identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03910B7AB15F0F356059FE8EFDF7FEBA.text	03910B7AB15F0F356059FE8EFDF7FEBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops (Cathorops) aguadulce (Meek 1904)	<div><p>Cathorops (Cathorops) aguadulce (Meek, 1904)</p><p>Figs. 1 and 2</p><p>Galeichthys aguadulce Meek, 1904: 9, pl. 4. Type locality: río TesechoacánatPérez, Veracruz,ríoPapaloapanbasin, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH4678.</p><p>Cathorops aguadulce; Taylor &amp; Menezes, 1978 [only name]; Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999 (in part): 148–149 [remarks and distribution, Mexico, río Papaloapan basin]; Marceniuk &amp; Ferraris, 2003: 449 [distribution, Mexico, río Papaloapan basin];Acero P., 2003:837 [only name]; Kailola, 2004: 132 [only name]; Miller et al., 2005 (in part): 170 [description and distribution, Mexico, from río Panuco to río Coatzacoalcos]; Marceniuk &amp; Menezes, 2007 (in part): 42 [distribution, Mexico, río Papaloapan basin]; Betancur-R. et al., 2007:349 [only name]; Betancur-R. &amp; Willink, 2007 (in part) [key features and distribution, Mexico, río Panuco to río Papaloapan].</p><p>Material examined. FMNH 4678, 1, 227.0 mm SL, Mexico, río Tesechoacán at Pérez, Veracruz, río Papaloapan basin, holotype of Galeichthys aguadulce Meek 1904; UMMZ 210777, 1, 152.0 mm SL, Mexico, Oaxaca, río Papaloapan,ca 100 m below bridge to Papaloapan ; UMMZ 97483, 5, 134.0-187.0 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, río Papaloapan, 2 miles W of San Cristobal . UMMZ 186482, 1, 190 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, Estero tributary to Bahia Tecolutla, on Tecolutla-Nautla hwy 2.8 mi SSE Tecolutla (ferry landing, S side) at Rancho, río Tecolutla basin .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cathorops aguadulce is distinguished from all congeners by the fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two gill arches (vs. papillae absent in the remaining species, except in C. kailolae) (Fig. 3), posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with long and conspicuous serrations (vs. short and inconspicuous serrations in all other species, except in C. kailolae, C. melanopus, C. multiradiatus, and C. tuyra) (Fig. 2), 14-16 gill rakers on first arch (vs. 19-23 in C. agassizii, 17-22 in C. arenatus, 19-20 in C. belizensis, 18-21 in C. higuchii, 37-40 in C. hypophthalmus, 20-24 in C. mapale, 19-22 in C. tuyra, and 17-21 in C. spixii) (Table 1), and snout length 9.3-11.6% SL (vs. 5.0-9.0% SL in the remaining species, except in C. hypophthalmus) (Fig. 4).</p><p>Cathorops aguadulce is further distinguished from C. belizensis by possessing a longer supraoccipital process (11.5- 16.3 vs. 8.8-10.5% SL), largerorbitaldiameter(4.6-6.9 vs. 3.6-4.4% SL), and shorter interorbital distance (9.9-12.3 vs. 12.9-15.1% SL). Cathorops aguadulce is additionally distinguished from C. higuchii by having 13-16 gill rakers on second arch (vs. 17-21), and a larger orbital diameter (4.6-6.9 vs. 3.3-4.4% SL). Cathorops aguadulce also differs from C. kailolae by having a longer distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (39.0-40.7 vs. 33.1- 38.0% SL) (Fig. 5). Cathorops aguadulce is additionally distinguished from C. mapale species group in possessing 13-16 gill rakers on second arch (vs. 17-21). Cathorops aguadulce is further distinguished from C. melanopus by having a longer distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (39.0-40.7 vs. 30.0- 32.6% SL), and longer distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium (22.9-26.4 vs. 17.9-19.1%SL).</p><p>Description. (Tables 1 and 2). Head long and depressed, profile slightly convex at level of frontals and supraoccipital. Body broader rather than deeper on pectoral girdle area. Cephalic shield rugose, relatively short and narrow on lateral ethmoid, frontal, supracleithrum, and epioccipital areas. Osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal long and slender, evident under skin. Dorsomedian groove of neurocranium formed by frontals and supraoccipital, relatively deep and long, its margins well marked and progressively narrower posteriorly. Supraoccipital process relatively long and narrow on posterior portion, profile straight. Nuchal plate crescent-shaped, short and relatively wide. Snout long, rounded on transverse section. Anterior and posterior nostrils close to one another. Eye lateral and large. Interorbital distance short, distance between nostrils and orbit long. Maxillary barbel surpassing base of pectoral-fin spine, external mental barbel surpassing margin of gill membrane, internal mental barbel reaching margin of gill membrane.</p><p>Mouth narrows, lower jaw arched. Lips thick, lower lip thicker than upper lip. Vomerine tooth plates absent. One pair of elongated and narrow accessory tooth plates, small and distant from each other. Accessory tooth plates with small and few molariform teeth. Premaxilla quite narrow and moderately long.</p><p>Soft pectoral-fin rays 10. Pectoral-fin spine thick and short; anterior margin without granules or serrations; posterior margin with long and conspicuous serrations along almost its entire length. Soft dorsal-fin rays 7. Dorsal-fin spine relatively short, longer than pectoral-fin spine; anterior margin smooth; posterior margin serrated along almost its entire length.Pelvic fin high, with 6 rays. Anal fin high and short at base, with 21 rays. Upper and lower lobes of caudal fin long, upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Caudal peduncle high.</p><p>Acicular gill rakers on first arch 14-16 (14), 4 or 5 (5) on upper limb, 10 or 11 (10) on lower limb. Spike-shaped gill rakers on second arch 13-16 (13), 3 to 5 (3) on upper limb, 10 or 11 (10) on lower limb. Mesial surfaces of all gill arches with developed gill rakers. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches with fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers, papillae more developed on second arch.</p><p>Coloration inAlcohol. Dorsal and lateral portions of head brown, ventrally light beige. Body with same brown color, progressively lighter towards lateral line and rather light beige under lateral line. Maxillary barbel dark, mental barbels light; adipose fin dark, and other fins brown.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Sex of specimens was not examined (see Material and Methods).</p><p>Distribution. Cathorops aguadulce was described based on material from río Tesechoacán, río Papaloapan basin in Veracruz, Mexico. Without considering the populations from the río Usumacinta/río Grijalva and río Polochic/Lago Izabal watersheds (see remarks), Miller et al. (2005, Map 6.144) suggested that C. aguadulce occurs from río Coatzacoalcos northwestwards to río Panuco as well as in the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 6). The species inhabits large to medium-sized rivers, lagoons and small drainages; typically freshwaters, but also occurring in marine waters (Miller et al., 2005).</p><p>Vernacular names. Aguadulce Sea Catfish or bagre aguadulce.</p><p>Remarks. The entities examined from the río Usumacinta and lago Izabal basins, formerly treated as Cathorops aguadulce (e.g. Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999; Miller et al., 2005; Betancur-R. and Willink, 2007), are treated herein as C. kailolae (see below). Cathorops aguadulce and C. kailolae form a species complex, which is diagnosed by the presence of fleshy papillae on the mesial and lateral surfaces of first two gill arches (Fig. 3). More material examination is required to determine whether the populations reported by Miller et al. (2005, Map 6.144) from other localities (i.e. río Panuco, río Tecolutla, río Coatzacoalcos, and Gulf of Mexico) should be separated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03910B7AB15F0F356059FE8EFDF7FEBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre P.;Betancur-R, Ricardo	Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Betancur-R, Ricardo (2008): Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (1): 25, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000100004, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252008000100004&lng=en&tlng=en
03910B7AB15A0F3663E7FEF5FA71FBD4.text	03910B7AB15A0F3663E7FEF5FA71FBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops (Cathorops) belizensis Marceniuk & Betancur-R 2008	<div><p>Cathorops (Cathorops) belizensis, new species</p><p>Figs. 7 and 8</p><p>Cathorops spixii (non Agassiz); Taylor &amp; Menezes, 1978: (in part) [description and distribution, Belize]</p><p>Cathorops sp; Greenfield &amp; Thomerson, 1997 [description, Belize].</p><p>Holotype. USNM 286399, 175.0 mm SL (female), Belize, Belize City, mangrove swamps St. John´s college, 2 Aug 1971, D. W. Greenfield and J. E. Thomerson.</p><p>Paratypes. USNM 385181, 9 (8, 147.0-240.0 mm SL), collected with holotype; FMNH 95978, 52 (3, 207– 248 mm SL), collected with holotype; FMNH 77783, 27 (4, 168– 218 mm SL), Belize, 500 yards off Belize City, 1 Aug 1971 D.W. Greenfield .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cathorops belizensis is distinguished from all congeners by having 19-20 gill rakers on first arch (vs. 14-16 in C. aguadulce, 14-15 in C. fuerthii, 37-40 in C. hypophthalmus, 14- 16 in C.kailolae, 13-16 in C. manglarensis, 16-18 in C.melanopus, and 14-18 in C.taylori), 18-21anal-fin rays (vs. 22-25 in C. fuerthii, 22-23 in C. hypophthalmus, 25-27 in C. multiradiatus, 24-27 in C. manglarensis, 22-25 in C. spixii, and 22-23 in C.steindachneri), posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with short and inconspicuous serrations (vs. long and conspicuous serrations in C. aguadulce, C. kailolae, C. melanopus, C. multiradiatus, and C. tuyra), orbital diameter 3.6-4.4% SL (vs. 4.6-7.1% SL in C. agassizii, 4.6-6.9% SL in C. aguadulce, 3.0-3.5% SL in C. hypophthalmus, 4.6-6.6% SL in C. kailolae, 5.0-6.1% SL in C. liropus, 4.5-5.0% SL in C. melanopus, and 4.6-5.9% SL in C. taylori), interorbital distance 12.9-15.1% SL (vs. 9.9-12.3% SL in C. aguadulce, 15.7-16.3% SL in C. hypophthalmus, 8.9-12.3% SL in C. kailolae, 11.1-12.1% SL in C. melanopus), and dorsalfin spine length 29.4-33.3% of distance from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin (vs. 33.4-53.03%, except in C. taylori, and C. tuyra).</p><p>Cathorops belizensis is additionally distinguished from C. aguadulce by possessing a shorter snout (6.9-8.9 vs. 9.3-11.6% SL), shorter supraoccipital process (8.8-10.5 vs. 11.5-16.3% SL), and by lacking fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two arches (vs. papillae present). Cathorops belizensis is further distinguished from C. higuchii by its remarkably granulated cephalic shield (vs. slightly granulated cephalic shield), shorter dorsal-fin spine (15.9-17.6 vs. 18.6-22.2% SL) (Fig. 9), dorsal-fin spine as long as pectoral-fin spine (vs. dorsal-fin spine longer than pectoral-fin spine), and shorter nuchal plate (5.6-6.4 vs. 6.3- 7.5% SL). Cathorops belizensis also differs from C. kailolae by possessing a greater distance between anterior nostrils (5.1-6.1 vs. 3.2-4.5% SL), greater distance between posterior nostrils (5.9- 7.6 vs. 4.1-5.3% SL), shorter dorsal-fin spine (15.9-17.6 vs. 19.3- 24.9% SL), broader mouth (10.0-13.2 vs. 8.1-10.0% SL), wider premaxilla (6.3-11.9 vs. 4.3-5.4% SL), shorter lower lobe of caudal-fin (25.5-28.2 vs. 29.2-34.3% SL), pelvic fin paler (vs. pelvic fin totally or partially dark), and by lacking fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two arches (vs. papillae present). Cathorops belizensis is additionally distinguished from C. mapale species group in having a shorter supraoccipital process (8.8-10.5 vs. 10.6-14.9%SL), shorter nuchal plate (5.6-6.4 vs. 6.6-7.9% SL), and shorter dorsal-fin spine (15.9-17.6 vs. 18.5-24.2% SL), dorsal-fin spine as long as pectoral-fin spine (vs. dorsal-fin spine longer than pectoral-fin spine). Cathorops belizensis may be further distinguished from C. melanopus in having a longer head (25.8- 31.9 vs. 22.3-23.0% SL), longer snout (6.9-8.9 vs. 5.3-5.5% SL), greater distance between lateral cornu of lateral ethmoid and external limb of supracleithrum (22.2-26.4 vs. 19.3-19.6% SL), greater distance between anterior nostrils (5.1-6.1 vs. 3.6-4.4% SL), greater between posterior nostrils (5.9-7.6 vs. 4.4-5.1% SL), broader mouth (10.0-13.2 vs. 8.9-9.7% SL), wider premaxilla (6.3- 11.9 vs. 5.1-5.8% SL), and pelvic fin paler (vs. pelvic fin with intense black pigmentation).</p><p>Description. (Tables 1 and 3). Head very long and depressed, profile slightly convex at level of frontals and supraoccipital. Body wider rather than deeper on pectoral girdle area. Cephalic shield long and rugose, wide on lateral ethmoid, frontal, supracleithrum, and epioccipital areas. Osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal long and slender, quite evident under skin. Dorsomedian groove of neurocranium formed by frontals and supraoccipital deep and relatively large, its margins well marked and progressively narrower posteriorly. Supraoccipital process relatively short and wide on posterior portion, profile straight. Nuchal plate crescent-shaped, short and wide. Snout long and rounded on transverse section. Anterior and posterior nostrils quite distant from one another. Eyes lateral and small. Interorbital distance long, distance between nostrils and orbit moderate. Maxillary barbel reaching base of pectoralfin spine, external mental barbel reaching margin of gill membrane, internal mental barbel not reaching margin of gill membrane.</p><p>Mouth broad, lower jaw arched. Lips wide, lower lip thicker than upper lip. Vomerine tooth plates absent. One pair of oval shaped accessory tooth plates, moderate in size and distant from one another.Accessory tooth plates with large molariform teeth. Premaxilla broad and short. Dentary with well pronounced posterior projection, with sharp teeth on anterior portion, molariform teeth on posterior portion and few conical teeth on intermediate portion.</p><p>Soft pectoral-fin rays 10-11 (10). Pectoral-fin spine relatively short and slender; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin straight on basal fourth, distal three quarters with short serrations. Soft dorsal-fin rays 7. Dorsal-fin spine short and slender, as long as pectoral-fin spine; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin serrated along almost its entire length. Pelvic fin high, with 6 rays.Anal fin low and short at base, with 18-21 (21) rays. Upper and lower lobes of caudal-fin quite short, upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Caudal peduncle high.</p><p>Acicular gill rakers on first arch 19-20 (20), 6 or 7 (6) on upper limb, 12 to 14 (14) on lower limb. Spike shaped gill rakers on second arch 16-19 (19), 6 or 7 (6) on upper limb, 11 to 13 (13) on lower limb. Mesial surfaces of all gill arches with developed gill rakers. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches without fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers.</p><p>Coloration in Alcohol. Head dark brown on dorsal and lateral portions, ventrally light cream. Body with same dark brown coloration on dorsal portion, progressively lighter towards lateral line and light cream under lateral line. Barbels light, fins light beige.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism was observed in two females (175.0-240.0 mm SL) and seven males (147.0-211.0 mm SL) with respect to following morphological features (see also Table 3). Males with relatively larger heads than females, as evidenced by greater distance between lateral cornu of lateral ethmoid and external limb of supracleithrum, greater interorbital distance, and wider cephalic shield on lateral ethmoids and frontal areas.Anterior portion of body longer in males than in females, as evidenced by distance from tip of snout to pectoral, dorsal and adipose fins and by longer distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium.Males with deeper and wider body than females.</p><p>Premaxilla wider in males than in females (Fig.10).Accessory tooth plates remarkably longer and wider in females and consequently more distant from one another in males (Fig. 10). Males with smaller and fewer molariform teeth on accessory tooth plates than females.Accessory tooth plates totally or partially covered by epithelial tissue in males. Dentary in females with longer posterior projection and larger and with more molariform teeth on its posterior portion than males (Fig. 10).</p><p>Pelvic fin and supraoccipital process longer in females than in males. Females with deeper caudal peduncle and longer upper lobe of caudal fin than males. Males with larger orbital diameter, longer adipose fin, and longer barbels than females.</p><p>Distribution. Cathorops belizensis is described from the mangrove channels near St. John´s College at Belize city, Belize (Fig. 11).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet belizensis derives from the type locality of the species, Belize City.</p><p>Vernacular names. Belizean Sea Catfish or bagre de Belize.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03910B7AB15A0F3663E7FEF5FA71FBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre P.;Betancur-R, Ricardo	Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Betancur-R, Ricardo (2008): Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (1): 25, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000100004, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252008000100004&lng=en&tlng=en
03910B7AB1590F3A604FFB00FE79FA3F.text	03910B7AB1590F3A604FFB00FE79FA3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops (Cathorops) higuchii Marceniuk & Betancur-R 2008	<div><p>Cathorops (Cathorops) higuchii, new species</p><p>Figs. 12 and 13</p><p>Arius melanopus (non Günther); Steindachner, 1876:29 [description, Panama]; Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1923: 124 [description, PanamafromToroPoint, MindiReefandColón]; Miller, 1966: 795 (in part) [distribution]; Gilbert &amp; Kelso, 1971: 23 [only name, Costa Rica].</p><p>Cathorops spixii (non Agassiz); Taylor &amp; Menezes, 1978: 7 (in part) [description and distribution, Honduras to Panama].</p><p>Holotype. USNM 79363, 129.0 mm SL (male), Panama, Colón Reef, 23 Mar 1912, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand.</p><p>Paratypes. USNM 286763, 5 (1, 140.0 mm SL), Honduras, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.683334/lat 15.433333)">río Cruta</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.683334/lat 15.433333)">Caratasca lagoon</a>, 15º26’N 83º41’W, 11 Apr 1967, G.C. Miller ; USNM 286764, 3, 130.0-140.0 mm SL, Honduras, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.683334/lat 15.433333)">Caratasca lagoon</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.683334/lat 15.433333)">río Cruta</a>, 15º26’N 83º41’W, 11 Apr 1967, G. C. Miller ; USNM 286766, 3 (2, 97.0-141.0 mm SL), Honduras, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.566666/lat 15.35)">río Cruta</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.566666/lat 15.35)">Caratasca lagoon</a>, 15º21’N 83º34’W, 10 Apr 1967, G. C. Miller ; USNM 385182, 25 (3, 125.0- 192.0 mm SL), collected with holotype; USNM 38645, 6 (3, 144.0- 165.0 mm SL), Panama, Colón, Aspinwall, Mar-Apr 1884 ; USNM 79346, 3 (2, 162.0-168.0 mm SL), Panama, Colón, Mindi Reef, Mindi, canal zone, 7 Apr 1911, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; USNM 79415, 1, 134.0 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Reef, Mindi, canal zone, 7 Apr 1911, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; USNM 79345, 3 (1, 140.0 mm SL), Panama, Toro Point, canal zone, 12 Apr 1911, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; USNM 79355, 16 (2, 127.0-143.0 mm SL), Panama, Toro Point, canal zone, 12 Apr 1911, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; USNM 79365, 1, 138.0 mm SL, Panama, Toro Point, canal zone, 12 Apr 1911, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; USNM 79366, 1, 172.0 mm SL, Panama, Toro Point, canal zone, 24 Jan 1912, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; USNM 79348, 1, 163.0 mm SL, Panama, Colón, Fox Bay, 5 Jan 1911, S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand ; UF 16243, 1, 180.0 mm SL, Costa Rica, Limón, Tortuguero, 19 Aug 1963, C. R. Gilbert .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cathorops higuchii can be distinguished from all congeners by having 18-21 gill rakers on first arch (vs. 14-16 in C. aguadulce, 14-15 in C. fuerthii, 37-40 in C. hypophthalmus, 14- 16 in C. kailolae, and 13-16 in C. manglarensis), slightly granulated cephalic shield (Fig. 13) (vs. remarkably granulated cephalic shield in the remaining species, except in C. taylori), and orbit diameter 11.7-18.9% of external mental barbel length (vs. 26.2- 51.8% in C. agassizii, 24.8% in C aguadulce, 19.6-27.7% in C. dasycephalus, 8.8-9.1% in C. hypophthalmus, 24.8-37.6% in C. kailolae, 23.8-47.6% in C. liropus, 26.4-42.0% in C. taylori, and 23.4-24.8% in C. steindachneri).</p><p>Cathorops higuchii is further distinguished from C. aguadulce by having 17-21 gill rakers on second arch (vs. 13-16), shorter snout (6.1-8.0 vs. 9.3-11.6% SL), smaller orbital diameter (3.3-4.4 vs. 4.6-6.9% SL), and by lacking fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two gill arches (vs. papillae present). Cathorops higuchii additionally differs from C. belizensis by having a longer dorsal-fin spine (18.6-22.2 vs. 15.9-17.6% SL) (Fig. 9), dorsal-fin spine longer than pectoral-fin spine (vs. dorsal-fin spine as long as pectoral-fin spine), dorsal-fin spine length 35.6-43.3% of distance from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin (vs. 29.4-33.3), and longer nuchal plate (6.3-7.5 vs. 5.6-6.4% SL). Cathorops higuchii is further distinguished from C. kailolae in possessing a wider posterior portion of supraoccipital process (2.7-3.3 vs. 1.9-2.6% SL), longer accessory tooth plates (2.6-4.7 vs. 1.3-2.5%SL), widerpremaxilla(5.7-7.7 vs. 4.3-5.4%SL), smaller orbital diameter (3.3-4.4 vs. 4.6-6.6% SL), and by lacking fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two gill arches (vs. papillae present). Cathorops higuchii is additionally distinguished from C. mapale species group in possessing supraoccipital process length 3.1-4.5 in maxillary barbel length (vs. 2.0- 2.8) (Fig. 14), and supraoccipital process length 2.1-3.1 in external mental barbel length (vs. 1.2-1.9). Cathorops higuchii also differs from C. melanopus by having a longer snout (6.1-8.0 vs. 5.3-5.5% SL), longer distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium (20.9-26.3 vs. 17.9- 19.1% SL), smaller orbital diameter (3.3-4.4 vs. 4.5-5.0% SL), larger distance between lateral cornu of lateral ethmoid and external limb of the supracleithrum (20.4-25.9 vs. 19.3-19.6% SL), and pelvic fin paler (vs. pelvic fin with intensive black pigmentation).</p><p>Description. (Tables 1 and 4). Head moderately long and depressed, profile slightly convex at level of frontals and supraoccipital. Body wider rather than deeper on pectoral girdle area. Cephalic shield relatively short, slightly rugose, wide on lateral ethmoid, frontal, and supracleithrum areas, relatively broad at frontal area. Osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal long and slender, quite evident under skin. Dorsomedian groove of neurocranium formed by frontals and supraoccipital relatively deep and large, its margins well marked and progressively narrower posteriorly. Supraoccipital process relatively short and broad on posterior portion, profile straight. Nuchal plate crescent-shaped, long and wide. Snout short, rounded on transverse section. Anterior and posterior nostrils moderately distant from one another. Eye lateral and small. Interorbital distance relatively long, distance between nostrils and orbit moderate. Maxillary barbel reaching proximal half of pectoral-fin spine, external mental barbel surpassing margin of gill membrane, internal mental barbel reaching margin of gill membrane.</p><p>Mouth relatively narrow, lower jaw arched. Lips thick, lower lip thicker than upper lip. Vomerine tooth plates absent. One pair of oval shaped accessory tooth plates of moderate size, distant from one another. Accessory tooth plates with large molariform teeth.Premaxilla relatively long and wide. Dentary with well pronounced posterior projection, with sharp teeth on anterior portion, molariform teeth on posterior portion, few conical teeth on intermediate area.</p><p>Soft pectoral-fin rays 10. Pectoral-fin spine long and slender; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin straight on basal fourth, distal three quarters with short serrations. Soft dorsal-fin rays 7. Dorsal-fin spine long and slender, longer than pectoralfin spine; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations: posterior margin serrated along almost its entire length. Pelvic fin high, with 6 rays.Anal fin high and relatively long at base, with 19-24 (19) rays. Upper and lower lobes of caudal fin of moderate length, upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Caudal peduncle high.</p><p>Acicular gill rakers on first arch 18-21 (19), 5 to 7 (6) on upper limb, 12 to 14 (13) on lower limb. Spike shaped gill rakers on second arch 17-21 (18), 5 to 7 (5) on upper limb, 12 to 16 (13) on lower limb. Mesial surfaces of all gill arches with developed gill rakers. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches without fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Head medium to light brown on dorsal and lateral portions, ventrally light beige. Body with same brown coloration on dorsal portion, progressively lighter towards lateral line and light beige under lateral line. Maxillary barbel dark, mental barbels lighter, fins dark beige.</p><p>Sexual Dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism was observed in eleven females (97.0-192.0 mm SL) and ten males (125.0-163.0 mm SL), with respect to the following morphological features (Table 4). Head relatively longer in males than in females, as evidenced by greater distances from tip of snout to pectoral-, dorsal- and anal-fin origins, and greater distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium. Premaxilla broader in males than in females (Fig. 15).Accessory tooth plates longer and broader in females than in males (Fig. 15); plates covered by epithelial tissue, more distant from one another, and containing fewer and smaller molariform teeth in males. Posterior expansion of dentary longer and with more molariform teeth in females than in males (Fig. 15). Females with longer pelvic fin and higher anal fin than males.</p><p>Distribution. The species is common along most of the Caribbean portion of CentralAmerica, from Honduras to Panama (Fig. 11). Cathorops higuchii inhabits shallow coastal areas and low portions of coastal rivers</p><p>Etymology. This species is named on behalf of Dr. Horácio Higuchi, of Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, in recognition for his contribution to the taxonomy, systematics, and morphology of the SouthAmericanAriidae.</p><p>Vernacular names. Higuchi’s Sea Catfish or bagre de Higuchi.</p><p>Remarks. The marine and brackish species of Cathorops, occurring from Costa Rica and Panama, have frequently been misidentified as C. melanopus (Steindachner, 1876; Meek &amp; Hildebrand,1923; Miller, 1966; Gilbert &amp; Kelso, 1971) or C. spixii (Taylor &amp; Menezes, 1978) . Meek &amp; Hildebrand (1923) identified specimens collected in Panama as C. melanopus, but noted that the specimens differed from those described by Günther (1864) and Regan (1907) concerning the number of gill rakers on first arch, length of anal fin, number of anal-fin rays, and rugosity on head. They considered the differences to be individual variations without specific value or probably errors in counting number of rays and gill rakers. Our examination of the same specimens revealed that they differ from C. melanopus and represent a new species, herein described as C. higuchii . The records of C. melanopus from coastal waters in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama are considered erroneous and should indeed be referred as C. higuchii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03910B7AB1590F3A604FFB00FE79FA3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre P.;Betancur-R, Ricardo	Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Betancur-R, Ricardo (2008): Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (1): 25, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000100004, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252008000100004&lng=en&tlng=en
03910B7AB1550F3F604FFE8FFD48FBE8.text	03910B7AB1550F3F604FFE8FFD48FBE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops (Cathorops) kailolae Marceniuk & Betancur-R 2008	<div><p>Cathorops (Cathorops) kailolae, new species</p><p>Figs. 16 and 17</p><p>Cathorops aguadulce (non Meek); Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999 (in part): 148-149 [remarks and distribution, Mexico and Guatemala, from?río Grijalva to río Polochic]; Miller et al., 2005 (in part): 170 [description and distribution, Mexico and Guatemala,?río Grijalva, río Usumacinta, and lago Izabal basins]; Betancur-R. &amp; Willink, 2007 (in part) [key features and distribution, Mexico and Guatemala,río Usumacinta and lago Izabal basins]; Betancur-R. et al., 2007:349 [only name].</p><p>Holotype. USNM 134330, 181.0 mm SL (male), Guatemala, lago Izabal, embayment about 3 mi. W of El Estor, 8-9 Apr 1946, R. R. Miller and A. D. Holloway.</p><p>Paratypes. USNM 385739, 10 (5, 145.0-214.0 mm SL), collected with holotype; AMNH 35074, 7 (3, 106.0-135.0 mm SL), Guatemala, Izabal, río Cienaga, 1 kilometer above mouth into río Dulce, 11 Apr 1974, R.M. Bailey et al .; AUM 19407, 6 (5, 112.0-159.0 mm SL), Guatemala, Izabal, lago Izabal, shore at beach off Finca Carolina ; UF 35320, 12 (4, 51.0-119.0 mm SL), Guatemala, Izabal, lago Izabal, off Finca Carolina, 25 Jul 1979, C. L. Dyer and A. E. Limon .</p><p>Non-type specimens. AUM 32198, 3, 161- 166 mm SL, Guatemala, Petén, mouths of río San Juan and río Pucté, río La Pasión, río Usumacinta basin; ANSP 142725, 1, 215.0 mm SL, Guatemala, Petén, near Sayaxche, río Usumacinta basin; UMMZ 188018, 3, 168.0-276.0 mm SL (1, 276.0 mm SL), Guatemala, Petén, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.18889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.404167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.18889/lat 16.404167)">Arroyo Tamarindo</a> 0.5 km above mouth in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.18889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.404167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.18889/lat 16.404167)">Laguna Petexbatum</a>, above jct with <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.18889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.404167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.18889/lat 16.404167)">Arroyo Aquateca</a>, 16º24’15’’N, 90º11’20’’W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.18889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.404167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.18889/lat 16.404167)">río Usumacinta basin</a>. ECO-SC 4270, 1, 198.0 mm SL, Mexico, Chiapas, MontesAzules, Selva Lacandona, Río Usumacinta basin; ECO-SC 4269, 1, 202.0 mm SL; ECO-SC 4268, 1, 217.0 mm SL, Mexico, Chiapas, MontesAzules, Selva Lacandona, Río Usumacinta basin .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cathorops kailolae is distinguished from all congeners, except C. aguadulce, through the fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two gill arches (vs. papillae absent in the remaining species, except in C. aguadulce) (Fig. 3), 14-16 gill rakers on first arch (vs. 17-23 in C. agassizii, 17-22 in C. arenatus, 19-20 in C. belizensis, 18-21 in C. higuchii, 37-40 in C. hypophthalmus, 20-24 in C. mapale, 17-21 in C. spixii, and 19-22 in C. tuyra), and body width 17.7-19.7% SL (vs. 20.7-24.3% SL in C. arenatus, 20.5-23.5% SL in C. belizensis, 20.0-21.0% SL in C. dasycephalus, 20.3-22.5% SL in C. fuerthii, 20.0-22.4% SL in C. higuchii, 19.8-20.1% SL in C. hypophthalmus, 20.1-21.8% SL in C. mapale, 20.7-21.9% SL in C.manglarensis, and 20.3-23.7% SL in C. tuyra).</p><p>Cathorops kailolae is distinguished from C. aguadulce by possessing a shorter snout (6.0-8.6 vs. 9.3-11.6% SL) (Fig. 4), and shorter distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (33.1- 38.0 vs. 39.0-40.7% SL) (Fig. 5). Cathorops kailolae also differs from C. belizensis in having a shorter distance between anterior nostrils (3.2-4.5 vs. 5.1-6.1% SL), shorter distance between posterior nostrils (4.1-5.3 vs. 5.9-7.6% SL), larger orbital diameter (4.6-6.6 vs. 3.6-4.4% SL), shorter interorbital distance (8.9-12.3 vs. 12.9-15.1% SL), longer dorsal-fin spine (19.3-24.9 vs. 15.9-17.6% SL), narrower mouth (8.1-10.0 vs. 10.0-13.2% SL), narrower premaxilla (4.3-5.4 vs. 6.3-11.9% SL), and longer lower lobe of caudal-fin (29.2-34.3 vs. 25.5-28.2% SL). Cathorops kailolae is further distinguished from C. higuchii in possessing a narrower supraoccipital process at posterior portion (1.9-2.6 vs. 2.7-3.3% SL), shorter accessory tooth plates (1.3-2.5 vs. 2.6-4.7% SL), narrower premaxilla (4.3-5.4 vs. 5.7-7.7% SL), and larger orbital diameter (4.6-6.6 vs. 3.3-4.4% SL). Cathorops kailolae can be additionally distinguished from C. mapale species group in possessing a shorter interorbital distance (8.9-12.3 vs. 12.6-15.0% SL), narrower cephalic shield at supracleithrum area (15.3-17.3 vs. 17.3-19.8% SL), shorter accessory tooth plates (1.3-2.5 vs. 2.7- 4.3% SL), and narrower premaxilla (4.3-5.4 vs. 5.7-7.7% SL). Cathorops kailolae is further distinguished from C. melanopus in possessing a longer snout (6.0-8.6 vs. 5.3-5.5% SL), longer distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (33.1-38.0 vs. 30.0- 32.6% SL), longer distance from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin (50.4-52.6 vs. 46.2-49.1% SL), longer dorsal-fin spine (19.3-24.9 vs. 17.2-18.1% SL), and lower caudal peduncle (6.6-8.0 vs. 8.7- 9.0% SL).</p><p>Description. (Tables 1 and 5). Head long and depressed, profile slightly convex at level of frontals and supraoccipital. Body broader rather than deeper on pectoral girdle area. Cephalic shield rugose, relatively short and narrow on lateral ethmoid, frontal, supracleithrum, and epioccipital areas. Osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal long and slender, quite evident under skin. Dorsomedian groove of neurocranium formed by frontals and supraoccipital relatively deep and large, its margins well marked and progressively narrower posteriorly. Supraoccipital process relatively long and narrow on posterior portion, profile straight. Nuchal plate crescent-shaped, moderate in size. Snout relatively long, rounded on transverse section. Anterior and posterior nostrils relatively close to one another. Eye lateral and large. Interorbital distance short, distance between nostrils and orbit relatively large. Maxillary barbel surpassing base of pectoral-fin spine or reaching half of spine, external mental barbel surpassing margin of gill membrane, internal mental barbel reaching margin of gill membrane.</p><p>Mouth small, lower jaw arched. Lips thick, lower lip thicker than upper lip. Vomerine tooth plates absent. One pair of accessory tooth plates, elongated and narrow, quite small and distant from each other. Accessory tooth plates with small and not numerous molariform teeth. Premaxilla relatively short and quite narrow. Dentary with no so pronounced posterior projection, with many sharp teeth on anterior portion and few small molariform teeth on posterior portion.</p><p>Soft pectoral-fin rays 9-10 (10). Pectoral-fin spine long and thick; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin with straight basal fourth, distal three quarters with long and conspicuous serrations. Soft dorsal-fin rays 7. Dorsal-fin spine longer than pectoral-fin spine; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin serrated along almost its entire length. Pelvic fin high, with 6 rays. Anal fin high and relatively short at base, with 20-24 (22) rays. Upper and lower lobes of caudal fin long, upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Caudal peduncle relatively low.</p><p>Acicular gill rakers on first arch 14-16 (14), 4 or 5 (5) on upper limb, 9 to 11(9) on lower limb. Spike shaped gill rakers on second arch 13-16 (13), 4 or 5 (4) on upper limb, 9 to 11 (9) on lower limb. Mesial surfaces of all gill arches with developed gill rakers. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches with fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers, papillae more developed on second arch.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral portions of head dark brown, ventrally light beige. Body with same dark brown color, progressively lighter towards lateral line and rather light beige under lateral line. Maxillary barbel dark, mental barbels light, fins dark especially towards edge.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism was observed in three females (145.0-214.0mm SL) and three males (145.0-210.0mm SL) with respect to the following morphological features (Table 5). Head and anterior portion of body longer in males than in females, as evidenced by greater distances from tip of snout to dorsal-, pelvic-, and adipose-fin origins. Females with longer and broader accessory tooth plates, males with accessory plates more distant from one another and covered by epithelial tissue (Fig. 18). Posterior expansion of dentary longer in females than in males (Fig. 18). Pectoral-fin and dorsal-fin spines, pelvic fin, and upper lobe of caudal fin longer in females than in males. Males with longer anal-fin base than females. Body deeper in females than in males.</p><p>Distribution. Material examined of Cathorops kailolae comes from the lago Izabal basin in Guatemala (type locality) and the río Usumacinta basin in Mexico and Guatemala (Fig. 6). Because the main arm of the río Usumacinta flows into the río Grijalva near its mouth, the population reported by Miller et al. (2005, Map 6.144) from the río Grijalva is probably conspecific with C. kailolae, but this requires confirmation.This species inhabits chiefly freshwaters, but apparently also present in high salinities, as in laguna de Términos (Miller et al., 2005).</p><p>Etymology. The species is name to honor Dr. Patricia J. Kailola, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, for her enormous contribution to the systematics of the Ariidae .</p><p>Vernacular names. Kailola’s Sea Catfish or bagre de Kailola.</p><p>Remarks. Despite the fact that the lago Izabal and the río Usumacinta basins are presently isolated, no important meristic or morphometric differences were observed between the populations from these two localities at this time. Type specimens were restricted to the lago Izabal basin because future studies (e.g. phylogeographic approaches) might reveal some differences between the two populations. Cathorops kailolae is closely related to C. aguadulce (see remarks of C. aguadulce).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03910B7AB1550F3F604FFE8FFD48FBE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre P.;Betancur-R, Ricardo	Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Betancur-R, Ricardo (2008): Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (1): 25, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000100004, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252008000100004&lng=en&tlng=en
03910B7AB1500F216389FBBBFD07FAD9.text	03910B7AB1500F216389FBBBFD07FAD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops (Cathorops) melanopus (Gunther 1864)	<div><p>Cathorops (Cathorops) melanopus (Günther, 1864)</p><p>Figs. 19 and 20</p><p>Arius melanopus Günther, 1864: 172 . Type locality: río Motagua, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1865.4.29.51-53; Regan, 1907: 126 (in part) [description, Guatemala].</p><p>Tachisurus melanopus; Eigenmann &amp;Eigenmann,1888:146 [only name]; Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1890: 88 [synonymy].</p><p>Cathorops melanopus; Taylor &amp; Menezes, 1978 [only name]; Marceniuk &amp; Ferraris, 2003:449 [distribution, Guatemala, río Motagua];Acero P., 2003: 837 [only name]; Kailola, 2004:132 [only name]; Marceniuk &amp; Menezes, 2007: 45 [distribution, Guatemala, río Motagua]; Betancur-R. et al., 2007:349 [only name]; Betancur-R. &amp; Willink, 2007 [key features and distribution, Guatemala, río Motagua].</p><p>Material examined. BMNH 1865.4.29. 51-53, 3 (1, 172.0 mm SL), Guatemala, río Motagua, syntype of Arius melanopus; AMNH 35241, 2, 115.0-143.0 mm SL, Guatemala, Izabal, río Motagua at Finca Hopi ; UMMZ 197336, 3,126.0-188.0 mm SL, Guatemala, Izabal, río Motagua at Finca Hopi .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cathorops melanopus differs from all congeners by having 16-18 gill rakers on first arch (vs. 19-20 in C. belizensis, 14- 15 in C. fuerthii, 37-40 in C. hypophthalmus, 20-24 in C. mapale, and 19-22 in C. tuyra), 19-20 rays on anal fin (vs. 21-23 in C. agassizii, 21 in C. aguadulce, 21-24 in C. arenatus, 22-25 in C. fuerthii, 22-23 in C. hypophthalmus, 24-27 in C. manglarensis, 21-24 in C. mapale, 25-27 in C. multiradiatus, 22-25 in C. spixii, and 22-23 in C. steindachneri), snout length 5.3-5.5% SL (vs. 6.9- 8.9% SL in C. belizensis, 6.3-7.9% SL in C. fuerthii, 6.1-8.0% SL in C. higuchii, 8.6-9.6% SL in C. hypophthalmus, 6.0-8.6% SL in C. kailolae, 6.2-8.0% SL in C. manglarensis, 7.3-7.6% SL in C. steindachneri, 7.4-8.3% SL in C. taylori), and posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with prominent serrations (vs. short and inconspicuous serrations in all other species, except in C. aguadulce, C. kailolae, C. multiradiatus, and C. tuyra) (Fig. 20).</p><p>Cathorops melanopus is further distinguished from C. aguadulce by possessing a shorter snout (5.3-5.5 vs. 9.3-11.6% SL), shorter distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (30.0- 32.6 vs. 39.0-40.7% SL), shorter distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium (17.9- 19.1 vs. 22.9-26.4% SL), and by lacking fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two arches (vs. papillae present). Cathorops melanopus is additionally distinguished from C. belizensis in having a shorter head (22.3-23.0 vs. 25.8-31.9% SL), shorter distance between lateral cornu of lateral ethmoid and external limb of supracleithrum (19.3-19.6 vs. 22.2-26.4% SL), smaller distance between the anterior nostrils (3.6-4.4 vs. 5.1- 6.1% SL), shorter distance between posterior nostrils (4.4-5.1 vs. 5.9-7.6% SL), larger orbital diameter (4.5-5.0 vs. 3.6-4.4% SL), smaller interorbital distance (11.1-12.1 vs. 12.9-15.1% SL), narrower mouth(8.9-9.7 vs. 10.0-13.2% SL), narrower premaxilla(5.1- 5.8 vs. 6.3-11.9% SL), and intense black pigmentation on pelvic fin (vs. pale pigmentation on pelvic fin) (Fig. 19). Cathorops melanopus is further distinguished from C. higuchii in possessing a shorter distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium (17.9-19.1 vs. 20.9-26.3% SL), larger orbital diameter (4.5-5.0 vs. 3.3-4.4% SL), shorter distance between lateral cornu of lateral ethmoid and external limb ofsupracleithrum(19.3-19.6 vs. 20.4-25.9% SL), andintenseblack pigmentation on pelvic fin (vs. pale pigmentation on pelvic fin) (Fig. 19). Cathorops melanopus also differs from C. kailolae in possessing a shorter distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (30.0-32.6 vs. 33.1-38.0% SL), shorter distance from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin (46.2-49.1 vs. 50.4-52.6% SL), shorter dorsal-fin spine (17.2-18.1 vs. 19.3-24.9% SL), higher caudal peduncle (8.7-9.0 vs. 6.6-8.0% SL), and by lacking fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers on first two arches (vs. papillae present). Cathorops melanopus is additionally distinguished from C. mapale species group in possessing a narrower cephalic shield at supracleithrum area (16.7-16.9 vs. 17.3-19.8% SL), shorter head (22.3-23.0 vs. 24.4-28.9% SL), narrower body (19.6- 20.1 vs. 20.5-22.3% SL), shorter distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin (30.0-32.6 vs. 33.4-38.7% SL), shorter dorsal-fin spine (17.2-18.1 vs. 18.5-24.2% SL), and intense black pigmentation on pelvic fin (vs. pale pigmentation on pelvic fin) (Fig. 19).</p><p>Description. (Tables 1 and 6). Head short and depressed, profile slightly convex at level of frontals and supraoccipital. Body broader rather than deeper on pectoral girdle area. Cephalic shield rugose, relatively short and narrow on lateral ethmoid, frontal, supracleithrum, and epioccipital areas. Osseous bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal long and slender, evident under skin. Dorsomedian groove of neurocranium relatively deep and large, its margins well marked, progressively narrower posteriorly. Supraoccipital process long and wide on posterior portion, profile straight. Nuchal plate crescent-shaped and moderate in size. Snout quite short, rounded on transverse section. Anterior and posterior nostrils close to one another. Eye lateral and relatively large. Interorbital distance and distance between nostrils and orbit short. Maxillary barbel surpassing base of pectoral-fin spine, external mental barbel surpassing margin of gill membrane, internal mental barbel reaching margin of gill membrane.</p><p>Mouth relatively small, lower jaw arched.Lips relatively thick. Vomerine tooth plates absent. One pair of small, narrow and elongated accessory tooth plates, quite distant from one another. Accessory tooth plates with small molariform teeth. Premaxilla quite narrow and long. Dentary with not so pronounced posterior projection, with many sharp teeth on anterior portion and few small molariform teeth on posterior portion.</p><p>Soft pectoral-fin rays 10. Pectoral-fin spine short; anterior margin with few granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin straight on basal fourth, distal three quarters with long serrations. Soft dorsal-fin rays 7. Dorsalfin spine short, as long as pectoral-fin spine; anterior margin with granules on basal two thirds, distal third with short serrations; posterior margin serrated for almost its entire length. Pelvic fin high, with 6 rays.Anal fin high and long at base, with 19-20 (19) rays. Upper and lower lobes of caudal fin of moderate length, upper lobe longer than lower lobe. Caudal peduncle high.</p><p>Acicular gill rakers on first arch 16-18 (17), 5 or 6 (5) on upper limb, 11 or 12 (11) on lower limb. Spike shaped gill rakers on second arch 16-18, 4 to 6 on upper limb, 12 or 13 on lower limb. Mesial surfaces of all gill arches with developed gill rakers. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches without fleshy papillae intercalated with gill rakers.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral portions of head dark, ventrally light beige. Body with same dark color, progressively lighter towards lateral line and rather light beige under lateral line. Maxillary barbel dark, mental barbels light, fins dark especially towards edge.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Sex of specimens was not examined (see Material and Methods).</p><p>Distribution. Material examined is from the río Motagua in Guatemala, type locality of the species (Fig. 6). Probably present in the Honduran portion of the río Motagua, near its mouth. The species is restricted to freshwaters.</p><p>Vernacular names. Dark Sea Catfish, bagre prieto.</p><p>Remarks. Because C. melanopus is restricted to the freshwaters of río Motagua (in Guatemala and probably Honduras), the recognition of specimens from Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama as C. melanopus by previous authors (e.g. Steindachner, 1876; Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1923; Miller, 1966; Gilbert &amp; Kelso, 1971; Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999) is erroneous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03910B7AB1500F216389FBBBFD07FAD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre P.;Betancur-R, Ricardo	Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Betancur-R, Ricardo (2008): Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (1): 25, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000100004, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252008000100004&lng=en&tlng=en
03910B7AB14E0F2163BBFAD1FA46F7E2.text	03910B7AB14E0F2163BBFAD1FA46F7E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1882	<div><p>Key to the species of Cathorops from the Mesoamerica and Caribbean Sea</p><p>1. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches with fleshy papillae intercalated with the gill rakers, papillae more developed on second arch (Fig. 3b); 14-16 gill rakers on first arch; 13-16 gill rakers on second arch ..................................... 2</p><p>1’. Lateral and mesial surfaces of first and second gill arches without fleshy papillae intercalated with the gill rakers (Fig. 3a); 16 to 23 gill rakers on first arch; 16 to 22 gill rakers on second arch ............................................................................................ 3</p><p>2. Snout length 9.3-11.6% SL (Fig. 4); distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin 39.0-40.7% SL (Fig. 5) .... Cathorops aguadulce</p><p>2’. Snout length 6.0-8.6% SL (Fig. 4); distance from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin 33.1-38.0% SL (Fig. 5).... Cathorops kailolae</p><p>3. Head length 22.3-23.0% SL; distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium 17.9- 19.1% SL; pelvic and pectoral fins with intense black pigmentation; posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with conspicuous and long serrations (Fig. 20) .......................................................................................................................... Cathorops melanopus</p><p>3’. Head length 23.3-31.9% SL; distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of dorsomedian groove of neurocranium 20.2- 27.3% SL; pelvic and pectoral fins with pale pigmentation; posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine with inconspicuous and short serrations (Figs. 8 and 13)......................................................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>4. Dorsal-fin spine 15.9-17.6% SL (Fig. 9); dorsal-fin spine length 29.4-33.3% of distance from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin; dorsal-fin spine as long as pectoral-fin spine................................................................................................ Cathorops belizensis</p><p>4’. Dorsal-fin spine 18.6-24.2% SL (Fig. 9); dorsal-fin spine length 35.1-48.3% of distance from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin; dorsal-fin spine longer than pectoral-fin spine................................................................................................................................ 5</p><p>5. Cephalic shield with very few granules (Fig. 13); supraoccipital process length 22.3-32.6% of maxillary barbel length (Fig. 14); supraoccipital process length 32.8-48.3% of external mental barbel length........................................ Cathorops higuchii</p><p>5’. Cephalic shield densely granulated; supraoccipital process length 35.5-51.4% of maxillary barbel length (Fig. 14); supraoccipital process length 51.5-81.2% of external mental barbel length...................................... Cathorops mapale species group</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03910B7AB14E0F2163BBFAD1FA46F7E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre P.;Betancur-R, Ricardo	Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Betancur-R, Ricardo (2008): Revision of the species of the genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from Mesoamerica and the Central American Caribbean, with description of three new species. Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (1): 25, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000100004, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252008000100004&lng=en&tlng=en
