taxonID	type	description	language	source
039087BDFC08F36D2AA32CEF0A3560E4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dentifibula belongs to the Lestodiplosini whose larvae are predaceous on various insects and mites (Gagné & Jaschhof 2021). A key to genera can be found in Gagné (2018). Only two characters separate adults of this genus from the more speciose and diverse Lestodiplosis. The first difference is the prominent conical extension in Dentifibula of the gonocoxites beyond the insertion of the gonostylus (Figs 6 – 7); the second is the presence of only two circumfila instead of three on each of the male flagellomeres (Fig. 3). This second character is not exclusive because an undescribed species of Dentifibula from Australia is known with three circumfila on each flagellomere (Kolesik & De Faveri 2014) and a few Lestodiplosis spp, are known with two or an incomplete third (Harris 1968). The single distinctive character of the gonocoxite may seem a minor difference on which to base a genus but there is no reason to believe it arose more than once. The only two well-known species, D. viburni and Dentifibula nigroapicalis Kolesik (in Kolesik & De Faveri 2014), show distinctive dark spots on the wing and light- and dark-banded legs, so possibly all the other species do also. This has not been noted in the other species because the dark scales responsible for the marks are lost in slide preparations. Felt (1907, 1908, 1918) did not mention maculations on D. viburni because he probably saw his specimens only on slides after preparation by an assistant. Felt incorrectly described the palpi of his three manifestations of D. viburni (and later of his two Sri Lankan species) as having three segments. He used this to characterize his genus, but the palpi of his Dentifibula species are actually four-segmented. The first palpal segment in these species is short and usually partially hidden, but always has a telltale seta or setae, marking it as a true segment and not the palpiger (Fig. 5). Larvae are known of only two species, D. viburni and D. nigroapicalis. Those of D. viburni could pass for any Lestodiplosis with their robust head, very long antennae, ventral pseudopods and dorsal anus. The arrangement of the papillae is particularly diagnostic for the lateral and sternal papillae (Figs 12 – 13). Kolesik & De Faveri (2014), while showing in photographs and drawings what otherwise resembles a Dentifibula / Lestodiplosis, describe their larva as having a ventral anus and lacking pseudopods. Kolesik (pers. comm., V- 28 - 2022) wrote that the single slide-mounted larval specimen in his series of D. nigroapicalis is a tiny, poor specimen that does not allow certainty about those characters. Kolesik & De Faveri (2014) also noted the lack of a sternal spatula on their species, but the larva is so small it might be a second instar that would normally lack that organ. We note here an exclusive larval feature of both Dentifibula and Lestodiplosis: Two sternal papillae are evident on the prothorax and four on the eighth abdominal segment but are missing on the remaining segments (Fig. 12). To account for the missing sternal papillae, Möhn (1955) suggested that sternal papillae of Lestodiplosis were transformed into pseudopods in the remaining thoracic and abdominal segments. This might account for the pair of pseudopods on the meso- and metathorax, but does not explain how in the first through seventh abdominal segments there are only three pseudopods in place of the erstwhile four sternal papillae. If Möhn’s hypothesis is correct, the middle of three abdominal pseudopods, placed along the horizontal line where the sternal papillae would be, might have subsumed two of the erstwhile four sternal papillae.	en	Gagné, Raymond J., Bertone, Matthew A. (2022): Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus. Zootaxa 5175 (5): 583-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7
039087BDFC08F36A2AA32A330C626624.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 9, 12 – 15.	en	Gagné, Raymond J., Bertone, Matthew A. (2022): Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus. Zootaxa 5175 (5): 583-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7
039087BDFC08F36A2AA32A330C626624.taxon	description	Description. Adult. Color in life (Fig. 2): Yellow with black antennae, black wing marks at tip of wing, center of wing immediately posterior to R 5, at junction of M 4 and CuA and posterior to base of Cu, and black bands on legs. Head (Fig. 5): Eyes large, restricting postocciput, all facets closely contiguous, circular to hexagonoid. Occipital protuberance at least twice as long as wide, not reaching eye height because of large extent of eyes. Antenna: scape with 2 - 3 ventral and 1 lateral setae; pedicel with several lateral and medial setae; with 12 flagellomeres, first and second connate; male flagellomeres (Fig. 3) binodal, both nodes spheroid, each with one circumfilum, internode and neck nearly as long as node, circumfilar loops comparable in length, loops reaching next distal node; female flagellomeres (Fig. 4) cylindrical, circumfila closely appressed except for bowed loops at nodal apex, node and neck of third flagellomere subequal in length. Frons with 4 – 6 setae per side, without scales. Labella hemispheroid with several uniform, slightly thickened setae. Palpus 4 - segmented, first segment short-spheroid, nearly hidden, remaining segments ovoid, each segment with several scattered, pointed setae of uniform length, without scales. Thorax: Wing (Fig. 2): length: male, 1.1 – 1.3 mm (n = 10); female, 1.3 – 1.5 mm (n = 10); R 5 slightly curved, joining C at wing apex; Rs evanescent; M 4 and CuA forming a fork. Scutum with 4 longitudinal groups of sparse setae mixed with scales. Scutellum with 3 – 4 setae on each side. Anepimeron with 3 - 4 setae, remaining pleura bare. Legs: claws untoothed, strongly curved beyond midlength; empodia nearly as long as claws; pulvilli diminutive. Male abdomen. Tergites first through seventh with single row of posterior setae, a few lateral setae, anterior pair of trichoid sensilla and elsewhere with widely scattered scales; eighth tergite membranous, with no posterior setae and pair of anterior trichoid sensilla. Sternites second through sixth with single row of sparse posterior setae, several lateral and medial setae and scales near midlength, and anterior pair of closely approximated trichoid sensilla; seventh sternite similar except vestiture at midlength closely approaching posterior row of setae; eighth sternite with 2 well-separated trichoid sensilla, with sparse posterior row of long setae and a few shorter setae and scales. Terminalia (Figs 6 – 8): cerci broadly rounded apically, each with three setae along distal edge; hypoproct broader than each cercus, low-convex apically, with 6 distal setae of approximately equal length, both surfaces uniformly microtrichose; aedeagus cylindrical, slightly elbowed dorsally near basal third, nearly as long as gonocoxite, with oval, dorsoapical opening near rounded apex and 4 apicolateral, hairless sensoria; gonocoxite broadly cylindrical, tapering abruptly beyond insertion of gonostylus into conical, posteromesally-directed lobe, apex with 2 - 3 setae no longer than breadth of lobe tip and without the single, long sensory peg found in some congeners (Figs 10 – 11); gonostylus sleek, cylindrical, narrowest near ¾ length, with 2 setae along length and 2 adjacent to solid tooth, any microtrichia not apparent. Female abdomen. Tergites first through seventh as for male but lateral setae and covering scales more numerous; eighth tergite membranous with anterior pair of trichoid sensilla and a few short setae on posterior margin. Sternites second through seventh as for male but setae and scales at midlength more numerous and not prominently divided into separate groups; eighth sternite membranous, without vestiture except for widely separated anterior pair of trichoid sensilla. Ovipositor (Fig. 9) short, protrusible part not much longer than seventh tergite, bare dorsally and laterally, with mixed long and short setae ventrally; cerci ovoid, bilaterally flattened, lateral surface with widely spaced setae, medial surface with scattered short setae and dense apicoventral group of more than 50 short setae, these setae slightly longer than width of their sockets; hypoproct broadly rounded apically, with 2 distal setae. Pupa (Fig. 15). Exuviae hyaline. Vertex bearing two papillae on each side, one with long seta, the other without. Antennal bases low-conic anteriorly. Face smooth, frons with papilla on each side, with seta, face with a triplet of papillae anteriad of each palpal base, one without seta, its base larger than those of other two, which each bear minute seta. Prothoracic spiracles elongate, cylindrical, tracheae reaching to apex. Abdominal spiracles on first segment not raised above surface, on segments second through sixth several times longer than basal width, tapered and stiff, on segments seventh and eighth barely longer than basal width. Abdominal first segment with short spicules only on pleura, remainder smooth; segments second through eighth covered with short spicules of uniform length except anterior third of tergum mostly covered with larger, spinose spicules; terminal segment covered with short spicules. Larval third instar. (Figs 12 – 14). Length, 1.5 - 1.8 mm (n = 10). Head broad, rounded apically, apodemes longer than head capsule, antennae as long as head capsule, slightly tapered from base, rounded apically. Spatula present, with two rounded anterior lobes and long shaft with wavy edges. Dorsal integument smooth, without spicules; ventral integument mainly smooth except for pseudopods, 2 each on meso- and metathorax and 3 each on first through seventh abdominal segments, those segments also with horizontal anteroventral rows of spicules, 3 rows on mesothorax, the number gradually increasing through the seventh abdominal, the eighth with several rows but situated posteriorly, and terminal segment with 3 low, smooth convexities surrounded by spicules. Anus dorsal. Papillae: collar segment with 2 dorsals and 2 ventrals, all without setae; 6 setose dorsals on each thoracic and first through seventh abdominal segments, first and sixth setae of each row longest, third and fourth shorter, about as long as pleural papillae, and second and fifth setae quite short, about one-fourth as long as middle pair, and eighth abdominal segment with 2 dorsals, as long as longest pair of other segments; 6 terminals bearing long setae of equal length with rounded apices, as long as longest pair of other segments; two setose pleurals on each side of all thoracic and abdominal segments except terminal; 2 sternals without setae on prothorax and four on eighth abdominal segment, all without setae, all sternals elsewhere undetectable, apparently lost; laterals in two usually closely contiguous triplets on each side of midline of thoracic segments, one of each triplet with long seta, remainder without, the setose member of triplet may be separate from remaining two (Fig. 12); and single setose ventral on each side on thoracic and first through seventh abdominal segments.	en	Gagné, Raymond J., Bertone, Matthew A. (2022): Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus. Zootaxa 5175 (5): 583-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7
039087BDFC08F36A2AA32A330C626624.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Types of names under this taxon: holotype male of D. viburni, Albany, New York, swept from Viburnum acerifolium L. (Adoxaceae), VI- 11 - 1906, deposited in NYSM; holotype male of D. caryae, Albany, New York, swept from Carya sp. (Juglandaceae), VI- 19 - 1906, deposited in NYSM; holotype male of D. cocci, Illinois, reared V- 1 - 1897 from Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) (Diaspididae), (as Aspidiotus uvae), deposited in USNM. Other specimens (all in USNM): USA: 3 larvae, 2 males, female, Gainesville, Florida, reared from Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Diaspididae) on Morus rubra L. (Moraceae), XI- 15 - 1973, F. Collins; male, Hancock Co., Maine, VIII- 21 - 1981, R. J. Gagné; male, Beltsville, Maryland, V- 17 to 21 - 1970, R. W. Carlson; male, Silver Spring, Maryland, VII- 19 - 1981, R. J. Gagné; Maryland: 3 males, female, Rockville, Maryland, from Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell) (Diaspididae), IX- 2 - 1981, T. Rivnay; 3 males 2 females, Oxon Hill, Maryland, reared IX- 2 - 1981 from P. pentagona; 8 males, four females, 2 pupae and 7 larvae, Asheville, North Carolina, reared / taken IV- 22 - 2022 from P. prunicola, infesting Prunus laurocerasus L. collected III- 24 - 2022, M. A. Bertone; 2 males, 3 females, Pisa, Italy, reared from Targiona vitis (Signoret) (Diaspididae), A. Lucchi; and 1 male, Sweden, Smǻland, Nybro, Bäckebo, Grytsjön Nature Reserve, old-growth aspen forest on boulder terrain, VII- 2 to VII- 12 - 2005, Malaise trap, Swedish Malaise Trap Project.	en	Gagné, Raymond J., Bertone, Matthew A. (2022): Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus. Zootaxa 5175 (5): 583-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7
039087BDFC08F36A2AA32A330C626624.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Felt (1907, 1908, 1918) described D. viburni under three names, separating them on the basis of superficial characters that included relative proportions of antennae and legs. He also used purported color differences due to bodily sclerotization but not the definite marks due to vestiture that occur on the specimens prior to mounting. This species is distinct among its congeners for the lack of a sensory peg at the apex of the gonocoxite, the tooth of the gonostylus is not significantly wider than the shaft, and the aedeagus is only slightly shorter than the gonocoxite. As the only Dentifibula in the Western Hemisphere and a geographic range that includes Italy and Sweden, it is possible the species was transported to North America on plants infested with a diaspidid host at some point following European colonization.	en	Gagné, Raymond J., Bertone, Matthew A. (2022): Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus. Zootaxa 5175 (5): 583-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7
039087BDFC08F36A2AA32A330C626624.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is widespread in eastern USA and was found once each in Italy and Sweden. It has been reared from four species of Diaspididae: Diaspidiotus uvae, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudaulacaspis prunicola, and Targiona vitis. Behavior. Larvae from the Asheville, North Carolina, series were found beneath the coverings (tests) of its diaspidid host. Although scale populations in this instance were high, there remained very few live scale insects, and those were mostly being fed upon by D. viburni (Fig. 1). Larvae were found to be covered entirely by the scale tests, and full-grown larvae formed their cocoons under the tests. A few scales were parasitized also by chalcidoid wasps. Collins & Whitcomb (1975) gave a further account of this species on white peach scale, P. pentagona, collected from several plants in northern Florida: “ The female would walk about on a stem, dragging the tip of her abdomen, until a crevice was found where she would lay 1 - 4 eggs in 1 to 2 min. The hollow beneath an uplifted scale armor or a notch in the bark were typical oviposition sites though eggs were also observed on smooth bark away from scales. Larvae were seen attached to the female scale body, on the dorsal or ventral side or adjacent to it, with mouthparts hooked into the scale. On some branches as many as 3 or 4 larvae were attached to the body of a female scale. The larva would construct a thin, white, papery [cocoon] and expel a single, brown, spherical fecal pellet prior to pupation. The [pupae] were found beneath scale shields which were either cleaned out or still contained a dead, shriveled scale body. ”	en	Gagné, Raymond J., Bertone, Matthew A. (2022): Redescription of Dentifibula viburni (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and review of the genus. Zootaxa 5175 (5): 583-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.5.7
