taxonID	type	description	language	source
039387DAFF83787BFF7EFE38D3C1FBDB.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 72971, 1 male. 26 November 2005, Point Hillier, Western Australia, CSIRO station 051 - 002, collected by Sherman sled from 35.5238 ° S 117.2130 ° E to 35.5337 ° S 117.2380 ° E, soft bottom, 1074 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF83787BFF7EFE38D3C1FBDB.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The taxonomic description of Colossendeis colossea has been recently reviewed by Staples (2007). This specimen adds to his list of material collected by the R / V Southern Surveyor. It mostly agrees with the description of other Australian specimens of C. colossea. The last oviger segment clearly tapers distally and it coalesces with the curved oviger claw. The proportions of the palp segment also correspond with those of C. colossea, although the present specimen has the distal segment of the right palp atrophied, appearing only as a small round bump. Colossendeis colossea is known as a cosmopolitan deep-sea species. In Australia it has been found in North West and West of Australia, South Australia and the South East (Staples 2007), but is yet to be found in the North East Australian waters; it is the only Colossendeis species known from Western Australia.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF83787DFF7EFB3DD1A7FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 72804, 1 female. 4 December 2005, Kalbarri, Western Australia, CSIRO station 096 - 025, collected by Sherman sled from 27.8126 ° S 113.2990 ° E to 27.8080 ° S 113.2970 ° E, soft bottom, 123 m. AM P 72807, 1 male. 7 December 2005, Carnarvon, Western Australia, CSIRO station 120 - 049 collected by Sherman sled from 112.6660 ° S 24.6194 ° E to 112.6660 ° E 24.6228 ° S, hard bottom, 100 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF83787DFF7EFB3DD1A7FE36.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Rhopalorhynchus sibogae had been reported from Australia only once (Child 1975). I have compared these two specimens to the two juveniles in Child (1975) deposited at Western Australian Museum and, based on the proboscis, palps and leg configurations, they can be all attributed to the same species. The four specimens agree in the position of the proboscis tooth at 31 – 37 % along the inflated part (Figure 2 B – D), and the proportion of the sixth: seventh palp segments being about 50 % (Figure 2 E, F), in agreement to the type material (Stock 1958). Strangely, these observations differ from the report in Child (1975), as he described the proboscis tooth on 24 – 26 % the distance along the inflated part and the sixth-seventh palp segments proportion as 93 %; the reason for this inconsistency is unclear. Tarsal ratio and length of the propodal claw are in agreement in the four specimens examined. Rhopalorhynchus sibogae and R. tenuissimum (Haswell 1884) are very closely related species, if not the same, as there is an overlap in many of the diagnostic characters of the two species, at least based on the very few individuals available for measurements and according to the re-description in Staples (1982) and Takahashi et al. (2007). The main aspects that can be used to attempt differentiation of the two species are the position of the proboscis tooth, at near 44 – 50 % the distance of the inflated part in R. tenuissimum (Figure 2 A) and between 30 – 40 % in R. sibogae (Figures 2 B – D), the sixth and seventh palp segments ratio which is 0.65 – 0.70 in R. tenussimum and 0.5 in R. sibogae (Figure 2 E, F), and the main claw: propodus ratio, 69 – 85 % in R. tenuissimum, 100 % in R. sibogae. The species of this genus are very homogeneous in their morphology and only subtle variations have been used to recognise species, at the same time stating that there is clear intraspecific variation of most characters depending on age and gender (Stock 1958). In Australia, R. sibogae is known from Point Cloates to Rottnest Island in WA and R. tenuissimum is known from localities in Queensland on the Eastern coast. The two specimens reported herein are within the range of distribution of R. sibogae.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF85787FFF7EFD60D6AAFC9E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: WAM T 92360, 1 female. 24 November 2005, Bald Island, Western Australia, CSIRO station 036 - 008, collected by beam trawl, from 35.2815 ° S 18.7090 ° E to 35.2810 ° S 118.7090 ° E, soft bottom, 980 m. Paratypes: Details as for holotype. NMV JM 54989, 2 males.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF85787FFF7EFD60D6AAFC9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Proboscis almost 1.5 times as long as trunk, spindle-shaped, with short narrow base. Ocular tubercle tall, with pointed apex inclined forward. Palp segments 1 to 5 glabrous, no spines or setae. Legs smooth, only few tiny setae, propodus longer than tarsus, main claw longer than half propodus length.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF85787FFF7EFD60D6AAFC9E.taxon	description	Description: Body large for the genus, slender, leg span 27.3 mm. Trunk completely segmented, posterior rims slightly inflated, lateral processes separated from each other by about their own diameter, glabrous (Fig. 3 A, 8 A). Ocular tubercle tall, height almost twice its basal width, with long, curved apical cone projecting forward; eyes pigmented, equal-sized (Fig. 3 B). Proboscis 1.36 times as long as trunk, slightly downcurved, narrow base 6 % of total proboscis length, then swollen reaching maximum width at midpoint; constriction mark on anterior portion at 40 % of total length, tapering distally (Fig. 3 B; 8 A); lips rounded, deep commissures. Abdomen ventrally oriented, not seen in dorsal view, very small, anus apical. Palps longer than proboscis, slender; 10 - segmented, third segment longest, glabrous; fifth about half length of third, with sparse setae distally; three distal segments subequal, seventh slightly shorter; long setae ventrally on segments six to ten (Fig. 3 C). Oviger slender, 10 - segmented, fourth segment longest, sixth slightly shorter, with few scattered setae (Fig. 3 G); strigilis with three rows of simple spines on each segment, distal ones longer; terminal claw very short, leaf-like, about one-fifth as long as terminal segment (Fig. 3 F). Legs very slender, with sparse tiny setae, third coxae slightly shorter than first, second coxae longest, femur longer than second tibia, thickened distally, with distal seta dorsally; first tibia longest segment; propodus longer than tarsus (Fig. 3 E); main claw 0.6 times length of propodus (Fig. 3 D). Genital pores on all pairs of legs, female pores typical, larger and towards centre of coxa, male pores closer to distal margin of the coxa. Measurements of holotype (in mm): trunk length = 3.23, trunk width (across second pair of lateral processes) = 1.32; proboscis = 4.41; palp length = 9.89, segment 1 (p 1) = 0.26, p 2 = 0.09, p 3 = 3.52, p 4 = 0.52, p 5 = 2.11, p 6 = 0.38, p 7 = 0.7, p 8 = 0.85, p 9 = 0.79, p 10 = 0.67; oviger length = 7.4, segment 1 (o 1) = 0.15, o 2 = 0.31, o 3 = 0.28, o 4 = 1.85, o 5 = 0.46, o 6 = 2.41, o 7 = 0.58, o 8 = 0.55, o 9 = 0.46, o 10 = 0.35; coxa 1 = 0.49, coxa 2 = 0.69, coxa 3 = 0.35, femur = 5.31, tibia 1 = 6.56, tibia 2 = 5, tarsus = 1.17, propodus = 1.47, claw = 0.97.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF85787FFF7EFD60D6AAFC9E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From calva (lat.) meaning bald, bare, referring to the type locality, Bald Island, WA. It also applies to the glabrous appearance of proximal segments of palps and legs in comparison to H. dampieri, also known from WA.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF85787FFF7EFD60D6AAFC9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: These specimens could not be attributed to Hedgpethia dampieri (Child 1975) because of 1) different proboscis: body proportion, 1.36 in the specimens from Bald Island, 0.84 in H. dampieri (Child 1975; Staples 2007); 2) the main claw being shorter than the propodus, not subequal as in H. dampieri; 3) the lateral processes being closer together than twice their diameter as in H. dampieri, and 4) the lack of spines on the third segment of the palp and on the legs of the new species, while spines and setae on these are the main characteristic of H. dampieri. Also, the palp segments are longer in the new species.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF87787FFF7EFBB7D6F9F9D6.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 702802, 2 males, 4 females; NMV J 54987, 1 male, 1 female. 9 December 2005, Point Cloates, Western Australia, CSIRO station 135 - 031, collected by beam trawl from 113.5110 ° E 22.8487 ° S to 113.5140 ° E 22.8583 ° S, soft bottom, 100 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF87787FFF7EFBB7D6F9F9D6.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is a new record for Australia and extends the known geographic distribution of the species to the southwest, from the North and Central Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean off WA. The specimens were found within the known bathymetric range (0.5 to 284 m) but it had not been recorded from soft bottoms previously. The specimens agree well with the type (Stock 1953) including the shape of the ocular tubercle, somewhat inclined backwards, and the indistinct segmentation of the chelifore scapes.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF87787EFF7EF995D656FE66.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 702803, 8 young individuals, cement glands or pores not visible. 12 December 2005, Ningaloo North, Western Australia, CSIRO station 162 - 17, collected by beam trawl from 21.9781 ° S 113.8370 ° E to 21.9838 ° S 113.8350 ° E, soft bottom, 107 m. NMV J 54994, 1 male. 12 December 2005, Ningaloo South, Western Australia, CSIRO station 164, collected with Sherman sled from 21.9615 ° S 113.8450 ° E to 21.9679 ° S 113.8370 ° E, hard bottom, 104 m. AM P 72806, 3 males, 10 females, NMV J 54988, 1 female. 9 December 2005, Ningaloo South, CSIRO station 141 - 142, collected with beam trawl from 22.0743 ° S 113.8140 ° E to 22.0784 ° S 113.8130 ° E, soft bottom, 102 m. NMV J 54990, 2 young individuals. 7 December 2005, Shark Bay, Western Australia, CSIRO station 115 - 031, collected by Sherman sled from 25.9297 ° S 112.6800 ° E to 25.9330 ° S 112.6810 ° E, hard bottom, 120 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF87787EFF7EF995D656FE66.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Pallenopsis cidaribatus is so far endemic to Western Australia. It was described by Child (1975) based on specimens collected by CSIRO from North West Cape to SW of Jurien Bay, also around the 100 m depth mark. This collection contains a larger numbers of individuals per site, suggesting perhaps a high abundance of the species in the Ningaloo area, at least in the summer months.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF86787EFF7EFDB0D778FBB3.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 73035, 1 possibly young male. 20 November 2005, Bunbury, Western Australia, CSIRO station 014 - 150, collected by Sherman sled from 33.0364 ° S 114.8200 ° E to 33.0378 ° S 114.8130 ° E, soft bottom, 99 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF86787EFF7EFDB0D778FBB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The morphology of this male agrees well with that of the descriptions in Clark (1963) and Child (1975) including the tiny dorsodistal tubercles on the lateral processes and the position of the abdomen and the coxal spines, but there are only a couple of short setae on each side of the proboscis seen ventrally. This report extends the known Western Australian range north from Cape Naturaliste. Elsewhere known from the southern and eastern Australian coasts to Cape York and New Caledonia at depths 10 – 240 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF86787EFF7EFB2FD626F816.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 72800, 1 female. 22 November 2005, Albany Point, Western Australia, CSIRO station 022 - 126, collected with Sherman sled from 35.3350 ° S 118.2940 ° E to 35.3366 ° S 118.2900 ° E, soft and hard bottoms, 100 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF86787EFF7EFB2FD626F816.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Differs from holotype of Parapallene challengeri in the wider distance between lateral processes, which in this specimen is 1.5 times their diameter. Also, the neck is longer, making the trunk length more than 7 mm (Fig. 8 A), while that of the holotype is 6 mm. The legs, especially the femora, have tiny spines on bumps or knobs, giving them an irregular appearance. These bumps are not mentioned in the description of the type by Calman (1937), but are indeed present in the type material as kindly confirmed by Roger Bamber who examined the type material at the Natural History Museum in London. All other characters match with the Calman’s species. Parapallene challengeri was first collected by the H. M. S. “ Challenger ” off New South Wales (Calman 1937) and has been also found at Bass Strait Islands and Gulf St. Vincent in South Australia (Staples 1997) all in shallower habitats (24 – 80 m). Assignment of this specimen from WA to P. challengeri implies the distribution range of the species is extended from the South East to the South West of Australia, suggesting its occurrence all along the southern Australian coastline.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897871FF7EFF6DD1E8FDB8.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 72758, 1 male with larvae attached to ovigers. 22 November 2005, Pt Hillier, Western Australia, CSIRO station 021 - 029, collected by Sherman sled from 35.3566 ° S 117.2170 ° E to 35.3526 ° S 117.2200 ° E, soft bottom, 96 m. AM P 72801, 1 female. 24 November 2005, Bald Island, CSIRO station 39 - 131, collected by Sherman sled from 35.1791 ° S 118.6230 ° E to 35.1799 ° S 118.6210 ° E, hard bottom, 99 m. AM P 73010, 1 male. 5 December 2005, Kalbarri, Western Australia, CSIRO station 102 - 100, collected by Sherman sled from 27.8134 ° S 113.3110 ° E to 27.8183 ° S 113.3120 ° E, hard bottom, 98 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897871FF7EFF6DD1E8FDB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This seems to be a widespread Australian species found from North Queensland through Northern Territory down to Esperance in WA above 140 m depth.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897871FF7EFCDFD117FAA6.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 73290, 1 female. 22 November 2005, Albany, Western Australia, CSIRO station 022 - 126, collected by Sherman sled from 35.3350 ° S 118.2940 ° E to 35.3366 ° S 118.2900 ° E, soft and hard bottoms, 100 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897871FF7EFCDFD117FAA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This specimen mostly agrees with the description of the holotype, a male specimen from South Australia. Red dorsal markings proposed as diagnostic character (Staples 2007) are not evident in this preserved female, instead scattered traces of red pigmentation are observed dorsally on trunk and legs. The shape of ocular tubercle, neck and proboscis agree well with those in the male, also the abdomen, although only slightly constricted distally, and the shape of chelae fingers with linear cutting edge, but no strong setae are observed. Ovigers are glabrous, with no simple spines as described for the male. The strigilis spine formula is 14: 8: 9: 7 and the terminal claw has 18 teeth. The configuration of the propodus agrees totally with that of the holotype; the main claw is long, about ¾ the propodal length.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897873FF7EFA45D776F95E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: WAM T 92361, 1 ovigerous male. 3 December 2005, Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia, CSIRO station 092 - 29, collected by Sherman sled from 28.9714 ° S 113.8320 ° E to 28.9744 ° S 113.8350 ° E, hard bottom, 86 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897873FF7EFA45D776F95E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small size; trunk smooth, rounded cephalon with no longitudinal mark. Proboscis ventrally positioned, narrowing distally. Moveable finger with lobe; immovable finger smooth. Oviger terminal claw serrated on both sides. Leg segments smooth; propodus heel not prominent, with four strong spines; main claw 0.6 times length of propodus.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897873FF7EFA45D776F95E.taxon	description	Description: Leg span 20 mm, body size small for the genus, trunk completely segmented, smooth, neck short, no longitudinal mark on cephalon in frontal view; lateral processes smooth, slightly longer than wide, separated by about half their own diameter or less. Abdomen smooth, short, horizontal, reaching to margin of fourth lateral processes. Ocular tubercle low, with four darkly pigmented eyes. Proboscis directed ventrally, almost cylindrical in the first half, then narrowing sharply ending in a tube-shaped section. Chelifore scape one-segmented, slightly constricted on first half; fingers half the length of palm, immovable finger straight, longer than moveable finger, moveable finger curved, with lobe at inner edge, all glabrous. Oviger 10 - segmented, fifth segment longest, curved, with distal apophysis, spine formula 13: 8: 9: 7; terminal claw elongate, triangular in shape, margin denticulate. Legs smooth, margins regular, first coxa shortest, second coxa twice length of third, femur longest segment, tarsus very short, propodus with small heel bearing four heel spines, 5 – 6 sole spines; main claw 0.6 times length of propodus. Genital pores on second coxa of third and fourth legs. Measurements of holotype (in mm): Trunk length = 2.2, trunk width (across second pair of lateral processes) = 1.27, proboscis = 1.28, abdomen = 0.26; oviger segment 1 (o 1) = 0.22, o 2 = 0.27, o 3 = 0.35, o 4 = 1.75, o 5 = 1.26, o 6 = 0.35, o 7 = 0.36, o 8 = 0.26, o 9 = 0.24, o 10 = 0.17, terminal claw = 0.12; coxa 1 = 0.29, coxa 2 = 1.17, coxa 3 = 0.58, femur = 2.20, tibia 1 = 1.91, tibia 2 = 2.11, tarsus = 0.12, propodus = 1.17, claw = 0.73.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897873FF7EFA45D776F95E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name difficile (Latin) alludes to the difficulty in assigning this specimen to this species of Pseudopallene. Difficulties are associated to the intraspecific variation and the overlapping of diagnostic characters in closely related species.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF897873FF7EFA45D776F95E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is a mature male specimen that cannot be assigned to any of the existing species. It shares many diagnostic characters of adults of Pseudopallene reflexa Staples 2005 including the configuration of trunk, abdomen, cephalon and ovigers, but main differences are in a smaller size, [mature male in Staples (2005) is 3.55 mm long] and in the legs, which are regular and smooth in the Abrolhos specimen rather than spiny and irregular as in material from South Australia and Victoria. In particular, the propodus differs in lacking the distinctive V-shaped arrangement of heel spines (Staples 2005). The moveable fingers of the chelae have a lobe on the edge while those of P. re f l e x a are smooth (Bamber 2005; Staples 2005; 2007).	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8B7872FF7EF902D64FFE96.taxon	materials_examined	Material: NMV J 54992, 1 male, 1 sub-adult. 1 November 2005, Mentelle, Western Australia, CSIRO station 015 - 120, collected by Sherman sled from 33.9800 ° S 114.7340 ° E to 33.9837 ° S 114.7350 ° E, soft bottom, 97 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8B7872FF7EF902D64FFE96.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The specimens agree well with description of the types, except that this male is smaller. The chelae fingers of Pseudopallene watsonae are easily recognisable by the prominent lobes one on each finger. The type locality of the species is Althorpe Is., South Australia, but it had been found before at Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (Staples, 2005). This record is the deepest for the species and adds the westernmost locality suggesting P. watsonae could be distributed all along the southern Australian coast.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8A7872FF7EFE00D190FBA3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: J 54991 (NMV), 1 young adult, no genital pores visible. 21 November 2005, Mentelle, Western Australia, CSIRO station 015 - 120, collected by Sherman sled from 33.9800 ° S 114.7340 ° E to 33.9837 ° S 114.7350 ° E, soft bottom, 97 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8A7872FF7EFE00D190FBA3.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is a young specimen with no visible genital pores and no apophysis on the oviger that could indicate a male. The specimen has smooth body and a very constricted short neck; the chelae fingers are straight, the movable finger has eight denticulations, the immovable finger has crenulations on the distal half; the ovigers are developed, segments 8 – 10 subequal, with compound spines in the formula 3: 4: 2: 4; auxiliary claws are half as long as the propodus. Because of the severe constriction of the neck and lack of spines, this specimen could be the same species as the unidentified Callipallene in Bamber (2005), however, the apparent subadult stage of the material and the morphological variation known in the genus make further description ineffective. Callipallene specimens in South East Australia have been traditionally assigned to C. micracantha (C. emaciata micracantha Stock, 1954) or C. novaezealandiae (C. brevirostris novaezealandiae Stock, 1954), but in general Callipallene species [except C. catulus (Lee & Arango 2003), a tiny form from North Queensland] in Australia need to be formally recognized and described.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8A7872FF7EFB3FD151F8BE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: WAM T 92362, 1 female. 9 December 2005, Ningaloo Reef South, Western Australia, CSIRO station 141 - 142, collected with beam trawl from 22.0743 ° S 113.8140 ° E to 22.0784 ° S 113.8130 E, soft bottom, 102 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8A7872FF7EFB3FD151F8BE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This long-legged and slender specimen is assigned to C. novaezealandiae mostly based on the configuration of the propodus, especially the auxiliaries being longer than half the length of the main claw, and the shape of proboscis and chelae fingers with 8 – 10 denticulations on each finger. This female specimen has a low ocular tubercle and a crop not forming a gradual transition to the long neck, different from the specimens in Stock (1954). The length of the neck is known to vary within species of Callipallene depending on gender and age, as well as other characters including segmentation of the trunk (Stock 1952; 1954), pectination of auxiliary claws (Arnaud & Child 1988), and other characters, making species recognition a difficult task. Callipallene novaezealandiae is known for its wide Indo-Pacific distribution, from its type locality in Otago (Thomson 1884) and other locations in New Zealand (Child 1998), to the Pacific Islands, the Great Barrier Reef (see Arango 2003), East Africa and Japan (see Nakamura & Child 1991). This is the first report of C. novaezealandiae from Western Australian waters.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7875FF7EFED7D172FCAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: NMV J 54993, 1 young adult, no genital pores visible. November 2005, Mentelle, Western Australia, CSIRO station 015 - 120, collected with Sherman sled from 33.9800 ° S 114.7340 ° E to 33.9837 ° S 114.7350 ° E, soft bottom, 97 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7875FF7EFED7D172FCAE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Nymphon rottnesti and N. flindersi Child, 1975 were synonymised in Bamber (2005) based on male characters described for the first time. This specimen shows a combination of characters from both types. The chelae are longer than the scape and the position of the oviger implantation is the same as in N. rottnesti, as are the lengths of the leg segments. The palp segments, propodus and claw proportions and a long abdomen agree with those of N. flindersi. However, the neck is shorter, the coxae 2 are not as long, there are fewer oviger spines, fewer chelae teeth, and the proboscis is strongly tapering at the tip giving a conical shape; these differences may justify proposing a new species, but only if more mature specimens were available. Nymphon rottnesti is known from Western Australia.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7877FF7EFBA7D65CFC16.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: AM P 72806, 1 male with eggs and protonymphs. 9 December 2005, Ningaloo South, CSIRO station 141 - 142, collected with beam trawl from 22.0743 ° S 113.8140 ° E to 22.0784 ° S 113.8130 ° E, soft bottom, 102 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7877FF7EFBA7D65CFC16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Trunk unsegmented, cephalon with a long, thin, curved tubercle dorsally at base of chelifores; lateral processes long, highly adorned, each lateral process armed with a long, curved, filiform dorsal spur and with 3 to 4 triangular projections on both sides each tipped with a seta; first coxae follow same pattern with two long spurs dorsodistally. Ocular tubercle very tall, eyes visible, slightly pigmented. Auxiliary claws present, nearly half the length of main claw.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7877FF7EFBA7D65CFC16.taxon	description	Description: Body of moderate size, trunk not segmented, dorsum smooth, lateral processes long, separated by V-shaped intervals, maximum distance twice their diameter, each with a long, thread-like dorsal spur (shorter on the last pair) and two to four lateral projections each side (Fig. 6 A; 8 C). Ocular tubercle tall, height about seven times the diameter at base, eyes at round tip (Fig. 6 H). Abdomen as tall as ocular tubercle but heavier, pointing obliquely upward. Proboscis almost cylindrical, slightly inflated at distal half, truncate tip. Scape 1 - segmented, with few distal setae; chelae slender, with long, curved fingers, tips crossing; 30 and 24 regular, thin teeth on movable and immovable finger respectively (Fig. 6 I). Palp 7 - segmented; second segment longest, with two distal setae, segments 3 – 6 subequal, with few setae, 7 th segment very small, tipped with two long setae (Fig. 6 G). Oviger ten-segmented, fifth segment longest, with bracelets of eggs attached; strigilis with simple spines in the formula 4: 2: 2: 2; terminal claw not much longer than distal segment, with seven denticulations (Fig. 6 E, F). Legs slender, smooth except for proximal coxae, first coxa with three lateral projections on each side, all tipped by a seta as in lateral processes; third coxa the shortest, femur as long as first tibia (Fig. 6 B), cement glands open through seven pores ventrally on proximal half of femur (Fig. 6 D); second tibia longest segment; tarsus very short, slightly shorter than main claw; tarsus + propodus + claw shorter than tibia 2; propodus straight with few internal setae; auxiliary claws nearly half length of main claw (Fig. 6 C). Measurements (in mm): Trunk length = 2.14; trunk width (across second pair of lateral processes) = 1.85, proboscis = 0.75, ocular tubercle = 1.1, abdomen = 1.07, palp segment 1 (p 1) = 0.07, p 2 = 0.38, p 3 = 0.15, p 4 = 0.06, p 5 = 0.06, p 6 = 0.045, p 7 = 0.03; oviger segment 1 (o 1) = 0.18, o 2 = 0.18, o 3 = 0.18, o 4 = 0.61, o 5 = 1.07, o 6 = 0.18, o 7 = 0.12, o 8 = 0.1, o 9 = 0.09, o 10 = 0.09; coxa 1 = 0.5, coxa 2 = 0.53, coxa 3 = 0.44, femur = 1.44, tibia 1 = 1.41, tibia 2 = 1.52, tarsus = 0.14, propodus = 0.4, main claw = 0.2, auxiliary claw = 0.11.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7877FF7EFBA7D65CFC16.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name relates to the presence of two (lat. bis = twice) thread-like tubercles on the lateral processes, instead of one as in P. filarium from the Caribbean.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8D7877FF7EFBA7D65CFC16.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is the first record of the genus Paranymphon in the southern hemisphere. Three species had been previously recorded: P. s p i n o s u m (Caullery 1896), P. filarium Stock 1986 and P. magnidigitatum Hong & Kim 1987 from the Atlantic and Mediterranean (Hedgpeth 1948; Nogueira 1956; Stock 1966; Stock 1978; 1978) North Pacific (Hong & Kim 1987; Nakamura & Child 1991) and the Caribbean (Stock 1986) respectively. This specimen from Western Australia shares the presence of long filiform spurs with P. filarium, also the tall ocular tubercle and abdomen and the proportions of the leg segments, but the prominent lateral projections on the crurigers, the extremely short tarsus and the auxiliary claws are not found in any of the other three species known. This record of Paranymphon suggests the genus could have a much wider distribution, but the patterns of colonization remain uncertain, as for most sea spiders.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8F7877FF7EFB80D310F86B.taxon	materials_examined	Material: AM P 73036, 1 sub-adult. 23 November 2005, Albany, Western Australia, CSIRO station 023 - 020, collected with Sherman sled from 35.3925 S- 118.3090 E to 35.4012 S- 118.3060 E, hard bottom, 776 m. This is a soft and clear, very fragile young specimen with a characteristic cephalic hood partially covering the chelifores as typical of the genus Cilunculus; however, it cannot be assigned to any known species, and there is not sufficient evidence at hand to propose it as a new species.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8F7877FF7EFB80D310F86B.taxon	description	Description: Trunk length 2.3 mm, segmented, smooth, each segment with a mid-dorsal bump, no tall tubercles; very low ocular tubercle; lateral processes separated by less than their own diameter. Proboscis longer than trunk, elliptical, inflated, deep mouth commissures. Chelifore (one chelifore missing) under the cephalic hood, scape one-segmented, chela chelate. Palp segments 6 – 10 subequal, with ventral setae, tenth segment slender, third segment longest. Tibia 2 longest leg segment; tarsus less than ¼ as long as propodus; 3 heel spines, 7 sole spines, long setae dorsally on propodus; tiny auxiliary claws.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF8F7877FF7EFB80D310F86B.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Cilunculus species in Australia include C. australiensis Clark 1963 and C. hirsutus Clark 1963 known from New South Wales (Clark 1963). They are both recognised by dorsal ornamentation on the midtrunk and lateral processes, and tubercles or horns on the anterior margin of the cephalon. None of these are present in this individual. Several Cilunculus species are known from the Indo-West Pacific, all included in Stock’s (1997) key, but the combination of very small auxiliary claws, a one-segmented scape and a totally smooth body leads nowhere in that key. The absence of tubercles, cephalic horns, and setae might be related to the early age of the animal or could be diagnostic of a new species for WA, but mature specimens are needed for confirmation.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF917868FF7EFA4CD6F9FB06.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: WAM T 92363, 1 male. 5 December 2005, Zuytdorp Wreck, Western Australia, CSIRO station 104 - 0 11, collected with Sherman sled from 27.0517 ° S 113.1010 ° E to 27.0490 ° S 113.1000 ° E, hard bottom, 97 m.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF917868FF7EFA4CD6F9FB06.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Trunk glabrous, lateral processes smooth. Abdomen tall, diagonal, nearly 80 % of body length. Ocular tubercle bi-apical. Proboscis barrel-shaped. Chelifores as long as half proboscis length. Palps five-segmented, third segment long with distal constriction mark. Oviger with simple spines on strigilis. First coxae with three tubercles, anterior one prominent and bent; tarsus armed with setae; auxiliaries longer than half of main claw.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF917868FF7EFA4CD6F9FB06.taxon	description	Description: Body of typical size for the genus, circular, not segmented, glabrous, granulose cuticle, lateral processes touching from base to distal margin, glabrous (Fig. 7 A). Ocular tubercle tall, less than twice as high as its basal width, two apical cones, front one taller and more acute, with long, curved apical cone projecting forward; eyes darkly pigmented (Fig. 7 B). Proboscis more than half length of trunk, barrel-shaped, narrow rim distally, no deep commissures (Fig. 7 E). Abdomen tall, diagonal, arising from basal mound, armed with distal seta (Fig. 7 B). Chelifores one-segmented, tapering distally, half as long proboscis, with mid-dorsal hump armed with one seta. Palps longer than proboscis, 5 - segmented, third segment longest, anterior half inflated, constricted distally, fourth segment shorter than second, fifth segment long and curved upwards, with ventral setae (Fig. 7 B). Oviger typical, 10 - segmented, fifth segment longest, endal spine and male apophysis on seventh segment, two ectal spines on eighth, ninth and tenth with one and two distal simple spines respectively (Fig. 7 F). Legs short, first coxae with three distal tubercles horizontally, the most anterior of these protuberances prominent, bent backwards, one fine seta on small tubercle at bend, another seta at tip (Fig. 7 A); third coxae slightly longer than first; tibia 2 longest segment; femur longer than tibia 1, male cement gland short tube opening on dorsodistal tubercle; setae dorsally on femur and tibiae; tarsus small, armed with many setae (Fig. 7 C); propodus almost four times longer, slightly curved, with three heel spines and seven sole spines; main claw nearly half length of propodus; auxiliary claws 0.6 times length of main claw (Fig. 7 D). Measurements of holotype (in mm): Trunk length = 1.03; trunk width (across second pair of lateral processes) = 1.10, proboscis = 0.69, abdomen = 0.84, palp segment 1 (p 1) = 0.15, p 2 = 0.12, p 3 = 0.46, p 4 = 0.11, p 5 = 0.37; oviger segment 1 (o 1) = 0.13, o 2 = 0.18, o 3 = 0.3, o 4 = 0.3, o 5 = 0.4, o 6 = 0.17, o 7 = 0.14, o 8 = 0.08, o 9 = 0.08, o 10 = 0.03; coxa 1 = 0.23, coxa 2 = 0.4, coxa 3 = 0.33, femur = 1.01, tibia 1 = 0.92, tibia 2 = 1.07, tarsus = 0.15, propodus = 0.58, claw = 0.27, auxiliary claw = 0.18.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF917868FF7EFA4CD6F9FB06.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name refers to the locality where the specimen was found. The area is known as Zuytdorp Cliffs, named after the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) ship Zuytdorp, wrecked between Kilbarri and Shark Bay, WA.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
039387DAFF917868FF7EFA4CD6F9FB06.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This specimen seems closely related to Tanystylum papuensis Child 1996, a species so far endemic to Papua New Guinea (Child 1996). They share the tubercles distally on the first coxae, two apical cones on the ocular tubercle, a tall abdomen and an apophysis on the 7 th segment of the male oviger. Clear differences are the smooth lateral processes and cephalic segment without tubercles; the presence of five palp segments not six, the third segment longer with a constriction mark distally, and the lack of a strong tarsal spine. The strigilis spines are simple, not bifurcate. The proboscis shape is very different, not tapering. This Tanystylum species was found in deeper waters than its usually intertidal counterparts.	en	Arango, Claudia P. (2009): New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia. Zootaxa 1977: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185190
