taxonID	type	description	language	source
0397B65BFFBD5C3EFF75F97E56DB77FE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: — Cruentotrema kurandense is newly reported for Thailand. Specimens examined: ― THAILAND. Nakhon Ratchasima: Khao Yai National Park, Pha Trom Jai, Khao Khieo; 14 December 2000, S. Jariangprasert 1352 (MJU). Phang-gna: Takua Pa District, Tambon Khuekkhak, Samnaksong Bandokdang, at Phetkasem Road (Road Nr. 4), a few km S of Bangsak Village, on deciduous trees in a secondary forest; 08 ° 45 ’ 35 ’’ N, 98 ° 19 ’ 13 ’’ E, 45 m; 8 June 2015, J. Sutjaritturakan & K. Kalb (herb. K. Kalb 41184). Ranong: Area of Ban Heownumsai along side road from Phetkasem road (Road No. 4) to Ton Petch Waterfall (Rainbow Waterfall), ca. 30 km S of Ranong City, in a palm tree plantation; 09 ° 43 ’ 28 ’’ N, 98 ° 36 ’ 52 ’’ E, 20 m; 6 June 2015, J. Sutjaritturakan & K. Kalb (herb. K. Kalb 41384).	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3FFF75FF6F515174B8.taxon	description	Differing from Cruentotrema thailandicum in the lirelliform ascomata.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3FFF75FF6F515174B8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: ― THAILAND. Nakon Ratchasima: Khao Yai National Park, about 100 m on road from training center to Haoo Suwat waterfall; 04 º 44 ’ N, 73 º 50 ’ W, 3600 m; tropical rain forest, on bark; 20 October 2002, W. Polyiam 21520 (holotype RAMK). Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, grey-olive, smooth to uneven, with dense, prosoplectenchymatous cortex; photobiont layer with scattered clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Apothecia erumpent, angular to elongate-lirellate, 1 – 3 (– 5) mm long and 0.7 – 1 mm broad; disc immersed, thinly white-pruinose but hidden by a splitting thallus layer that exposes a deep red-pigmented medulla (easily mistaken for representing the disc); margin formed by the outer portions of the thallus layer, erect to fissured, partly flaking off, grey-olive, inner parts red-pruinose. Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous, dark brown or upper half carbonized. Periphysoids absent. Columella absent. Hymenium 90 – 100 μm high; paraphyses unbranched. Ascospores 8 / ascus, 3 - septate, 20 – 30 × 7 – 10 μm, ellipsoid, with thick septa and diamond-shaped lumina (Astrothelium - type), colorless, I – (non-amyloid). Secondary chemistry: — Medulla of apothecial margin with dark red, K + yellowish green pigment (isohypocrelline).	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3FFF75FF6F515174B8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: ― The epithet refers to the peculiar morphology of the ascomata.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3FFF75FF6F515174B8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: ― Thailand; thus far only known from the type locality, growing on bark of trees in the rain forest understory.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3FFF75FF6F515174B8.taxon	discussion	Remarks: ― This new species has the typical features of Cruentotrema species, i. e. the red medullary pigment in the ascomata, the ascomata opening by rupturing into irregular lobules, and the I-negative, Astrothelium - type ascospores, but differs clearly in the lirelliform ascomata. It provides a morphological transition towards Dyplolabia, but is also reminescent of certain species of Acanthothecis with partially exposed, reddish disc, such as A. mirabilis Staiger & Kalb (1999: 107), A. rosea (Vain.) Staiger & Kalb in Staiger (2002: 81), and A. sanguinoloba (Redinger) Staiger & Kalb (1999: 110), as well as Fissurina species with partially exposed disc and lobulate margins, although red pigments are absent in that genus (Staiger 2002). Acanthothecis is phylogenetically unrelated and differs by the spinulose paraphyses and the thin ascospore septa, as well as the lack of carbonization. Fissurina, on the other hand, is a polyphyletic agglomerate, with several lineages more closely related to Cruentotrema and Dyplolabia.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3FFF75FB2750017624.taxon	discussion	Remarks: ― This species was considered a synonym of Cruentotrema cruentatum, but differs in the smaller and relatively narrower ascospores and the bright red to pinkish disc of the ascomata. Thelotrema rhododiscum is a synonym. The species appears to be the eastern paleotropical vicariant of C. cruentatum.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3DFF75F974516D76E2.taxon	description	Differing from Dyplolabia oryzoides by smaller ascospores. Type: — THAILAND. Chumphon province: Tasae district, Tambon Tha Sae; area of 72 nd Anniversary Queen Sirikit Park; 10 ° 43 ’ 24 ’’ N, 99 ° 15 ’ 43 ’’ E, 100 m; on a ± free standing deciduous tree; 19 March 2011, J. Sutjaritturakan 3606 (holotype RAMK 027820). Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, yellow-olive, smooth to uneven, with dense, prosoplectenchymatous cortex; photobiont layer without or with very rare scattered clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Apothecia erumpent, elongate-lirellate, 1 – 4 mm long and 0.5 – 0.75 mm broad, straight or curved, very rarely branched; disc immersed, thickly white-pruinose, fully covered by margin; proper margin distinct, thick, erect, black but with a very thick, white cover; thalline margin absent. Excipulum apically and laterally carbonized, jet-black, without discernable structure. Periphysoids absent but hymenium laterally with a broad zone of widely spaced, anastomosing paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Pseudocolumella absent. Hymenium 75 – 110 μm high; paraphyses unbranched except for lateral areas as described above. Ascospores 4 – 6 (– 8) / ascus, uniseriate, submuriform with 3 – 5 transverse and 0 – 1 longitudinal septa per segment, 16 – 19 × 8 – 9 μm, oval, with mostly thick septa (rarely thin septa) and diamond-shaped lumina (Astrothelium - type), colorless, I – (non-amyloid). Secondary chemistry: — White cover of ascoma margin C + red (lecanoric acid).	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3DFF75F974516D76E2.taxon	etymology	Etymology: ― This new species is named after the Thai province where it was collected.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3DFF75F974516D76E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: ― Thailand; thus far only known a single collection from the type locality, growing on bark of a deciduous tree in a park.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBC5C3DFF75F974516D76E2.taxon	discussion	Remarks: ― Dyplolabia chumphonensis is very similar to D. afzelii and D. oryzoides. The first one very rarely has one longitudinal septum per spore (Kalb & Staiger, 2000), but is usually separated by only 4 - locular ascospores without a longitudinal septum. The spores of D. oryzoides are considerably larger, 19 – 27 × 10 – 14 μm.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBE5C30FF75F8B255847135.taxon	description	Differing from other Dyplolabia species in the angular, erumpent asomata with broadly exposed disc and irregular pseudocolumella. Type: ― PHILIPPINES. Nueva Vizcaya (Luzon): Mt. Palali, near Solano; 16 ° 26 ’ N, 121 ° 13 ’ E, 1000 m; montane rain forest; on lower trunk in semi-exposed situation; March 2007, Rivas Plata & Lücking 1194 D (holotype F). Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, yellow-olive, smooth to uneven, with dense, prosoplectenchymatous cortex; photobiont layer with scattered clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Apothecia erumpent, angular, 1 – 1.5 mm diam.; disc immersed, thickly white-pruinose, partly covered by margin; proper margin distinct, thick, erect, fissured, black but with a very thick, white cover; thalline margin absent. Excipulum laterally carbonized, jet-black, without discernable structure. Periphysoids absent but hymenium laterally with a broad zone of widely spaced, anastomosing paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Pseudocolumella sometimes present, plug-shaped. Hymenium 170 – 200 μm high; paraphyses unbranched except for lateral areas as described above. Ascospores 8 / ascus, uniseriate, muriform with (3 –) 5 transverse and 1 – 3 longitudinal septa per segment, 25 – 30 × 15 – 20 μm, broadly oval to subglobose, with thick septa and diamond-shaped lumina (Astrothelium - type), colorless, I – (non-amyloid). Secondary chemistry: — White cover of ascoma margin C + red (lecanoric acid).	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBE5C30FF75F8B255847135.taxon	etymology	Etymology: ― This new species is dedicated to the legacy of Charles R. Darwin and his contemporaneous colleagues, Charles Lyell and Afred Russell Wallace, bringing forward the theory of evolution by natural selection and popularizing the use of the term ‘ missing link’.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBE5C30FF75F8B255847135.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: ― Philippines; thus far only known a single collection from the type locality, Mt. Palali, growing on bark of trees in the montane rain forest understory.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFBE5C30FF75F8B255847135.taxon	discussion	Remarks: ― Dyplolabia dalywaiana is a very peculiar species. It was first believed to represent a member of Ocellularia s. lat., similar to the genera Rhabdodiscus and Stegobolus because of the presence of an irregular columella. The close phylogenetic relationship with D. afzelii initially came as a surprise, but closer examination of the material then revealed that this species shares important characters with the latter, namely the ascoma margin forming a carbonized base with a thick white, C + red cover containing lecanoric acid, and the I-negative, astrothelioid ascospores. Morphologically, D. dalywaiana is transitional between Dyplolabia and Cruentotrema and hence provides an important taxon to explain the close relationship between both genera: its ascomata have a partially exposed disc and lobulate margins, as in Cruentotrema, whereas the internal anatomy and the thick white cover with lecanoric acid place the species in Dyplolabia.	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFB35C30FF75FE87517272E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type: ― THAILAND. Trat: Koh Chang Island; 1900, J. Schmidt s. n. (holotype TUR-VAINIO 27535!).	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
0397B65BFFB35C30FF75FE87517272E9.taxon	discussion	Remarks: ― This species was considered a synonym of Dyplolabia afzelii, but differs by the extremely long ascomata and the smaller ascospores, as well as the more yellowish cover of the lirellae (old collections of D. afzelii retain a white cover). Only two collections are known from this taxon so far, from Sri Lanka and Thailand, and this taxon needs further study. Additional specimen examined: ― SRI LANKA. South of the island, s. dat., G. Thwaites 150 (FH).	en	Polyiam, Jutarat Kalb Wetchasart, Plata, Eimy Rivas, Bawingan, Paulina A., Kalb, Klaus, Lücking, Robert (2016): ‘ Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales). Phytotaxa 268 (2): 110-122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.2.2
