taxonID	type	description	language	source
039087BE1B68A649FCD6FDA2FC44FD42.taxon	materials_examined	Type Species. Ataenius carolinus Van Dyke, by original designation.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B68A649FCD6FDA2FC44FD42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Modified from Stebnicka (2007 b). Eupariini. Body small (length 1.6 – 3.9 mm), oblong oval, strongly convex, glossy. Clypeal margin obtusely angulate to sharply dentate on each side of median emargination, surface above emargination triangularly flattened upward. Epipharynx with broad, sclerotized mesoepitorma; tylus narrow, projecting in some, with few short celtes; less than four prominent chaetopedia on each side; chaetoparia well-developed, no adelochaetae evident. Pronotal margins with row of punctures, not crenate nor fimbriate. Elytra strongly convex, humeral denticles inconspicuous, striae punctate-crenate, intervals smooth. Prosternum with large, projecting, laterally compressed process posterior of procoxae. Meso- and metatibiae with incomplete but distinct transverse ridges medially on lateral margin, apically with two well-separated teeth on medial apical margin replacing the usual setal fringe (compare Figs. 1 – 2 with Fig. 3). External sexual differences slight, male penultimate abdominal sternite shorter than in female, disc of pygidium longer. Male genitalia weakly differentiated, apex of parameres obliquely truncated in lateral view, somewhat hooked ventrally, and weakly widened in dorsal view.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B68A649FCD6FDA2FC44FD42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Aphotaenius is widely but discontinuously distributed from eastern North America to northeastern Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Brazil. Its apparent absence from Central America and other South American countries may be an artifact of inadequate survey work. This is evident by the few known specimens representing most of the species.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B68A649FCD6FDA2FC44FD42.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic epithet appears to be derived from the combination of Aphodius Illiger with Ataenius. This name combination possibly reflects their character combination of Ataenius (Eupariini), while having transverse meso- and metatibial carinae similar to Aphodius (Aphodiini).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B68A649FCD6FDA2FC44FD42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aphotaenius appears related to Passaliolla Balthasar and some members of Saprosites by sharing apical teeth on the meso- and metatibia (Fig. 3) that replace the usual setal fringe of other Aphodiinae (Figs. 1 – 2). Aphotaenius differs from these genera by their body shape (strongly dorsoventrally flattened in Passaliolla and most Saprosites) and development of the prosternal process (flattened against the body and not projecting in Passaliolla and Saprosites). Behaviorally, members of Aphotaenius appear to feed on mammal dung, while Passaliolla and Saprosites appear to feed on detritus under bark or in leaf litter. Unfortunately, Chalumeau’ s (1983) treatment of Aphotaenius contains a series of errors in all figure captions, using the genus name “ Haroldiataenius ” in association with the treated species. Haroldiataenius Chalumeau was described earlier (Chalumeau 1981) for a different group of species formerly treated within Ataenius. All genus and species combinations of “ Haroldiataenius ” in Chalumeau (1983) do not exist anywhere else, not even in the text of that work. These combinations are included in the following species synonymies as lapsus calami simply to be complete. These combinations were never validly proposed. Based on the rarity of Aphotaenius in collections, the number of known species, and their wide distributions, more species are expected to be discovered with future field work.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6FA64CFF1AFD36FF43FD16.taxon	description	Figs. 10, 14 – 19	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6FA64CFF1AFD36FF43FD16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.5 – 3.1 mm (Figs. 14 – 16). This species is distinguished by the head with a band of coarse punctures posteriorly (Fig. 10), clypeal margin thin and rounded on each side (lacking teeth), epipharynx with projecting tylus (Fig. 17), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, pronotal posterior margin evenly rounded (not lobe-like), metaventrite finely punctate, elytra with evenly convex intervals, and the parameres thick to broadly truncate apex (Figs. 18 – 19). It is known from Bolivia (Santa Cruz).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6FA64CFF1AFD36FF43FD16.taxon	materials_examined	Type. BOLIVIA: San Miguel août 1977, CAMBEFORT; Sta-Cruz / Sierra, 63 ° 34 W 17 ° S (Chalumeau 1983). Deposited in IREC (Chalumeau 1983), not examined. Material Examined. (n = 35). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 4 - 5 km N Achira, Road to Floripondo, S 18 ° 090, W 63 ° 470, 6350 ft. [1,935 m], 15 - IX- 2012, P. Skelley & C. Hamel, MV + UV light (1 FSCA); 4 - 6 km SSE Buena Vista, F & F Hotel, 3 - 8 - X- 2004, Wappes & Morris (2 FSCA); same data, 19 - 22 - X- 2004 (2 MNKM); Buena Vista, F & F Hotel, 27 - 31 - X- 2002, Morris & Wappes (1 FSCA); same data, 7 - 10 - X- 2004 (2 FSCA); 3.7 km SSE Buena Vista, Hotel Flora & Fauna, 430 m, 5 - 15 - XI- 2001, M. C. Thomas and B. K. Dozier, tropical transition forest, BLT (2 FSCA); same locality, S 17 ° 290, W 63 ° 390, 10 - IX- 2012, P. Skelley, C. Hamel, cow dung (2 CMNC, 5 FSCA, 2 NHML, 1 TAMU); El Cairo, 5 km W Buena Vista, 16 - 18 - X- 2004, J. E. Eger, UV light (1 FSCA); Potrerillos del Guenda, 40 km NW Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 350 - 400 m, S 17 ° 400, W 63 ° 27 ’, 7 - 9 - IX- 2012, P. Skelley, J. Wappes, 12 w UV light trap (2 FSCA); same data, 22 - 24 - IX- 2012 (2 CEMT, 2 CMNC, 6 FSCA, 2 NMNH).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6FA64CFF1AFD36FF43FD16.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens were collected in cow dung and at light. A specimen from high elevation near Achira has the anterior clypeal margin thicker than those from the Santa Cruz de la Sierra region. In all other characters studied, it appears to be A. cambeforti, and for now we consider it to be that species. Additional material may shed light on this variation.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6CA642FD02FF05FD43FDBD.taxon	description	Figs. 3 – 4, 6, 20 – 25	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6CA642FD02FF05FD43FDBD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.4 – 3.1 mm (Figs. 20 – 22). This species is distinguished by the head with a band of coarse punctures posteriorly, clypeal margin thin and strongly dentate on each side (Fig. 6), epipharynx with tylus not projecting (Fig. 23), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, metaventrite with coarse, foveate punctures, elytra with convex intervals, elytral stria I with basal punctures not encroaching upon intervals (Figs. 4), and the parameres thick to broadly truncate at apex (Figs. 24 – 25). It is known from the eastern USA.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6CA642FD02FF05FD43FDBD.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Black Mountains, North Carolina, USA, June 1901 (Van Dyke 1928). Deposited in CASC, not examined. Material Examined. (n = 207). USA: Alabama: Blount Co., Highland Lake, 5 - IV- 2012, window trap, T. King (1 FSCA); Dale Co., Fort Rucker Military Reserve, 2 - 9 - V- 1986, R. Turnbow, feces baited pitfall (1 RHTC); Monroe Co., Haines Island Park, 3.5 mi. [5.6 km] W Franklin, 30 - 31 - V- 2003, Skelley & Morris, deer dung (7 CMNC, 11 FSCA, 4 NHML). Arkansas: Logan Co., Mt. Magazine, Signal Hill Trail, 13 - 15 - V- 1994, E. G. Riley (1 EGRC); Polk Co., Rich Mt., (2,681 ’) 12 mi. [19.3 km] Mena, 34 ° 4002800 N, 94 ° 1904500 W, 17 - XI- 1990, Karl Stephan, leaf litter extract (2 FSCA). Florida: Jackson Co., Florida Caverns State Park, 6 - X- 1960, R. E. Woodruff, Neotoma droppings on rock (3 FSCA); Leon Co., Tall Timbers Res. Sta., Woodyard Hammock, 8 - 14 - VI- 1968, W. H. Whitcomb, Berlese funnel (1 FSCA); Liberty Co., Torreya State Park, 11 – 13 - VI- 1981, S. & J. Peck, forest, log-leaf litter (1 CMNC); same locality, 17 - VII- 1987, P. Skelley & D. Matthews, deer dung (9 FSCA). Georgia: Rabun Co., Pine Mountain, 15 - VIII- 1940, Starnes & Cartwright (1 FSCA); Marion Co., Hwy. 41, 1.9 mi. [3.1 km] SW. jct. 30, 2 - IV- 1995, R. Turnbow, Berlese leaf litter (1 RHTC). Indiana: Morgan Co., ∼ 6 mi. [9.7 km] S of Martinsville, 17 - 31 - III- 2009, K. Schnepp, window trap (1 KESC). Iowa: Fremont Co., Waubonsie State Park; 22 - V- 2010, M. J. Paulsen, deer dung (3 MJPC); same locality, 25 - IV- 2012, M. J. Paulsen, deer dung (9 MJPC, 10 UNSM). Kansas: Douglas Co., Clinton Lake, 1 km SW dam, off 900 E Rd, 38.9010, - 95.3344, 31 - III- 2007, Falin, Zachary, sifted leaf litter, upland forest (1 SEMC); Jefferson Co., 1.5 km N junction of 94 th St & Kingman Rd, 39.2230, - 95.4040, 14 - 21 - IV- 2005, Z. Falin, FIT near lower meadow (1 SEMC); same data, FIT in upper meadow (1 SEMC); same locality, 5 - 12 - V- 2005, Z. Falin, FIT near lower meadow (2 SEMC); Miami Co., 3 mi. [4.8 km] E. Jingo, 38.4198, - 94.6615, 12 - 20 - IV- 2010, G. Salsbury, canopy trap (3 SEMC); same locality, 4 - 10 - V- 2010, G. Salsbury, canopy trap (1 SEMC). Kentucky: Edmonson Co., Mammoth Cave National Park, 27 - VIII- 2 - IX- 1967, forest carrion trap 283 a, S. Peck (1 CMNC); Edmonson Co., Mammoth Cave National Park, Doyle Vy., 30 - VIII- 1967, S. Peck & A. Fiske (3 FMNH); Edmonson Co., Running Br. Cave, 5 - V- 1972, S. Peck, sinkhole litter (1 CMNC); Trigg Co., LBTL [Land Between the Lakes], Bacon Cr. Area, 6 - V- 1986, J. M. Campbell (1 CNIC). Louisiana: W. Feliciana Parish, Kakowi, Feliciana Preserve (T 35, R 1 W, S 72), 30 ° 450 N, 91 ° 160 W, 17 - V- 1995, D. Pashley, pitfall trap (1 FSCA); W. Feliciana Parish, 21 - XII- 1998, D. P. Cabin, J. L. Johnson, Berlese (1 FSCA). Mississippi: Panola Co., 14 mi. [22.5 km] ESE. Batesville, 16 - IV- 1992, P. K. Lago, goat dung trap (1 CEMT). Nebraska: Sarpy Co., Bellevue, Fontenelle Forest, 16 - V- 2004, M. J. Paulsen, deer dung (1 MJPC); same locality, 16 - IV- 2005, M. J. Paulsen, deer dung (4 FSCA); same locality, 15 - IV- 2007, M. J. Paulsen, deer dung (2 MJPC). North Carolina: Transylvania Co.; Pisgah Forest [Black Mountains near Brevard; Cartwright 1952], 16 - VI- 1937, O. Cartwright, hillside above power house (9 CMNC, 5 CNIC, 5 FSCA); same locality, 1 - VII- 1937, O. Cartwright (4 CNIC); same locality, 2 - VIII- 1937, O. Cartwright (1 CNIC, 1 FSCA); same locality, 29 - IV- 1938, O. Cartwright (20 FSCA); same locality, 10 - IX- 1938, O. Cartwright (1 FSCA); same locality, 21 - VI- 1939, O. Cartwright, hillside above power house, (4 FSCA); same locality, 29 - IV- 1941, L. J. Bottimer, dung (15 CNIC). Tennessee: Knox Co., Knoxville, 6 - IV- 1956, H. & A. Howden (1 CMNC); Sevier Co., Greenbrier Cove, 1,700 ft. [518 m], 19 - 23 - V- 1972, A. Newton, ex slime flux Liriodendron (1 FMNH). Virginia: Warren Co., Howellville, 1 - IX- 1969, O. L. Cartwright (1 TAMU); same locality, 21 - IX- 1969, Robert Gordon (30 NMNH); same locality, 22 - VI- 1970, Robert Gordon (18 NMNH). Additional data reported in literature: USA: Indiana: Crawford Co., 19 - V- 1903, W. S. Blatchley (Cartwright 1952). Maryland: Prince Georges Co., Marlboro, 13 - V (Cartwright 1952). South Carolina: Charleston Co., I’ On Swamp, Fair Lawn Plantation, 7 mi. [11.3 km] N of Awendaw, 15 mi. [24.1 km] NE Charleston, 4 - VI- 1948 (Cartwright 1952; Harpootlian 2001); Pickens Co., Sassafras Mountain (Cartwright 1952; Harpootlian 2001); Pickens Co., Eastatoe River (Cartwright 1974; Harpootlian 2001). Ohio: Hamilton Co., Cincinnati, 5 - V- 1926, Dury (Cartwright 1958). Virginia: Bath Co., Duthet State Park (Cartwright 1974); Botetourt Co., 5 mi. [8 km] S of Paris (Cartwright 1974); Caroline Co., A. P. Hill Military Reservation (Cartwright 1974).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B6CA642FD02FF05FD43FDBD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aphotaenius carolinus has been reared from deer dung collected in shaded woodlands and pack rat dung near caves (Woodruff 1973), and also collected from deer, sheep, dog, and cow dung (Cartwright 1952, 1974; Ritcher 1966). It is occasionally collected in leaf litter. The larvae of A. carolinus were described by Jerath (1960).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B62A643FD33FDA2FDFBFA40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 3.3 – 3.9 mm (Figs. 26 – 28). This species is distinguished by the head with a band of coarse punctures posteriorly, clypeal margin usually thin and rounded on each side (lacking teeth) (Fig. 9), epipharynx with projecting tylus (Fig. 29), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, pronotal posterior margin extended posteriorly and weakly lobelike, metaventrite finely punctate, elytra with evenly convex intervals, and parameres thick to narrowly truncate apex (Figs. 30 – 31). It is known from Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Norte de Santander) and Venezuela (Táchira).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B62A643FD33FDA2FDFBFA40.taxon	materials_examined	Type. For S. convexus: Von Bogotá, La Luzera und Medellin (Harold 1880). Deposited in ZMHB (Stebnicka 1998), not examined. For A. colombiensis: “ / Colombia / Cund 2900 m / Guasca / 10 - III- 1942 / ”, “ / Chapin / No 674 ”, [red paper] “ / Type No. / 59444 ”, [handwritten] “ / Type / Aphotaenius / colombiensis / Cartw. / ”, “ / USNMENT / [QR Code] / 01350550 / ” (NMNH, examined). Material Examined. (n = 40). COLOMBIA: Boyacá: Villa de Leyva, 2,100 m, VII- 1999, Vazde-Mello (1 CEMT); Magdalena: Sra. Nev. Sta. Marta, Cerro Kennedy – Vda. Minas, Bosque sec. helechos, 2,450 m, 28 - XII- 1998, J. A. Noriega, Gradiente Altit. T. pitfall ex. hum. (1 CEMT); Norte de Santander: 12 km S Pamplona, 3,000 m, 9 - V- 1974, H. & A. Howden (2 CMNC, 3 FSCA); 25 km S Chinácota, 2,300 m, 10 - V- 1974, H. & A. Howden (1 CMNC); VENEZUELA: Táchira: La Ca ~ nada, 3,000 m, 21 - VI- 1957, C. J. Rosales [H. & A. Howden coll., ex A. Martinez coll.] (14 CMNC, 4 FSCA); Paramo El Zumbador, 40.3 km NE Tariba, 2,420 m, 07 ° 5802000 N, 72 ° 0501500 W, 30 - V- 1998 - 053 E, R. Anderson, elfin forest litter (1 CMNC); 50 km NE San Cristóbal, 3,000 m, 17 - 18 - V- 1974, H. & A. Howden (3 CMNC); 47 km NE San Cristóbal, 2,600 m, 20 - V- 1974, H. & A. Howden (6 CMNC); 55 km NE San Cristóbal, 3,300 m, 22 - V- 1974, H. & A. Howden (3 CMNC, 1 FSCA).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B62A643FD33FDA2FDFBFA40.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aphotaenius convexus is the largest species in the genus. It is most morphologically similar to A. cambeforti and A. plaumanni.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B63A640FF7EFA25FBC5FA24.taxon	description	Zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 1039303 - 80 C 1 - 45 B 9 - 8889 - 0 E 7 AE 3264 DF 9 Figs. 5, 8, 32 – 37	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B63A640FF7EFA25FBC5FA24.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 1.6 – 2.7 mm (Figs. 32 – 34). This species is distinguished by the head with a band of coarse punctures posteriorly, clypeal margin thin and strongly dentate on each side (Fig. 8), epipharynx with projecting tylus (Fig. 35), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, metaventrite finely punctate, and elytral intervals with row of fine punctures on each side, giving carinate appearance (Figs. 5). It is known from Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and Brazil (Minas Gerais).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B63A640FF7EFA25FBC5FA24.taxon	description	Description. Body oblong, glossy, dark brown to piceous black. Clypeal apex strongly dentate on each side of wide but shallow median emargination, median edge between angles triangularly flattened upward, margin thin in antero-ventral view, genae small; clypeal surface alutaceous, almost impunctate, vertex (posterior part of head) with band of coarse punctures. Epipharynx with tylus projecting. Pronotum convex, posteriorly slightly lobed at middle, bisinuate, with fine marginal line; side margin finely reflexed, lateral and posterior border with row of moderate punctures in marginal line; surface with mixed very fine and moderately coarse punctures throughout, coarse punctures more widely spaced on lateral tumosity. Elytra widest at posterior third, striae strongly punctate-crenate; intervals with row of close fine punctures on each side, giving a carinate appearance. Ventral sclerites glossy, metaventrite smooth with widely scattered fine punctures; abdominal sternites coarsely fluted along sutures and finely punctate; disc of pygidium concave, weakly eroded, lacking distinct median longitudinal carina. Legs moderate in length, metafemur with trace of posterior line, meso- and metatibiae with fine transverse ridges; basal metatarsomere equal in length to upper tibial spur and to next 3 tarsomeres combined. Parameres thick to a somewhat narrowly truncate apex (Figs. 36 – 37).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B63A640FF7EFA25FBC5FA24.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype (gender undetermined) of Aphotaenius elegans: “ BRASIL: Minas Gerais / Santana do Riacho PN / Serra do Cipó, Mazama / dung, XII- 2003, G. Schiffler ”. Deposited in CEMT. Paratypes (n = 5): BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 3.7 km SSE Buena Vista, Hotel Flora & Fauna, 430 m, 5 - 15 - XI- 2001, M. C. Thomas and B. K. Dozier, tropical transition forest, BLT (1 FSCA); El Cairo, 5 km W Buena Vista, 16 - 18 - X- 2004, J. E. Eger, UV light (1 FSCA, 1 MNKM); Potrerillos del Guenda, 40 km NW Santa Cruz, 17 ° 400 S, 63 ° 270 W, 22 - 24 - IX- 2012, P. Skelley, 12 w UV light trap (1 MNKM). BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: same data as holotype (1 DCGI).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B63A640FF7EFA25FBC5FA24.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, elegans, refers to the elegant sculpturing of the elytra and clypeal teeth.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B63A640FF7EFA25FBC5FA24.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aphotaenius elegans is sympatric with A. cambeforti, which has been collected at lights and in cow dung. Aphotaenius elegans has only been collected at lights and from deer (Mazama sp.) dung. The apparent host dung preference is supported by the strong clypeal teeth of A. elegans, which indicates it may feed on pelletized mammal dung, like the North American A. carolinus, which prefers deer dung.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B60A641FD60FA38FBA9FB63.taxon	description	Zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 C 333556 - C 70 D- 42 AD-AFB 6 - 198208 A 3295 C Figs. 13, 38 – 40	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B60A641FD60FA38FBA9FB63.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.5 mm (Figs. 38 – 40). This species is distinguished by the head lacking the band of coarse punctures posteriorly, all punctures fine, clypeal margin thin and rounded on each side (lacking teeth or angulation) (Fig. 13), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, metaventrite finely punctate, and elytral intervals evenly convex on the disc, eroded on the sides over the declivity. It is known from Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B60A641FD60FA38FBA9FB63.taxon	description	Description. Body oblong, glossy, piceous black; elytra dark brown. Clypeal apex rounded on each side of wide but shallow median emargination, median edge between angles weakly triangularly flattened upward, margin thin in antero-ventral view, genae small; clypeal surface weakly alutaceous, almost impunctate, vertex (posterior part of head) with punctures small, same size and distribution as on clypeus. Epipharynx not examined. Pronotum convex, posteriorly not lobed at middle, with fine marginal line bearing small punctures; side margin finely reflexed; surface with mixed very fine and moderately coarse punctures throughout, coarse punctures about size of those in elytral striae, coarse punctures lacking over lateral tumosity. Elytra widest at middle, striae strongly punctate-crenate; discal intervals convex with scattered, minute punctures, strongly convex and eroded on sides over declivity. Ventral sclerites glossy, metaventrite smooth with widely scattered fine punctures; abdominal sternites coarsely fluted along sutures and finely punctate; disc of pygidium eroded without median longitudinal carina. Legs moderate in length, metafemur without posterior line, meso- and metatibiae with fine transverse ridges; basal metatarsomere equal in length to upper tibial spur and to next 3 tarsomeres combined. Genitalia not examined.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B60A641FD60FA38FBA9FB63.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype (gender undetermined) of Aphotaenius gaucho: “ BRASIL: Rio Grande do Sul / Santa Cruz do Sul / Cerro Alegre, open area / (P 7) 29 ° 4801800 S, / 52 ° 1905500 W, pitfall bovine / feces, 17. xii. 2011, R Bohn / ”, “ / 122 42480 / Scarabaeid ”. Deposited in CEMT.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B60A641FD60FA38FBA9FB63.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In Brazil, the name ‘ gaúcho’ refers to a person from the region (either extreme southern Brazil, or Rio Grande do Sul State) where this species occurs (noun in apposition).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B61A646FD12FB79FCFFFBB3.taxon	description	Zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DBAD 2 F 39 - A 8 ED- 40 B 5 - 89 F 7 - 10 E 531 FDF 07 D Figs. 12, 41 – 43	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B61A646FD12FB79FCFFFBB3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.4 – 2.5 mm (Figs. 41 – 43). This species is distinguished by the head lacking the band of coarse punctures posteriorly, all punctures fine, clypeal margin thin and strongly angulate on each side (Fig. 12), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, metaventrite finely punctate, and elytral intervals evenly convex. It is known from Bolivia (Santa Cruz, 2,000 m elevation)	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B61A646FD12FB79FCFFFBB3.taxon	description	Description. Body elongate, glossy, piceous black. Clypeal apex obtusely angulate on each side of wide but shallow median emargination, median edge between angles triangularly flattened upward, margin thin in antero-ventral view, genae small; clypeal surface alutaceous, finely punctate, vertex (posterior part of head) with punctures small, same size and density as on clypeus. Epipharynx not examined. Pronotum convex, posteriorly not lobed at middle, straight across width, without marginal line but with row of coarse punctures; side margin finely reflexed; surface with mixed fine and coarse punctures throughout, coarse punctures distinctly larger than those of elytral striae, coarse punctures lacking over lateral tumosity and near anterior margin. Elytra widest near middle, parallel-sided most of length, striae strongly punctate-crenate; discal intervals convex with scattered minute punctures, more strongly convex apically but not eroded over declivity. Ventral sclerites glossy, metaventrite smooth with widely scattered fine punctures; abdominal sternites coarsely fluted along sutures and finely punctate; disc of pygidium eroded without median longitudinal carina. Legs moderate in length, metafemur without posterior line, meso- and metatibiae with fine transverse ridges; basal metatarsomere equal in length to upper tibial spur and to next 3 tarsomeres combined. Genitalia not examined.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B61A646FD12FB79FCFFFBB3.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype (gender undetermined) of Aphotaenius hamelae: “ BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz Dpt. / 4 - 5 km. N. Achira, Rd. to / Amboro PN, 6100 ft. / S 18 ° 080, W 64 ° 430 / 16 - SEPT- 2012, Skelley, / Wappes, Bonaso, Hamel ”. Deposited in MNKM. Paratype (n = 1): BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: 4 - 5 km. N. Achira, Rd. to Floripondo, MV + UV light, S 18 ° 090, W 63 ° 470, 6,350 ft. [1,935 m], 15 - IX- 2012, Skelley, Hamel (1 FSCA).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B61A646FD12FB79FCFFFBB3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the Bolivian scarab researcher, Caroli Hamel, who assisted on the expedition where the two known specimens were collected, for her significant contributions to our knowledge of the Bolivian dung beetle fauna.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B61A646FD12FB79FCFFFBB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. It is possible that A. hamelae appears to be a high elevation species. One specimen was collected at light, while the other was hand collected from cow dung.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B66A647FD08FBB1FBC3FB09.taxon	description	Figs. 7, 44 – 49	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B66A647FD08FBB1FBC3FB09.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.9 – 3.3 mm (Figs. 44 – 46). This species is distinguished by the head with a band of coarse punctures posteriorly, clypeal margin thin and strongly dentate on each side (Fig. 7), epipharynx with tylus not projecting (Fig. 47), pronotal punctures evenly distributed, metaventrite with coarse, foveate punctures, elytra with carinately convex intervals laterally and apically, elytral stria I with basal punctures encroaching upon intervals, and parameres thick to broadly truncate apex (Figs. 48 – 49). It is known from northeastern Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B66A647FD08FBB1FBC3FB09.taxon	materials_examined	Type. “ Chipinque Mesa / Monterrey, N. L. / MEX. VII 26 - 29 / 1960 H. F. Howden // HOLOTYPE / Aphotaenius / howdeni / Cartwright // HOLOTYPE CNCNo. 8544 ”. Deposited in CNIC, examined. Material Examined. (n = 18) MEXICO: Nuevo León: Chipinque Mesa, Monterrey, 26 - 29 - VII- 1960, H. F. Howden (1 paratype CMNC, 5 paratypes CNIC); same locality, 24 - 26 - VII- 1960, H. F. Howden (1 paratype CNIC); same locality, 5,400 ft. [1,646 m], 22 - VI- 1969, S. & J. Peck, forest litter, Berl 64 (4 CMNC, 2 EGRC, 1 FSCA); 25 km SW Linares, 24.7507, - 99.7656, 650 m, 17 - 24 - III- 1991, R. Brooks & R. Leschen # 43, ex. flight intercept trap (2 SEMC); 29 km W Linares, S Rosa Canyon, 700 m, 3 - 5 - VI- 1983, S. & J. Peck, oak & thorn forest, carrion traps (1 CMNC). Tamaulipas: Gómez Farias, Rancho del Cielo, 3,700 ft. [1,128 m], 1 - 4 - VII- 1969, S. & J. Peck, cloud forest (1 CMNC).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B66A647FD08FBB1FBC3FB09.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Aphotaenius howdeni is similar to A. carolinus, being subtly different in the diagnostic characters. Their isolated distribution is the best character for identification, and because of this isolation we retain them as separate species. More material and more detailed analysis may alter this taxonomic hypothesis in the future. If A. howdeni, like A. carolinus, feeds on dung in areas with eastern deciduous forests, we would expect it to occur in other regions of Mexico, at higher elevations, where these forest remnants occur.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B67A644FD33FAF7FEBAF9D2.taxon	description	Figs. 11, 50 – 52	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B67A644FD33FAF7FEBAF9D2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length 2.6 – 2.7 mm (Figs. 50 – 52). This species is distinguished by the head with a large band of punctures posteriorly of same size as on clypeus, clypeal margin thin and rounded on each side (lacking teeth) (Fig. 11), coarse pronotal punctures restricted to posterior half, epipharynx not examined, pronotal posterior margin extended posteriorly and lobe-like, metaventrite finely punctate, and elytral intervals evenly convex. It is known from southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B67A644FD33FAF7FEBAF9D2.taxon	materials_examined	Type. “ Brasil / Rio Grande do Sul Sinimbu / IX- [19] 60. F. Plaumann ” [red border and red holotype, rest handwritten], “ HOLOTYPE / Aphotaenius / plaumanni / Cartwright ” [red paper, black border], “ HOLOTYPE / Aphotaenius / plaumanni / Cartwright / USNM 66828 ”, “ USNMENT / [QR Code] / 01350551 ”. Deposited in NMNH, examined. Material Examined. (n = 7) BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Sinimbu, [29 ° 300 52 ° 300, 200 m; ex Cartwright 1963], IX- 1960, F. Plaumann (1 paratype CNIC); Barras Cassal, IX- 1960, F. Plaumann, at light (2 paratypes CMNC); Santa Cruz do Sul, Cerro Alegre, Forest (P 9), 29 ° 4801700 S, 52 ° 1905900 W, 24 - XII- 2011, R. Bohn, pitfall bovine feces (1 CEMT, 1 FSCA). Santa Catarina: Chapecó, 27 ° 070 52 ° 360, 600 m, VII- 1960, F. Plaumann (1 paratype CNIC); Nova Teutonia, 27 ° 110, 52 ° 230, 300 - 600 m, IV- 1947, F. Plaumann (1 paratype CNIC).	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
039087BE1B67A644FD33FAF7FEBAF9D2.taxon	discussion	Although the specimen was not studied, Cartwright (1963) reported one paratype from the Nova Teutonia locality collected VIII- 1952. Remarks. Specimens were collected in pig dung and at light.	en	Skelley, Paul E., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2020): Review of Aphotaenius Cartwright, 1952 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (2): 389-403, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.389, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.2.389
