identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039645158B4D7D7AFF18FAC6328835AA.text	039645158B4D7D7AFF18FAC6328835AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor Doubleday 1849	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor Doubleday, [1849]</p>
            <p>(Figs 1–42)</p>
            <p> Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] . Gen. diurn. Lep. 1, pl. 58, fig. 2 (d); Brazil; only included species:  Dynastor napoleon .— Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 346; syn.:  Megastes Boisduval, MS. —Lucas, 1851, in Chenu (ed.). Enc. d’Hist. nat., Pap. diurn., p. 170.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.— Prittwitz, 1865. Stett. ent. Zeit. 26 (10/12): 310.—Butler, [1870]. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabricius, p. 40.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 127.—Burmeister, l873. Rev. &amp; Mag. Zool. 3 (1): 43; biol.— Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts &amp; Sc. 10 (2): 160, 213; syn.:  Megastes Boisduval, 1870 .—Wallace, 1876. Geogr. Distr. Anim. 2, p. 472.—Kirby, 1877. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 716.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 108.— Burmeister, 1879. Descr. phys. Rép. Arg. 5, Atlas, p. 23; biol.— Godman &amp; Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 122.—Gerhard, 1883. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 27 (2): 179.—W. Müller, 1886. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. 1 (3/4), p. 172; biol.— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214.— Glaser, 1887. Cat. etymol. Col. Lep., p. 287; etymol.— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 191.—Reuter, 1896. Acta Soc. Sc. Fenn. 22 (1): 410; morph.— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 523.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 2 (venation).—Pagenstecher, 1909. Geogr. Verbr. Schmett., p. 413.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 20.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 288.— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 309.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 17.—Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 155; biol.—Hemming, 1941. Jour. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 1 (11): 421.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 219.—Ehrlich, 1958. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 39 (8): 351; morph.—L. Miller, 1968. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. 24: 25.—Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23: 241.— DeVries, 1987. Butt. Costa Rica, p. 249; biol., ecol.—Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 99; hostplant.—Bristow, 1991. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. 101 (3): 214.— Casagrande, 2002. Rev. bras. Zool. 19 (2): 468; biol.— Casagrande, 2004.  Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.).  Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203; syn.:  Megastes Westwood, 1851 , unavail. (ICZN, Art. 11.6),  Megastes Boisduval, 1870 .— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 670; phylog.—Peña &amp; Wahlberg, 2008. Biol. Lett. 4 (3): 275; phylog.— Wahlberg et al., 2009. Proc. r. Soc. B 276 (1677): 4298; phylog.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 1, figs 1, 4, 6, 7d, 8c, e, g, h, j–l. — Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 318; phylog. — Penz &amp; Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 159.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog. </p>
            <p> Megastes Westwood, 1851 (Boisduval MS), in Doubleday. Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 346; unavail. (ICZN, Art. 11.6 as synonym of  Dynastor ).— Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts &amp; Sc. 10 (2): 213. </p>
            <p> Megastes Boisduval, 1870 . Consid. Lép. env. Guatemala, p. 53; Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala; included species:  Megastes macrosiris and  Megastes darius ; preocc. Guenée, 1854 (  Lepidoptera ).— Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts &amp; Sc. 10 (2): 213.— Hemming, 1943. Proc. r. ent. Soc. London (B) 12 (2): 26; type species:  Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 .— Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 281. </p>
            <p> Type species of  Dynastor :  Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , by monotypy (Scudder 1875; Hemming 1967). </p>
            <p> Type species of  Megastes Boisduval, 1870 :  Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 (Hemming 1943). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history. Doubleday ([1849]) named  Dynastor in an illustration of  Dynastor napoleon . Westwood (1851), continuing the study, included  Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 in  Dynastor and described  Brassolis macrosiris from French Guiana. Bates (1864) described  Brassolis strix from Guatemala, and Butler (1872) described  Dynastor stygianus from Costa Rica. Kirby (1879) retained  Papilio darius in  Dynastor but transferred  Brassolis macrosiris to  Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849] . Godman &amp; Salvin (1881) maintained  Dynastor napoleon and  Dynastor darius and transferred  Brassolis macrosiris and  Brassolis strix to  Dynastor , based on the rounded wings and the gradually clubbed antennae; Röber (1889) and Stichel (1902) followed this decision. Stichel (1904) was the first to consider species already described for the genus at the subspecific level, with  Dynastor darius darius and  Dynastor darius stygianus Butler, 1872 and  Dynastor macrosiris macrosiris and  Dynastor macrosiris strix .  Dynastor was revised by Stichel (1909) and Fruhstorfer (1912). </p>
            <p> Megastes Westwood, 1851 is unavailable as it was published as a synonym of  Dynastor (ICZN 1999, Art. 11.6). </p>
            <p> Megastes Boisduval, 1870 , for which the type species is  Papilio darius , designated by Hemming (1943), was considered by the same author (1967) as a valid name, not being invalidated under the Law of Homonymy, because  Megastes Westwood, 1851 , was unavailable (Hemming 1967). However, Boisduval’s name is invalid as a junior homonym of  Megastes Guenée, 1854 (  Lepidoptera ) (Scudder [1884]). Strangely, this fact was ignored by Hemming (1967). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor species are unique among the  Brassolini and are differentiated by their rounded wings, disruptive wing pattern, especially on the hind wings, and by the large size of the body. The larvae are unique in  Brassolini in feeding on bromeliads (  Bromeliaceae ). </p>
            <p> Redescription. Head. Eyes naked, except in  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. and  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. which has small setae; labial palpus brown with two lines of cream scales, one lateral and the other ventral, less evident in  Dynastor napoleon , with the distal joint about one-third the length of the basal joint. </p>
            <p> Thorax. Brown dorsally and ventrally, except  Dynastor napoleon , which has dorsally orange prothorax and brown meso and metathorax, ventrally all thoracic segments orange; legs brown except the prothoracic legs of  Dynastor napoleon , which are orange. </p>
            <p> Forewing. Length: male 44–72 mm (n=24), female 55–87 mm (n=24). Costal margin convex; outer margin straight, slightly crenulated, or convex; inner margin straight. DFW between R 3 and M 1 with orange (  Dynastor napoleon ), whitish or yellowish (other species) apical spots, species may or may not show a whitish or yellowish oblique band; ground color dark-brown. VFW basal and discal regions mostly with a disruptive pattern; postdiscal region with a conspicuous or not oblique band and colorful spots or patches concentrated mainly in the apical region. Hindwing. Costal and outer margins rounded; the outer margin may be smooth or slightly crenulated; inner margin is less rounded than the costal and outer margins. DHW with a marginal band and dark-brown ground color,  Dynastor darius and  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. have also a postdiscal band. VHW with a conspicuous ripple pattern in  Dynastor macrosiris ,  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. ,  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., and  Dynastor strix stat. rest.; in  Dynastor napoleon resembles a dead leaf; in  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. and  Dynastor darius the VFH is similar to  Dynastor napoleon , but without CuA well marked; rounded, elongated, or other shaped spots in Sc+R 1 –Rs, M 1 –M 2, and CuA 1 –CuA 2. </p>
            <p> Abdomen. Brown, except  Dynastor napoleon (orange),  Dynastor darius , and  Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest. (ochre) ventrally. </p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Tegumen sub-quadrate in lateral view; dorsal arms of saccus slightly longer than ventral arms of tegumen; anterior projection of saccus with variable length and width; uncus in dorsal view triangular, with basal half enlarged, tapering distally, and in lateral view curving ventrally; gnathos in lateral view forming varied angles, distally bifurcated, the bifurcated regions may be proportional in length, or the ventral may be longer than the dorsal; valvae wider at the base, tapering distally, elongated or triangular from medial to distal region, dorso-distal region asymmetrical; aedeagus nearly straight, narrower distally, with or without spines along the median region, with an anterodorsal or dorsal opening to the ejaculatory bulb, and dorsal or subapical opening for the vesica; triangular fultura inferior, variable in width.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia. Tergum VIII rectangular; anterior apophysis atrophied; lamella antevaginalis membranous, with sparse sclerotization in the wrinkled median region; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, with the median portion of different shapes; ostium membranous; ductus bursae membranous, basal region of ductus seminalis sclerotized; corpus bursae membranous, rounded or elongated, on the ventral or lateral side with two parallel signa, or without signa; apophysis posterioris almost as long as tergum VIII; papilla analis with sclerotized anterior portion, taller than long, covered with long hair-like scales in the distal region.</p>
            <p>Variation. Examination of a series of specimens showed that males and females of all species vary in the size, shape, and color of the apical spots between R 3 and M 1 of the DFW.</p>
            <p> Comments. Molecular analyses combining one mitochondrial gene and four nuclear genes recovered  Dynastor as monophyletic (SH-aLRT 100 / UFBoot 96) (Fig. 1), supporting previous hypotheses based on analyses of morphological and molecular data (Penz 2007; Penz et al. 2013; Matos-Maraví et al. 2021). Considering the molecular analyses and adult morphology, we treat  Dynastor as containing seven species and eight synonyms (two of them generic synonyms). </p>
            <p> Etymology of  Dynastor : From Greek, the name means a ruler or sovereign (Glaser 1887). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B4D7D7AFF18FAC6328835AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B4E7D7AFF18FD2F33AF326E.text	039645158B4E7D7AFF18FD2F33AF326E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor Doubleday 1849	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of  Dynastor</p>
            <p> 1. DHW with an orange marginal band (Fig. 2a)...............................................  Dynastor napoleon</p>
            <p>- DHW without an orange marginal band (Fig. 8a)........................................................... 2</p>
            <p>2(1). FW with a light-yellow spot in CuA 2 –2A (Fig. 8a).......................................................... 3</p>
            <p>- FW without a light-yellow spot in CuA 2 –2A (Fig. 24a)....................................................... 4</p>
            <p> 3(2). VFW, apex of the costal patch generally not extending to the outer margin (Fig. 8b); male, distal half of the valvae without a constriction in the basal portion (Fig. 10c); female, corpus bursae with two parallel signa (Fig. 11).......  Dynastor darius</p>
            <p> - VFW, apex of the costal patch generally extending to the outer margin (Fig. 19b); male, distal half of the valvae with a constriction in the basal portion (Fig. 21c); female, corpus bursae without signa (Fig. 22)....  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. </p>
            <p>4(2). FW without a distinguishable light-yellow spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2, if present, a small and blurry spot (Fig. 24a)............ 6</p>
            <p>- FW with a distinguishable light-yellow spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2 (Fig. 33a)........................................... 5</p>
            <p> 5(4). VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged (Fig. 24b)...............  Dynastor macrosiris</p>
            <p> - VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern strongly and irregularly arranged (Fig. 30b).........  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov.</p>
            <p> 6(4). VFW with a thin rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, near the outer margin (Fig. 33b).......  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. </p>
            <p> - VFW with a thick rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, near the outer margin (Fig. 38b)..........  Dynastor strix stat. rest. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B4E7D7AFF18FD2F33AF326E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B4E7D70FF18FA6C334D315A.text	039645158B4E7D70FF18FA6C334D315A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor napoleon Doubleday 1849	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849]</p>
            <p>(Figs 2–7)</p>
            <p> Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] . Gen. diurn. Lep. 1, pl. 58, fig. 2 (d).—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 127.— Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts &amp; Sc. 10 (2): 160.— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 108.— Burmeister, 1879. Descr. phys. Rép. Arg. 5, Atlas, p. 23; biol.— Godman &amp; Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 122.—Staudinger, 1886, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (15), pl. 72 (female d, v).— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214.—Schatz, 1888, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (4), pl. 32 (venation).— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 192.— Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 10.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 27.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 290, pl. 62b (d).— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 309, pl. 3, figs 5 (larva), 6 (pupa); biol.—Costa Lima, 1928. Arch. Esc. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet. 8 (1/2): 138; hostplant.—Zikán, 1928. Ent. Rdsch. 45 (3): 10.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 22.—Hemming, 1941. Jour. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 1: 458.— Hemming, 1943. Proc. r. ent. Soc. London (B) 12 (2): 26.—Biezanko &amp; Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 145.—J. Zikán &amp; W. Zikán, 1968. Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 50; hostplant.—Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 328; hostplant.—Smart, 1975. Enc. Butt. World, p. 240, fig. 1 (male v).— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 175, 209, fig. 40 (geogr. distr.); biogeogr.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394, 395 (figs male d, female v).—Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; hostplant.— Emmel, 1991. Trop. Lep. 2 (2): 151, fig. 1a, b (larvae d).—Casagrande, 1992. Rev. bras. Ent. 36 (4): 723, fig. 5 (male d, v); biol., hostplant.—Casagrande, 1995. Rev. bras. Zool. 12 (3): 683, fig. 21 (female gen.).— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 148; hostplant.— Casagrande, 2002. Rev. bras. Zool. 19 (2): 471; biol.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203; syn.: maculatus.— Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 858; hostplant.—D’Abrera, 2005. World Butt., p. 94, 245, pl. 125, fig. 2 (male d).— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 674; phylog.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 2, figs 1a (male d, v), b (female d), 4, 6 (phylogenetic tree), 8h, j (male gen.), 9g (female gen.). — Santos et al., 2011. Biota Neotrop. 11 (3): 272.— Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 3; phylog. — Penz &amp; Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 155.—Pérez et al., 2017. Shilap Revta. lepid. 45 (179): 444.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog. </p>
            <p> Dynastor napoleo [sic]; Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 347; Brazil.—Lucas, 1851, in Chenu (ed.). Enc. d’Hist. nat., Pap. diurn., p. 171. </p>
            <p> Dynastor napoléon [sic]; Burmeister, l873. Rev. &amp; Mag. Zool. 3 (1): 44; biol. </p>
            <p> Dynastor napoleon  f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922. Int. ent. Ztschr. 16 (8): 68; 1 female [holotype];  Rio de Janeiro , [Brazil]  . </p>
            <p> Dynastor napoleon f. maculata [sic]; Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 22. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Dynastor napoleon has been cited in reviews, catalogs, checklists, and natural history studies, with no taxonomic modifications since its description.  Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus was treated as a form of  Dynastor napoleon until it was considered a subjective synonym by Casagrande (2004). </p>
            <p> Type material.  Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] was named based on an illustration, without indication of provenance. The description and geographical distribution (“ Brazil ”) were supplied afterwards by Westwood (1851). One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type /  Dynastor napoleon Doubl. Hew. (Napoleo. Boisd M.S.) Type ♀./ B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6104  Dynastor napoleon , ♀ Bates./  Dynastor napoleon (B) D4 #.pl 58 f2/. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen (presumably the single one on which Hewitson’s illustration in Doubleday was based) is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 was described based on one female [holotype] from  Rio de Janeiro. According to ICZN (Art. 45.6.4), as  Dynastor napoleon forma maculatus was first published before 1961, the name has a subspecific rank. M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas did not find the holotype. Dr. Marek Wanat, the curator of the MNHW, where Niepelt’s specimens are deposited (Jałoszyński et al. 2014), informed the authors that this holotype was not found in the institution and is believed to be lost. Therefore, a female neotype of  Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 is hereby designated to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The specimen selected as neotype is the same here designated as the lectotype of  Dynastor napoleon Doubleday, [1849] , as interpreted by Casagrande (2004), has the same morphological characters as defined in the original description, is deposited at the NHMUK, and the following label will be attached: / Neotypus  Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922, Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor napoleon is easily distinguished from its congeners in having the DHW with an orange band extending from the costal to the inner margin (figs 2–3). </p>
            <p>Variation. FW, length: male 50–72 mm (n=5), female 68–87 mm (n=5). DFW, size and shape of the spots that form the oblique band. VFW, number, size, shape, and color of the yellowish spots; shape and color of the grayish apical patch. DHW, width of the marginal band. VHW, size and shape of the spots in Sc+R 1 –Rs, M 1 –M 2, and CuA 1 –CuA 2.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Dynastor napoleon is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, occurring at relatively high elevations (850– 1,800 m). This species was added to the list of endangered fauna in the State of  Rio de Janeiro as vulnerable (Otero et al. 2000), but with insufficient data to assess its status throughout the country (Camargo et al. 2018).  Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus Niepelt, 1922 was proposed based on the shape and color of the spots that form the DFW band, two variable characters. Therefore, it is confirmed that  Dynastor napoleon f. maculatus is synonymous with  Dynastor napoleon . </p>
            <p> Natural history. Information on the immature stages of  Dynastor napoleon can be found in Burmeister (1879), Rothschild (1916) and Emmel (1991); hybridization with  Dynastor darius in Otero &amp; Casagrande (1992).  Dynastor napoleon is found in the highest mountain valleys north of the bay of  Rio de Janeiro , in Nova Friburgo and Petrópolis (Burmeister 1879); larvae were also found in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, at an urban park (voucher DZUPIL 016) and in  São Bento do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil (voucher DZUPIL 014). </p>
            <p> Hostplants:  Bromeliaceae :  Aechmea sp. (Costa Lima 1927), “pineapple bromeliad” (Emmel 1991),  Vriesea Lindl. (Otero &amp; Casagrande 1992) . </p>
            <p> Geographic distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo,  Rio de Janeiro ,  São Paulo , Paraná, Santa Catarina,  Rio Grande do Sul) (Fig. 6), at elevations between 850 and 1,800 m. </p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. January–April, September–December.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named in honor of French Emperor  Napoléon Bonaparte.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of  Dynastor napoleon (Fig. 7), and the following specimens: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais —Passa Quatro,  1,650 m, 23-II-1957, 1 female, A. Pereira leg., ex-coll. R. Frey, DZ 49.790 (DZUP) .  Espírito Santo — Santa Tereza ,  1 female, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 49.699 (DZUP) ,  500 m, 17- IX-1972, 1 male *, Gentilli leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2415 (DZUP) .  Rio de Janeiro —no locality,  31-I-1927, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107864 (MGCL) ;   Petrópolis ,  21-I-1963, 2 males, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 49.569, 49.770 (DZUP) ,  2 females, AMNH_IZC 00352909, 00352913 (AMNH) ,  1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01589348 (USNM) , 1 male, 1 female, 19-I-1909, 1 female,  15-I-1909, 1 male, USNMENT01589353, 01589354, 01589356, 01589357 (USNM) ,   Nova Friburgo , (Muri)  ,  19-II-1957, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 247 (DZUP-OM), (Independência) ,  16-I-1929, 1 female, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 49.651 (DZUP) ,   29- XI-1970, 1 male, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 49.559 (DZUP), (  Parque São Vicente )  ,  23-I-1963, 1 female, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 49.339 (DZUP) .   São Paulo —[  Campos do Jordão ] (Umuarama)  ,  1,800 m, 3–5- II-1937, 2 males, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 49.720, 2408 (DZUP) .  Paraná — Curitiba ,  9-II-1968, 1 male, Moure leg., DZ 49.789 (DZUP) ,  10-II-1979, 1 female *, Sales leg., DZ 2336 (DZUP) ,  25-I-1971, 1 male *, Flori leg., DZ 2339 (DZUP) , 900 m, 23-XII-1969, 1 male,  15-II-1967, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., DZ 49.760, 49.579 (DZUP) ; Ponta Grossa, XII-1947, 1 male, 2 females, 13-XII-1947, 1 male, XI-1947, 3 males, 1952, 1 male,  IX-1952, 1 female, F. Justus leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 49.479, 49.529, 49.729, 49.459, 49.799, 49.639, 49.769, 49.590, 49.679 (DZUP) ;   Castro ,  1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01589350 (USNM) . Santa Catarina —no locality, 14-IX-1967, 1 male, 11-XII-956, 1 male, 12-XII-1956, 1 male,  28-XII-1965, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107848–1107851 (MGCL) ,  1 male, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352910, 00352915, 00352917 (AMNH) ,  29-II-1960, 1 female, ex-coll. Perkins, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107852 (MGCL) ,  22-XII-1965, 1 male, ex-coll. Gottlieb, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107853 (MGCL) ;  São Bento do Sul, 3-X-1968, 1 male, 4-I-1972, 1 male,  16-I-1972, 2 females, ex-coll. N. Tangerini, DZ 49.719, 49.560, 49.469, 49.449 (DZUP) ,  1 female, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 49.489, 49.610 (DZUP) , 2-X-1968, 1 female, 2-X-1969, 1 male, 5-XII-1970, 1 male, 27-XI-1970, 1 male, 26-XI-1970, 1 male, 9-XI-1970, 1 female, 11-I-1971, 1 male, 9-XII-1972, 1 male, 19-XII-1971, 1 female, 25- III-1971, 1 female,  3-XII-1970, 1 male, Weiss leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 49.599, 49.499, 49.369, 49.650, 49.810, 49.670, 49.620, 49.640, 49.379, 49.629, 49.389, (DZUP) ,  20-IV-1975, 1 male, Baumann leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 49.749 (DZUP) ,  III-1954, 1 female, Weiss leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr, DZ 49.319 (DZUP) , 850 m, I-1972, 2 females,  II-1974, 1 male, 1 female , XII-1974, 1 male, 30-XI-1969, 1 male *,  1 female *,  30-XI-1969, 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 49.549, 49.509, 49.700, 49.419, 49.671, 49.740, 49.759, 49.351, 49.750 (DZUP) , 06-XII-1973, 1 male,  11-XII-1973, 1 male, Rank leg., DZ 49.659, 49.669 (DZUP) ,   Catarina -  São Bento do Sul, 1975  , 1 male, 1979,  1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107854, 1107863 (MGCL) ,  XI-1977, 1 male, Hayden leg., AMNH_IZC 00352916 (AMNH) ,  20-XII-1954, 1 female, A. Maller leg., ex-coll. A. Schmitt, USNMENT01589347 (USNM) ,   20-XII-1954, 1 female, A. Maller leg., USNMENT01589355 (USNM), (  Rio Vermelho )  ,  850 m, XI-2003, 1 male, Rank leg., OM-63953 (OM-DZUP) ,  12-XI-2003, 2 males, Rank leg., OM OM 63.263, 63.291 (OM-DZUP) , XII-2009, 2 females **, XII-2009, 2 males, 3 females, 2-X-2005, 1 male, XII-2006, 1 male, 1 female, 22-X-1968, 1 male, 10-II-1972, 1 male, 27-II-1972, 1 female, 12-XII-1980, 1 female,  15-XII-1980, 1 female, Rank leg., DZ 49.580, 49.730, 49.809, 49.570, 49.409, 49.690, 49.710, 49.739, 49.791, 49.439, 49.709, 49.649, 49.660, 49.619, 49.609 (DZUP) ,  XII-1945, 1 female, A. Maller leg., ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352911 (AMNH) ,  XI-1965, 1 female, Hayden leg., AMNH_IZC 00352918 (AMNH) ,  XII-1963, 1 male, USNMENT00941190 (USNM) ;   Joinville ,  III-1968, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107855 (MGCL) , 18-XI-1971, 1 male,  15-IX-1972, 1 male, USNMENT00941169, 01589344 (USNM) .   Rio Grande do Sul —  Santa Cruz do Sul , 16-III-1958, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107856 (MGCL)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B4E7D70FF18FA6C334D315A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B447D64FF18F93F32433586.text	039645158B447D64FF18F93F32433586.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor darius (Fabricius 1775)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor darius (Fabricius, 1775)</p>
            <p>(Figs 8–18)</p>
            <p> Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 . Syst. Ent., p. 482, Mus. Banks; Brasilia [Brazil].—Fabricius, 1807. S yst. Glossat., p. 289.— Hemming, 1943. Proc.  r. ent . Soc. London (B) 12 (2): 26. —Zimsen, 1964. Type mat. I. C. Fabricius, p. 514. </p>
            <p> Papilio anaxarete Cramer, 1776 . Pap. Exot. 1, p. 148, 151, pl. 95, figs A, B (male d, v); Suriname.—Stoll, 1780, in Cramer. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 167, pl. 374, figs A, B (female d, v).—Schneider, 1785. Nomencl. Ent., p. 36. Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Papilio anaxareta [sic]; Stoll, 1780, in Cramer. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 167. </p>
            <p> Papilio anaxarethus [sic]; Herbst, 1793, in Jablonsky. Natursyst. Schmett. 6, p. 65, n. 34, pl. 131, figs 1, 2 (male d, v), 3, 4 (female d, v). </p>
            <p> Potamis anaxarete ; Hübner, [1808]. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1, pls. 72, figs 3, 4 [male d, v]. </p>
            <p> Brassolis anaxarete ; Hübner, [1819]. Verz. bek. Schmett. (2–8), p. 50. </p>
            <p> Pavonia anaxarete ; Godart, [1824], in Latreille &amp; Godart. Enc. Méth. 9 (2), p. 438, 452, 807. </p>
            <p> Pavonia darius ; Godart, [1824], in Latreille &amp; Godart. Enc. Méth. 9 (2), p. 438, 452, 807.—Doubleday, 1844. List Lep. Brit. Mus. 1, p. 118; syn.:  anaxarete . </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius ; Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 347.—Lucas, 1851, in Chenu (ed.). Enc. d’Hist. nat., Pap. diurn., p. 171.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64; syn.:  anaxarete .— Prittwitz, 1865. Stett. ent. Zeit. 26 (10/12): 310; syn.:  anaxarete .—Butler, [1870]. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabricius, p. 40; syn.:  anaxarete .—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 127; syn.:  anaxarete .— Burmeister, 1873. Rev. &amp; Mag. Zool. 3 (1): 44, pl. VI, fig. 3 (larva); syn.:  anaxarete .— Burmeister, 1879. Descr. phys. Rép. Arg. 5, Atlas, p. 23, pl. VII fig. 10 (larva); syn.:  anaxarete .— Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 108.— Godman &amp; Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr. -Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 123; syn.:  anaxarete ,  stygianus .—W. Müller, 1886. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. 1 (3/4), p. 172; biol.—Staudinger, 1886, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (15), pl. 72 (female d, v).— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214; syn.:  stygianus .—Schatz, 1888, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (4), pl. 32 (morph.).— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 192.—Godman, 1901, in Godman &amp; Salvin. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2 (164), p. 664.—Fassl, 1920. Ent. Rdsch. 37 (12): 45.— Campos, 1927. Rev. Col. Nac. V. Rocafuerte, Guayaquil, 9 (27–28): 46.—Costa Lima, 1928. Arch. Esc. Sup. Agr. Med. Vet. 8 (1/2): 138; hostplant.—Köhler, 1928. Publ. Breyer, Buenos Aires, p. 2.—Zikán, 1928. Ent. Rdsch. 45 (3): 10.—Bates, 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 27 (3): 155; biol.— Monte, 1934. Bol. Agric. Zoo. Vet. Sec. Agric., Minas Gerais, 21: 72, fig. 69 (female d, larva); biol.—F. Hoffmann, 1937. Int. ent. Ztschr. 50 (6): 57; biol.—Biezanko &amp; Freitas, 1938. Cat. Ins. Pelotas, Fasc. 1, Lepidopteros, Pelotas, p. 13; biol.—Hall, 1939. Agric. Jour. Brit. Guiana 10 (1): 35.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 220; syn.:  anaxarete ,  stygianus , ictericus, faenius.—J. Zikán &amp; W. Zikán, 1968. Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 49; hostplant.—Lewis, 1973. Butt. World, p. 29, fig. 7.—Blandin &amp; Descimon, 1975. Ann. Soc. ent. France 11 (1): 7.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 169, 185, 196, fig. 15 (geogr. distr.); biogeogr.— Kesselring &amp; Ebert, [1982]. Rev. Nordestina Biol. 2 (1/2): 106.—Raymond, 1982. Marip. Venezuela, pl. 13, fig. 2 (female d, v).—Álvarez-Sierra &amp; Álvarez-Corral, 1984. Marip. Venezuela, p. 129 (fig. female d); biol., hostplant. —Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; hostplant.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 148; hostplant.—Uehara-Prado et al., 2004. Biota Neotrop. 4 (1): 4.—D’Abrera, 2005. World Butt., p. 94, 244, pl. 124, fig. 17 (male d).—Brown et al., 2007. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 92 (3): 471; genet.— Penz, 2007. Syst. Ent. 32 (4): 669, 674, figs 1 (d, v), 8a (male gen.); phylog.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 1, figs 1e (male d, v), f (female d), 4, 6 (phylogenetic tree), 7 (wing), 8c, e, k (male gen.), 9a, b (female gen.). — Penz et al., 2013. Syst. Ent. 38 (2): 330; phylog.—Orlandin, 2016, in Orlandin et al., Borb. Marip. S. Catarina, p. 110.—Vélez-Estrada &amp; Ríos-Málaver, 2018. Colombia País Marip., p. 462 (fig. v).— Vaughan et al., 2019. Jour. Nat. Hist. 53 (29–30): 1854. </p>
            <p> Megastes darius ; Boisduval, 1870. Consid. Lép. env. Guatemala, p. 53; syn.:  anaxarete .—Salinas-Gutiérrez, 2018. Rev. chil. Ent. 44 (3): 325. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius ictericus Stichel, 1904 . Ins.-Börse 21 (3): 21; 1 male [holotype], Sapucay n. Villa Rica, [Paraguarí, Guairá, Paraguay]; Forster leg, Mus. Tring.—Canals, 2003. Marip. Misiones, p. 361 (figs male d, v); biol.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203; syn.:  mardonius .—Bustos, 2009. Trop. Lep. Res. 19 (2): 75. — Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 4. — Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Brasil 2, p. 1453 (figs d, v).— Klimaitis et al., 2018. Marip. Argentina, p. 177 (figs male, female d, v); biol. Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius darius ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 9; syn.:  anaxarete .— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 21, 23, fig. 6; syn.:  anaxarete .— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 288.— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310, pl. 6, figs 13 (larva), 11 (pupa); biol.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 18.—Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 498.—Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 328; biol., hostplant.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394.—Urich &amp; Emmel, 1991. Trop. Lep. 2 (2): 145, figs 1 (female d), 2 (egg), 3 (larva), 4, 5 (pupae); biol., hostplant.—Casagrande, 1992. Rev. bras. Ent. 36 (4): 723, fig. 6 (female d, v); biol., hostplant.— Casagrande, 2002. Rev. bras. Zool. 19 (2): 471; biol.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.—Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 858; hostplant.— Romero et al., 2005. Jour. Lep. Soc. 59 (1): 37; biol., hostplant.—Garwood et al., 2007. Butt. South. Amaz., p. 110 (figs female d, v).—Carneiro et al., 2008. Shilap Revta. lepid. 36 (142): 264.— Garwood et al., 2009. Butt. South. Amaz. (2 nd ed.), p. 232 (figs male, female d, v).—Santos et al., 2011. Biota Neotrop. 11 (3): 272.—Penz &amp; Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 175.—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Brasil 2, p. 1451 (figs d, v).—Melo et al., 2019. Biota Neotrop. 19 (1): 5. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius f. ictericus; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 9. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius f. icterica [sic]; Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 24.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 19. </p>
            <p> Dynastor mardonius Fruhstorfer, 1911 , in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, pl. 62b, fig. [2] (female d). </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius anaxarete ; Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 19.—Blandin, 2003, in Lacomme &amp; Manil. Lép. Guyane 1 (2), p. 18, 77.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203; syn.:  populus .— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 4. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius mardonius ; Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289, two females; Paraguay.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 20.—Breyer, 1939. Physis 17 (49): 498.— Hayward, 1951. Acta zool. lill. 9: 220.—Biezanko, 1960. Arq. Ent., Esc. Agron. “Eliseu Maciel” (A), Pelotas, 4: 8; biol.—Biezanko, 1960. Arq. Ent., Esc. “Agron. Eliseu Maciel” (B), Pelotas, 4: 8; biol.—Biezanko &amp; Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 145.—Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 328; biol., hostplant.—Hayward, 1969. Inst. Miguel Lillo, Misc. 31: 74; hostplant.—Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23: 242.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 148; hostplant.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Pastrana, 2004. Lep. arg., Plantas hosp., p. 180; hostplant. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius icterica [sic]; Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289; three males and two females; Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 20.—Silva et al., 1968. Quarto Cat. Ins. viv. Plantas Brasil 2 (1), p. 328; hostplant.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.—Bonfantti et al., 2009. Checklist 5 (4): 823.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 4. — Leviski et al., 2016. Trop. Lep. Res. 26 (2): 66. Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius f.  mardonius ; Köhler, 1923. Ztschr. wiss. Insektenb. 18 (12), Sonderb., p. 21. </p>
            <p> Dynastor populus Röber, 1927 . Int. ent. Ztschr. 2 1 (18): 140, fig. 1; male [holo] type, French Guiana — Casagrande, 2004.  Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.).  Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius f.  populus ; Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 20. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius ssp.; Lamas, 1985. Rev. peruana Ent. 27: 69. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Dynastor darius , described as  Papilio darius , was transferred to  Pavonia by Godart ([1824]) and to  Dynastor by Westwood (1851). Several authors interpreted  Papilio anaxarete , and  Dynastor stygianus as synonyms of  Papilio darius . In addition to  Papilio anaxarete and  Dynastor stygianus, Hayward (1951) considered  Dynastor darius ictericus and  Dynastor darius faenius as synonyms of  Papilio darius . Casagrande (2004) considered  Dynastor populus as a synonym of  Papilio anaxarete and  Dynastor mardonius as a synonym of  Dynastor darius ictericus . Due to the sampling location, the citation by Campos (1927) probably refers to  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Brasilia [= Brazil, probably from the vicinity of  Rio de Janeiro (Ilha Rasa in Guanabara Bay)] in the Banks collection, now in NHMUK. One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6150  Papilio darius ♀ Fab. /  Papilio darius Fab. Entom. p. 482, n. 173. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Papilio darius Fabricius, 1775 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Papilio anaxarete Cramer, 1776 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Suriname. One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Nº 23.  ANAXARETE . Cr. I. 95. A.B. &amp; IV. 374. A.B./ FELDER COLLN./. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Papilio anaxarete Cramer, 1776 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Papilio anaxarete Cramer, 1776 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> 
Dynastor darius ictericus 
Stichel, 1904 was described based on one male [holotype] from Sapucay [= Sapucaí or Sapucái] n[ear] Villa Rica, [Paraguarí, Guairá, Paraguay] leg. Forster, Mus. Tring. The male [holotype] is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Sapucay, n. Villa Rica, (  Foster )./ Dynast.  darius forma ictericus Stichel Type/. </p>
            <p> Dynastor mardonius Fruhstorfer, 1911 was named based on the illustration of at least one female from Paraguay. One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Type H T/ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./ Paraguay ex coll. Fruhstorfer/  darius mardonius Fruhst. /. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Dynastor mardonius Fruhstorfer, 1911 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Dynastor mardonius Fruhstorfer, 1911 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 was described based on three males and two females from Candelária,  Rio Grande do Sul, [Brazil]. Two male syntypes were found at the NHMUK, with the following labels (1): / Type/  Rio Grande Brasil. Fruhstorfer/ faenius. 5-129 Fruh./ Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./; and (2): / Type/  Rio Grande Brasil. Fruhstorfer/.  D. darius faenius Fruhst. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B.M. 1937-285./ To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, the first syntype is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. The second syntype becomes automatically a paralectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus  Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Dynastor populus Röber, 1927 was described based on one male [holo]type from Französ. Guayana [= French Guiana]. M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas did not find the male [holo]type. It is possible that, as for other species described by Röber, the [holo]type of  Dynastor populus became lost as a direct influence of war (Müller &amp; Tennent 2018). Therefore, a female neotype of  Dynastor populus Röber, 1927 is hereby designated to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon. The specimen selected as neotype has the same morphological characters as illustrated in the original description and is deposited at the MfN, with the following labels: / coll. v. Schenck Surinam /  populus Int. en. Z. Guben v. 21 Röber 1927/; the following labels will be attached: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus  Dynastor populus Röber, 1927 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor darius differs from  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest., a morphologically similar and closely related species (Fig. 1), in having the VFW apical patch generally extending only to the apex, while  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. usually has this patch extending to the outer margin (Figs 8–9, 19–20). The male genitalia of both species are very similar (Figs 10, 21), but the female genitalia are not. While the female of  Dynastor darius has a larger corpus bursae with two parallel signa and a broader lamella antevaginalis, the female of  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. has a smaller corpus bursae without signa and a smaller lamella antevaginalis (Figs 11, 22). </p>
            <p>Variation. FW, length: male 46–56 mm (n=5), female 55–62 mm (n=5); width and color of the band that extends from the costal margin to M 3; size and shape of the spots between M 3 and 2A. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. DHW, width and color of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 1. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Dynastor darius shows variation in the wing pattern, which may explain the number of names proposed as subspecies. The examination of a series of specimens from several locations and the low DNA barcode divergence between specimens from different locations showed that many of the characters that supported the proposals of names, such as differences in the general color, the color of spots and bands, the shape of spots, the width of bands, and body size are variable. An example of variation is that some specimens from different locations in Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso,  Rio de Janeiro ) and Peru (Huánuco) have a narrower band and smaller spots on the dorsal surface of the forewings. However, genitalia does not present differences compared to other specimens of  Dynastor darius , and even genetic distances do not corroborate the separation of species/subspecies. Therefore, we consider as synonymous with  Dynastor darius the following names:  Papilio anaxarete Cramer, 1776 ,  Dynastor darius ictericus Stichel, 1904 ,  Dynastor mardonius Fruhstorfer, 1911 ,  Dynastor darius faenius Fruhstorfer, 1912 and  Dynastor populus Röber, 1927 .  Dynastor darius is sympatric with  Dynastor macrosiris and  Dynastor napoleon . </p>
            <p> Natural history. Information on the immature stages of  Dynastor darius can be found in Burmeister (1873, 1879), Monte (1934), Rothschild (1916), Biezanko (1960a; b), Urich &amp; Emmel (1991b), Romero et al. (2005); hybridization with  Dynastor napoleon in Otero &amp; Casagrande (1992).  Dynastor darius flies in the morning and evening twilight on the coast of Paraná, south of Brazil, at an elevation of 100 m. According to Biezanko (1960b), it is bivoltine, flying in March, April, May, October, and November; based on the label data, we found that the species flies throughout the year. Urich &amp; Emmel (1991b) mentioned that  Dynastor darius and other  Dynastor species do not feed in adulthood. However, Romero et al. (2005) observed adults at dusk feeding on decaying mangoes in two locations in Venezuela: Palmichal (Carabobo) and Choroní (Aragua). </p>
            <p> Hostplants:  Bromeliaceae :  Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. ,  Ananas sativus Schult. &amp; Schult.f. (Biezanko 1960a; b),  Billbergia nutans H.H.Wendl. ex Regel ,  Billbergia speciosa Thunb. ,  Aechmea fasciata (Lindl.) Baker ,  Aechmea gamosepala Wittm. (Biezanko 1960b) ,  Ananas comosus (L.) Merril (Penz et al. 1999; Romero et al. 2005),  Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb (Urich &amp; Emmel 1991b),  Vriesea Lindl. (Otero &amp; Casagrande 1992) . </p>
            <p> Geographic distribution. Ecuador (Napo, Morona-Santiago); Peru (Huánuco, San Martín, Junín, Loreto, Cuzco, Madre de Dios); Bolivia (Santa Cruz, La Paz); Trinidad and Tobago (Tunapuna-Piarco); Venezuela (Caracas, Aragua, Carabobo); Guyana (Mazaruni-Potaro); Suriname (no data); French Guiana (no data); Brazil (Pará, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Ceará, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Tocantins, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo,  Rio de Janeiro ,  São Paulo , Paraná, Santa Catarina,  Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Iguazú, Cordillera, Central, Guairá); Argentina (Misiones (Palo Jr. 2017), Corrientes (Klimaitis et al. 2018), Chaco, Formosa, Santa Fe (Pastrana 2004), Salta, Tucumán) (Fig. 12), at elevations between 10 and 2,200 m. </p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The name probably refers to the ancient Persian kings.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of  Dynastor darius ; lectotype of  Papilio anaxarete ; holotype of  Dynastor darius ictericus ; lectotype of  Dynastor mardonius ; lectotype of  Dynastor darius faenius ; neotype of  Dynastor populus (Figs 13–18), and the following specimens: ECUADOR: Ecuador Oriente —no locality, 2 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352870, 00352871 (AMNH). Napo —no locality, Yanahurco, IX-1978, 1 female, Lefebre leg., DZ 54.264 (DZUP). [Morona-Santiago]—Macas, VII-1921, 1 female, E. W. Rorer leg., USNMENT01589337 (USNM). PERU: no department—no locality, 1980, 1 male, ex-coll. M. Simon, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107799 (MGCL);  Río Huallaga , 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352861 (AMNH). Loreto — Iquitos, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352864 (AMNH), 100 m, VII-1988, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.126 (DZUP-OM) Yurimaguas, 05°54’S, 76°06’W, 150 m, n.d., 1 male, 1 female, O. Razzeto leg. (MUSM). Huánuco —no locality, X-1976, 1 male, USNMENT00941129 (USNM);  Río Huallaga (15 km N of Tingo María), 15–22-VIII-1981, 1 female, ex-coll. M. Rojas, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107801 (MGCL); Tingo María, 670 m, IX-1990, 1 female **, Büche leg., OM 35.156 (DZUP-OM), 30-VII-1980, 1 female, D. &amp; J. Jenkins leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107835 (MGCL), [09°18’S, 76°00’W, 670 m], n.d., 1 male (MUSM); Cordillera del Sira, ca. 09°25’S, 74°45’W, 800 m, IX-1987 – VIII-1988, 1 male, Exp. Univ. Viena leg. (MUSM). San Martín —Moyobamba (Jepelacio), 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352860 (AMNH). Tarapoto, 06°29’S, 76°22’W, 350 m, 9-VI-2005, 1 female, A. Silva leg (MUSM). Junín —Satipo, 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352866, 00352867 (AMNH), V-1944, 1 male, II-1945, 1 female, P. Paprzycki leg., AMNH_IZC 00352862, 00352868 (AMNH); Chanchamayo, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352863 (AMNH), (La Merced) [11°03’S, 75°19’W], 800 m, 1932, 2 males MHN 1597 (MUSM), H[acien]da Chiriyacu [11°05’S, 75°18’W], 1200 m, 6-II-1942, 1 male, J. M. Schunke leg., MHN 1597 (MUSM),  Río Perené [ca. 11°09’S, 74°18’W, 600 m], n.d., 1 female, MHN 1596 (MUSM), n.d., 2001, 1 female, H. Rojas leg. (MUSM). Cuzco —Urubamba Valley, (Quillabamba), 12º51’, 72º41’, 2,200 m, 1 male, R. E. Espinoza leg., OM 69.331 (DZUP-OM) [the altitude given is spurious]. Madre de Dios —Puerto Maldonado, VII-1988, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.519 (DZUP-OM). BOLIVIA: La Paz —Yungas de La Paz, 1,000 m, 2 males, H. Rolle leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107802, 1107804 (MGCL); Caranavi, (Caranavi Area), 1,100 –2,100 m, XII-2002 – I-2003, 2 females, Tello leg. OM 61.275, OM 61.303 (DZUP-OM). Santa Cruz —Buenavista (Ichilo), 400 m, II-1958, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107836 (MGCL). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: Tunapuna-Piarco —Saint Augustine, 12-III-1937, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107812 (MGCL). VENEZUELA: Caracas —no locality, 1 male, AMNH_IZC 00352858 (AMNH). Aragua —El Limón, 4-I-1971, 1 male, Pantoja leg., DZ 54.261 (DZUP), 26-IX-1975, 1 female, Fernández H. leg., DZ 54.262 (DZUP); Maracay, 450 m, 28-II-1975, 1 female, Fernández B. leg., DZ 54.263 (DZUP). Carabobo —Puerto Cabello, 16-VII-1979, 1 male, J. B. Sullivan, USNMENT01589324 (USNM). GUYANA: no subdivision —Mazaruni-Potaro (Kaieteur Falls), 5º 14’ N, 59º 33’ W, 200–450 m, 18–25-XII-1989, 1 male, S. Fratello leg., USNMENT01589325 (USNM). BRAZIL: Pará —no locality, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352890 (AMNH);  Rio Arapiuns , VII-1978, 1 female, DZ 54.265 (DZUP), I-1982, 1 male, III-1980, 1 female, VIII-1982, 1 female, Kesselring leg., OM 91.408, OM 12.315, OM 91.448 (DZUP-OM);  Rio Arapiuns-Rio Tapajós , IX-1927, 1 female *, DZ 54.266 (DZUP); Óbidos, 1958, 1 female, DZ 54.267 (DZUP), I-VIII-1982, 1 male *, Kesselring leg., OM 91.418 (DZUP-OM), 21-IX-1983, 1 male, Miers leg., OM 91.398 (DZUP-OM); Oriximiná (Porto Trombetas), 11-VII-1980, 1 female **, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 52.732 (DZUP); Santo Antonio de Tauá (Reserva Sonho Azul), 11-IV-2005, 1 male */**, P. Jauffret leg., DZ 52.727 (DZUP); Itaituba (  Rio Tapajós ), 1 male, ex-coll. LeMoult UFFLMNH MGCL 1107772 (MGCL). Amazonas -Manaus, INPA sede, 3º5’44”S, 59º59’15”W, 07-VII-1996, 1 female, C. S. Motta leg., 15- X-1976, 1 female, L. Albuquerque leg. (INPA); Maués, 3-III-2008, 1 female, OM 70.538 (DZUP-OM). Mato Grosso —Diamantino, 2-V-1990, 1 female, DZ 54.270 (DZUP), (  Fazenda São João ), 300–400 m, 11-II-1978, 1 male, E. Furtado leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.271 (DZUP), 15-VI-1978, 1 female, Furtado leg., OM 91.428 (DZUP-OM). Ceará —Crateús (RPPN  Serra das Almas ), 630 m, 23-V-2014, 1 male */**, Melo &amp; Rosa leg., DZ 52.725 (DZUP). Pernambuco —no locality, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352887 (AMNH); Pombos, 30- IV-2002, 2 females **, N. Souza leg., DZ 52.729, 52.730 (DZUP); Camaragibe, (Aldeia Bonsai), X-2021, 1 male, P. Grossi leg., OM 93.763 (DZUP-OM). Alagoas —  Rio Largo (Fazenda Riachão) , 4-VIII-1992, 1 male, Rego leg., DZ 54.272 (DZUP); Maceió, 26-VI-1946, 1 female, V-1967, 1 male, 7-XI-1980, 1 male, A. Cardoso leg., ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 54.273, 54.274, 51.848 (DZUP). Bahia —Camacan (Reserva  Serra Bonita ), 200 m, 3–10-XII-2016, 1 male **, Mielke, Carneiro, Dias, Dolibaina &amp; Santos leg., DZ 52.731 (DZUP). Tocantins —Porto Nacional, 27- VI-1974, 1 female, DZ 54.279 (DZUP). Distrito Federal —  Rio Maranhão, 27-VII-2001, 1 female, Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 54.275 (DZUP); Brasília (Reserva Ecológica IBGE), 2-IX-2011, 1 male **, O. Mielke leg., DZ 52.728 (DZUP), (UnB), 16-V-1979, 1 female, Rocha leg., DZ 54.276 (DZUP), 10-X-1977, 1 female, 18-III-1977, 1 female, A. Negrett leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 54.277, 54.278 (DZUP); Planaltina (Córrego Grotão), 912 m, 4-II-2012, 1 male */**, Emery leg., ex-coll. E. Emery, DZ 52.733 (DZUP). Mato Grosso do Sul —Bela Vista, 1931, 2 females, ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 54.268, 54.269 (DZUP). Minas Gerais —Pirapora, 16-XI-1977, 1 male, Moure &amp; Sakakibara leg., DZ 54.281 (DZUP); Barbacena (  Serra da Mantiqueira ), 1,100 m, 5-X-1952, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.280 (DZUP); Uberaba, 1 male, ex-coll. LeMoult, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107774 (MGCL); Carmo do  Rio Claro , 11-II-1959, 1 male, 06-II-1959, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., OM 2617, OM 2616 (DZUP-OM); Conceição da Aparecida, 04-II-1960, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., OM 3173 (DZUP-OM); Conceição dos Ouros, 25-XII-2022, 1 male, Pereira leg., OM 92.358 (DZUP-OM), (  Serra Grande ), 1,365 m, 08-II-2023, 1 male, O. Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg., OM 59.064 (DZUP-OM). Espírito Santo —Santa Teresa, 14-XI-1967, 1 female, C. &amp; C.T. Elias leg., DZ 54.282 (DZUP); Conceição da Barra, 26-VIII-1969, 1 male *, C. &amp; C.T. Elias leg., DZ 2338 (DZUP).  Rio de Janeiro —no locality, 1 male, USNMENT01589326 (USNM), 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01589329 (USNM), 1928, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107791 (MGCL), 1 male, ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 54.284 (DZUP), 150 m, 17-III-1951, 1 male, 6–9-II-1968, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.293, 54.294 (DZUP); Saquarema, 23-VI-1941, 1 male, DZ 54.283 (DZUP); Nova Friburgo, II-2007, 1 male **, 1 female **, E. Grossi leg., DZ 52.724, 51.858 (DZUP);  Rio de Janeiro (Jacarepaguá—Três Rios), 14-VI-1965, 1 female, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 54.285 (DZUP), (  Leme ), 2-XII-1961, 1 female, ex-coll. R. Frey, DZ 54.286 (DZUP), (Piedade), 10-VI-1924, 1 male, 2-I-1925, 1 female, Ferreira D’Almeida, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 54.287, 54.288 (DZUP), (  Tijuca ), 1970, 1 male, C. Callaghan leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107788 (MGCL); Petrópolis, 5-IV-1962, 1 male, 30-X-1959, 1 female, 20-X-1965, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 54.290 –54.292 (DZUP), (Independência), 900 m, 15-XI-1935, 1 female, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 54.289 (DZUP); Itatiaia, (Parque Nacional de Itatiaia), 900 m, 28-VI-1962, 1 female, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., OM 2232, OM 4477 (DZUP-OM).  São Paulo —no locality, 28-I-1974, 1 female, ex-coll.A. Cardoso, DZ 54.295 (DZUP), 2 males, ex-coll. F. Lemmer, AMNH_IZC 00352877, 00352880 (AMNH), (Alto da  Serra ), 4-I-1937, 1 male, 22-XII-1936, 1 male, Travassos F. leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 54.298, 54.299 (DZUP);  Rio Claro , 600 m, 4-X-1969, 1 female, H. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.297 (DZUP); Campinas, X-1976, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.302 (DZUP), 750 m, 6-XII-1976, 1 male, 26-XII-1976, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.303, 54.304 (DZUP); Mogi das Cruzes, 600 m, 6-VIII-1927, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.301 (DZUP);  São Sebastião (  Praia de Juqueí ), 22-II-1977, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg., ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 54.296 (DZUP); Brotas (Campo Alegre), 250 m, 1-IV-1966, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.300 (DZUP). Paraná —no locality, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352876 (AMNH); Campina Grande do Sul, 2-II-2021, 1 male, 26-I-2021, 1 female, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 52.565, 52.566 (DZUP); Querência do Norte (RPPN Fazenda Santa Fé), 23°05’37”S, 53°35’43”W, 230 m, 11–12-IX-2018, 1 male, Casagrande, Mielke, Carneiro e Orlandin leg., DZ 57.267 (DZUP); Paranaguá (  Ipanema ), 20-XI-1993, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., OM 37.927 (DZUP-OM), (Floresta Estadual do Palmito), 10–20 m, 26-VIII-2014, 1 male, Leviski, Queiroz-Santos &amp; Santos leg., DZ 54.305 (DZUP); Guaíra, 29-V-1983, 1 male *, Lingnau leg., DZ 54.306 (DZUP); Pontal do Paraná (Atami), 10 m, 26-XII-2007, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 54.307 (DZUP); Tibagi, 2-X-2003, 1 male, 15-XI-2003, 1 female, O.—C. Mielke leg., OM 63.038, OM 63.361 (DZUP-OM), 3-V-2003, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., OM 61.322 (DZUP-OM), 27- X-2003, 1 male, 1 female, 1-XI-2003, 1 female, 6-XI-2003, 1 male, O. &amp; C. Mielke leg., DZ 54.308 –54.311 (DZUP); Guarapuava, 900 m, 13-II-1980, 1 female, 18-II-1980, 2 males *, 27-II-1980, 1 male, 28-II-1980, 2 females, O.-C. Mielke &amp; Miers leg., DZ 54.312 –54.317 (DZUP); Ponta Grossa, XI-1939, 1 male, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 54.318 (DZUP), IV-1941, 1 female, Hatschbach leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 54.326 (DZUP), I-1954, 1 female, II-1944, 1 female, X-1954, 1 female, IX-1954, 1 male, IX-1940, 1 male, IX-1957, 1 male, VII-1939, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr, DZ 54.319 –54.325 (DZUP), IX-1952, 1 female, X-1952, 1 female, F. J. Jr. leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107792, 1107793 (MGCL);Arapoti, XII-1947, 1 female, ex-coll.F.Johnson,AMNH_IZC 00352886 (AMNH); Castro, 1 male, ex-coll. W. Schaus, USNMENT01589332 (USNM). Santa Catarina —no locality, 1 male, USNMENT01589331 (USNM), 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. E. T. Owen, USNMENT01589333, 01589334 (USNM), 1 male, H. Gerstner leg., ex-coll. Emem, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107798 (MGCL), 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00352882 (AMNH), 1 female, ex-coll. H. Edwards, AMNH_IZC 00352884 (AMNH), 2 males, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352873, 00352874 (AMNH); Santa Catarina — Seara (Nova Teutônia), II-1982, 1 male, 1 female, I-1982, 2 males, Fritz Plaumann leg., DZ 54.330, 54.327–54.329 (DZUP);  São Bento do Sul, 850 m, XII-1973, 1 male, XII-1972, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.331, 54.332 (DZUP), 10-IX-1970, 1 female *, Weiss leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2531 (DZUP), 26-III-1971, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 54.333 (DZUP), (  Rio Vermelho ), 850 m, 8-XII-1999, 1 male, 12-II-1972, 1 female, 24-XI-1971, 1 male, 22-II-1971, 1 male, Rank leg., DZ 54.334 –54.337 (DZUP), X-1969, 1 male, USNMENT00941195 (USNM); Florianópolis, Lagoa do Peri, 19-X-2003, 1 male **, Mielke &amp; Carneiro leg., DZ 52.726 (DZUP); Mafra, XI-1969, 2 males, 2 females, Weiss leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 54.338 –54.341 (DZUP), 9-III-1997, 1 female, Reynavo leg., DZ 54.342 (DZUP); Joinville, VIII-1970, 1 female *, 19-X-1980, 1 female *, Miers leg., DZ 2337, 54.343 (DZUP), 17-IX-1970, 1 male *, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 54.344 (DZUP), II-1984, 2 males, Miers leg., ex-coll. D. &amp; J. Jenkins, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107794, 1107795 (MGCL), II-1984, 2 males, Miers leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107829, 1107832 (MGCL), VI-1969, 1 female, ex-coll. Flaspohler, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107797 (MGCL), 21-IX-1973, 1 male, 2-XI-1973, 1 male, 1 female, USNMENT01589328, 00941193, 00941194 (USNM); Corupá, XII-1968, 1 male, ex-coll. Flaspohler, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107796 (MGCL), 1 male, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352875 (AMNH), 1 male, 1 female, AMNH_IZC 00352879, 00352883 (AMNH).  Rio Grande do Sul —Pelotas, 18-III-1939, 1 male, Rosa Figueiredo leg., DZ 54.345 (DZUP), 3-IV-1956, 1 male, 18- I-1956, 1 female, 30-XI-1957, 1 female, 1-XI-1956, 1 male, C. Biezanko leg., AMNH_IZC 00352892–00352895 (AMNH). PARAGUAY: [Alto Paraná]—Iguazú, 24-X-2007, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107833 (MGCL). Cordillera —Santísima Trinidad, 25º 15’ S, 57º 38’ W, VI, 1 male, B. Podtiaguin leg., AMNH_IZC 00352897 (AMNH). Central —Nueva Itália, 23-XI-1940, 1 male, P. Willim leg., ex-coll. F. E. Church, AMNH_IZC 00352898 (AMNH). ARGENTINA: Salta —Tartagal, 500 m, 11-III-1975, 1 female, B. N. MacPherson leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107837 (MGCL). Tucumán —Yerba Buena, 700 m, 8-II-1991, 1 male, K. Johnson leg., AMNH_IZC 00352899 (AMNH). </p>
            <p>
                  iNaturalist records: BRAZIL: Mato Grosso —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.930305/lat -9.597333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.930305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.597333">Alta Floresta</a>
                 , 9°35’50.4”S, 55°55’49.1”W, 16-XII-2021  ,   Diego Ferreira (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/104314945. Accessed June 30, 2023)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B447D64FF18F93F32433586	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B537D62FF18FA86377732CA.text	039645158B537D62FF18FA86377732CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor stygianus Butler 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 stat. rest. </p>
            <p>(Figs 12, 19–23)</p>
            <p> 
Dynastor stygianus 
Butler, 1872 . Cist. Ent. 1 (4): 73; 1 female [holotype]; Coll. Druce; Costa Rica, Cartago.—Butler, 1873,  Lepidoptera Exotica, p. 125, pl. 47, fig. 1 (ventral).—Kirby, 1877. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., Suppl., p. 716. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius stygianus ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 9, pl. 3, fig. 2 (male d, v).— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 24.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 288.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 20.— Young &amp; Muyshondt, 1975. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna 10: 27; biol.— DeVries, 1986. Jour. Res. Lep. 24: 326; hostplant.— DeVries, 1987. Butt. Costa Rica, p. 247, 250, figs 31c (pupa), d (larva), 32 e3, pl. 41, fig. 5 (male d); biol., ecol.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394 (fig. male d, v).—R. F. de la Maza R., 1987. Marip. Mexicanas, p. 96, pl. 23, fig. 7 (male d).—R. G. de la Maza E. et al., 1989. Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 12 (2): 61.—R. G. de la Maza E. &amp; J. de la Maza E., 1993. Marip. Chiapas, p. 183.—Moreno et al., 1998. Marip. Ecuador, p. 155.—Maes, 1999. Cat. Ins. Art. Terr. Nicaragua 3, p. 1386.— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 148; hostplant.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Salinas-Gutiérrez et al., 2004. Jour. Lep. Soc. 58 (3): 136. — Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 858; hostplant.—J. Miller et al., 2006. 100 Caterpillars, p. 183, fig. 54 (pupa, female d); biol., hostplant.—Chacón &amp; Montero, 2007. Marip. Costa Rica, pl. 169 (figs female d, male v), pl. 172 (fig. larva head); biol.—Glassberg, 2007. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (1 st ed.), p. 132 (figs male d, v).—Vargas-Fernández et al., 2008. Nymph. Mexico 2, p. 61, 180, pl. 17, figs 6, 7 (male d, v).— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 4. — J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57.—J. de la Maza E. &amp; R. G. de la Maza E., 2015, in Carabias, J. de la Maza E. &amp; Cadena (eds.). Conserv. Desarr. sust. Selva Lacandona, p. 639.—Morales-Morales et al., 2018. Ent. Mexicana 5: 565. </p>
            <p> Dynastor darius [misidentification]; Aiello &amp; Silberglied, 1978. Psyche 85 (4): 331, figs 1 (male d, v), 2 (eggs), 3–6 (larvae), 9 (larvae, head capsule), 11 (pupae); biol., hostplant.— Ricardo-Molina et al., 2019. Shilap Revta. lepid. 47 (185): 12, fig. 26 (larva); biol.—Henao-B. &amp; Gantiva-Q., 2020. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 24 (1): 187.— Matos-Maraví et al. 2021. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog.—R. G. de la Maza E. &amp; Soberón, 1998. Biodiv. Conserv 7 (7): 943; ecol. — Aiello, 2015, in Dyer &amp; Forister (eds). The lives of Lepdopterists, p. 98.—Glassberg, 2018. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (2 nd ed.), p. 152 (figs d, v). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Dynastor stygianus was treated as a subspecies of  Dynastor darius by Stichel (1904) and the subsequent authors in reviews, catalogs, checklists, and natural history studies. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Dynastor stygianus Butler, 1872 was described based on one female [holotype] in Coll. Druce. The female holotype is deposited at the NHMUK, with the following labels: /  Dynastor stygianus Butl. type./  Dynastor stygianus , Type. Butl./ Costa Rica. Van Patten. Druce Coll./ B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6098  Dynastor stygianus , ♀ Butl./ Type H. T./ ♀ / B.C.A.Lep.Rhop.  Dynastor darius, Fabr. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919 .—6./. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. differs from  Dynastor darius , a morphologically similar and closely related species (Fig. 1), in having the VFW apical patch generally extending to the outer margin, while  Dynastor darius usually has this patch extending only to the apex (Figs 8–9, 19–20). The male genitalia of both species are very similar (Figs 10, 21), but the female genitalia are not. While the female of  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. has a smaller corpus bursae without signa and a smaller lamella antevaginalis, the female of  Dynastor darius has a larger corpus bursae with two parallel signa and a broader lamella antevaginalis (Figs 11, 22). </p>
            <p>Variation. FW, length: male 44–53 mm (n=5), female 56–65 mm (n=5); width and color of the band that extends from the costal margin to M 3; size and shape of the spots between M 3 and 2A. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. DHW, width and color of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 1. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.</p>
            <p> Comments. Almost since its description,  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. has been treated as a subspecies of  Dynastor darius . However, the wing color pattern, the morphology of the female genitalia, and the molecular data do not support this status. Besides all variations in the wing color patterns, a character that is usually present in  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. is the VFW costal patch generally extending to the outer margin. Another important character is the corpus bursae of the female genitalia without signa. DNA barcode divergence (4.0–5.0%) between trans-Andean (Costa Rica and Panama) and cis-Andean (Brazil and Peru) specimens agree with the differences found in the morphology.  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. is sympatric with  Dynastor strix stat. rest. and  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. </p>
            <p> Natural history. Detailed information on the immature stages of  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. can be found in Aiello &amp; Silberglied (1978). This species flies at dusk and dawn, and inhabits forests, second-growth, and urban areas where a suitable hostplant occurs; the larvae are seen at most times of the year (DeVries 1987), remaining in the middle of the leaf when not feeding (DeVries 1986). Larvae are parasitized by  Winthemia sp. (  Tachinidae ) (Miller et al. 2006). </p>
            <p> Hostplants:  Bromeliaceae :  Bromelia pinguin L.,  Aechmea magdalenae (Andre)Andre ex Baker (DeVries 1986),  Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb. (Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009) ,  Ananas comosus (L.) Merril (Aiello &amp; Silberglied 1978; Janzen &amp; Hallwachs 2009),  Bromelia karatas L. (Penz et al. 1999; Miller et al. 2006). </p>
            <p> Geographic distribution. Mexico (Chiapas (Maza R. 1987; Maza E. &amp; Maza E. 1993), Oaxaca, Guerrero, Quintana Roo); Guatemala (El Petén, Izabal); El Salvador (San Salvador); Nicaragua (Granada); Costa Rica (Alajuela, Puntarenas, Guanacaste); Panama (Colón, Chiriquí, Panamá); Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Valle del Cauca); Ecuador (Pichincha) (Fig. 12).  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. occurs at elevations between sea level and 1,100 m (Young &amp; Muyshondt 1975; DeVries 1987). </p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. Throughout the year.</p>
            <p>Etymology. Probably means a dweller of Styx, one of the rivers of the Greek mythology underworld.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined.   Photos of the holotype of  Dynastor stygianus (Fig. 23), and the following specimens: MEXICO: Oaxaca —  Santa María Chimalapa , VIII-1951, 2 males, IX-1963, 1 male, VII-1956, 1 male, UFFLMNH  MGCL 1107757–1107760 T. Escalante leg., (MGCL). Guerrero —Acahuizotla, III-1958, 1 female, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107807 (MGCL). Quintana Roo —Nuevo Durango, 27-X-1978, 1 male, OM 41.895 (DZUP-OM); Nuevo X-Can, 18-XI-1979, 1 female, VIII-1983, 1 female Welling, leg., OM 41.481, OM 91.438 (DZUP-OM). GUATEMALA: El Petén —Sayaxché, 20-IX-1963, 1 male, E. C. Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00352865 (AMNH), 18-VIII-1963, 1 female, OM 41.911 (DZUP-OM). Izabal —Cayuga, VIII, 1 male, Schaus &amp; Barnes leg., USNMENT01589291 (USNM); Quiriguá, VI, 1 female, Schaus &amp; Barnes leg., USNMENT01589292 (USNM). COSTA RICA: Puntarenas —La Guardia de Barranca, 200 m, 20-XI-1982, 1 male, R. Hesterberg leg., ex-coll. R. Hesterberg, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107762 (MGCL). Guanacaste —Área de Conservación Guanacaste (Sendero Bejuquilla), 280 m, 10-IX-2008, 1 male *, 1 female, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01589293, 01589315 (USNM), (Sendero Mora), 480 m, 21-XI-2006, 2 males *, J. A. Sánchez leg., USNMENT01589294, 01589295 (USNM), (Tajo Ángeles), 540 m, 14-I-2006, 1 male, 1 female, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01589297, 01589302 (USNM), 29-I-2006, 1 female *, E. Araya leg., USNMENT01589314 (USNM), (Tangelo), 410 m, 22-IV-2009, 2 males, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01589313, 01589304 (USNM), (Sendero Tigre), 280 m, 9-XI-2000, 1 female, 17-X-2001, 1 male, 20-XI-2000, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01589305, 01589298, 01589307 (USNM), (Área Administrativa), 295 m, 6-XII-1999, 2 females *, G. Pereira leg., USNMENT01589316, 01589310 (USNM), (Quebrada Costa Rica), 275 m, 29-XI-1999, 1 female, 1 male, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01589311, 01589300 (USNM), (Cafetal), 280 m, 5-XI-2004, 1 male, R. Franco leg., USNMENT01589301 (USNM), (Quebrada Oro), 290 m, 2-X-2003, 1 male, L. Ríos leg., USNMENT01589299 (USNM), (Estación Maritza), 570 m, 4-III-1995, 1 female, R. Moraga leg., USNMENT01589306 (USNM), (Sendero Natural), 290 m, 29-XI-1999, 1 female, M. Pereira leg., USNMENT01589308 (USNM), (Quebrada García), 495 m, 3-IV-2007, 1 female, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01589312 (USNM), (Bosque Transición), 3-IV-2012, 1 female, G. Sihezar leg., USNMENT01589363 (USNM). Alajuela —El Coco, V-1998, 1 male, 1 female, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107761, 1107809 (MGCL); Área de Conservación Guanacaste (Puente  Palma ), 460 m, 06-X-2004, 1 female, E. Araya leg., USNMENT01589296 (USNM), (  Vochysia ), 320 m, 5-IV-2004, 1 female, J. Pérez leg., USNMENT01589303 (USNM), (Sendero Pinyal), 630 m, 2-VII-1998, 1 male, O. Espinoza leg., USNMENT01589309 (USNM). PANAMA: Colón —no locality, 457,2 m, 1 female, USNMENT01589319 (USNM). Chiriquí —no locality, 1 male, USNMENT01589318 (USNM); Santa Cruz, VIII-1975, 1 male, G. B. Small leg., USNMENT01589317 (USNM). Panamá —Gamboa, 1 female, O. Seitz leg., USNMENT01589320 (USNM); Diablo, 1 female, USNMENT01589321 (USNM); Las Cumbres, 8-XII-1958, 1 male, 12-XII-1960, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107765, 1107810 (MGCL). COLOMBIA: Antioquia —no locality, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107811 (MGCL). Boyacá —Muzo, VI-1924, 1 male, USNMENT01589322 (USNM), 1 male, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352848, 00352857 (AMNH). Valle del Cauca —no locality, 2 females, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352855, 00352856 (AMNH). ECUADOR: Pichincha —Toachi, 9-IX-1974, 1 male, Vénédictoff leg., ex-coll. Vénédictoff, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107771 (MGCL). </p>
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                  iNaturalist records: EL SALVADOR: San Salvador —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.10019/lat 13.7245)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.10019&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.7245">Tonacatepeque</a>
                 , 13°43’28.2”N, 89°06’00.7”W, 17-XII-2017  ,   Ares-afc. NICARAGUA: Granada —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.06052/lat 11.759562)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.06052&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.759562">Nandaime</a>
                 , 11°45’34.42”N, 86° 3’37.85”W, 22-VIII-2003  , Eric van den Berghe (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/8848362; inaturalist.org/observations/50661799. Accessed June 30, 2023). 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B537D62FF18FA86377732CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B567D59FF18F9CF34E637FA.text	039645158B567D59FF18F9CF34E637FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood 1851)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood, 1851)</p>
            <p>(Figs 24–29)</p>
            <p> Brassolis macrosiris Westwood, 1851 , in Doubleday. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 351, pl. 59, fig. 3 (female d); Cayenne [French Guiana].—Lucas, 1851, in Chenu (ed.). Enc. d’Hist. nat., Pap. diurn., p. 173.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 125. </p>
            <p> Megastes macrosiris ; Boisduval, 1870. Consid. Lép. env. Guatemala, p. 53. </p>
            <p> Opsiphanes macrosiris ; Kirby, 1879. Cat. Coll. Diurn. Lep. Hewitson, p. 107. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris ; Godman &amp; Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 122.— Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214.— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 192.— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 523.— Moss, 1935. Proc. ent. Soc. London (A) 9 (3): 97; biol.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 166, 168, 177, 191, fig. 5 (geogr. distr.); biogeogr.— Urich &amp; Boos, 1982. Living World 1981-1982: 34; biol., hostplant.—Ackery, 1988. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 33 (2): 100; hostplant.—Urich &amp; Emmel, 1991. Trop. Lep. 2 (2): 141; biol., hostplant.—Casagrande, 1995. Rev. bras. Zool. 12 (3): 683, figs 10 (male gen.).—Moreno et al., 1998. Marip. Ecuador, p. 123, 155 (fig. male v).— Penz et al., 1999. Jour. Lep. Soc. 53 (4): 148; hostplant.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3, figs 1c (male d, v), 4, 6 (phylogenetic tree), 8g (male gen.). </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris macrosiris ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 10.— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 25.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289.—Kaye, 1914. Trans. ent. Soc. London 1913 (3): 549.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 21.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394 (figs male d, female v); syn.:  hannibal .— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.—Blandin, 2003, in Lacomme &amp; Manil. Lép. Guyane 1 (2), p. 18, 77.—Santin, 2004. Répert. plantes-hôtes subst. chen. lépid. monde (2 nd ed.), 2, p. 858; syn.:  hannibal ; hostplant.—D’Abrera, 2005. World Butt., p. 94, 245, pl. 125, fig. 1 (female v). — Penz &amp; Mohammadi, 2013. Biota Neotrop. 13 (3): 156. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Brassolis macrosiris was described by an illustration; transferred to Opsiphanes by Kirby (1879) and to  Dynastor by Godman &amp; Salvin (1881). This species was treated as a subspecies by Stichel (1904) and the subsequent authors in reviews, catalogs, checklists, and natural history studies. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Brassolis macrosiris Westwood, 1851 was described based on an illustration of an unspecified number of specimens. One syntype male was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/  Macrosiris Bd. Cayenne / EX MUSAEO Dris BOISDUVAL/  Brassolis macrosiris, (Boisd) typicum specimen — Genera of diurna. Lepid. Dbd. Westw. Hew — pl. LIX. fig. 3./. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this male is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Brassolis macrosiris Westwood, 1851 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Brassolis macrosiris Westwood, 1851 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor macrosiris is morphologically similar to  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. ,  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., and  Dynastor strix stat. rest., but differs from the cited species by the FW with (if present) a diffuse and thinner light-yellow oblique band, VFW without a distinguishable rusty red band between M 1 and M 3 near the outer margin, and VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged (Figs 24–25, 30, 33–34, 38–39). The male genitalia of  Dynastor macrosiris also differs from the other species in having the apex of gnathos posteriorly projected and the posterior half of the valvae triangular (Figs 26, 35, 40). The female genitalia are very similar to  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., and  Dynastor strix stat. rest., but the paired signa are longer (Figs 27, 36, 41). </p>
            <p>Variation. FW, length: male 64–74 mm (n=3), female 51–54 mm (n=2). DFW, the thin oblique band may or may not be visible. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.</p>
            <p> Comments. Compared to other  Brassolini genera such as  Opsiphanes (Piovesan et al. 2022) , the availability of information on the geographical distribution of  Dynastor is very scarce. Despite the few records, some patterns seem to emerge: of the four similar and closely related species,  Dynastor macrosiris ,  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. ,  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., and  Dynastor strix stat. rest., only  Dynastor macrosiris and  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. are cis-Andean species. However, while  Dynastor macrosiris occurs at low elevations (30–600 m), distributed throughout the Amazon biome,  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. is distributed in montane forest (2,000 and 2,250 m) in the Andes, from Bolivia to Ecuador.  Dynastor macrosiris is sympatric with  Dynastor darius . </p>
            <p> Natural history. Information on the immature stages of  Dynastor macrosiris can be found in Moss (1935), Urich &amp; Boos (1982), and Urich &amp; Emmel (1991a). </p>
            <p> Hostplants:  Bromeliaceae : “arboreal bromelias” (Moss 1935),  Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb (Urich &amp; Boos 1982; Urich &amp; Emmel 1991a). </p>
            <p>Geographic distribution. Ecuador (Orellana); Peru (Loreto, Pasco, San Martín); Trinidad and Tobago (Sangre Grande) (Urich &amp; Boos 1982; Urich &amp; Emmel 1991a); French Guiana (Cayenne, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni); Brazil (Amazonas, Pará) (Fig. 28), at elevations between 30 and 600 m.</p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. May (Moss 1935), June, August, October (Urich &amp; Emmel 1991a), November, December (Urich &amp; Boos 1982).</p>
            <p>Etymology. Possibly refers to a giant individual from Greek mythology.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of  Brassolis macrosiris (Fig. 29), and the following specimens: PERU:  Río Huallaga —no locality, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352908 (AMNH). Loreto —San Juan de Polis, 14-XI-2010, 1 female *, Ramírez leg., OM 78.930 (DZUP-OM),  Río Momón (San Juan de Polis), 03°37’S, 73°25’W, 130 m, 14-XI-2010, 1 male, J. J. Ramírez leg. (MUSM),  Río Ampiyacu (Pebas) , [03°19’S, 71°51’W], 120 m, XI-1992, 1 female, H. Lequerica leg. (MUSM). Pasco —[  Río ] Pichis, 300 m, 1 female, ex-coll. LeMoult, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107878 (MGCL). BRAZIL: Amazonas —  São Paulo de Olivença , 20-VI-1934, 1 female *, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2356 (DZUP). Pará —Óbidos, 1 male *, DZ 54.260 (DZUP). </p>
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                  iNaturalist records: ECUADOR: Orellana —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.06625/lat 5.3273335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.06625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.3273335">Parque Nacional Yasuní</a>
                 , 0°40’26.9”S, 76°23’53.2”W, 28- XI-2022, Pablo Alvia.  PERU: San Martín —Tarapoto, 6°28’2.64”S, 76°19’45.34” W, 13-VIII-2014, Neil Rosser. FRENCH GUIANA: Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 5°19’38.4”N, 54°03’58.5”W, 31-VIII-2020, Lejocelyn . (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/143197928; inaturalist.org/observations/107165178; inaturalist.org/ observations/150021014. Accessed June 30, 2023). 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B567D59FF18F9CF34E637FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B6D7D5AFF18FA6C323C318E.text	039645158B6D7D5AFF18FA6C323C318E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor pharnaces (Stichel 1908) Stichel 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor pharnaces Stichel, 1908 stat. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 28, 30–32)</p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris pharnaces Stichel, 1908 . Berl. ent. Ztschr. 52 (3): 174, 1 male “ type ”, Coroico, [La Paz], Bolivia, 2000 m, Garlepp leg.; collection Staudinger, Mus[eum] Berol[inensis] [MfN].— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 26.— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 290.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 22.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3. </p>
            <p> Dynastor strix pharnaces ; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163; biogeogr. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris [misidentification]; Matos-Maraví et al. 2021. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 133 (3): 711, fig. 2 (phylogenetic tree); phylog (photo of the specimen available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nsg_db/5241930372/. Accessed July 5, 2023). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Dynastor macrosiris pharnaces was treated as described until Blandin (1977) considered it a subspecies of  Dynastor strix . This subspecies was cited in reviews, catalogs, checklists, with records of hostplant and geographic distribution. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Dynastor macrosiris pharnaces Stichel, 1908 was described based on one male “type” from Bolivia, Corvico [=Coroico, La Paz] (Yungas, 2000 m, Garlepp leg.) i[n]. c[ollection]. Staudinger Mus. Berol. However, Viola Richter, the collection manager of MfN, where Staudinger’s specimens are deposited, informed the authors that the “type” was not found in the institution. In the original description, Stichel (1908) mentions another examined specimen: “Ein zweites gleiches Belagstück wurde mir vor etlicher Zeit zur Bestimmung gesandt.” According to one of us (G. Lamas), this second male is deposited at MNHN, with the following labels: / Muséum Paris/ Corvico ca. 2000 m. Bolivia (Yungas) 1895 (2–5) Garlepp/. As the “type” in Staudinger’s collection was not found at the MfN, the specimen deposited at the MNHN is probably the second specimen mentioned by Stichel in the original description, because it is from the same provenance of the “type”. Therefore, to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, the MNHN specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Dynastor macrosiris pharnaces Stichel, 1908 , and the following labels will be attached to it: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Dynastor macrosiris pharnaces Stichel, 1908 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. is morphologically similar to  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest.,  Dynastor macrosiris , and  Dynastor strix stat. rest.; it differs from  Dynastor macrosiris by the VFW with a distinguishable rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, this band is thinner than that of  Dynastor strix stat. rest.  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. differs from  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. by the VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern strongly and irregularly arranged (Figs 24–25, 30, 32–34, 38–39). The female genitalia is similar to those of  Dynastor strix stat. rest., mainly the corpus bursae, but the morphology of the lamella postvaginalis differs from all species by the “}” shape sclerotization (Figs 27, 31, 36, 41). The male genitalia of  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. was not examined. </p>
            <p> Comments. FW, length of the available female: 57 mm. Since its description,  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. has been treated as a subspecies of  Dynastor macrosiris or  Dynastor strix stat. rest. However, the wing color pattern, the morphology of the male genitalia, and the molecular data allow us to change the status to the species level.  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. has a wing color pattern similar to  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., mainly in the VFW rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, and also occurs in similar high elevations (2,000 –2,250 m). However, the VFW and VHW ripple pattern differs: while  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. has this ripple pattern strongly and irregularly arranged,  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has the VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged. Comparing the DNA barcode sequence provided by Matos-Maraví et al. (2021) for  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. with the sequence obtained here for  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., the divergence found agrees with the differences found in the morphology. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Geographic distribution. Ecuador (Napo); Peru (Amazonas, Junín); Bolivia (La Paz) (Fig. 28), at elevations between 2,000 and 2,250 m.</p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. January, July, October.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Possibly named after  Pharnaces II , king of Pontus. </p>
            <p>
                 Specimens examined.   Photos of the lectotype of  Dynastor macrosiris pharnaces (Fig. 32), and the following specimens: ECUADOR:  Ecuador Oriente —no locality, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Johnson, AMNH_IZC 00352907 (AMNH)  .   Napo —  Estación Biológica Yanayacu , 13-I-2009, 1 female, H. F. Greeney leg. (Matos-Maraví et al. 2021)  .   PERU: Junín —  Chanchamayo , 1 female *, ex-coll. F. Johnson, USNMENT01589343 (USNM); (  Mina Pichita )  ,  2000 m, 16–17-X-1989, 1 male, Casagrande &amp; Mielke leg. (MUSM) .   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.55/lat -6.2833333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2833333">Amazonas —San José de Molinopampa</a>
                 , 06°17’S, 77°33’W, 2250 m, 18-VII-2005, 1 female, B. Calderón leg. (MUSM)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B6D7D5AFF18FA6C323C318E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B6E7D51FF18F90B331D354E.text	039645158B6E7D51FF18F90B331D354E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor hannibal , Oberthur 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest. </p>
            <p>(Figs 28, 33–37)</p>
            <p> Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 . Étud. d’Entomologie 6, p. 28, pl. 6, fig. 4 (male d, v); Manizales, Nouvelle Grenade [Colombia, Caldas], M. Alejo M. Patino leg., Coll. Oberthür. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris f.  hannibal ; Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris hannibal ; Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289.— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 22.— Casagrande, 2004.  Brassolini , in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.).  Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3. </p>
            <p> Dynastor strix hannibal ; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163; biogeogr. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris strix [misidentification]; Vélez &amp; Salazar, 1991. Marip. Colombia, p. 157 (fig. female v); biol.— Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162. </p>
            <p> Dynastor strix [misidentification]; Salazar, 1993. Shilap Revta. lepid. 21 (81): 38.— Salazar, 2002. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 6: 157; ecol.— Salazar, 2003. Shilap Revta. lepid. 31 (124): 321, fig. 5 (male d). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Dynastor hannibal was treated as a local form of  Dynastor macrosiris by Staudinger (1887), a subspecies of  Dynastor macrosiris by Fruhstorfer (1912) and subsequent authors, and a subspecies of  Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest. by Blandin (1977). This species has been cited in reviews, catalogs, and checklists, with records of geographic distribution. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens. One male syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—3./ Manizales AM. Patino/  Dynastor hannibal, Oberthur (Etudes d´ Entom. 6 e livraison Pl. VI. fig. 4 typicum specimen./. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. is morphologically similar to  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. ,  Dynastor macrosiris , and  Dynastor strix stat. rest., but differs from  Dynastor macrosiris by the VFW with a distinguishable rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, this band is thinner than that of  Dynastor strix stat. rest.  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. differs from  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. by the VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged (Figs 24–25, 30, 33–34, 38–39). The male genitalia of  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. also differs from  Dynastor macrosiris , and  Dynastor strix stat. rest. in having the median region of the aedeagus with tiny spines (Figs 26, 35, 40). The female genitalia is very similar to  Dynastor macrosiris and  Dynastor strix stat. rest., but the paired signa are smaller (Figs 27, 36, 41). </p>
            <p>Variation. FW, length of the available male: 48 mm, the available female: 62 mm; width of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 1; size and shape of the spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. is also a case of a described species that has been considered a form or subspecies of  Dynastor macrosiris or  Dynastor strix stat. rest. Stichel (1904, 1909) found  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. so similar to  Dynastor strix stat. rest. that he synonymized them. However, the wing color pattern, the morphology of the male genitalia, and the molecular data do not support this synonymy. Although  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has a trans-Andean geographical distribution, like  Dynastor strix stat. rest., it has a wing color pattern similar to  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. , mainly in the VFW rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, and also occurs in high elevations (1,000 –2,000 m). Nevertheless, the VFW and VHW ripple pattern differs: while  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has the VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged,  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. has this ripple pattern strongly and irregularly arranged. Although it was possible to obtain only a single DNA barcode sequence of  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., comparing it with the sequence provided by Matos-Maraví et al. (2021) for  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. , the divergence (7.0%) found agrees with the differences found in the morphology. Based on the information accumulated in this study,  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has a restricted geographical distribution in the Colombian Cordilleras, being sympatric with  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. Although there is no illustration of the ventral view of the specimens mentioned by Salazar (1993, 2002, 2003) and Andrade (2002), from the locality where these specimens were collected, the autors were probably referring to  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Geographic distribution. Colombia (Boyacá, Caldas, Quindío, Antioquia) (Fig. 28), at elevations between 1,000 and 2,000 m.</p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. January, April, July, August.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The name probably refers to the Carthaginian general Hannibal (c. 247–183 B.C.) who commanded the forces against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined.   Photos of the lectotype of  Dynastor hannibal (Fig. 37), and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Boyacá —  Otanche , VIII-1980, 1 female *, 1 male */**, Schmidt Munn leg., DZ 3969, DZ 52.734 (DZUP)  . </p>
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                  iNaturalist records: COLOMBIA: Caldas —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.437805/lat 5.077889)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.437805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.077889">Manizales</a>
                 , 5°04’40.4”N, 75°26’16.1”W, 29-VII-2021  ,   Johnnier Arango. Quindío —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.65886/lat 4.6772223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.65886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6772223">Filandia</a>
                 , 4°40’38.0”N, 75°39’31.9”W, 14-I-2021  ,   Ricardo Archila. Antioquia —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81139/lat 5.5966115)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5966115">Jardín</a>
                 , 5°35’47.8”N, 75°48’41.0”W, 10-IV-2022  ,   Daniel Mesa. (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/101350918; inaturalist.org/observations/68131527; inaturalist.org/observations/111029131. Accessed June 30, 2023)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B6E7D51FF18F90B331D354E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
039645158B657D4DFF18FD4B336431F1.text	039645158B657D4DFF18FD4B336431F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastor strix (Bates 1864)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest. </p>
            <p>(Figs 28, 38–42)</p>
            <p> Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 . Ent. monthly Mag. 1 (7): 164, females, Guatemala, central valleys.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 125. </p>
            <p> Dynastor strix ; Godman &amp; Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 123, pl. 12, figs 3, 4 (d, v).— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 192.— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 523.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 165, 168, 177, 216, fig. 55 (geogr. distr.); biogeogr. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris f.  strix ; Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger &amp; Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris strix ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 10; syn.:  hannibal .— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 26; syn.:  hannibal .— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289, pl. 62b (female v).— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 21.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394.—R. G. de la Maza E. et al., 1989. Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 12 (2): 61.—R. F. de la Maza R., 1987. Marip. Mexicanas, p. 96, pl. 23, fig. 5 (male d).—Luis-Martínez et al., 1991. Publ. esp. Mus. Zool., Mexico, 3: 32.—R. G. de la Maza E. &amp; J. de la Maza E., 1993. Marip. Chiapas, p. 183.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Salinas-Gutiérrez et al., 2004. Jour. Lep. Soc. 58 (3): 136.—Vargas-Fernández et al., 2008. Nymph. Mexico 2, p. 61, 180, pl. 17, figs 8, 9 (male d, v), 10 (female d).— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3. — Montero-Ramírez, 2010. Checklist 6 (4): 679.—Hernández-Baz et al., 2010. Marip. Veracruz, p. 94, pl. 45 (male d, v).—Rodríguez-Flores et al., 2010. Biodiversidad (Managua) 2: 59, fig.1 (d, v).—J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57.—J. de la Maza E. &amp; R. G. de la Maza E., 2015, in Carabias, J. de la Maza E. &amp; Cadena (eds.). Conserv. Desarr. sust. Selva Lacandona, p. 639. </p>
            <p> Dynastor macrosiris [misidentification]; Glassberg, 2007. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (1 st ed.), p. 132 (figs male d, v).—Glassberg, 2018. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (2 nd ed.), p. 152 (figs d, v).— Garzón-Orduña &amp; Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3, fig. 1d (female d). </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history.  Brassolis strix was transferred to  Dynastor by Godman &amp; Salvin (1881), treated as a local form of  Dynastor macrosiris by Staudinger (1887), and as a subspecies of  Dynastor macrosiris by Stichel (1904) and subsequent authors in reviews, catalogs, and checklists, with records of hostplant and geographic distribution. </p>
            <p> Type material.  Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 was described based on an unspecified number of females from Guatemala, central valleys. Godman &amp; Salvin (1881) stated that the description was based on more than one female specimen, as they said: “Described first by Mr. Bates from specimens found by us at Chuacus, in Guatemala, in 1861.” [Chuacús, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala]. One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6105  Brassolis strix , ♀ Bates./ Type H. T./ ♀ / B.C.A.Lep.Rhop.  Dynastor strix, Bates. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919 .—6./ Sp. figured./ Chuacus, Guatemala. F.D.G. &amp; O.S./ Choacus Guatemala S. + G./. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of  Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus  Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 , Piovesan, Casagrande &amp; O. Mielke det. 2024/. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dynastor strix stat. rest. is morphologically similar to  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. ,  Dynastor macrosiris , and  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., but differs by the VFW with a thick rusty red band between M 1 and M 3 (Figs 24–25, 30, 33–34, 38–39). The male genitalia of  Dynastor strix stat. rest. also differs from the cited species in having the bifurcation of the gnathos apex of the same size (Figs 26, 35, 40). The female genitalia is very similar to  Dynastor macrosiris and  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., but the paired signa are intermediate in size, and the posterior margin of lamella antevaginalis is more notched (Figs 27, 36, 41). </p>
            <p>Variation. FW, length: male 44–59 mm (n=5), female 57–62 mm (n=5); width of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 1; size and shape of the spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Dynastor strix stat. rest. has been downgraded to a subspecies rank since the earlier 20th century, but the wing color pattern, the morphology of the male genitalia, and the molecular data do not support this status.  Dynastor strix stat. rest. has a wing color pattern similar to  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. ,  Dynastor macrosiris and  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., but differs from the cited species by the VFW with a thick rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, the most remarkable external character. Moreover differences in the male and female genitalia are also found, namely bifurcation of gnathos apex of the same size and the more notched posterior margin of lamella antevaginalis, respectively. The single DNA barcode sequence of  Dynastor strix stat. rest. was provided by Montero-Ramírez (2010) and by comparing it with the sequences of  Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. and  Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. , the divergence found (5% for both) supports the differences found in the morphology. Montero-Ramírez (2010) also provided the most southern record of  Dynastor strix stat. rest. so far known (Costa Rica, Limón).  Dynastor strix stat. rest. is sympatric with  Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. </p>
            <p>Natural history. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Geographic distribution. Mexico (San Luis Potosí (Salinas-Gutiérrez et al. 2004), Veracruz, Distrito Federal, Quintana Roo, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla,); Guatemala (Baja Verapaz, El Petén, Izabal);  Honduras (Cortés) ;  El Salvador (Ahuachapán) ; Costa Rica (Limón) (Fig. 28).  Dynastor strix stat. rest. occurs at elevations between 100 and 800 m (Maza E. &amp; Maza E. 1993). </p>
            <p>Temporal distribution. April – November (J. Maza E. &amp; R. Maza E. 1993).</p>
            <p>Etymology. Possibly a bird of ill omen (an owl or a bat?) in the mythology of classical antiquity.</p>
            <p> Specimens examined.   Photos of the lectotype of  Brassolis strix (Fig. 42), and the following specimens: MEXICO: Veracruz —no locality, 2 females, C. C. Hoffmann leg., AMNH_IZC 00352903, 00352904 (AMNH);   Palo Gacho , 1941, 1 female, J. Camelo leg., USNMENT01589342 (USNM);   Presidio , 27-VIII-1940, 1 male, C. C. Hoffmann leg., AMNH_IZC 00352900 (AMNH);   Tapalapan , 25-VIII-1982, 1 male */**, Coxa leg., DZ 52.735 (DZUP);   Santecomapan , VIII-1952, 1 male, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107873 (MGCL);   Los Tuxtlas , X-1976, 1 male, USNMENT01589341 (USNM).  Distrito Federal — Ciudad de México, 1 male, C. M. Holmo leg. , AMNH_IZC 00352901 (AMNH).  Quintana Roo — Lázaro Cárdenas (Nuevo X- Can), 8-VIII-1967, 1 female *, OM 41.671 (DZUP-OM) .   Chiapas — Ocosingo (  San Quintín ), 20–26-XI-1973, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107869 (MGCL)  .  Oaxaca — Palomares, 8-IX-1961, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107874 (MGCL) ;   Sierra de Tuxtepec , VI-1954, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107870 (MGCL)  .  Puebla — Xicotepec (La Ceiba), IX-1971, 1 male, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107871 (MGCL) .  GUATEMALA: El Petén — Sayaxché, 29-XI-1963, 1 male, E. C. Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00352906 (AMNH), (Petexbatún) ,  2-IX-1963, 1 female *, OM 41.943 (DZUP-OM) .   Izabal —  Tenedores , 9-VII-1965, 1 female, E. C. Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00352905 (AMNH)  .  EL SALVADOR: Ahuachapán — El Refugio, XI-1992, 2 females, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107875, 1107877 (MGCL) ,  XI-2007, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107876 (MGCL) .  COSTA RICA: no department —no locality, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107872 (MGCL) . </p>
            <p>
                  iNaturalist records: HONDURAS: Cortés —  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.95583/lat 14.854528)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.95583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.854528">Santa Cruz de Yojoa</a>
                 , 14°51’16.3”N, 87°57’21.0”W, 23-V-2023  ,  Sergio Isac Zúñiga Martínez (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/163316592. Accessed June 30, 2023) . 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039645158B657D4DFF18FD4B336431F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Piovesan, Mônica;Casagrande, Mirna Martins;Lamas, Gerardo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik	Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2024): Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini). Zootaxa 5492 (4): 451-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.4.1
