identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039387E38916FFA1FF753AEEFB1AFD2F.text	039387E38916FFA1FF753AEEFB1AFD2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platypelis	<div><p>Diversity of Platypelis in the Tsaratanana Massif</p><p>In the 2010 expedition, Platypelis specimens were found in large quantities in bamboo forest, but partly also outside of it, along the Maromokotro trail. Our specimens along this trail morphologically clustered neatly into three species (Figs. 3–6): (1) a large and rather stout species reaching 45 mm SVL that called at night from bamboo forest and emitted stereotyped series of single-note calls; (2) a very common smaller species with smooth skin and typically less than 30 mm SVL with an elongated body, that at night emitted series of unique double-note calls not known from any other Platypelis; and (3) a small-sized species with yellowish or greenish color on the venter, found only rarely and at higher elevations, of which no calls were heard. Based on the re-examination of historical type specimens as reported in the Identity sections of the respective species below, we assign the first and second of these species to Platypelis alticola and P. tsaratananaensis, respectively, and the third to a new species described below as Platypelis olgae sp. nov.</p><p>None of the specimens collected in the 2001 expedition could be reliably assigned to nominal species (Andreone et al. 2009). Because in that period, tissue samples were not collected from all encountered specimens, a detailed screening of molecular diversity is not possible for the Platypelis from the western slope. A photographed specimen from Antsahamanara campsite (in the Manarikoba forest), however, had a unique coloration and a DNA sequence could be assigned to this specimen, which we here name Platypelis sp. 8 following the numbering of candidate species first applied by Vieites et al. (2009). This species was not found on the Maromokotro trail or at other sites in 2010.</p><p>The phylogenetic tree obtained on the basis of DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (Fig. 7) provides evidence for the presence of four genetic lineages occurring on the Tsaratanana Massif, corresponding to the species respectively candidate species mentioned above: P. alticola, P. tsaratananaensis, P. olgae sp. nov. and P. sp. 8. These four lineages were placed together in a clade which however did not receive significant (PP&gt;0.95) support from Bayesian posterior probabilities. In P. alticola, two sublineages were identified corresponding to the low vs. high-elevation populations, whereas the other three lineages were genetically homogeneous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387E38916FFA1FF753AEEFB1AFD2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Glaw, Frank;Vieites, David R.;Raminosoa, Noromalala R.;Vences, Miguel	Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Glaw, Frank, Vieites, David R., Raminosoa, Noromalala R., Vences, Miguel (2012): Taxonomy and natural history of arboreal microhylid frogs (Platypelis) from the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3563: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215396
039387E38911FFADFF753FA2FDBAFC9C.text	039387E38911FFADFF753FA2FDBAFC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platypelis alticola (Guibé 1974) Guibe 1974	<div><p>Platypelis alticola (Guibé, 1974)</p><p>Identity. Platypelis alticola was described by Guibé (1974) as Platyhyla alticola based on a single specimen, the holotype MNHN 1973.693 (SVL 37.7 mm). This specimen (Fig. 2) is in moderately good state of preservation although all color is faded and the venter is cut open. Measurements are included in Table 1. Based on the large size, uniform color as described by Guibé (1974) and similar lengths of third and fifth toe, the identification of this species is unequivocal. Specimens figured by Raxworthy et al. (2008) and collected by us at four campsites along the Maromokotro trail agree with this description and therefore are here assigned to P. a lt ic o la.</p><p>Diagnosis and comparisons. Assigned to the genus Platypelis in the Cophylinae based on enlarged terminal discs on fingers and toes, absence of finger-like prepollex, absence of nuptial pads, occurrence in Madagascar, and molecular phylogenetic relationships. Distinguished from all other cophyline species with enlarged discs on fingers and toes (i.e., all Anodonthyla, Cophyla, Platypelis, as well as Plethodontohyla guentheri, P. inguinalis, P. mihanika, P. notosticta, Stumpffia helenae) by combination of the following character states: large body size (adult SVL 32–45 mm), uniform greyish color with absence of sharp border between dorsal and lateral color, toes 3 and 5 of similar length, vomerine teeth present, males with prepollical tubercle but lacking a finger-like prepollex as typical for Anodonthyla .</p><p>Distinguished from other species of Platypelis and Cophyla as follows: From Cophyla berara, C. occultans, C. phyllodactyla, Platypelis barbouri, P. cowanii, P. mavomavo, P. milloti, P. pollicaris, P. ravus, and P. tetra by larger adult body size (SVL 32–45 mm vs. 16–30 mm). Among these species, furthermore distinguished from P. milloti, P. ravus, and P. barbouri by the uniform dorsal side (vs. always with distinct pattern of dark dorsal markings), from P. barbouri and P. r a v u s by the presence of vomerine teeth (vs. absence); from P. barbouri, P. milloti, P. mavomavo, and P. ravus by always uniform greyish ventral side (vs. reddish or yellow color on venter and/or ventral side of hindlimbs); from P. tetra by absence of 4 to 6 symmetrical and light colored dorsal tubercles (vs. presence); from P. cowanii, P. mavomavo, and P. tetra by third and fifth toe of similar length (vs. third toe longer). Among species of similar or larger size, distinguished from P. grandis by usually smaller size (SVL 32–45 vs. 43–105 mm), juveniles and adults uniformly greyish (vs. juveniles greenish and adults typically with dark brown pattern on grey), typically shorter hindlimbs (tibiotarsal articulation reaching forelimb insertion vs. reaching tympanum), and different advertisement call (series of tonal vs. non-tonal notes); from P. tsaratananaensis by usually larger body size (SVL 32–45 vs. 22–33 mm but typically below 30 mm), third and fifth toe of similar length (vs. third toe distinctly shorter), and advertisement call (series of single notes vs. series of double notes); from P. tuberifera by shorter hindlimbs (tibiotarsal articulation reaching forelimb insertion vs. reaching tympanum or eye), absence of a vertebral stripe (vs. present in most specimens), living in bamboo habitat (vs. specialized to Pandanus leaf axils), non-frequency modulated notes in advertisement call (vs. frequency-modulated). Furthermore P. alticola has&gt;10% uncorrected pairwise divergence (16S) from all other arboreal species of cophylines.</p><p>Material examined. MNHN 1973.693 (holotype of Platypelis alticola), collected on the Tsaratanana massif (in forest) by C. P. Blanc (ORSTOM mission) in November 1966; ZSM 1655/2010 (ZCMV 12407), collected at Camp 3 (Bepia) on 15 June 2010; ZSM 1656/2010 (DRV 6201), collected at Camp 3 (Bepia) on 15 June 2010; ZSM 1657/2010 (ZCMV 12453, adult male [seen calling]), ZSM 1658/2010 (ZCMV 12469, gravid female), ZSM 1659/2010 (ZCMV 12470), all collected at Camp 2 (Matsabory Maiky) on 15–20 June 2010; ZSM 1660/2010 (DRV 6111, female), ZSM 1661/2010 (DRV 6113, male), both collected at Camp 1 (Antevialambazaha) on 10 June 2010; ZSM 1662/2010 (DRV 6216), collected between Camp 4 and 5, 14.08509°S, 48.98191°E, 2429 m a.s.l., in June 2010; ZSM 1663/2010 (DRV 6244), ZSM 1664/2010 (DRV 6245), both collected at Camp 2 (Matsabory Maiky), 14.15256°S, 48.95728°E, 2021 m, on 14–19 June 2010; ZSM 1665/2010 (DRV 6137, juvenile, identification uncertain), collected at Camp 2 (Matsabory Maiky) on 13 June 2010. Additional specimens were deposited in the UADBA collection and not examined in detail for this study.</p><p>Redescription. The holotype of P. alticola has been described by Guibé (1974) and Blommers-Schlösser &amp; Blanc (1991). Because we could not reliably assess the sex of this specimen, we here provide a redescription based on a newly collected adult male specimen, ZSM 1657/2010 (ZCMV 12453), seen calling but call not recorded. Specimen in good state of preservation, some muscle tissue removed from right thigh, snout-vent length 36.8 mm. Body very slender; head slightly wider than long, wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils directed dorsolaterally, not protuberant, nearer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region plain; tympanum distinct, 63% of eye diameter, with a distinctly recognizable, apparently transparent area below the tympanum on both sides; supratympanic fold indistinct, almost straight; tongue ovoid, not bifid or notched; maxillary teeth distinct; vomerine teeth distinctly recognizable as two round groups on a bony ark; choanae rounded. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles single, flat, and relatively well recognizable on all fingers; outer metacarpal tubercle distinct, relatively large and flat; inner metacarpal tubercle large, forming distinct protuberance at base of first finger; hand almost without traces of webbing between fingers; fingers distinctly flattened and broad along entire length; relative length of fingers 1&lt;2&lt;4&lt;3, fourth finger distinctly longer than second; finger discs distinctly enlarged, slightly triangular; nuptial pads absent. Hindlimbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaching forelimb insertion when hindlimb adpressed along body; tibia length, 33% of SVL; lateral metatarsalia strongly connected; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles small and flat, difficult to recognize; only traces of webbing between toes; subarticular tubercles on toes relatively well recognizable on left foot (right foot damaged); toes flattened and broad along their entire length; relative length of toes 1&lt;2&lt;5=3&lt;4 (evaluated on left foot only). Dorsal skin smooth, without dorsolateral folds. Ventral skin smooth on throat and chest and moderately granular on belly.</p><p>After two years in 70% ethanol, dorsum almost uniformly beige with a poorly delimited grey spot on neck and blackish skin above eyes. Forelimbs and hindlimbs dorsally uniformly beige to yellowish, without spots or crossbands. Ventrally, throat yellow with an elongated, greyish blotch of 2.5 mm length on each side of the jaw; chest yellowish without spots, belly, ventral parts of thighs and feet dirty white with small greyish dots.</p><p>Variation and distribution. We found specimens that morphologically agree with P. a l t i c o l a at the three first campsites along the Maromokotro trail, as well as on a site between the fourth and fifth campsite, spanning an elevational range from 1589–2429 m a.s.l. Molecular data summarized in Fig. 7 indicate that the specimens from Camp 1 (Antevialambazaha), i.e. from the lowest elevation, are genetically differentiated from the genetically homogeneous group of samples from all other sites. In the 16S rDNA fragment analyzed here, their differentiation amounts to 3.8% uncorrected pairwise distance. The few specimens from Camp 1 were also remarkable by their relatively tubercular skin and a high prevalence of mite parasites, probably of the genus Endotrombicula (Wohltmann et al. 2007) . Because of the low sample size and lack of bioacoustic data from the Antevialambazaha population the possible taxonomic distinctness of this population cannot be reliably assessed at present. All specimens encountered were uniformly greyish-brownish colored dorsally and ventrally. Summarizing data from field measurements and preserved specimens (Table 1), male SVL ranged from 34–37 mm and female SVL 36–45.5 mm, with a single (possibly immature) female measuring 32 mm.</p><p>Habitat and natural history. At the Matsabory Maiky campsite in June 2010, we observed P. alticola in bamboo segments with holes of 27.5 ± 7.7 mm (18.3–35.5 mm, N= 7) diameter and at 142 ± 95.4 cm (40–300 cm, N= 7) height above the ground. 1.7 ± 0.5 individuals (1–2, N= 10) were found occupying the same segment.</p><p>Specimens cohabited segments with Platypelis tsaratananaensis or with small cockroaches; in fact, 7 individuals of the 10 collected from bamboo segments shared their segment with one or several cockroaches. Gravid females of P. alticola had a SVL of 41.7 ± 2.0 mm (40.5–45.5 mm, N= 7), and they carried 26.6 ± 8.5 (15–35, N= 7) oocytes as visible through the ventral skin. At Camp 3 (Bepia) we did not record any large bamboo stands; only bamboo trunks of low diameter were observed, many of which appeared to be young plants dead or dying, possibly because of adverse climate conditions as this site was exposed to rather strong wind. We also found numerous P. alticola on the ground, walking around in the grass at our campsite.</p><p>Advertisement call. Platypelis alticola emits series of tonal single-note calls at night, with regular intervals between notes. Calls were typically emitted from relatively high positions in dense bamboo thicket, and calling males were thus difficult to locate. A single male specimen (ZSM 1657/2010 = ZCMV 12453) was seen calling and collected by T. Rajoafiarison (between 15–20 June 2010), but the calls of this specific animal were not recorded and our analysis below refers to a specimen that was not collected. However, because only two species of frogs called at Matsabory Maiky, the identification does not seem to be equivocal. The recording analyzed, from shortly after dusk on 13 June 2010, ca. 19:00–20:00 h, air temperature about 13°C, includes a series of four notes within a total of 67 seconds. Call frequency spanned over a narrow frequency band which in one note analyzed in detail was 1765–1981 Hz, with a dominant frequency of 1894 Hz (all other notes recorded from this specimen had very similar frequency ranges). Characterizing a fundamental frequency in such a tonal note is difficult, but tentatively the lowest observed frequency (1765 Hz) might be considered as fundamental. Temporal call parameters were as follows: note length of single notes 411–466 milliseconds (445±26; N= 4); interval between two notes 3790–3913 milliseconds (3867±67; N= 3) (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387E38911FFADFF753FA2FDBAFC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Glaw, Frank;Vieites, David R.;Raminosoa, Noromalala R.;Vences, Miguel	Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Glaw, Frank, Vieites, David R., Raminosoa, Noromalala R., Vences, Miguel (2012): Taxonomy and natural history of arboreal microhylid frogs (Platypelis) from the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3563: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215396
039387E3891DFFB5FF753F84FB2FFA58.text	039387E3891DFFB5FF753F84FB2FFA58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platypelis tsaratananaensis Guibe 1974	<div><p>Platypelis tsaratananaensis Guibé, 1974</p><p>Identity. Platypelis tsaratananaensis was described by Guibé (1974) and the holotype specimen MNHN 1993.685 (originally A685) (Fig. 2) was collected in bamboo forest at the Tsaratanana Massif, at 2600 m a.s.l. We reexamined the holotype in 2010. It is an adult specimen of 27.7 mm SVL, sexed by us as a male by its comparatively prominent prepollex (PREPL 1.4 mm, PREPW 0.8 mm) and examination of gonads. The venter of the specimen is cut open, the specimen is in poor state of preservation, and quite weakly fixed. This makes it difficult to take morphometric measurements especially in the region of the head, and many morphological characters therefore cannot be assessed with full certainty. The following account is therefore limited to describing the most relevant characters which we could ascertain and which have not or only incompletely been described by Guibé (1974). Third toe distinctly shorter than fifth toe. Second finger shorter than fourth finger. Tympanum difficult to recognize, probably due to poor state of fixation, its diameter can be estimated about 50% of eye diameter. Coloration almost entirely faded, but above the eyes it is possible to recognize a number of dark lines horizontally slicing a largely light area, which might represent originally yellowish or beige markings with dark marbling. No color pattern visible on the ventral side. Body elongated and hindlimbs relatively short as compared with long body; tibiotarsal articulation reaches between insertion of forelimb and tympanum. For further measurements, see Table 1.</p><p>Furthermore, MNHN hosts five paratypes (MNHN 1993.686–690) collected together with the holotype of P. tsaratananaensis . Of these, MNHN 1993.689 (689A) is a juvenile lacking part of the posterior body and the hindlimbs, so measurements are not possible. Specimen MNHN 1993.686 is a subadult of 19.0 mm SVL and has one hindlimb detached but is still relatively complete. The remaining three specimens are adults in moderate state of preservation (but partly in better state than the holotype). MNHN 1993.687 has light markings visible on the flank region, as well as (faintly) lighter color above the eyes than in the surrounding dorsal head surface, and the third toe is shorter than the fifth toe also in this specimen. None of the paratypes has distinct remains of ventral color or any traces indicating a possible pattern of fine dark ventral dotting as mentioned in the original description. However MNHN 1993.687 has some pigment on the throat region which might be a rest of the original color, but no pattern of fine dark dots is visible. MNHN 1993.690 also shows remains of dark stripes of light color in the region above the eyes, similar to the holotype but better visible. We did not check the gonads of the three adult paratypes that we examined; based on the rather comparable size of the prepollex they all might be males, but in any case, none showed distinct characters indicating a female sex, such as oocytes visible through the ventral skin.</p><p>Several uncertainties surround the taxonomic status of this species, and we will address these in the following, one by one.</p><p>(1) Are any of the Platypelis specimens collected by us on the Tsaratanana massif conspecific with the types of P. tsaratananaensis ?</p><p>According to our assessment, morphology and color of the P. tsaratananaensis type series, including the namebearing type (holotype), largely agree with specimens of the most common Platypelis in our collections from the Tsaratanana area. These are similarly sized, with a male SVL of 22–30 mm and a female SVL of 21–33 mm, they have similar relative lengths of toes and fingers (Fig. 2), and a similar elongated body with rather short hindlimbs which differ from most other species of Platypelis . The length of the prepollex of males in life is 2.0 ± 0.2 mm (1.5–2.6 mm) and thus slightly larger than in the holotype which however might be due to the poor state of preservation of this specimen (Fig. 2). The remains of light transversal stripes on the head in the holotype and one paratype are indicative of the yellow-beige markings above and between the eyes interrupted by dark lines typical for specimens assigned to this species in life (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the specimens collected by us distinctly differ by genetics and by advertisement calls (see below) from all other nominal species of Platypelis and Cophyla . The only possible difference between our specimens and the type series of P. tsaratananaensis is the purported fine dark dotting of the ventral side of the latter, according to the original description (Guibé 1974, 1978) which however we could not ascertain in the types while other color patterns still were at least faintly recognizable. The types were collected in bamboo forest (Guibé 1974,) similar to our specimens, although our collections came from lower elevations (1100–2300 m) than the types (2600 m). We conclude that the most plausible explanation is to consider our specimens as belonging to Platypelis tsaratananaensis .</p><p>(2) Why are our specimens assigned to P. tsaratananaensis not conspecific with Platypelis pollicaris Boulenger, 1888 ?</p><p>According to Raxworthy et al. (2008), on the Tsaratanana Massif the species P. pollicaris is very common and occurs from 1650–2450 m a.s.l. This species is morphologically quite similar to P. tsaratananaensis by elongated shape of the body, strong polymorphism of dorsal color, and preference for bamboo habitat, and doubts may arise whether it might be a senior synonym of the latter. Specimens from various localities in eastern Madagascar assigned to P. pollicaris (Glaw &amp; Vences 2007) differ genetically (Fig. 7) and by their single-note advertisement call (Vences et al. 2006) from the Tsaratanana populations (specimens collected by us emitted a double-note advertisement call—see below), and we are convinced that these eastern populations are correctly assigned to the name P. pollicaris, based on the following rationale: The holotype of P. pollicaris was collected by Rev. R. Baron and described in 1888, without a clear indication of the type locality. As discussed in Ratsoavina et al. (2011), Rev. Baron travelled extensively throughout Madagascar, but apparently reached the northwest, north and northeast of the island only after 1891 (Dorr 1997). Furthermore, all Malagasy amphibians and reptiles collected by Baron and described by Boulenger with clear type locality information are from type localities in the central eastern portion of Madagascar, far from Tsaratanana. The type of P. pollicaris differs from our Tsaratanana specimens, and agrees with specimens of eastern Madagascar assigned to this name, by two faint but rather constant morphological characters, relative toe length and size of prepollical tubercle in males. First, as stated above, the Tsaratanana specimens (including the holotype of P. tsaratananaensis), have a third toe distinctly shorter than the fifth toe (Fig. 2). Relative toe length was not mentioned in the original description of P. pollicaris by Boulenger (1888), but Blommers-Schlösser &amp; Blanc (1991) who examined the holotype of P. pollicaris stated that the fifth toe is only slightly longer than the third toe. This agrees with specimens assigned by us to P. pollicaris but less so with the P. tsaratananaensis specimens where the difference between the two toes is strongly marked, not fitting a characterization as faint. Second, P. pollicaris is characterized by a strongly developed prepollical tubercle in males, which probably was even the reason for its scientific name. This tubercle is visible in the holotype drawing of the original description (Boulenger 1888) and is obvious in specimens from eastern Madagascar that we assign to the species but less distinct in Tsaratanana specimens (Fig. 2). Based on these historical and morphological arguments we conclude that the name P. pollicaris is correctly assigned to specimens from eastern Madagascar (e.g., by Vences et al. 2006; Glaw &amp; Vences 2007), and that based on bioacoustic, molecular and (faint) morphological differences, these populations are not conspecific with our material from Tsaratanana.</p><p>(3) Did Raxworthy et al. (2008) observe P. pollicaris at Tsaratanana?</p><p>These authors reported P. pollicaris from various sites along the Maromokotro trail, and altogether found 14 specimens from 1650 to 2450 m elevation. We did not re-examine their material and therefore cannot make any definite statement on the identity of this material. However, given that (a) in this elevational range and along the same trail, P. tsaratanananaensis was very common and reproductively active during our own expedition while we never heard the typical call of P. pollicaris in the whole region, (b) Raxworthy et al. (2008) did not assign any other of their specimens to P. tsaratananaensis, (c) P. tsaratananaensis is morphologically very similar to P. pollicaris, we hypothesize that the specimens assigned by Raxworthy et al. (2008) to P. pollicaris may in fact belong to P. tsaratananaensis .</p><p>Diagnosis and comparisons. Assigned to the genus Platypelis in the Cophylinae based on enlarged terminal discs on fingers and toes, absence of finger-like prepollex, absence of nuptial pads, occurrence in Madagascar, and molecular phylogenetic relationships. Distinguished from all other cophyline species with enlarged discs on fingers and toes by combination of the following character states: medium body size (adult SVL 22–33 mm), most specimens with colored patches above the eyes, absence of reddish or yellowish ventral color, no sharp border between dorsal and lateral color, toe 3 distinctly shorter than toe 5, vomerine teeth present, males with prepollical tubercle but lacking a finger-like prepollex as typical for Anodonthyla .</p><p>Distinguished from all other species of Platypelis and Cophyla by relative toe length (third toe distinctly shorter than fifth toe, vs. only slightly shorter, of equal length, or longer), and by advertisement call (consisting of double-note calls vs. single-note calls). Further distinguished from Platypelis alticola, P. grandis and P. tuberifera by usually smaller body size (adult SVL 22–33 mm but usually below 30 mm, vs. 30–105 mm); from C. occultans, P. ravus, and P. tetra by larger size (SVL 22–33 mm vs. 16–21 mm; from P. barbouri, P. grandis, P. mavomavo, and P. tetra by a completely smooth dorsum (vs. tuberculated), from P. barbouri, P. milloti, P. mavomavo, and P. ravus by always uniform greyish ventral side (vs. reddish or yellow color on venter and/or ventral side of hindlimbs). Furthermore distinguished from all other arboreal microhylids included in our analysis by a substantial genetic differentiation as indicated by mitochondrial DNA (&gt;10% uncorrected pairwise divergence in the 16S fragment studied herein).</p><p>Material examined. MNHN 1993.685 (holotype) and MNHN 1993.686–690 (paratypes), all collected on Tsaratanana massif (bamboo forest, 2600 m) by R. Paulian in October 1949; ZSM 1638/2010 (ZCMV 12335, juvenile), ZSM 1639/2010 (ZCMV 12336), ZSM 1640/2010 (ZCMV 12337), all collected at Camp 1 (Antevialambazaha); ZSM 1641/2010 (DRV 6105, male), ZSM 1642/2010 (DRV 6107, female), ZSM 1643/2010 (DRV 6129), all collected at Camp 1 (Antevialambazaha) on 10–11 June 2010; ZSM 1644/2010 (ZCMV 12607), ZSM 1645/2010 (ZCMV 12610), ZSM 1646/2010 (ZCMV 12612), all collected at Camp 2 (Matsabory Maiky) on 15–20 June 2010; ZSM 1647/2010 (ZCMV 12360, male), ZSM 1648/2010 (ZCMV 12361, female), both collected at Camp 2 (Matsabory Maiky) on 10–11 June 2010; ZSM 1649/2010 (ZCMV 12391, adult male, call voucher), collected at Camp 2 (Matsabory Maiky) on 12 June 2010; ZSM 1651/2010 (DRV 6202, small juvenile), collected at Camp 3 (Bepia) on 15 June 2010; ZSM 1650/2010 (ZCMV 12566, female with large oocytes), collected at river crossing near Bemanevika village, 14.48251°S, 48.62723°E, 1109 m a.s.l., on 29 June 2010; ZSM 1652/2010 (DRV 6299), ZSM 1653/2010 (DRV 6300, male, call voucher) collected by F. Ratsoavina at Andrevorevo, 14.3464°S, 49.1028°E, 1717 m a.s.l., on 21 June 2010. Additional specimens were deposited in the UADBA collection and not examined in detail for this study.</p><p>Redescription. Because of the poor state of preservation of the holotype, we here provide a redescription based on a newly collected adult male, ZSM 1649/2010 (ZCMV 12391). Specimen in good state of preservation, some muscle tissue removed from right thigh, snout–vent length 26.4 mm. Body very slender; head slightly longer than wide, very slightly wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils directed dorsolaterally, not protuberant, slightly nearer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region plain; tympanum distinct, 54% of eye diameter; supratympanic fold very indistinct, virtually absent; tongue ovoid, not bifid or notched; maxillary teeth distinct; vomerine teeth distinctly recognizable as two round groups on a bony ark; choanae rounded. Forelimbs very slender; subarticular tubercles moderately distinct; outer metacarpal tubercle moderately distinct, relatively small and flat; inner metacarpal tubercle large, forming distinct protuberance at base of first finger; hand with only traces of webbing between fingers; fingers distinctly flattened and broad along entire length; relative length of fingers 1&lt;2&lt;4&lt;3, fourth finger distinctly longer than second; finger discs distinctly enlarged, slightly triangular; nuptial pads absent. Hindlimbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaching between forelimb and tympanum when hindlimb adpressed along body; tibia length, 40% of SVL; lateral metatarsalia strongly connected; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles small, difficult to recognize; distinct webbing between toe 3 and 4 and less developed between toe 4 and 5; subarticular tubercles on toes moderately well recognizable; toes moderately broad along their entire length; relative length of toes 1&lt;2&lt;3&lt;5&lt;4, toe 5 distinctly longer than toe 3. Dorsal skin smooth, without dorsolateral folds. Ventral skin smooth on throat and chest and moderately granular on belly.</p><p>After two years in 70% ethanol, dorsum, thighs and shanks grey with numerous small and well delimited blackish spots; head grey with much less dark spotting; blackish skin above eyes. Forelimbs and hindlimbs without crossbands. Ventrally, throat and limbs uniformly yellowish, belly uniformly greyish.</p><p>Variation and distribution. Specimens of P. tsaratananaensis were characterized by a remarkable variability in color and pattern in life (Fig. 4). Of 156 individuals, nine (5.6%) had a yellow to orange vertebral stripe. Most individuals had yellow to beige patches above the eyes which sometimes were large, continuous and contrasting, and sometimes were rather formed as an irregular network of small colored markings. Often a dark line was present between the eyes, and sometimes this black line formed the border of a large light patch on the anterior head. The flanks sometimes had distinct light spotting. The ventral side was always uniform greyish and somewhat translucent. Based on 156 specimens all measured at Matsabory Maiky in the field, males were slightly smaller than females: male SVL was 25.2 ± 1.8 mm (22.1–29.8 mm, N= 58) and female SVL was 25.9 ± 2.4 mm (21.0– 32.5 mm, N= 98) (Mann-Whitney U-test, Z=2.281, P = 0.023). All specimens had a smooth dorsal skin without tubercles.</p><p>Habitat and natural history. Platypelis tsaratananaensis was almost exclusively found on bamboo, and occurred in high densities in bamboo forest with relatively large plants that we provisionally identified as belonging to the genera Arundinaria and Nastus . Bamboo shrubs were found commonly on the Tsaratanana but at high altitudes the plants were small and the segments probably unsuitable for Platypelis reproduction because of the small diameter of internodes which furthermore did not appear to contain water; P. tsaratananaensis was consequently very rare in these areas. Typically, the species was found in bamboo segments with a small hole, probably made by insects emerging from the bamboo stem after completing their larval development therein, and in some cases opened by the nocturnal lemur Daubentonia madagascariensis (Rakotoarison et al. 2010); especially in living bamboo, these holes were water-filled (Fig. 9).</p><p>In various cases we observed embryos probably belonging to P. tsaratananaensis (Fig. 8). Sometimes the embryos contained in the same bamboo segment were in distinctly different stages, suggesting that they belonged to separate clutches. The number of embryos found in one segment varied from 1–27 (mean 13 ± 8.1). Adult specimens were observed in bamboo segments of 30.2 ± 7.7 mm (30.2–48.9 mm) diameter, located at 151 ± 80 cm (30–400 cm) height above the ground. The average number of adult individuals found within one occupied bamboo segment was 2 ± 1 (1–6, N= 87) individuals. Gravid females were larger than non-gravid females (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.001). We counted 16 ± 5 (1–24, N= 46) oocytes per female. The number of oocytes was correlated with female size (correlation coefficient, r = 0.625, p = 0.001). In those 13 holes where embryos or larvae were found, these were always accompanied with metamorphosed individuals: in the respective segments we found either two males (4 cases), one female and one male (2 cases), one female and 2 males (2 cases), three females and one male (2 cases), one female, one male and one juvenile (1 case), one female (1 case), or three females (1 case). Hence, in most cases the embryos were accompanied by at least one male, and only rarely by only one or several females.</p><p>The characteristics of the bamboo segment occupied were related to the size of the frogs found therein (Fig. 11). For this comparison, also some possibly subadult specimens (15–21 mm SVL) were included that morphologically could be identified as probably being of male or female sex (based on prepollex size). We found a positive linear correlation between height above the ground and SVL (correlation coefficient, r = 0.295, p = 0.026 for males and r = 0.248, p = 0.012 for females), i.e., larger specimens were found in higher bamboo segments. No correlation was observed between the diameter of the occupied bamboo segment and SVL (correlation coefficient, r = -0.247 with p = 0.64 for males and r = -0.122, p = 0.224 for females). Equally we found no significant correlation between the vertical diameter of the entrance hole to the bamboo segment and SVL of males (correlation coefficient, r = -0.136, p = 0.313), whereas this correlation was highly significant and negative in females (correlation coefficient, r = -0.311, p = 0.002), i.e., paradoxically small females were mostly found in segments with large entry holes. No correlation was observed between the horizontal diameter of the hole and SVL of males and females (correlation coefficient, r = -0.18, p = 0.179 for males and r = - 0.003, p = 0.979 for females).</p><p>Many of the encountered specimens of P. tsaratananaensis were infected by mites probably of the genus Endotrombicula (e.g., similar to those visible in Fig. 3 a and 6b for P. alticola). We recorded 0–54 parasites per individual in males (average 5.3) and 0–14 mites per individual in females (average 3.1). These differences were statistically mildly significant (P = 0.04) in a t-test but not in a non-parametric U-test. The number of mites was not correlated with the size of the specimens (P&gt;0.4).</p><p>Advertisement call. Calls of Platypelis tsaratananaensis were heard at Matsabory Maiky and Andrevorevo. They are unusual for cophylines in general because each call consists of two distinct notes which however are emitted without a clear silent interval between them (Fig. 10). Calls were recorded from an adult male, ZSM 1649/ 2010 (ZCMV 12391) on 13 June 2010 in the early evening (precise time not recorded, but between 19:00 and 22:00 h) at Matsabory Maiky, at an air temperature of about 13°C. The specimen was not seen calling but clearly located on top of a small palm within a forest with numerous bamboo stands, about 3.5 m above the ground; upon collection it still emitted some faint vocalizations. Spectral call frequency ranged from about 2320–3240 Hz, with a dominant frequency between 3057–3186 Hz (3116±51; N= 8). A weak frequency band could be recognized at 1500 Hz, but it is uncertain whether this represents the fundamental frequency or rather an artefact of the recording. Temporal call parameters are as follows: note length of first note in note pairs 79–100 ms (92±9 ms; N= 4); note length of second note in note pairs 116–145 ms (128±13 ms; N= 4); interval between notes within a note pair 93–110 ms (100±8 ms, N= 4); interval between note pairs 4854–5218 ms (4983±203 ms; N= 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387E3891DFFB5FF753F84FB2FFA58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Glaw, Frank;Vieites, David R.;Raminosoa, Noromalala R.;Vences, Miguel	Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Glaw, Frank, Vieites, David R., Raminosoa, Noromalala R., Vences, Miguel (2012): Taxonomy and natural history of arboreal microhylid frogs (Platypelis) from the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3563: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215396
039387E38905FFB6FF7539CAFF0CFCEC.text	039387E38905FFB6FF7539CAFF0CFCEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platypelis olgae	<div><p>Platypelis olgae sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype. ZSM 1666/2010 (ZCMV 12402), adult male, collected at the Tsaratanana Massif, between Camps 3 (Bepia) and 4 (Andranomadio), without precise geographical coordinates or altitude data, but located in between these two campsites (coordinates given in Materials and Methods) with altitudes of 2294 and 2503 m a.s.l., on 16 June 2010, by M. Vences, D. R. Vieites, R.-D. Randrianiaina, S. Rasamison, and E. Rajeriarison.</p><p>Paratypes. ZSM 1667/2010 (ZCMV 12428, female) and ZSM 1668/2010 (DRV 6225, male), both collected at Tsaratanana Camp 5 (Amboditsaratanana), 14.08019°S, 48.98536°E, 2457 m, on 18 June 2010, by the same collectors as holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis and comparisons. Assigned to the genus Platypelis in the Cophylinae based on enlarged terminal discs on fingers and toes, absence of finger-like prepollex, absence of nuptial pads, occurrence in Madagascar, and molecular phylogenetic relationships. Distinguished from all other cophyline species with enlarged discs on fingers and toes by combination of the following character states: small body size (adult SVL 20–22 mm), ventral side of body and limbs with greenish or yellowish color especially on throat, dorsally without a conspicuous pattern of three symmetrical dark patches, no sharp border between dorsal and lateral color, toe 3 as long or slightly longer than toe 5, hindlimb reaching between forelimb and tympanum when adpressed along body, vomerine teeth absent, males with prepollical tubercle but lacking a finger-like prepollex as typical for Anodonthyla .</p><p>Distinguished from other species of Platypelis and Cophyla as follows: from C. phyllodactyla, C. berara, P. alticola, P. cowanii, P. grandis, P. mavomavo, P. milloti, P. pollicaris, and P. tuberifera by smaller body size (adult SVL 20–22 mm vs. 23–105 mm); and from all these species plus P. tsaratananaensis and P. t e t r a, by the absence or rudimentary state of vomerine teeth (vs. presence). Furthermore distinguished from all these species except P. mavomavo and juvenile P. grandis by the presence of green-yellow color on the ventral side (vs. absence).</p><p>Three other species are small-sized and lack vomerine teeth as P. olgae, i.e., P. barbouri, P. r a v u s, and probably C. occultans (state of vomerine teeth requires confirmation). The new species differs from P. barbouri by greenyellow color on the ventral side (vs. reddish), from P. r a v u s by absence of a dorsal pattern consisting of three dark symmetrical patches (vs. presence), and from P. occultans by a green-yellow venter (vs. uniform grey). Further distinguished from these three species as well as all other microhylids by molecular relationships and genetic divergence: the morphologically similar small-sized species P. barbouri and P. r av u s are placed with high support into different clades, not closely related to P. olgae (Fig. 7), and the uncorrected pairwise divergence in the 16S fragment studied herein is&gt;10% to all other cophylines included in the analysis.</p><p>Available earlier names. Few junior synonyms of nominal species of Platypelis or Cophyla exist that need to be considered as possible earlier names for P. olgae (Blommers-Schlösser &amp; Blanc 1991) . Paracophyla tuberculata Millot &amp; Guibé is morphologically similar according to the original description (small size, absence of vomerine teeth) but has a longer hindlimb (tibiotarsal articulation reaching the eye), and due to its type locality (Andasibe, at mid-altitude in the northern central east of Madagascar) its established synonymy with Platypelis barbouri which is common at this site is very plausible. Other available names are Platyhyla verrucosa Mocquard, Platyhyla voeltzkowi Boettger, and Cophyla tuberculata Ahl, all junior synonyms of Platypelis grandis; the name-bearing types of these nomina are large-sized and have strongly tuberculated dorsal skin (even the probably juvenile types of C. tuberculata measures 26 mm SVL; Blommers-Schlösser &amp; Blanc 1991), excluding their possible conspecificity with P. olgae .</p><p>Description of the holotype. Adult male in good state of preservation, some muscle tissue removed from right thigh. Snout-vent length 20.3 mm. Body slender; head slightly longer than wide, not wider than body; snout bluntly rounded in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils directed almost laterally, not protuberant, nearer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis indistinct, very slightly concave; loreal region plain; tympanum moderately distinct, 69% of eye diameter; supratympanic fold moderately distinct, almost straight; tongue ovoid, not bifid or notched; weakly expressed maxillary teeth present; vomerine teeth not visible; choanae rounded. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles on all fingers single, flat, but relatively poorly recognizable; outer metacarpal tubercle relatively large and flat, but poorly distinct; inner metacarpal tubercle large, forming distinct protuberance at base of first finger; hand with traces of webbing only recognizable between fingers 3 and 4; fingers distinctly flattened and broad along entire length; relative length of fingers 1&lt;2&lt;4&lt;3, fourth finger slightly longer than second; finger discs distinctly enlarged, slightly triangular; nuptial pads absent. Hindlimbs slender; tibiotarsal articulation reaching between forelimb and tympanum when hindlimb adpressed along body; tibia length, 41% of SVL; lateral metatarsalia strongly connected; inner metatarsal tubercle small and flat, difficult to recognize; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing between toes very weakly developed, with traces of webbing between third and fourth toe; subarticular tubercles on toes hardly recognizable; toes flattened and relatively broad along their entire length; relative length of toes 1&lt;2&lt;5&lt;3&lt;4; third toe very slightly (left) to distinctly (right) longer than fifth.</p><p>Dorsal skin smooth, without dorsolateral folds. Ventral skin smooth on throat and chest and moderately granular on belly.</p><p>After two years in 70% ethanol, dorsum almost uniformly brown with distinctly lighter brown on anterior head (anterior to eyes). Forelimbs and hindlimbs dorsally brown with moderately distinct white dots, becoming more evident on hands and feet. No recognizable dark crossbands on arms and limbs. Ventrally, marbled brown and white on throat, brown and yellowish on chest, dark brown and whitish on belly, and brown and yellowish on limbs.</p><p>Variation. The two known males (holotype and paratype) have small tubercles scattered over the dorsal surface, while the female was more smooth. Both paratypes had a yellow ventral ground color and less amount of dark pattern as compared to the holotype. The female paratype (ZSM 1667/2010) showed no differentiation from the holotype in the mitochondrial DNA fragment studied (Fig. 7; male paratype not sequenced). In all specimens, the third toe is as long as or slightly longer than toe five. Finger three is as long as finger four in all three specimens. In none of the specimens are vomerine teeth visible, but under the oral mucosa posteromedial bony ridges can be noticed when carefully probing with a needle, bearing denticulations that possibly could represent rudimentary vomerine teeth.</p><p>Etymology. This species is dedicated to the late Prof. Olga Ramilijaona, former head of the zoology department at UADBA, aunt and mentor of the first author (AR), and friend and collaborator of MV, FG, NR, and DRV. The name is a patronym in recognition of Olga's tireless and successful efforts to develop zoological science in Madagascar.</p><p>Natural history. The holotype was found at daytime on a small log that had been felled and where it might have emerged from a tiny water filled tree hole. The two paratypes were found hidden among dense layers of moss and leaf litter on the ground. No further information is available on the natural history, reproduction, or calls of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387E38905FFB6FF7539CAFF0CFCEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Glaw, Frank;Vieites, David R.;Raminosoa, Noromalala R.;Vences, Miguel	Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Glaw, Frank, Vieites, David R., Raminosoa, Noromalala R., Vences, Miguel (2012): Taxonomy and natural history of arboreal microhylid frogs (Platypelis) from the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3563: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215396
039387E38906FFB6FF753FABFD8BFB3F.text	039387E38906FFB6FF753FABFD8BFB3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platypelis	<div><p>Platypelis sp. 8</p><p>This candidate species was named Platypelis sp. aff. mavomavo 1 by Glaw &amp; Vences (2007), P. sp. 3 by Andreone et al. (2005b) and Wollenberg et al. (2008), and Platypelis sp. 8 by Vieites et al. (2009). It was only collected at Antsahamanara campsite (in the Manarikoba forest) on the western slope of Tsaratanana. One voucher specimen is preserved in the museum of Torino (Italy) as MRSN A2630. Based on photographs in life (Figs. 3 and 6), the candidate species is characterized by a contrasted dorsal coloration with yellow patches behind the forelimb insertions and yellow color on the belly, while the throat and chest are marbled with brown. Nothing is known on the variation, natural history or vocalizations of this frog. Its unique color pattern and strong genetic differentiation strongly suggest it is an unnamed species. For the present study, we had no voucher specimens of this candidate species available for further examination.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387E38906FFB6FF753FABFD8BFB3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Glaw, Frank;Vieites, David R.;Raminosoa, Noromalala R.;Vences, Miguel	Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Glaw, Frank, Vieites, David R., Raminosoa, Noromalala R., Vences, Miguel (2012): Taxonomy and natural history of arboreal microhylid frogs (Platypelis) from the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3563: 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215396
