identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039787D28C54FB0133A89FA2BE6CFE6A.text	039787D28C54FB0133A89FA2BE6CFE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jatropha curcas	<div><p>Thrips damaging Jatropha curcas</p><p>Jatropha curcas is a perennial flowering plant that is cultivated primarily for its high oil content seeds. These are used in cosmetics and medicine, and are also important as a source of “biodiesel”. Cultivation of the crop is increasingly encouraged in Latin America, Africa and Asia. For further development of such crops, studies are needed on suitable agronomic practices and on the importance of pests. Currently, the only thrips reported as damaging this crop are leaffeeding members of the Panchaetothripinae, including Selenothrips rubrocinctus in Brazil (Resende et al. 2012), Retithrips syriacus in India (Anitha &amp; Vareprasad 2012), and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Selenothrips rubrocinctus and Zaniothrips ricini in Indonesia (Asbani &amp; Sartiami 2011). In contrast, in Chiapas State, Mexico during 2015, the leaves of a Jatropha crop growing in a 5 hectare experimental orchard were found to be seriously distorted (Figs 1–5). These malformations were induced by large populations of the blackish-brown Phlaeothripidae species that is discussed further below. The plants were pruned late in November, and the first leaves appeared early in December soon after the rains ceased, and were quickly infested by the thrips. Malformations were induced on the young leaves, but infested terminal buds developed multiple branches into “witches broom” structures. Preliminary results suggest that the large infestation reduced the numbers of fruits produced by the crop, but further studies are needed to determine the economic losses to this thrips. Later in the season, pirate bugs ( Orius sp., Anthocoridae) were found feeding on the thrips, and also observed were several adults of a Leptothrips species ( Phlaeothripidae) that may also be predatory.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D28C54FB0133A89FA2BE6CFE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;Goldarazena, Arturo;Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo;Hance, Thierry	Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo, Hance, Thierry (2016): Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico. Zootaxa 4208 (6): 594-599, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123
039787D28C54FB0033A89C5EBDF5F93F.text	039787D28C54FB0033A89C5EBDF5F93F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liothrips	<div><p>Liothrips species of economic interest</p><p>The most widespread Liothrips of economic importance is L. vaneeckei, the lily-bulb thrips that was described from Europe but which has been moved around the world by the horticultural trade in bulbs and orchids. Three other species of Liothrips have also been reported as localized plant pests. Liothrips oleae is a pest of olive trees in the European Mediterranean countries (Moritz et al. 2004). Liothrips adisi was described as a pest of the commercial liane Paullinea cupana in Brazil, and Liothrips austriacus has been implicated as a pest of Pistacia crops in Iran (Minaei &amp; Mound 2014). In addition, three species in this genus have been investigated as biocontrol agents of weedy plants, L. urichi against Clidemia hirta (Simmonds 1933), L. mikaniae against Mikania micrantha (Cock 1982), and L. tractabilis against Campuloclinium macrocephalum (Mound &amp; Pereyra 2008) . The species of Liothrips reported here as damaging Jatropha in Mexico is of considerable potential interest in economic entomology because of increasing interest in the cultivation of Jatropha as a profitable crop.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D28C54FB0033A89C5EBDF5F93F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;Goldarazena, Arturo;Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo;Hance, Thierry	Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo, Hance, Thierry (2016): Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico. Zootaxa 4208 (6): 594-599, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123
039787D28C56FB0233A899D7BE63FD77.text	039787D28C56FB0233A899D7BE63FD77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liothrips	<div><p>Liothrips species in Mexico</p><p>Although 13 species of Liothrips are listed from Mexico, there is no key available by which these can be identified. Thus in order to identify the thrips from Jatropha it was necessary to compare the original descriptions of each of these 13 species. As indicated in Table 1, ten of these species were described as having at least antennal segment III clear yellow or even bright yellow, whereas the species on Jatropha has this segment largely brown. Of the three species with segment III not yellow, bibbyi and mexicanus, were described as having this segment shaded brown on the outer edge, and a third species, brevitubus, was described as having segment III “yellow in first and third quarters but brown in second and fourth quarters”. The thrips from Jatropha was noted as having a small tooth on the fore tarsus, an unusual condition among species of the genus Liothrips . This condition is shared by only three of the species known from Mexico, parcus, mexicanus and brevitubus . However, the apex of the femora as well as the base and apex of the tibiae were described as bright yellow for parcus, and this distinguishes that species. Similarly, mexicanus is distinguished because it was described as having the fore wings with a dark median band extending along two-thirds of the wing. In contrast, details in the description of brevitubus are closely similar to the species from Jatropha, and moreover the original description states that the specimens were found “deforming the leaves of an unknown plant”. To confirm the identification, type material of brevitubus was obtained on loan, although a further complication arises from the name being preoccupied within the genus. A new name is therefore proposed here, and a new description and illustrations of the species are provided to facilitate recognition of this pest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D28C56FB0233A899D7BE63FD77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;Goldarazena, Arturo;Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo;Hance, Thierry	Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo, Hance, Thierry (2016): Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico. Zootaxa 4208 (6): 594-599, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123
039787D28C56FB0233A89A6ABDA9F839.text	039787D28C56FB0233A89A6ABDA9F839.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liothrips jatrophae	<div><p>Liothrips jatrophae nom.nov.</p><p>Rhynchothrips brevitubus Moulton, 1929: 19 . Homonym of Liothrips brevitubus Karny, 1912: 156 .</p><p>Female macroptera. Body, legs and antennae dark brown, antennal segment III with irregular paler areas (Fig. 9); major setae mainly brown; distal two-thirds of fore wing pale, basal third weakly shaded but brown around sub-basal setae; clavus brown.</p><p>Antennae typical of genus but relatively short, with one sense cone on segment III and three on IV. Head dorsally longer than wide (Fig. 7), first ocellus overhanging interantennal projection; postocular setae weakly capitate, shorter than dorsal eye length; maxillary stylets close together in middle of head, retracted anterior to postocular setal bases; mouth cone 30% longer than dorsal head length, extending to mesopresternum.</p><p>Pronotum transverse (Fig. 8), smooth medially with median longitudinal apodeme, reticulate near anterior and posterior margins; posteroangular and epimeral setae longer than the other three pairs; all weakly capitate. Mesonotum transversely reticulate, lateral setae small. Metanotum reticulate, median setae long and pointed (Fig. 11). Fore tarsus with short, broadly-based tooth (Fig. 6). Fore wing with 10–12 duplicated cilia; sub-basal setae capitate, arising in a straight line. Prosternal ferna widely separated; mesopresternum reduced to two slender triangles; metathoracic sternopleural sutures variable from short to long.</p><p>Pelta triangular (Fig. 11), reticulate, recessed slightly into tergite II, with paired campaniform sensilla; tergites II– VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae, but anterior pair on each tergite smaller than posterior pair (Fig. 12); tergites transversely reticulate; tergite IX setae S1 shorter than tube.</p><p>Measurements (Female macroptera in microns). Body length 2300. Head, dorsal length 225; width across cheeks 195; ventral length to mouth cone apex 500; postocular setae 65. Pronotum, length 160; width 280; major setae: am 40, aa40, ml 45, epim110, pa 95. Mesonotal lateral setae 35. Metanotal median setae 60. Fore wing length 900; sub-basal setae 35, 50, 65. Tergite IX setae S1 95, S2 100. Tube length 155. Antennal segments III–VIII length 70, 70, 68, 68, 55, 30.</p><p>Female microptera. Very similar to macroptera, ocelli well developed; metascutum more transverse (Fig. 10); fore wing lobe 160 microns.</p><p>Male macroptera and microptera. Similar to female but smaller; fore tarsal tooth scarcely larger; sternite VIII largely occupied by pore plate; tergite IX setae S2 stout and 60% as long as S1.</p><p>Specimens studied: Mexico, Sinaloa State, Mazatlan, paratype female microptera of brevitubus Moulton, from deformed leaves of unknown plant, 26.vii.1927 (Ferris), in The Natural History Museum, London . Mexico, Chiapas State, Tapachula, 3 female, 2 male macropterae, 9 female, 7 male micropterae, from distorted leaves of Jatropha curcas [ Euphorbiaceae], 13.i.2015 (A. Goldarazena), in Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, and the Natural History Museum, London.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D28C56FB0233A89A6ABDA9F839	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;Goldarazena, Arturo;Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo;Hance, Thierry	Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo, Hance, Thierry (2016): Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico. Zootaxa 4208 (6): 594-599, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123
039787D28C57FB0433A89F3DBE4DFF01.text	039787D28C57FB0433A89F3DBE4DFF01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liothrips konoi	<div><p>Liothrips konoi nom.nov.</p><p>Liothrips brevitubus Kono, 1964: 4 . Homonym of Liothrips brevitubus Karny, 1912: 156 .</p><p>This species remains known only from the original three micropterous females listed below. The species was described</p><p>as “apterous”, although the fore wing lobe is clearly visible, 180 microns long, deeply shaded and bearing three stout</p><p>black sub-basal setae. These setae are similar to the postocular and pronotal having the apices paler and smoothly spoon-</p><p>shaped rather than capitate. In the original description the species was compared to lepidus Cott, but that species is</p><p>known only from macropterae, as are most of the 11 species of Liothrips recorded from California (Hoddle et al. 2012).</p><p>There is a possibility that the brevitubus specimens might eventually be recognised as micropterae of one of the other</p><p>species based on macropterae, but a new name is proposed here to avoid confusion with the species from Indonesia. Specimens studied: California, Calexico, holotype and two paratype female micropterae of brevitubus Kono, from</p><p>willow, 12.iii.1945, in California Department of Food and Agriculture collection, Sacramento.</p><p>TABLE I. Liothrips species from Mexico</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787D28C57FB0433A89F3DBE4DFF01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;Goldarazena, Arturo;Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo;Hance, Thierry	Mound, Laurence, Goldarazena, Arturo, Lopez-Guillen, Guillermo, Hance, Thierry (2016): Replacement names for two homonyms of Liothrips brevitubus Karny: one from California, the other for a species damaging Jatropha crops in Mexico. Zootaxa 4208 (6): 594-599, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215123
