identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038821183745993EFF219BEAFAA80694.text	038821183745993EFF219BEAFAA80694.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galliformes AND	<div><p>GALLIFORMES AND ANSERIFORMES: LAND AND WATER FOWL</p> <p>Interordinal relationships: The sister-group relationship between the Galliformes and Anseriformes, reaffirmed here (Fig. 13), was inferred previously by Cracraft (1981, 1988), Cracraft &amp; Mindell (1989), and substantiated thoroughly using morphological (Dzerzhinsky, 1995; Caspers et al., 1997; Livezey, 1997a, 1998a; Cracraft &amp; Clarke, 2001; Dyke, 2003; Mayr &amp; Clarke, 2003) and molecular data (Bleiweiss et al., 1994, 1995; Groth &amp; Barrowclough, 1999; Van Tuinen et al., 2000, 2001; Cracraft, 2001; Prychitko &amp; Moore, 2003; Chubb, 2004a; Harrison et al., 2004; Simon et al., 2004; Smith, Li &amp; Zhijian, 2005). However, marginally supported counter-proposals persist (Ericson, 1996, 1997; Ericson, Parsons &amp; Johansson, 1998; Bourdon, 2005).</p> <p>Anseriformes: Within the waterfowl (Anseriformes), sequential sister-group relationships of the Anhimidae, Anseranatidae and Anatidae, respectively, was previously demonstrated by Livezey (1997a) and confirmed here (Fig. 13). Monophyly of the morphologically diverse and speciose Anatidae, including the true geese (Anserinae) and typical ducks (Anatinae), is essentially beyond dispute (Livezey, 1986). There exist departures from this arrangement by a minority of workers (Olson &amp; Feduccia, 1980a; Sraml et al., 1996), but this topology has been substantiated using diverse evidence (Livezey, 1986, 1997a; Quinn, 1992; Donne- Goussé et al., 2002). The historical hypothesis placing the Phoenicopteridae within the Anseriformes (Table 1) was among the early casualties of formal phylogenetics (Livezey, 1997a, 1998a).</p> <p>Galliformes: The pioneering myological works by Hudson, Lanzillotti &amp; Edwards (1959) and Hudson &amp; Lanzillotti (1964) provided early hints concerning relationships of Galliformes, but unfortunately these surveys were not cladistic and followed Peters (1934) in considering unique Opisthocomus as an aberrant galliform. Studies of galliform fossils continue to be phenetic in approach (Mourer-Chauviré, 2000; Göhlich &amp; Mourer-Chauviré, 2005). Fortunately, this pattern is likely to change with the increasingly common phylogenetic analyses of galliforms (Dyke, Gulas &amp; Crowe, 2003) and an improved fossil record (Mayr &amp; Weidig, 2004; Mayr, 2005a).</p> <p>In the present work, relationships of two families within the Galliformes – Megapodiidae (Birks &amp; Edwards, 2002) and Cracidae (Pereira &amp; Baker, 2004; Grau et al., 2005) as mutually monophyletic, sequential sister-groups to all remaining galliforms – agree with placements by other investigators (Prager &amp; Wilson, 1976; Cracraft et al., 2004). Some workers (Hudson et al., 1966), however, suggested a sister-group relationship between the two families (superfamily Cracoidea), as opposed to placement as successive sister-groups (paraphyletic) to other galliforms (Fig. 13).</p> <p>The robust placement of Meleagrididae as sistergroup to the Phasianidae sensu lato in the present work (Fig. 13) opposes inclusion of the family among the enormous complement of other galliforms (reviewed by Sibley &amp; Ahlquist, 1990). The present finding also differs with the indeterminate placement of this distinctive group from most galliforms by Dyke et al. (2003). Dyke et al. (2003: fig. 3) depicted the Megapodiidae and Cracidae as basal, successive sister-groups to the diverse and speciose ‘Phasianoidea’; the latter group included Numida and Acryllium (Numidinae) as members of a polytomous assemblage immediately basal to Meleagris, Agriocharus, Tetraonidae, and a clade comprising 39 taxa of other galliforms inviting taxonomic subdivision. Most of the large-bodied genera of phasianoids (e.g. Gallus, Phasianus) and the ‘Old World quail and partridges’ were among a large, basal polytomy of the ‘phasianoids’ exclusive of the guineafowl (Numidinae). Some of the nodes within this large group, including those resolving Meleagridae and Tetraonidae relative to megapodiid and cracid galliforms, were not sustained by Dyke et al. (2003: fig. 3) in a strict consensus of 1700 MPTs based on 102 characters. Also, the tree inferred here (Fig. 13) departed from those recovered using molecular data (Dimcheff, 2002; Dimcheff, Drovetski &amp; Mindell, 2002).</p> <p>The vast majority of galliform taxa are members of a morphologically conservative group (Holman, 1961), many formerly included among the Perdicidae or Odontophoridae (Sibley &amp; Ahlquist, 1990). These taxa also posed problems of resolution in the present work (Fig. 13), and nodes among these taxa were sufficiently weak as to permit alternative local topologies (i.e. a terminal polytomy). Armstrong, Braun &amp; Kimball (2001) found that mitochondrial and nuclear DNA similarly resolved groupings within a sparse but broad sample of Galliformes. Basal nodes of the latter taxa are broadly consistent with some higher-order topologies (Prager &amp; Wilson, 1976; Helm-Bychowski &amp; Wilson, 1986; Crowe et al., 1992; Kimball et al., 1999; Gutiérrez, Barrowclough &amp; Groth, 2000; Lucchini et al., 2001; Dimcheff et al., 2002; Pereira, Baker &amp; Wajntal, 2002). The single exception among this group (based on included genera) is the strongly supported sister-group relationship between Gallus (Phasianidae) and Numida (Numidinae). The Numidinae were inferred to be the sister-group of the Phasianidae by Kimball et al. (1999) and Pereira &amp; Baker (2006a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038821183745993EFF219BEAFAA80694	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Livezey, Bradley C.;Zusi, Richard L.	Livezey, Bradley C., Zusi, Richard L. (2007): Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (1): 1-95, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x
