taxonID	type	description	language	source
0390350AFFB8DF23FE211631FB079188.taxon	description	Families. Alatinidae, Carukiidae, Carybdeidae, Tamoyidae and Tripedaliidae.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB8DF2CFE2010C2FDC892B6.taxon	description	Tentacles branching distally ............................ Genus Manokia (no figure) adradial Lying halfway between perradial and interradial plane area corrugata Area of muscular tissue that displays alternating ridges and grooves diverticula Sacs or pouches stemming from velarial canals exumbrella Outer surface of the bell of a medusa frenulum Perradial sheet of muscular tissue bracing the right-angle connection of velarium and subumbrella gastric phacellae Part of the digestive system of box jellyfish; usually comprised of bundles of cirri in the corners of the stomach gonad Interradial sheet of tissue containing eggs or spermatozoa interradial In box jellyfish the planes that are marked by the presence of pedalia and tentacles manubrium Cruciform or quadrangular tube of varying length or thickness projecting downward from the stomach mesentery Perradial sheet of tissue that attaches the stomach to the subumbrella nematocyst Capsule containing an oftentimes barbed tubule that delivers venom to predator or prey. Commonly referred to as “ stinging cell ” nematocyst wart Dense accumulation of numerous cells containing nematocysts; visible to the naked eye as freckles or warts on the body of the medusa pedalium Interradial muscular structures inserting at the base of each corner of the bell. Pedalia bear the tentacles of box jellyfish. In Carybdeida each pedalium bears a single tentacle; in Chirodropida pedalia branch into numerous “ fingers ” distally, each bearing a single tentacle pedalial canal Canal in the pedalium that connects the gastro-vascular system of the bell to the hollow tentacles perradial In box jellyfish the planes that are marked by the presence of rhopalia perradial lappet Muscular, triangular lappet of tissue in the perradius of the velarium rhopaliar horn Blind-ending canal that possesses an opening to the inside of the rhopaliar niche; function unknown rhopaliar niche Cavity that is open to the environment at the exumbrellar side of the bell; contains rhopalium rhopaliar niche ostium The exumbrellar opening of the rhopaliar niche; usually bearing covering scales rhopaliar window Tissue covering the rhopaliar niche on the subumbrellar side rhopalium Sensory structure bearing eyes and statocyst. In box jellyfish rhopalia possess a muscular stalk that allows for active movement of the rhopalium stomach Sac-like enlargement of the gastro-vascular system in the upper portion of the subumbrellar cavity subumbrella Underside of the bell of a medusa subumbrellar cavity Cavity formed by the subumbrella velarium A circular flap of muscular tissue forming the opening of the subumbrellar cavity velarial canal Canal in the velarium that is connected to the gastro-vascular system	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB8DF2CFE2010C2FDC892B6.taxon	description	Global; tropical to temperate; neritic, and oceanic. Remarks	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB4DF29FE301587FC2C90D7.taxon	description	Indo-Pacific; tropical to (warm) temperate; neritic, and possibly oceanic. Remarks	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB4DF29FE301587FC2C90D7.taxon	materials_examined	Records of Carukiidae species are rare and are mostly limited to the Australian continent. To add to the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of Carukiidae, we describe a new species of Malo from the Philippines, redescribe Morbakka virulenta from Japan, and document the discovery of an unknown / unidentified species of Morbakka from the Philippines. Morbakka virulenta was originally described as Tamoya virulenta by Kishinouye (1910). The species, however, lacks the vertical gastric phacellae characteristic of Tamoya (see Collins et al. 2011), but possesses the distinctive “ rabbit-ear ” - shaped rhopaliar horns of Morbakka. The original type material appears lost and our inquiries among Japanese colleagues did not reveal where potential type specimens may be located. It is likely that the material investigated for the original description of M. virulenta was lost around the time of World War II. Morbakka virulenta is very similar in appearance to M. fenneri from Australia. To aid future taxonomic studies, we designate a neotype for M. virulenta and provide a description of the material examined in another section of the manuscript below.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB2DF2BFE371003FD219513.taxon	description	Global; tropical to temperate; neritic. Remarks	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB2DF2BFE371003FD219513.taxon	description	Another species contained in Gershwin and Gibbons (2009) treatment is C. mora, which was recently considered to be the junior synonym of C. brevipedalia (Bentlage et al. 2010). Both species were described by Kishinouye (1891 a, 1910) from Honshu, Japan. Carybdea brevipedalia was described from Shima (Kishinouye 1891 a) whereas C. mora was described from Tokyo Bay (Kishinouye 1910) only some 200 – 300 km north of Shima. The descriptions of both species are lacking considerable detail and provide little to distinguish between the two species. In fact, both species seem to overlap in their morphological characteristics. In particular, the gastric phacellae consist of rows of 10 – 12 brush-like filaments in each corner of the stomach in C. brevipedalia (Kishinouye 1891 a) and 8 – 12 brush-like filaments in C. mora (Kishinouye 1910). We investigated several specimens of Carybdea collected from different locations in Japan and all possessed similar numbers of brush-like filaments in the corners of their stomachs and did not seem to differ in any other way. Pending further evidence, molecular and morphological, it seems most prudent to consider C. mora to be the junior synonym of C. brevipedalia (cf. Bentlage et al. 2010); the species is commonly known as Andon Kurage in Japan. In summary, original descriptions as well as those provided by Mayer (1910) should be consulted in addition to Gershwin and Gibbons (2009) for identifying species of Carybdea. It is likely that several undescribed species of Carybdea exist, a view supported by molecular genetic evidence (Bentlage et al. 2010). At the same time some species names may be synonymous with each other. As such, the family Carybdeidae would benefit from a comprehensive taxonomic revision combining both morphological and molecular genetic data.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB0DF2BFE161447FECC91C6.taxon	description	Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean, with most records from the western Atlantic and the Caribbean; tropical to temperate; mostly neritic. Remarks Gershwin and Alderslade (2005) considered the genera of Carukiidae to be part of the family Tamoyidae. The phylogenetic and taxonomic treatment of Bentlage et al. (2010) shows that Tamoyidae is a monogeneric family containing only the genus Tamoya. Morphologically, Tamoyidae can be distinguished from the Carukiidae based on the lack of rhopaliar horns. In addition, Tamoya species possess vertical rows of gastric cirri running along the perradial sides of the stomach (Collins et al. 2011). Collins et al. (2011) review the Tamoyidae with details of its history and morphology / anatomy. Some species of Tamoya that are currently unrecognizable were originally described from the Indo-Pacific (e. g. T. bursaria). Additionally, cubozoans collected from the Indo-Pacific have regularly been identified as species of Tamoya. When inspection of such specimens was possible, we determined that the specimens belong to the Carukiidae (e. g. Morbakka virulenta from Japan that was described, and is regularly referred to, as Tamoya virulenta). All records of Tamoya originating from the Indo-Pacific should be treated as suspect; these records most likely refer to specimens of Morbakka or Gerongia that were erroneously identified as Tamoya, because the lack of gastric phacellae and presence of rhopaliar horns are often overlooked.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB0DF2AFE3D1332FEC191A7.taxon	description	Two or three pedalia per bell corner ................ Genus Tripedalia (Figure 3 E, J)	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB0DF2AFE3D1332FEC191A7.taxon	description	Global; tropical; neritic. Remarks	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB0DF2AFE3D1332FEC191A7.taxon	description	Here we describe specimens of carukiid species that were collected from the Philippines and Japan. The following abbreviations were used throughout the descriptions. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA: USNM; Bell height in mm: BH (measured from velarial turn-over to the apex of the swimming bell); interradial bell width in mm: IRW; nematocyst capsule length: L; nematocyst capsule width: W.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB1DF36FE0F10E3FC46973E.taxon	description	(Figures 4 D, E, 5, 6)	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB1DF36FE0F10E3FC46973E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype. USNM 27935, female 32 mm BH, 13 mm IRW, Nasugbu, Luzon, The Philippines. Paratypes. USNM 28714, male 30 mm BH, 16 mm IRW, Taal Anchorage, Luzon, The Philippines; USNM 1150373, male, 40 mm BH, 15 mm IRW, Nasugbu, Luzon, The Philippines; USNM 27936, male 37 mm BH, 18 mm IRW, Mansalaya, Mindoro, The Philippines. Type locality Nasugbu, Luzon, The Philippines. Etymology The species name indicates the geographic origin and gender of the holotype. Diagnosis Malo of 30 – 40 mm BH; bell densely covered with nematocyst warts. Pedalia with thorn-like extension at pedalial canal bend. Tentacular cnidome consisting of microbasic p-mastigophores and microbasic p-euryteles. Description Carybdeid medusa, bell taller than wide with leaf-like gonads in mature individuals (Figure 5 A). Exumbrella with regularly spaced nematocyst warts (Figure 5 A). Maximum BH about 40 mm (observed range from 30 to 40 mm in mature individuals) and maximum IRW about 18 mm (observed range from 13 to 18 mm in mature individuals). Stomach reaching deep into subumbrella, suspended with well-developed mesenteries (Figure 5 B); gastric phacellae absent. Upper half of mesenteries well developed while lower half extends cord-like to rhopaliar window (Figure 5 B). Manubrium short, extending one-third of bell height into subumbrellar cavity; with smooth and somewhat rounded lips (Figure 5 B). Four muscular brackets (frenulae) brace the rightangle connection from tip of rhopaliar window to three-quarters the distance between velarial turnover and its margin on each perradius; each frenulum consisting of one solid gelatinous sheet (Figure 5 C). Perradial lappets broad, triangular, not reaching subumbrellar edge of velarium, with one row of two to four nematocyst warts on each side (Figures 4 E, 5 D, E). Three or four velarial canals per octant; velarial canals appear as digitiform projections (some branched) from a single root giving a palmate appearance to velarial canals (Figure 5 D, E). Four to six velarial warts per octant. Pedalia with scalpel-shaped inner keel and distal overhang (Figure 5 F); pedalial canal thorn-shaped (Figure 5 G). Nematocyst warts present on abaxial portion of pedalia (Figure 5 F), but most warts appear to have rubbed off. Rhopaliar niche ostium frownshaped with short, broad and blunt rhopaliar horns (Figures 4 D and 5 H). Each of the four rhopalia bears two median lens eyes; lateral eyes not visible due to poor condition of specimens. It is unclear if the lateral pigment and slit eyes are not present or if the pigment has faded over time, leaving only the two central lens eyes discernible. Cnidome Nematocysts collected and measured from USNM 28714. Distal tentacle tip: rodshaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 27.2 - 31.5 - 36.4 µm, W 11.6 - 13 - 14.2 µm, n = 20; Figure 6 A). Proximal tentacle / tentacle base: rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 38.8 - 40 - 43.8 µm, W 12.8 - 15.6 - 17.7 µm, n = 20; Figure 6 B, C); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 29.4 - 30.5 - 31.3 µm, W 16.5 - 16.8 - 17.4 µm, n = 5; Figure 6 D, E). Exumbrellar warts: large, spherical isorhizas (L 28.5 - 32 - 40.5 µm, W 27.1 - 29.4 - 32.9 µm, n = 20; Figure 6 F); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 30.6 - 34.3 - 36.6 µm, W 20.4 - 22.1 - 24.3 µm, n = 8; Figure 6 G, H);? rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 36.7 - 38.6 - 40.1 µm, W 15.3 - 16 - 17.2 µm, n = 10; Figure 6 I). Differential diagnosis Malo filipina is most likely to be confused with M. maxima from Western Australia, especially because both species are of similar size. Malo filipina ’ s tentacular cnidome contains both microbasic p-mastigophores and microbasic p-euryteles whereas M. maxima possesses only the former. We observed the following nematocysts in tentacles of a specimen of M. kingi (USNM 1125368), the third species in the genus: spherical isorhizas (average L 26 µm, average W 21 µm), microbasic p-mastigophores (average L 36 µm, average W 13 µm), and amastigophores (average L 7 µm, average W 5 µm). Furthermore, the shape of the pedalial canal bend allows distinction among the species of Malo. Malo maxima lacks a spike or thorn-like extension at the proximal bend of its pedalial canal bend whereas M. filipina possesses a spike at the pedalial canal bend (Figure 5 G). Malo kingi also lacks the thorn-like extension of M. filipina. Several specimens of M. kingi seem to display halo-like bands on their tentacles (Gershwin 2007); no such structures were observed in M. filipina.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFADDF32FE60167AFE6196AA.taxon	description	(Figures 4 I. J, 7, 8)	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFADDF32FE60167AFE6196AA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Neotype. USNM 1124253, female, 150 mm BH, 60 mm IRW, Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Other material. USNM 1124251, 150 mm BH, 68 mm IRW, Hiroshima Bay, Japan; USNM 1124252, 140 mm BH, 50 mm IRW, Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Type locality Hiroshima Bay, Honshu, Japan. Common name Hikurage (“ fire jellyfish ” in Japanese). Diagnosis Large carybdeid medusa (up to 150 mm BH) lacking gastric phacellae; robust bell densely covered with nematocyst warts (Figure 7 A). Morbakka virulenta possesses “ rabbit-ear ” - shaped rhopaliar horns and differs from its congener, M. fenneri, in that M. virulenta ’ s rhopaliar horns are swollen rather than pointed at the tips, and project from the top centre of the rhopaliar niche at a more oblique angle (Figure 4 H versus 4 I). Further, M. virulenta lacks the nematocyst wart on the rhopaliar stalk that is characteristic of M. fenneri. Description Carybdeid medusa, bell taller than wide, rectangular, with flat apex, and leaflike gonads in mature individuals (Figure 7 A, B); extended tentacles flat, cord-like in live specimens (Figure 7 B). Exumbrella densely covered with nematocyst warts (Figure 7 A). Maximum BH about 150 mm (observed range from 140 to 150 mm in mature individuals) and maximum IRW about 68 mm (observed range from 50 to 68 mm in mature individuals). Gastric phacellae absent; stomach with welldeveloped musculature (area corrugata; Figure 7 C). Manubrium with rounded, smooth-edged lips (Figure 7 D) extending to about one-third of BH from subumbrellar ostium. Mesenteries well developed in upper half of the subumbrella, extending cord-like to rhopaliar window (Figure 7 D). Frenulum consisting of a single sheet that splits longitudinally near the rhopaliar niche, extending onto the lower half of the rhopaliar window (Figure 7 E); frenulum covering three-quarters of the distance between velarial turnover and velarial margin (Figure 7 E). Perradial lappets broad, triangular, not reaching subumbrellar edge of velarium (Figure 7 F); approximately 7 – 10 nematocyst warts on each side of the perradial lappet, mostly arranged in single rows but some scattered (Figures 4 J and 7 F). Velarium with six to eight complex dendritic canals per octant with lateral diverticula per octant (Figures 4 J and 7 F). Pedalium keeled on both sides of lateral median line; inner keel with overhang (Figure 7 G). Outer keel with warts (Figure 7 G), that appear to have mostly rubbed off after collection. Pedalial canal with thorn-like extension (Figure 7 H). Rhopaliar niche ostium frown-shaped with “ rabbit-ear ” - like rhopaliar horns (Figures 4 I and 7 I). Cnidome Tentacles were truncated in the preserved specimens, but nematocysts were sampled from both the distal end of the truncated tentacles as well as the proximal base of the tentacles near the pedalia. Distal tentacle tip: rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 58.2 - 66.2 - 71.2 µm, W 14.1 - 18.2 - 16 µm, n = 6; Figure 8 A, B); large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 59.1 - 60.1 - 64.8 µm, W 31.2 - 38.6 - 39.3 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 C, D); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 18 - 21.8 - 23.6 µm, W 13.5 - 15.5 - 17.6 µm, n = 5; Figure 8 E, F); small, oval amastigophores (L 10.6 µm, W 6.4 µm, n = 1; Figure 8 G). Proximal tentacle / tentacle base: rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 69.4 - 71.7 - 74.6 µm, W 14.9 - 16.7 - 19.1 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 H); large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 61.8 - 66.9 - 77.6 µm, W 30.1 - 35.9 - 43.3 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 I, J); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 43.3 - 43.3 - 44.5 µm, W 18.6 - 18.6 - 21.1 µm, n = 3; Figure 8 K). Manubrium:? oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 20.7 µm, W 12.8 µm, n = 1; Figure 8 L). Pedalial warts: large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 60.9 - 64.5 - 69.5 µm, W 37.8 - 40.6 - 43.2 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 M, N); rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 61.7 - 67.2 - 71 µm, W 15.7 - 18.9 - 21.3 µm, n = 13; Figure 8 O, P). Exumbrellar warts: large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 42.9 - 45.9 - 50.2 µm, W 27.6 - 31 - 33.6 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 Q); rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 62.8 - 70 - 79.4 µm, W 14.7 - 17.2 - 19.1 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 R). Apex warts: oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 33.6 - 36.8 - 40.4 µm, W 22.8 - 25.5 - 27.6 µm, n = 20; Figure 8 S, T); rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 67.9 and 68 µm, W 16.8 and 19.9 µm, n = 2; Figure 8 U);? large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (only empty capsules observed, L 48.3 and 53 µm, W 27.6 and 31.6 µm, n = 2). Remarks A neotype is designated for M. virulenta to stabilize its taxonomic status and clarify its identity, with particular emphasis on differentiating it from its congener M. fenneri. The description and drawing of M. virulenta in the original description (as Tamoya haplonema; Kishinouye 1910) agree well with the material examined by us, but lack the characters typical of Morbakka, in particular the rhopaliar horns. We believe Kishinouye (1910) overlooked these characters, as did his contemporaries, because the potential importance of these characters had not been recognized. The original description does not mention the presence of vertical gastric phacellae that are characteristic of Tamoya, which suggests that the specimen (s) investigated by Kishinouye (1910) did not possess gastric phacellae – a trait characteristic of Carukiidae. Additionally, the common name used by Kishinouye (1910) for T. virulenta is “ Hikurage ”, the same name applied to the specimens we studied. The original type locality was the Inland Sea off Kagoshima and Innoshima; Hiroshima Bay is about 50 km east of Innoshima.	en	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
