identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0390350AFFB8DF23FE211631FB079188.text	0390350AFFB8DF23FE211631FB079188.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carybdeida Gegenbaur 1857	<div><p>Order CARYBDEIDA Gegenbaur, 1857</p> <p>Cubozoa with a single tentacle per pedalium (Figure 2).</p> <p>Families. Alatinidae, Carukiidae, Carybdeidae, Tamoyidae and Tripedaliidae.</p> <p>1. Rhopaliar niche ostium T-shaped (Figure 3B)................... Alatinidae Rhopaliar niche ostium not T-shaped.................................... 2</p> <p>2. Rhopaliar niche ostium heart-shaped (Figure 3C)............. Carybdeidae Rhopaliar niche ostium keyhole-shaped (Figure 3D) or frown-shaped (horizontal oval; Figure 3E, F)............................................... 3</p> <p>3. Rhopaliar niche ostium frown-shaped with rhopaliar horns (Figure 3G); stomach lacking gastric phacellae.............................. Carukiidae Rhopaliar niche ostium frown-shaped (Figure 3F), lacking rhopaliar horns; gastric phacellae vertical (Figure 3H, I)......................... Tamoyidae</p> <p>Rhopaliar niche ostium keyhole-shaped (Figure 3D) or alternatively rhopaliar niche ostium frown-shaped (Figure 3E); two or three pedalia per corner instead of one (Figure 3J).................................... Tripedaliidae</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB8DF23FE211631FB079188	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB8DF2CFE2010C2FDC892B6.text	0390350AFFB8DF2CFE2010C2FDC892B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alatinidae sensu Gershwin 2005	<div><p>Family ALATINIDAE Gershwin, 2005 a</p> <p>Tentacles simple................................ Genus Alatina (Figures 2E, 3B, K)</p> <p>Tentacles branching distally............................ Genus Manokia (no figure) adradial Lying halfway between perradial and interradial plane area corrugata Area of muscular tissue that displays alternating ridges and grooves diverticula Sacs or pouches stemming from velarial canals exumbrella Outer surface of the bell of a medusa frenulum Perradial sheet of muscular tissue bracing the right-angle connection of velarium and subumbrella gastric phacellae Part of the digestive system of box jellyfish; usually comprised of bundles of cirri in the corners of the stomach gonad Interradial sheet of tissue containing eggs or spermatozoa interradial In box jellyfish the planes that are marked by the presence of pedalia and tentacles manubrium Cruciform or quadrangular tube of varying length or thickness projecting downward from the stomach mesentery Perradial sheet of tissue that attaches the stomach to the subumbrella nematocyst Capsule containing an oftentimes barbed tubule that delivers venom to predator or prey. Commonly referred to as</p> <p>“stinging cell” nematocyst wart Dense accumulation of numerous cells containing nematocysts; visible to the naked eye as freckles or warts on the body of</p> <p>the medusa pedalium Interradial muscular structures inserting at the base of each corner of the bell. Pedalia bear the tentacles of box jellyfish.</p> <p>In Carybdeida each pedalium bears a single tentacle; in Chirodropida pedalia branch into numerous “fingers” distally, each</p> <p>bearing a single tentacle pedalial canal Canal in the pedalium that connects the gastro-vascular system of the bell to the hollow tentacles perradial In box jellyfish the planes that are marked by the presence of rhopalia perradial lappet Muscular, triangular lappet of tissue in the perradius of the velarium rhopaliar horn Blind-ending canal that possesses an opening to the inside of the rhopaliar niche; function unknown rhopaliar niche Cavity that is open to the environment at the exumbrellar side of the bell; contains rhopalium rhopaliar niche ostium The exumbrellar opening of the rhopaliar niche; usually bearing covering scales rhopaliar window Tissue covering the rhopaliar niche on the subumbrellar side rhopalium Sensory structure bearing eyes and statocyst. In box jellyfish rhopalia possess a muscular stalk that allows for active</p> <p>movement of the rhopalium stomach Sac-like enlargement of the gastro-vascular system in the upper portion of the subumbrellar cavity subumbrella Underside of the bell of a medusa subumbrellar cavity Cavity formed by the subumbrella velarium A circular flap of muscular tissue forming the opening of the subumbrellar cavity velarial canal Canal in the velarium that is connected to the gastro-vascular system</p> <p>Alatina Gershwin, 2005a (refer to Gershwin 2005a; Bentlage et al. 2010; Bentlage 2010 for reviews of the genus). Type species: Alatina mordens Gershwin, 2005a, by original designation. Species: Alatina alata (Reynaud, 1830) nomen dubium; A. grandis (Agassiz and Mayer, 1902); A. madraspanata (Menon, 1930); A. moseri (Mayer, 1906); A. mordens Gershwin, 2005a = A. moseri (Bentlage et al. 2010; Bentlage, 2010); A. obeliscus (Haeckel, 1880) nomen dubium; A. philippina Haeckel, 1880 nomen dubium; A. pyramis (Haeckel, 1880) nomen dubium; A. rainiensis Gershwin, 2005 a; A. turricula (Haeckel, 1880) nomen dubium.</p> <p>Manokia Southcott, 1967 (refer to Gershwin 2005a for a review of the genus). Type species: Carybdea stiasnyi Bigelow, 1938, by original designation. Species: Manokia stiasnyi (Bigelow, 1938).</p> <p>Geographic distribution of the family</p> <p>Global; tropical to temperate; neritic, and oceanic.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Alatinidae sensu Gershwin (2005a) contains all those Carybdeida with crescentic gastric phacellae, comprised of long cirri arranged (more or less) in a single plane (i.e. the genera Alatina and Manokia; Figure 3K). The rhopaliar niche ostia of Alatinidae are T-shaped (i.e. comprised of a single upper covering scale and two well-developed lower covering scales; Figure 3B). Gershwin (2005a) also includes “3 or 4 more or less simple velarial canals per octant” in her diagnosis. This, however, provides problems for accommodating Alatina madraspanata, which clearly belongs to the family Alatinidae (Gershwin 2005a) but possesses more than four velarial canals per octant. Therefore, velarial canals should be omitted from the diagnosis of the family.</p> <p>Among the Alatinidae is A. alata, a species originally classified as Carybdea alata (Reynaud 1830; Gershwin 2005a). Over time, numerous species were synonymized with A. alata (Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961), but were recently considered to be separate species (Gershwin 2005a). Molecular genetic analysis, however, suggests that at least some of the nominal Alatina species may indeed be part of a more widespread speciesgroup (Bentlage et al. 2010). In particular, A. moseri and A. mordens are presumed to be synonymous based on molecular genetic data (the mitochondrial ribosomal 16S gene; Bentlage et al. 2010), suggesting that the characters used to distinguish the two result from intra-specific rather than inter-specific variation. The biogeography of Alatina makes it possible that additional species are part of a widespread species-group (Bentlage 2010). Therefore, the validity of many species of Alatina remains questionable and the taxonomic characters used for species delineation need to be re-evaluated in light of molecular genetic data (Bentlage 2010; Bentlage et al. 2010). In particular, a neotype for A. alata, the type species of the genus Alatina, should be designated, as this species was the earliest one described in the genus Alatina. The name A. alata is prevalent throughout the literature (usually as Carybdea alata), but based on its original description the species is unidentifiable (Gershwin 2005a). A redescription of specimens from the Atlantic (the type locality of A. alata) is forthcoming, but we do not designate a neotype for A. alata here.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB8DF2CFE2010C2FDC892B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB4DF29FE301587FC2C90D7.text	0390350AFFB4DF29FE301587FC2C90D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carukiidae Bentlage 2010	<div><p>Family CARUKIIDAE Bentlage et al. 2010</p> <p>1. Rhopaliar horns straight and narrow (Figure 4A); two broad, usually unbranched velarial canals per octant (Figure 4B); perradial lappet warts lacking (Figure 4B) or lappets with single wart on each side; tentacles with “neckerchiefs” (Figure 4C).................. Genus Carukia (Figure 4A–C) Rhopaliar horns and velarial canals different from above; tentacles without “neckerchiefs”.......................................................... 2</p> <p>2. Rhopaliar horns short, broad, blunt or with pointed tips (Figure 4D); three to four unbranched or mildly branched velarial canals that originate from one root, somewhat palmate (Figure 4E); two rows of one to four perradial lappet warts (Figure 4E)..................... Genus Malo (Figures 2B, 3G, 4D, E) Velarial canals heavily branching with or without lateral diverticula; two rows with more than three or four perradial lappet warts....................... 3</p> <p>3. Rhopaliar horns short, broad, curved (devil-horn shaped; Figure 4F); numerous laminar branching velarial canals without diverticula (Figure 4G); two rows of three to six perradial warts per row (usually five; Figure 4G).................................................... Genus Gerongia (Figure 4F, G) Rhopaliar horns “rabbit-ear” like (Figure 4H, I); numerous heavily branching velarial canals with lateral diverticula (Figure 4J); two rows of numerous perradial warts plus scattered warts (Figure 4J)....................................................................... Genus Morbakka (Figure 4H–J)</p> <p>Carukia Southcott, 1967 (refer to Southcott 1967; Gershwin 2005b). Type species: Carukia barnesi Southcott, 1967, by original designation. Species: C. barnesi Southcott, 1967, C. shinju Gershwin, 2005 b.</p> <p>Gerongia Gershwin and Alderslade, 2005 (refer to Gershwin and Alderslade 2005). Type species: Gerongia rifkinae Gershwin and Alderslade, 2005, by original designation. Species: G. rifkinae Gershwin and Alderslade, 2005.</p> <p>Malo Gershwin, 2005b (refer to Gershwin 2005b, 2007; see species descriptions below). Type species: Malo kingi Gerswhin, 2007, by original designation. Species: M. kingi Gerswhin, 2007, M. filipina sp. nov. described herein, M. maxima Gershwin, 2005b.</p> <p>Morbakka Gershwin, 2008 (refer to Gershwin 2008; see species descriptions below). Type species: Morbakka fenneri Gershwin, 2008, by original designation. Species: M. fenneri Gershwin, 2008, M. virulenta (Kishinouye, 1910).</p> <p>Geographic distribution of the family</p> <p>Indo-Pacific; tropical to (warm) temperate; neritic, and possibly oceanic.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Carukiidae contains species of box jellyfish first identified as causing a serious envenomation syndrome called Irukandji syndrome. Before Bentlage et al. (2010), the genera contained now in Carukiidae were classified in the Tamoyidae alongside Tamoya (see below; Gershwin and Alderslade 2005; Daly et al. 2007). At present, Carukiidae are only known from the Indo-Pacific ranging from New South Wales in Australia to Honshu in Japan on the north–south axis. Much less is known about the eastern and western limits of the distribution of Carukiidae. Gershwin and Alderslade (2005) provide a tabular comparison of the carukiid genera (then called Tamoyidae). We illustrated the main characters to distinguish between the genera of Carukiidae in Figure 4.</p> <p>The close relationship and the intergrading and difficult-to-interpret characters of Malo, Morbakka and Gerongia (see Gershwin 2005b, 2008; Gershwin and Alderslade 2005; Bentlage et al. 2010), suggest that these three genus names should be synonymized. Among the problematic characters invoked to differentiate these genera was the number of eyes per pedalium (Gershwin and Alderslade 2005); however, the eye pigment may fade in fixative and lead to inaccurate counts (Bentlage 2010). In our opinion, differences in the shape of the rhopaliar horns, the branching patterns of the velarial canals, and the number and arrangement of nematocyst warts on the perradial lappets are the most reliable morphological characters to distinguish the genera of Carukiidae. In addition, nematocyst wart counts and patterns on the velarium may be distinct among carukiid genera. In Carukia, velarial warts are either absent or present as a single wart in each octant. Malo possesses two to four warts per octant, whereas Morbakka possesses six to eight warts, even though Gershwin (2008) notes that some specimens of M. fenneri lack warts altogether. Our review of the literature indicates that velarial warts might be absent in Gerongia. Velarial warts were neither mentioned in the literature nor visible in any of the published images; however, living specimens may possess velarial warts that were lost in preserved material through abrasion. Additionally, medusae of each genus of Carukiidae seem to differ in size, albeit sizes may overlap. Maximum bell heights of Carukia range from 1 to 2 cm, of Malo from 2 to 5 cm, of Gerongia about 6 cm, and of Morbakka from 10 to 15 cm (Gershwin and Alderslade 2005; unpublished observations).</p> <p>Records of Carukiidae species are rare and are mostly limited to the Australian continent. To add to the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of Carukiidae, we describe a new species of Malo from the Philippines, redescribe Morbakka virulenta from Japan, and document the discovery of an unknown/unidentified species of Morbakka from the Philippines. Morbakka virulenta was originally described as Tamoya virulenta by Kishinouye (1910). The species, however, lacks the vertical gastric phacellae characteristic of Tamoya (see Collins et al. 2011), but possesses the distinctive “rabbit-ear”-shaped rhopaliar horns of Morbakka. The original type material appears lost and our inquiries among Japanese colleagues did not reveal where potential type specimens may be located. It is likely that the material investigated for the original description of M. virulenta was lost around the time of World War II. Morbakka virulenta is very similar in appearance to M. fenneri from Australia. To aid future taxonomic studies, we designate a neotype for M. virulenta and provide a description of the material examined in another section of the manuscript below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB4DF29FE301587FC2C90D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB2DF2BFE371003FD219513.text	0390350AFFB2DF2BFE371003FD219513.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carybdeidae Gegenbaur 1857	<div><p>Family CARYBDEIDAE Gegenbaur, 1857</p> <p>Only one genus............................... Genus Carybdea (Figures 2D, 3A, C)</p> <p>Carybdea Péron and Lesueur, 1809 (refer to Mayer 1910; Gershwin and Gibbons 2010; Bentlage et al. 2010 for reviews of the genus). Type species: Medusa marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Haeckel 1880). Species: C. arborifera Maas, 1897, C. aurifera Mayer, 1900 nomen dubium, C. branchi Gershwin, 2009, C. brevipedalia Kishinouye, 1891a, C. latigenitalia Kishinouye, 1891a nomen dubium?= C. brevipedalia, C. marsupialis (Linnaeus, 1758), C. mora Kishinouye, 1910 = C. brevipedalia, C. morandinii Straehler-Pohl and Jarms, 2011 [only the polyp and early stages in medusa development are known (Straehler-Pohl and Jarms 2011) and it is possible that this species does not belong to Carybdea or is synonymous with another cubozoan], C. murrayana Haeckel, 1880, C. prototypus (Haeckel, 1880) nomen dubium, C. rastonii Haacke, 1886, C. verrucosa Hargitt, 1903 nomen dubium, C. xaymacana Conant, 1897.</p> <p>Geographic distribution of the family</p> <p>Global; tropical to temperate; neritic.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Carybdea represents the oldest described genus within Cubozoa and many cubozoan species had been classified in this genus before the taxonomic revisions of the last decade. The family name Carybdeidae can be traced back to its establishment as Carybdeae by Lesson (1843) (cf. Calder 2009). However, Lesson (1843) established the taxon Carybdeae for a group of species that actually did not comprise any cubozoan species while Gegenbaur (1857) revised Lesson’s (1843) taxonomic framework to establish Carybdeidae more in line with how we understand the family today (cf. Haeckel 1880). For this reason, the family name Carybdeidae and order name Carybdeida are most often attributed to Gegenbaur (1857) rather than Lesson (1843).</p> <p>Among the species contained in the monogeneric family Carybdeidae, most notably Carybdea alata was reclassified as Alatina alata (Gershwin 2005a; see above) and Carybdea sivickisi was reclassified in the Tripedaliidae as Copula sivickisi (Bentlage et al. 2010; see below). At present Carybdeidae represents a monogeneric family containing the sole genus Carybdea. All members of this family can readily be recognized by their heart-shaped rhopaliar niche ostia (details in Gershwin and Gibbons 2009; Collins et al. 2011). Gershwin and Gibbons (2009) present a comparative overview of the species of Carybdea and the morphological characters distinguishing these species. However, some species are missing from that study (e.g. C. arborifera).</p> <p>Another species contained in Gershwin and Gibbons (2009) treatment is C. mora, which was recently considered to be the junior synonym of C. brevipedalia (Bentlage et al. 2010). Both species were described by Kishinouye (1891a, 1910) from Honshu, Japan. Carybdea brevipedalia was described from Shima (Kishinouye 1891a) whereas C. mora was described from Tokyo Bay (Kishinouye 1910) only some 200–300 km north of Shima. The descriptions of both species are lacking considerable detail and provide little to distinguish between the two species. In fact, both species seem to overlap in their morphological characteristics. In particular, the gastric phacellae consist of rows of 10–12 brush-like filaments in each corner of the stomach in C. brevipedalia (Kishinouye 1891a) and 8–12 brush-like filaments in C. mora (Kishinouye 1910). We investigated several specimens of Carybdea collected from different locations in Japan and all possessed similar numbers of brush-like filaments in the corners of their stomachs and did not seem to differ in any other way. Pending further evidence, molecular and morphological, it seems most prudent to consider C. mora to be the junior synonym of C. brevipedalia (cf. Bentlage et al. 2010); the species is commonly known as Andon Kurage in Japan.</p> <p>In summary, original descriptions as well as those provided by Mayer (1910) should be consulted in addition to Gershwin and Gibbons (2009) for identifying species of Carybdea. It is likely that several undescribed species of Carybdea exist, a view supported by molecular genetic evidence (Bentlage et al. 2010). At the same time some species names may be synonymous with each other. As such, the family Carybdeidae would benefit from a comprehensive taxonomic revision combining both morphological and molecular genetic data.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB2DF2BFE371003FD219513	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB0DF2BFE161447FECC91C6.text	0390350AFFB0DF2BFE161447FECC91C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tamoyidae Haeckel 1880	<div><p>Family TAMOYIDAE Haeckel, 1880</p> <p>Only one genus.............................. Genus Tamoya (Figures 2A, 3F, H, I)</p> <p>Tamoya Müller, 1859 (refer to Collins et al. 2011 for a review of the genus). Type species: Tamoya haplonema Müller, 1859, by subsequent designation (Haeckel 1880). Species: T. bursaria (Lesson, 1829) nomen dubium, T. haeckeli Southcott, 1967 = T. gargantua, T. gargantua (Lesson, 1829) nomen dubium, T. ohboya Collins et al., 2011, T. prismatica Haeckel, 1880 = T. haplonema, T. haplonema Müller, 1859.</p> <p>Geographic distribution of the family</p> <p>Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean, with most records from the western Atlantic and the Caribbean; tropical to temperate; mostly neritic.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Gershwin and Alderslade (2005) considered the genera of Carukiidae to be part of the family Tamoyidae. The phylogenetic and taxonomic treatment of Bentlage et al. (2010) shows that Tamoyidae is a monogeneric family containing only the genus Tamoya. Morphologically, Tamoyidae can be distinguished from the Carukiidae based on the lack of rhopaliar horns. In addition, Tamoya species possess vertical rows of gastric cirri running along the perradial sides of the stomach (Collins et al. 2011). Collins et al. (2011) review the Tamoyidae with details of its history and morphology/anatomy.</p> <p>Some species of Tamoya that are currently unrecognizable were originally described from the Indo-Pacific (e.g. T. bursaria). Additionally, cubozoans collected from the Indo-Pacific have regularly been identified as species of Tamoya. When inspection of such specimens was possible, we determined that the specimens belong to the Carukiidae (e.g. Morbakka virulenta from Japan that was described, and is regularly referred to, as Tamoya virulenta). All records of Tamoya originating from the Indo-Pacific should be treated as suspect; these records most likely refer to specimens of Morbakka or Gerongia that were erroneously identified as Tamoya, because the lack of gastric phacellae and presence of rhopaliar horns are often overlooked.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB0DF2BFE161447FECC91C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB0DF2AFE3D1332FEC191A7.text	0390350AFFB0DF2AFE3D1332FEC191A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tripedaliidae Conant 1897	<div><p>Family TRIPEDALIIDAE Conant, 1897</p> <p>A single pedalium per bell corner................... Genus Copula (Figures 2C, 3D)</p> <p>Two or three pedalia per bell corner................ Genus Tripedalia (Figure 3E, J)</p> <p>Copula Bentlage et al., 2010. Type species: Carybdea sivickisi Stiasny, 1926, by original designation. Species: Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926).</p> <p>Tripedalia Conant, 1897. Type species: Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897, by original designation. Species: Tripedalia binata Moore, 1988; T. cystophora Conant, 1897.</p> <p>Geographic distribution of the family</p> <p>Global; tropical; neritic.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Tripedaliidae previously comprised only one genus, Tripedalia, and was immediately recognizable because both species of Tripedalia possess more than one pedalium per corner of the swimming bell (two in T. binata and three in T. cystophora). Bentlage et al. (2010), however, determined that Copula sivickisi (previously Carybdea sivickisi) forms a monophyletic clade with Tripedalia and so changed the diagnosis of the family to accommodate C. sivickisi. The present diagnosis of the family pertains to characters that are mainly visible in mature specimens. Tripedaliidae, according to Bentlage et al. (2010), contains all those carybdeids that display sexual dimorphism of the gonads, produce spermatophores, and in which at least the males possess sub-gastric sacs/seminal vesicles (details in Hartwick 1991). These characters are important in the reproduction of tripedaliids. Species of Tripedaliidae engage in courtship behaviour, unusual among cnidarians, that involves coupling and the active transfer of a spermatophore from the male to the female (Werner 1973; Hartwick 1991; Lewis and Long 2005; Lewis et al. 2008). Tripedaliids have wide geographic distributions ranging from the Indo-Pacific (e.g. Moore 1988; Hartwick 1991; Lewis et al. 2008) to the Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean (e.g. Marques et al. 1997; Migotto et al. 2002; Coates 2003; Orellana and Collins 2011). Because of the small size of these species (&lt;1 cm to about 2 cm bell height) and their neritic habitat, it is likely that several cryptic species remain to be discovered in these genera.</p> <p>Descriptions of non-Australian Carukiidae</p> <p>Here we describe specimens of carukiid species that were collected from the Philippines and Japan. The following abbreviations were used throughout the descriptions. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA: USNM; Bell height in mm: BH (measured from velarial turn-over to the apex of the swimming bell); interradial bell width in mm: IRW; nematocyst capsule length: L; nematocyst capsule width: W.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB0DF2AFE3D1332FEC191A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFB1DF36FE0F10E3FC46973E.text	0390350AFFB1DF36FE0F10E3FC46973E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malo filipina Bentlage & Lewis 2012	<div><p>Malo filipina sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 4D, E, 5, 6)</p> <p>Carybdea rastonii Mayer (1910: 508–9 later became USNM 27937 ∗); Mayer (1915: 170; USNM 27937 ∗ and USNM 28714); Mayer (1917: 187–8; USNM 27935, USNM 27936, USNM 27937, USNM 28714); ∗ we were unable to locate and inspect USNM 27937.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype. USNM 27935, female 32 mm BH, 13 mm IRW, Nasugbu, Luzon, The Philippines.</p> <p>Paratypes. USNM 28714, male 30 mm BH, 16 mm IRW, Taal Anchorage, Luzon, The Philippines; USNM 1150373, male, 40 mm BH, 15 mm IRW, Nasugbu, Luzon, The Philippines; USNM 27936, male 37 mm BH, 18 mm IRW, Mansalaya, Mindoro, The Philippines.</p> <p>Type locality</p> <p>Nasugbu, Luzon, The Philippines.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name indicates the geographic origin and gender of the holotype.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Malo of 30–40 mm BH; bell densely covered with nematocyst warts. Pedalia with thorn-like extension at pedalial canal bend. Tentacular cnidome consisting of microbasic p-mastigophores and microbasic p-euryteles.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Carybdeid medusa, bell taller than wide with leaf-like gonads in mature individuals (Figure 5A). Exumbrella with regularly spaced nematocyst warts (Figure 5A). Maximum BH about 40 mm (observed range from 30 to 40 mm in mature individuals) and maximum IRW about 18 mm (observed range from 13 to 18 mm in mature individuals). Stomach reaching deep into subumbrella, suspended with well-developed mesenteries (Figure 5B); gastric phacellae absent. Upper half of mesenteries well developed while lower half extends cord-like to rhopaliar window (Figure 5B). Manubrium short, extending one-third of bell height into subumbrellar cavity; with smooth and somewhat rounded lips (Figure 5B). Four muscular brackets (frenulae) brace the rightangle connection from tip of rhopaliar window to three-quarters the distance between velarial turnover and its margin on each perradius; each frenulum consisting of one solid gelatinous sheet (Figure 5C). Perradial lappets broad, triangular, not reaching subumbrellar edge of velarium, with one row of two to four nematocyst warts on each side (Figures 4E, 5D, E). Three or four velarial canals per octant; velarial canals appear as digitiform projections (some branched) from a single root giving a palmate appearance to velarial canals (Figure 5D, E). Four to six velarial warts per octant. Pedalia with scalpel-shaped inner keel and distal overhang (Figure 5F); pedalial canal thorn-shaped (Figure 5G). Nematocyst warts present on abaxial portion of pedalia (Figure 5F), but most warts appear to have rubbed off. Rhopaliar niche ostium frownshaped with short, broad and blunt rhopaliar horns (Figures 4D and 5H). Each of the four rhopalia bears two median lens eyes; lateral eyes not visible due to poor condition of specimens. It is unclear if the lateral pigment and slit eyes are not present or if the pigment has faded over time, leaving only the two central lens eyes discernible.</p> <p>Cnidome</p> <p>Nematocysts collected and measured from USNM 28714. Distal tentacle tip: rodshaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 27.2- 31.5 -36.4 µm, W 11.6 - 13 -14.2 µm, n = 20; Figure 6A). Proximal tentacle/tentacle base: rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 38.8- 40 -43.8 µm, W 12.8 - 15.6 -17.7 µm, n = 20; Figure 6B, C); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 29.4- 30.5 -31.3 µm, W 16.5 - 16.8 -17.4 µm, n = 5; Figure 6D, E). Exumbrellar warts: large, spherical isorhizas (L 28.5- 32 -40.5 µm, W 27.1 - 29.4 -32.9 µm, n = 20; Figure 6F); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 30.6- 34.3 - 36.6 µm, W 20.4 - 22.1 -24.3 µm, n = 8; Figure 6G, H);?rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 36.7- 38.6 -40.1 µm, W 15.3 - 16 -17.2 µm, n = 10; Figure 6I).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis</p> <p>Malo filipina is most likely to be confused with M. maxima from Western Australia, especially because both species are of similar size. Malo filipina ’s tentacular cnidome contains both microbasic p-mastigophores and microbasic p-euryteles whereas M. maxima possesses only the former. We observed the following nematocysts in tentacles of a specimen of M. kingi (USNM 1125368), the third species in the genus: spherical isorhizas (average L 26 µm, average W 21 µm), microbasic p-mastigophores (average L 36 µm, average W 13 µm), and amastigophores (average L 7 µm, average W 5 µm). Furthermore, the shape of the pedalial canal bend allows distinction among the species of Malo. Malo maxima lacks a spike or thorn-like extension at the proximal bend of its pedalial canal bend whereas M. filipina possesses a spike at the pedalial canal bend (Figure 5G). Malo kingi also lacks the thorn-like extension of M. filipina. Several specimens of M. kingi seem to display halo-like bands on their tentacles (Gershwin 2007); no such structures were observed in M. filipina.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFB1DF36FE0F10E3FC46973E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
0390350AFFADDF32FE60167AFE6196AA.text	0390350AFFADDF32FE60167AFE6196AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Morbakka virulenta (Kishinouye 1910)	<div><p>Morbakka virulenta (Kishinouye, 1910)</p> <p>(Figures 4I. J, 7, 8)</p> <p>Tamoya virulenta Kishinouye (1910: 7, Pl. I, fig. 10); Uchida (1947: 316); Williamson et al. (1996: 414).</p> <p>Tamoya alata Uchida (1929: 172, figs 8–88). non Tamoya alata Reynaud [refers to Copula sivickisi]: Uchida (1929: 178–80; figs 86, 87).</p> <p>Tamoya bursaria Uchida (1947: 314–16, figs. 2, 3); Uchida (1954: 209–19).</p> <p>Tamoya haplonema Uchida (1970: 289, 293–4, figs 3, 4); Yamasu and Yoshida (1976: 325–6); Yamaguchi (1982: 249); Kubota (1998: 33); Iwama (2001: 109).</p> <p>Tamoya bursaria (? gargantua) Williamson et al. (1996: 414).</p> <p>Tamoya gargantua Williamson et al. (1996: 414).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Neotype. USNM 1124253, female, 150 mm BH, 60 mm IRW, Hiroshima Bay, Japan.</p> <p>Other material. USNM 1124251, 150 mm BH, 68 mm IRW, Hiroshima Bay, Japan; USNM 1124252, 140 mm BH, 50 mm IRW, Hiroshima Bay, Japan.</p> <p>Type locality</p> <p>Hiroshima Bay, Honshu, Japan.</p> <p>Common name</p> <p>Hikurage (“fire jellyfish” in Japanese).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Large carybdeid medusa (up to 150 mm BH) lacking gastric phacellae; robust bell densely covered with nematocyst warts (Figure 7A). Morbakka virulenta possesses “rabbit-ear”-shaped rhopaliar horns and differs from its congener, M. fenneri, in that M. virulenta ’s rhopaliar horns are swollen rather than pointed at the tips, and project from the top centre of the rhopaliar niche at a more oblique angle (Figure 4H versus 4I). Further, M. virulenta lacks the nematocyst wart on the rhopaliar stalk that is characteristic of M. fenneri.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Carybdeid medusa, bell taller than wide, rectangular, with flat apex, and leaflike gonads in mature individuals (Figure 7A, B); extended tentacles flat, cord-like in live specimens (Figure 7B). Exumbrella densely covered with nematocyst warts (Figure 7A). Maximum BH about 150 mm (observed range from 140 to 150 mm in mature individuals) and maximum IRW about 68 mm (observed range from 50 to 68 mm in mature individuals). Gastric phacellae absent; stomach with welldeveloped musculature (area corrugata; Figure 7C). Manubrium with rounded, smooth-edged lips (Figure 7D) extending to about one-third of BH from subumbrellar ostium. Mesenteries well developed in upper half of the subumbrella, extending cord-like to rhopaliar window (Figure 7D). Frenulum consisting of a single sheet that splits longitudinally near the rhopaliar niche, extending onto the lower half of the rhopaliar window (Figure 7E); frenulum covering three-quarters of the distance between velarial turnover and velarial margin (Figure 7E). Perradial lappets broad, triangular, not reaching subumbrellar edge of velarium (Figure 7F); approximately 7–10 nematocyst warts on each side of the perradial lappet, mostly arranged in single rows but some scattered (Figures 4J and 7F). Velarium with six to eight complex dendritic canals per octant with lateral diverticula per octant (Figures 4J and 7F). Pedalium keeled on both sides of lateral median line; inner keel with overhang (Figure 7G). Outer keel with warts (Figure 7G), that appear to have mostly rubbed off after collection. Pedalial canal with thorn-like extension (Figure 7H). Rhopaliar niche ostium frown-shaped with “rabbit-ear”-like rhopaliar horns (Figures 4I and 7I).</p> <p>Cnidome</p> <p>Tentacles were truncated in the preserved specimens, but nematocysts were sampled from both the distal end of the truncated tentacles as well as the proximal base of the tentacles near the pedalia. Distal tentacle tip: rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 58.2- 66.2 -71.2 µm, W 14.1 - 18.2 -16 µm, n = 6; Figure 8A, B); large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 59.1- 60.1 -64.8 µm, W 31.2 - 38.6 -39.3 µm, n = 20; Figure 8C, D); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 18- 21.8 -23.6 µm, W 13.5 - 15.5 -17.6 µm, n = 5; Figure 8E, F); small, oval amastigophores (L 10.6 µm, W 6.4 µm, n = 1; Figure 8G). Proximal tentacle/tentacle base: rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 69.4- 71.7 -74.6 µm, W 14.9 - 16.7 -19.1 µm, n = 20; Figure 8H); large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 61.8- 66.9 -77.6 µm, W 30.1 - 35.9 -43.3 µm, n = 20; Figure 8I, J); oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 43.3- 43.3 -44.5 µm, W 18.6 - 18.6 -21.1 µm, n = 3; Figure 8K). Manubrium:?oval, microbasic p-euryteles (L 20.7 µm, W 12.8 µm, n = 1; Figure 8L). Pedalial warts: large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 60.9- 64.5 -69.5 µm, W 37.8 - 40.6 -43.2 µm, n = 20; Figure 8M, N); rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 61.7- 67.2 -71 µm, W 15.7 - 18.9 -21.3 µm, n = 13; Figure 8O, P). Exumbrellar warts: large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 42.9- 45.9 -50.2 µm, W 27.6 - 31 -33.6 µm, n = 20; Figure 8Q); rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 62.8- 70 -79.4 µm, W 14.7 - 17.2 -19.1 µm, n = 20; Figure 8R). Apex warts: oval, holotrichous isorhizas (L 33.6- 36.8 -40.4 µm, W 22.8 - 25.5 -27.6 µm, n = 20; Figure 8S, T); rod-shaped, microbasic p-mastigophores (L 67.9 and 68 µm, W 16.8 and 19.9 µm, n = 2; Figure 8U);?large, oval, holotrichous isorhizas (only empty capsules observed, L 48.3 and 53 µm, W 27.6 and 31.6 µm, n = 2).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>A neotype is designated for M. virulenta to stabilize its taxonomic status and clarify its identity, with particular emphasis on differentiating it from its congener M. fenneri. The description and drawing of M. virulenta in the original description (as Tamoya haplonema; Kishinouye 1910) agree well with the material examined by us, but lack the characters typical of Morbakka, in particular the rhopaliar horns. We believe Kishinouye (1910) overlooked these characters, as did his contemporaries, because the potential importance of these characters had not been recognized. The original description does not mention the presence of vertical gastric phacellae that are characteristic of Tamoya, which suggests that the specimen(s) investigated by Kishinouye (1910) did not possess gastric phacellae – a trait characteristic of Carukiidae. Additionally, the common name used by Kishinouye (1910) for T. virulenta is “Hikurage”, the same name applied to the specimens we studied. The original type locality was the Inland Sea off Kagoshima and Innoshima; Hiroshima Bay is about 50 km east of Innoshima.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390350AFFADDF32FE60167AFE6196AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bentlage, Bastian;Lewis, Cheryl	Bentlage, Bastian, Lewis, Cheryl (2012): An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the “ Irukandji family ” (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 46 (41 - 42): 2595-2620, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.717645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
