taxonID	type	description	language	source
039387FECD61FFDBFF71B477ED8C8A7A.taxon	description	Fig. 1 A – H.	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD61FFDBFF71B477ED8C8A7A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The morphology of O. viviensis suggests its close relationship with O. curvicornis. The male of both species have the head margins strongly sinuate, clypeus vertically raised and widely emarginate at middle, with two blunt teeth; cephalic horns long and widely curved; pronotal protuberance elongated between horns and extending above the head in major males. Female with frontoclypeal and frontal carina; pronotal protuberance robust and transversally straight, both sides of the protuberance with two rounded knobs. However, O. viviensis can be distinguished by the reddish brown colour of the body, often with cupreous and metallic green sheen (black with blue and greenish sheen in O. curvicornis); antennal club yellow to brown (black to dark grey in O. curvicornis); male with head more elongate, head surface with equal punctures evenly distributed (O. curvicornis with stronger punctures on the disc of the head, clypeus with obsolete punctures); anterior side of the pronotal protuberance of male hemielliptical to obtusely squared (conical in O. curvicornis); anterior angles distinctly acuminate (obtuse in O. curvicornis); elytra feebly shiny, surface finely and distinctly microreticulate (elytra shiny, weakly microreticulate in O. curvicornis).	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD61FFDBFF71B477ED8C8A7A.taxon	description	Description of the male. Body measurements. Large-sized species, body length 10 – 12 mm. Color. Head and pronotum shiny to slightly opaque, elytral and pygidial surface opaque to weakly shiny; dorsal side of the body reddish brown to bronze with cupreous and green sheen; ventral side, legs, antennomeres I – V and mouthparts dark brown to red, antennal club brown to dark brown. Head. Head margins clearly sinuate, clypeal margin vertically raised and widely emarginate at middle, with two blunt teeth. Frontoclypeal carina absent, cephalic horns very long, either reaching or surpassing dorsal side of pronotum; horns widely curved with apexes bowed forward; head surface finely punctate. Thorax. Pronotum strong and convex, lateral edges evenly curved, anterior angles broadly rounded. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance strong and hemielliptical between horns, slightly flattened dorsally and laterally delimited by two deep excavations. Pronotal punctation obsolete, slightly stronger on the protuberance; posteromedial region of pronotum slightly depressed and sericeous, with punctures similar to those on the protuberance. Elytral striae shallow, interstriae very weakly convex to flat; elytral punctation very fine, dense and evenly distributed; elytral surface finely microreticulate. Prosternum without medial tubercle, surface shallowly wrinkled, with a few straight setae at middle. Mesoventrite medially swollen and smooth, sides densely and roughly punctate. Metaventrite with an obtuse and longitudinal keel between mesocoxae, superior side of metaventrite with stronger punctures associated with long setae; disc feebly convex to flat, and finely punctate. Abdomen. Pygidium entirely bordered and flat, surface opaque to feebly bright; punctation shallow, dense and evenly distributed. Legs. Protibiae slender with four external teeth separated by small denticles; posterolateral margin of protibiae serrate; anterior margin with an acuminate, strong tooth oriented forward and slightly raised apically; apical spur of protibiae obtuse and feebly curved downward. Genitalia. Male genitalia as represented in Fig. 1 F – H. Morphological variation. The female differs from the male by the head subtrapezoidal; clypeal and genal margins continuous to barely sinuate at the clypeogenal junction; clypeal margin narrowly truncate medially; frontoclypeal carina distinct and higher at middle; frontal carina strong, straight to slightly angulate backward at middle, often both sides of the frontal carina slightly elevated. Clypeal surface finely and densely wrinkled, frontoclypeal region, genae and frons with stronger punctures than male. Dorsum of pronotum less convex; anteromedial pronotal protuberance shelf-like and transverse, laterally with two rounded knobs; punctation distinct on the pronotal protuberance and anterior angles. Protibiae stronger and larger than male, lateral teeth contiguous and not separated by denticles; anterior margin without apical tooth; apical spur more acuminate apically.	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD61FFDBFF71B477ED8C8A7A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Ecuador (erroneously described from Africa). This species is only known from the western side of the Andes, where it occurs from low to middle elevation (approximately 300 – 1800 m). Onthophagus viviensis is commonly collected with pig, cow, horse and human dung, even in strongly modified habitats (e. g., cacao plantations).	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD61FFDBFF71B477ED8C8A7A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. d’Orbigny (1905) described O. viviensis from two female specimens found in C. Felsche’s collection and collected respectively in “ Bas-Congo: Vivi ” and “ Congo français: Ogooué ”. In June 2016, I visited the Coleoptera collection of the Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde of Dresden, Germany, where I found one of the two syntypes of O. viviensis. In addition to d’Orbigny’s handwritten label “ viviensis n. sp. d’Orb. ”, this specimen pins a C. Felsche original manuscript label stating “ Gabun ”. This is probably the specimen mentioned in d’Orbigny (1905) as “ Congo français: Ogooué ”, which is the principal river of Gabon. Felsche and d’Orbigny’s labels, together with the exact correspondence of the external morphology of this specimen with the original description led me to consider it as one of the two syntypes of O. viviensis. Unfortunately, the second syntype of O. viviensis was not located, but to fix the zoological nomenclature of this species name, the examined type specimen in this study is designated as lectotype of O. viviensis. After having scrutinized many natural history collections and studied most type material of New World Onthophagus, I can confirm that the lectotype of O. viviensis is a mislabeled South American specimen from a common Ecuadorian species. Therefore, the name O. viviensis is removed from African scarabaeines and considered to be valid for South American Onthophagus.	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD61FFDBFF71B477ED8C8A7A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype here designated (♀ SMTD): viviensis, Gabun / Coll. C. Felsche, Kauff, 20, 1918 / viviensis n. sp. d’Orb. / Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde. Dresden / viviensis / Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde. Dresden / LECTOTYPE, Onthophagus viviensis d’Orbigny, 1905, Des. M. Rossini, 2021. Additional material examined. ECUADOR: Azuay: Pucay, Bucay, 300 m, 4. VI. 1905 (1 ♂ NHRS). Bolívar: Balsapamba (2 ♂ NHRS; 1 ♀ SMTD). Cotopaxi: Las Pampas (4 ♂, 5 ♀ MSNG; 33 ♂, 69 ♀, MZFU); San Fran- cisco de Las Pampas, 1300 – 1500 m, II. 1993 (29 ♂, 25 ♀ MZUF); Otonga, 1800 m, 79 ° 00 ’ W, 00 ° 25 ’ S, 9. V. 1998 (6 ♂, 2 ♀ CEMT); 34 km E Quevado, 1100 feet (1 ♀ CMNC). El Oro: Piñas, 1200 m., 2. IX. 1997 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Esmeraldas: San Marco, VIII. 1954 (2 ♂ CMNC; the province is probably wrong, likely referring to San Marcos in the Cotopaxi province); San Mateo (6 ♂, 4 ♀ TAMU). Guyas: Palestina, 25 km N Daule, 22 – 27. VII. 1976 (3 ♂, 6 ♀ CMNC); Tandapi, 1500 m, VIII. 1976 (1 ♂ CMNC). Loja: Catamayo, II. 1907 (1 ♂ NHRS). Los Rios: Quevedo, Pichilingue, VI. 1976 (4 ♂, 8 ♀ CMNC; 1 ♂ NHRS). Manabí: 79 km NE Chone, 90 km W Santo Domingo, 300 m, 6 – 9. VI. 1976 (20 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC); 20 km N Chone, 6 – 9. VI. 1976 (1 ♀ CMNC). Pichincha: La Union del Toachi, Otongachi, 850 m, 21 – 29. VI. 2009 (2 ♂, 2 ♀ MZUF); Valle Hermosa, Santo Domingo de Los Colorados, 350 m, 7. II. 1993 (2 ♂, 2 ♀ MZUF); Santo Domingo, Tinalandia Resort, 00 ° 13 ’ S, 79 ° 09 ’ W, 760 m, 18 – 24. V. 1997 (2 ♂, 2 ♀ CMNC); Tinalandia, 28. IX. 1990 (3 ♂, 3 ♀ CMNC); Santo Domingo de Los Colorados, IX. 1981 (81 ♂, 93 ♀ MZc; 17 ♂, 17 ♀ MSNG); 4 km SE Santo Domingo, 500 m, 8 – 22. VI. 1976 (3 ♂, 2 ♀ CMNC); 34 km a Santo Domingo de Los Colorados, 13.16. X. 1986 (1 ♂ MZc); 47 km S Santo Domingo, Río Palenque Station, 250 m (39 ♂, 39 ♀ CMNC; 8 ♂ MZc); 16 km SE Santo Domingo, Tinalandia, 16 – 28. VI. 1975 (4 ♂, 2 ♀, CMNC); 15 km E Santo Domingo, Tinalandia, 23 – 26. II. 1981 (10 ♂, 18 ♀ CMNC). Santa Elena: Olón, 01 ° 47 ’ 46 ’’ S, 80 ° 45 ’ 25 ’’ W, 20. XII. 2012, pig faeces (36 ♂, 26 ♀ CEMT).	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD67FFD7FF71B0F7EC9B8DDD.taxon	description	Fig. 2 A – H.	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD67FFD7FF71B0F7EC9B8DDD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. d’Orbigny (1905) considered O. viviensis to be closely related to O. laevatus, which was described by himself three years before from Delagoa, Mozambique: “ Cette espèce est extrêmement voisine du laevatus d’Orbigny (1902, in Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., p. 69), décrit du Mozambique; elle en diffère seulement par sa coloration en grande partie bronzée ou verdâtre (au lieu d’être entièrement d’un noir d’ébène), la massue des antennes testacée, les stries des élytres pas plus enfoncées à la base, le pygidium à ponctuation moins régulièrement espacée ”. According to d’Orbigny (1902), the type series of O. laevatus is composed by two female specimens that the author received from Otto Staundinger (1830 – 1900) and Andreas Bang-Haas (1846 – 1925). The two syntypes are currently housed in the MNHN of Paris and their study revealed that they belong to the well-known South American O. curvicornis Latreille, 1812. Therefore, O. laevatus d’Orbigny, 1902 (new synonymy) is established as junior subjective synonym of O. curvicornis and thus removed from Afrotropical Onthophagus. One of the two specimens from the type series of O. laevatus is designated as lectotype, while the remaining specimen is labeled as paralectotype (see type material examined below). The taxonomic questions related to O. curvicornis, however, are far from being completely resolved. This species occurs from a wide elevational gradient in the Andes, and the study of a large sample of specimens collected from northern Peru to Venezuela, including also specimens from Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago), allowed me to preliminary isolate four different morphological forms. These morphotaxa differ by the color and texture of their dorsal tegument (from black to metallic green or cupreous; from shiny and very little microsculptured to opaque, slightly bright and clearly microsculptured); and shape of the pronotal protuberance in male (from conical to rounded in dorsal view). Very slight differences have been noted in the male genitalia and particularly in the endophallites. The taxonomic separation of these morphological forms will be treated in a separate paper. According to Horn et al. (1990), many insect specimens of the Pierre A. Latreille (1762 – 1833) original collection were incorporated in the Pierre F. M. A. Dejean (1780 – 1845) collection. Subsequently, the latter was split into several lots and sold to museums and private entomologists. A considerable part of Dejean collection is today housed at the MNHN of Paris, while a second and significant lot of insects was acquired by Massimiliano Spinola (1780 – 1857) and now preserved at the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Turin (MRSN). However, some Latreille’s type specimens may be also found elsewhere (e. g., The Natural History Museum of London, see Platycoelia flavostriata (Latreille, 1813) in Smith 2003). The extensive examination of historical collections did not allow me to find any potential specimen to be considered the Latreille’s type of O. curvicornis. The type material of this species was collected by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland during their famous voyage across northern South America, and O. curvicornis was apparently collected in Quito, in cattle or horse dung. It is very likely that the type material of O. curvicornis (unknown the exact number of specimens that were studied by Latreille) is lost. Therefore, a neotype of O. curvicornis is here designated. Among the examined material no specimens from Quito, Ecuador, were studied, and the only specimens that satisfied the original description and type locality were collected in San Francisco de Las Pampas and 112 km west of Latacunga (see material examined below). According to Recommendation 76 A. 1.2 of the code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), to ascertain and clarify a type locality the author should take into account “ collector’s notes, itineraries, or personal communications ”. Thus, one specimen collected in Latacunga would have been the best choice, as Humboldt and Bompland visited this locality during their travel in Ecuador (Sandwith 1926; Papavero 1971). However, this location is also part of the distribution range of one of the four morphological forms of O. curvicornis and geographically more distant to Quito than San Francisco de Las Pampas. Thus, a male specimen collected in San Francisco de Las Pampas, whose morphology matches the original description of O. curvicornis is selected as neotype.	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
039387FECD67FFD7FF71B0F7EC9B8DDD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Of O. curvicornis: neotype here designated (1 ♂, MZUF): ECUADOR: COTO- PAXI, San Francisco de Las Pampas (1300 - 1500 m), II. 1993, L. Bartolozzi (N. Mag. 1406) / NEOTYPE, Onthophagus curvicornis Latreille, 1812, Des. M. Rossini, 2021. Of O. minax: lectotype here designated (1 ♂, SMTD): Bogota, Kirsch / Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dres- den / LECTOTYPE, Onthophagus minax Kirsch, 1866, Des. M. Rossini, 2021. Paralectotypes (2 ♂, 2 ♀ SMTD): same data as lectotype / same data as lectotype / PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus minax Kirsch, 1866, Des. M. Rossini, 2021 Of O. laevatus: lectotype here designated (1 ♀, MNHN): Delagoa / MUSEUM PARIS, Collection H. d’Orbigny 1915 / TYPE / O. laevatus d’Orb. / LECTOTYPE, Onthophagus laevatus d’Orbigny, 1905, Des. M. Rossini, 2021. Paralectotype (1 ♀, MNHN): Delagoa / green rectangular label / MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. H. d’Orbigny 1915 / PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus laevatus d’Orbigny, 1905, Des. M. Rossini, 2021 Additional material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Santa Rosa de Osos, 21. III. 1937 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ MZc); Medellin (3 ♂, 2 ♀ CEMT); La Ceja, V. 1958 (1 ♂ CMNC). Bolívar: El MantecO, 2. VIII. 2006 (1 ♀ CEMT). Boyacá: Cusiana Camijoque, 05 ° 26 ’ 05 ’’ N, 72 ° 41 ’ 30 ’’ W, 2200 m, VI. 1997 (1 ♀ CMNC). Cali: near Pichinde, 5000 feet, 18. VII. 1970 (1 ♂, 3 ♀ CMNC). Caquetá: Parque Nacional Natural Picachos, 02 ° 47 ’ 51 ’’ N, 74 ° 51 ’ 18 ’’ W, 1250 m, XI – XII. 1997 (1 ♂ CMNC). Cauca: Cauca (1 ♂, 1 ♀ SMTD), 20 km W Silvia, 6000 feet, 22. II. 1970 (10 ♂, 13 ♀ CMNC); Parque Nacional Puaracé, 2300 m, 1. V. 1972 (1 ♂ CMNC). Cundinamarca: Pacho (1 ♀ SMTD); Laguna Pedro Palo, W Bogotá — La Mesa, 1. X. 1994 (2 ♂ CEMT); Fusagasugá, 8. V. 1946 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC); Tequendama, 8000 feet, 6. VII. 1970 (1 ♀ CMNC). Meta: Villavicencio, IV. 1907 (1 ♂ CMNC; 2 ♂, 3 ♀ SMTD). Nariños: Pasto (2 ♂, 1 ♀ SMTD). Norte de Santander: 3 km N Chinácota, 1000 feet, 10 – 12. V. 1974 (36 ♂, 35 ♀ CMNC); 25 km S Chinácota, 2300 m, 10. V. 1974 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC); 30 km S Cucuta, 700 m, 13. V. 1974 (7 ♂, 5 ♀ CMNC). Santander: Fusa, 6 ° 26 ’ 21.26 ” N, 73 ° 04 ’ 54.63 ” W, 17. III. 1981 (1 ♂ CEMT). Tolima: San Antonio (2 ♀ SMTD); Tolima (3 ♂, 4 ♀ SMTD). Valle del Cauca: Restrepo, 6 – 7. VIII. 1983 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ BGc). Doubtful localities: Aguatal (2 ♂ SMTD); Villa Elvira, 6. VII. 1908 (1 ♂ SMTD). No data: (1 ♀ CMNC; 2 ♂, 2 ♀ NHRS). ECUADOR: Azuay: Pucay, Bucay, 300 m, 2. II. 1905 (1 ♀ NHRS). Cañar: 5 km E Zhud, 3000 m, 2. III. 1981 (1 ♂ CMNC). Chimborazo: 2 km S Puela, 2315 m, 5. V. 1998 (3 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Cotopaxi: 112 km W Latacunga, 14 km W Pilalo, 5100 feet, 21 – 31. VI. 1976 (5 ♂, 5 ♀ CMNC). El Oro: Huairapongo, 17. X. 1905 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHRS). Loja: 10 km N Zambi, 1850 m, 10. V. 1998 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT); Gonzanamá, 2000 m, 28. VIII. 1997 (1 ♀ CEMT); Las Chinchas, 28. XII. 1996 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT); Calvario, 3.8500 ºS, 79.3833 ºW (1 ♀ NHRS); Villonaco, 2600 m, 03 ° 59 ’ 40 ’’ S, 79 ° 15 ’ 37 ’’ W, II. 2012 (2 ♂ CEMT); Villonaco, 5. IX. 1906 (1 ♂ CMNC); Loja (1 ♂ NHRS; 1 ♀ CNC); Pucará, 3. VIII. 1905 (1 ♂ NHRS); Catamayo (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHRS). Pichincha: Quito-Santo Domingo Tandapi, 1500 m, 8. XI. 1983 (1 ♂ MZc). Tungurahua: Baños de Aguas Santa, 25. VII. 1992 (2 ♂ CEMT). ZamoraChinchipe: LojaZamora, 1800 – 2200 m, 24 – 25. VIII. 1977 (14 ♂, 16, ♀ CMNC); 5 km NE Gonzanama Pass, 2740 m, 3. XI. 1987 (1 ♂ CMNC). PERU: Cajamarca: camino a Cumbemayo, 6 – 8. VI. 2003, 3000 m (4 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Piura: Ayabaca, Pacaipampa, San Juan, 04 ° 57 ’ 16.94 ’’ S, 79 ° 29 ’ 19.11 ’’ W, 19. VI. 2009 (2 ♂, 3 ♀ CEMT). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: Saint George: 19 km N Arima, Lalaja Trace, 650 m, VI – VII. 1993 (3 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC); Tunapuna-Piarco, Maracas Valley, 10 ° 43 ’ 43 ’’ N, 61 ° 24 ’ 62 ’’ W, 6. VIII. 2012 (1 ♂ OUMNH). VENEZUELA: Aragua: Carretera Marcay-Choroni, 980 m, VIII. 1940 (1 ♂ CMNC); Rancho Grande, VI. 1963 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ CMNC); Rancho Grande, 1100 m (1 ♂ OUMNH); Rancho Grande, Biological Station Pico Periquitos, 10 ° 21 ’ N, 67 ° 41 ’ W, 1100 m, II – III. 1995 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC); Tiara, 50 km SW Caracas, 1000 – 2000 m, 22 – 25. II. 1971 (16 ♂, 20 ♀ CMNC). Falcón: Cueva Coy Coy de Uria (1 ♂ CMNC); Curimagua, 5. VIII. 1956 (1 ♂ MSNG). Mérida: La Muchuy, 2200 m, 2. VIII. 1995 (5 ♂, 5 ♀ MSNG); La Muchuy, Tabay, 1900 – 2300 m, VI – VIII (3 ♂, 5 ♀ CMNC; 7 ♂, 1 ♀ MZc); La Muchuy, National Park Sierra Nevada, 2400 m, 13. IV. 1995 (1 ♀ CEMT); El Joque, Jají, 2000 m, 1 – 15. III. 1978 (1 ♀ MZc); Santo Domingo, 2200 m, 5. I. 1965 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MZc). Cacute, 2100 m, 17 – 24. IV. 1975 (2 ♂ MZc); Mariño, 1700 m, 1. XII. 1984 (2 ♂ MZc); Carbonera, 17. IX. 1985 (1 ♂ MZc); La Trampa, 1700 m, 10. III. 1978 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Carbonera, Lagunilla, 10. III. 1978 (1 ♂ MZc). Mérida, 1700 m, VI. 1987 (1 ♂ CMNC); Sucre Jají, 08 ° 39 ’ 39.05 ’’ N, 71 ° 23 ’ 55.85 ’’ W, 2235 m, 8. VII. 2009 (1 ♂, 1 f CEMT); Rio Chama, Tabay, VIII. 1942, 1800 m (1 ♀ CMNC); La Mucuy (2 ♂ CMNC); Timotes, 2200 m, 25. I. 1968 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC; 2 ♂ MZc); La Cutata, 4000 m, V. 1996 (1 ♀ SMTD). No locality (3 ♂, 6 ♀ SMTD). Miranda: Guatopo National Park, 50 km SE Caracas, 400 m, 5 – 6. III. 1971 (1 ♀ OUMNH). Monagas: Teresen, 800 m, 12. IV. 1963 (3 ♂ CMNC); Caripe, Cueva Guacharo, 700 m, 20 – 30. VII. 1987 (1 ♀ CMNC). Yaracuy: Bolivar Aroa, 10 ° 23 ’ 06.1 ’’ N, 68 ° 58 ’ 45.45 ’’ W, 1415 m, 19. VII. 2009 (1 ♂ CEMT). Táchira: Pregonero, La Honda, 1100 m, 13. II. 1989 (1 ♀ CEMT); 30 km NE San Cristóbal, 2000 m, 20 – 22. V. 1974 (6 ♂, 12 ♀ CMNC; 1 ♂ OUMNH); San Cristobal, 1200 m, 10 – 18. VIII. 1983 (1 ♂ BGc). Sucre: Elvecia near Mt. Turumquire, 14. I. 1930 (1 ♂ CMNC). Trujillo: Trujillo (1 ♀ CEMT); Boconó, 2000 – 2300 m, V – VI. 1981 (5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ MSNG). Vargas: Petaquire, El Junquito, 7. III. 1965 (1 ♂ MZc). Zulia: Miranda, 28 - 30. XI. 2005 (1 ♂ CEMT). Miranda, 28 km N Guatopo Nacio- nal Park, El Lucero, 700 m, 14. VI – 5. VIII. 1987 (2 ♂, 3 ♀ CMNC); Altagracia, Guatopo National Park, 50 km SE Caracas, 5 – 6. III. 1971 (4 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC); Guatopo National Park, 6 – 8. III. 1988 (1 ♂, 4 ♀ CMNC). No data: (1 ♂ MCZ; 1 ♂ NHRS); (2 ♂, 3 ♀ MCZ: “ Mexico ” erroneous locality).	en	Rossini, Michele (2021): Additional mislabeling in African Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): the case of Onthophagus viviensis and Onthophagus laevatus. Zootaxa 5032 (2): 262-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.7
