated mines, Overijssel, Weerribben, Ossenzijl, Venebosch, 27. viii. 2011; several vacated mines, Zeeland, Middelburg N., Brigdamseweg, 2. viii. 2009; 1 larva, 1 mine, Zuid-Holland, Den Haag, Waalsdorpervlakte, 7. x. 2007; mines, Zuid-Holland, Leiden W, experimental garden University, 5. vii. 1979; mines, ibidem, 5. ix. 1979; mines, Zuid-Holland, Wassenaar, Meijendel, near Kijfhoek, 18. ix. 1979; 1 larva, Zuid-Holland, Oegstgeest, Rhijngeest, 23. ix. 1997. Portugal: 1 mine, Tras-os-Montes, PN Montesinho, Salgueiros, Vallone das Furnas, 8 km N Vinhais, 30. vii. 2001. Romania: a few vacated mines, Brasov, Brașov, Mt. Tampa, 2. viii. 2011. Sweden: several vacated mines, Bohuslan, Svenneby, Valoen Nature Reserve, 7. viii. 2008.	en	Nieukerken, Erik J. van, Gilrein, Daniel Owen, Eiseman, Charles S. (2018): Stigmellamultispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). ZooKeys 784: 95-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.27296
