identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038887CDFF887750FF2EBFA56C518799.text	038887CDFF887750FF2EBFA56C518799.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrocoelum Orsted 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Dendrocoelum Örsted, 1844</p>
            <p> Dendrocoelum spatiosum Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov. (Table 1, Figs. 3, 4 A–B, 5A–B, 6A–B) </p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6864.5, River Palancia, Sot D'En Ferrer, Castellón, Spain, 19 April 2005, sagittal sections on six slides.</p>
            <p>PARATYPES. ZMA V.Pl. 6864.1, ibid., sagittal sections on seven slides; V.Pl. 6864.2 ibid., horizontal sections on four slides; V.Pl. 6864.3, ibid., sagittal sections on five slides; V.Pl. 6864.4, ibid., sagittal sections on six slides.</p>
            <p>Other material. ZMA V.Pl. 6865.1, River Palancia, Sot D'En Ferrer, Castellón, Spain, 24 April 2004, sagittal sections on six slides; V.Pl. 6866.1, River Palancia, Sot D'En Ferrer, Castellón, Spain, horizontal sections on four slides; V.Pl. 6866.2, ibid., horizontal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6866.3, ibid., transverse sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6866.4, ibid., transverse sections on five slides; V.Pl. 6866.5, ibid., transverse sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6866.6, ibid., sagittal sections on four slides.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The epithet is derived from the Latin adjective spatiosus, spacious, and alludes to the considerably widened bursal canal of the species.</p>
            <p>Ecology. The species has been collected on several occasions (but not on all sampling visits) from a shady area at a branch of the river Palancia. This area is covered by a dense layer of vegetation from the gallery forest. The species is apparently absent from the main course of the river. This suggests that it is an inhabitant of the phreatic waters that eventually occurs in surface waters.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dendrocoelum spatiosum sp. nov. can be distinguished anatomically from its congeners by the presence of a V-shaped ventral extension of the bursal canal immediately anterior to the penis bulb, a widening of the bursal canal in a horizontal direction, a large adenodactyl with a voluminous bulb and a large free papilla that is located to the right of the penis papilla. </p>
            <p>Description. Living, sexually mature specimens were 8–12 mm long and 1 mm wide in an elongated state. Preserved specimens measured up to a maximum of 6.9 mm. The unpigmented, flattened body presents a truncated anterior end with rounded lateral margins (Fig. 4 A). The adhesive organ is reduced to a very small protuberance in the middle of the anterior margin. The lateral body margins run almost parallel and diverge only slightly behind the anterior end, while at the posterior level of the copulatory apparatus they converge to form a pointed tail. The two small eyes (eye cup diameter 35 µm in sections) are far removed from the frontal margin and lie close together at a distance of 1/5th to 1/6th of the width of the head.</p>
            <p>The cylindrical, horizontally oriented pharynx is inserted at about the middle of the body and measures about 1/6th (in sections) to 1/7th (in preserved whole mount) of the body length. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a thick layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by an intermingled layer of circular and longitudinal fibres, the latter being more scarce. The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket, close to the hind wall of the pharyngeal pouch. In specimen V.Pl. 6864.1 (approximate body length 5 mm, measured from sections) the mouth is situated 2.9 mm from the tip of the body and 0.62 mm from the gonopore. The anterior ramus of the intestine ends a certain distance behind the eyes. The posterior gut trunks meet in the posterior end of the body.</p>
            <p>Numerous ventral testes are irregularly distributed on either side of the body. The oval-shaped follicles occupy approximately one-third of the dorsoventral diameter of the body and extend from a short distance behind the ovaries into the posterior end of the body. At the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch the vasa deferentia widen to form large, irregularly sac-shaped spermiducal vesicles, lined with a tall, vacuolated epithelium. These spermiducal vesicles occupy approximately two-thirds of the dorsoventral diameter of the body. The two vasa deferentia separately penetrate the lateral surface of the penis bulb and open separately into the irregularly-shaped intrabulbar cavity. The ejaculatory duct runs centrally through the penis papilla. The wide lumen of the ejaculatory duct is lined with very tall epithelium and is surrounded by a thin layer of circular muscles, followed by abundant longitudinal muscle fibres.</p>
            <p>The penis bulb is formed by intermingled circular and longitudinal muscle fibres that are especially abundant around the seminal vesicle (Fig. 4 B). The penis papilla is covered with tall, nucleated epithelium, which is underlain with a subepithelial layer of circular muscles (Fig. 5 A). The male atrium is covered with circular muscle fibres, followed by longitudinal fibres. In V.Pl. 6866.1, the gonopore lies at the level of the base of the adenodactyl (Fig. 5 B).</p>
            <p>The ovaries occupy about half of the dorsoventral diameter of the body. They are located at about 1/6th of the distance between the brain and the root of the pharynx. The oviducts arise from the anterolateral side of the ovaries. Posterior to the penis papilla the ducts fuse to form a long common oviduct, which opens into the common atrium (Fig. 6 A). The distal section of the oviducts and part of the common oviduct receive the openings of abundant shell glands. The vitellaria extend from anterior to the ovaries into the posterior end of the body.</p>
            <p>From its point of communication with the common atrium, the bursal canal curves over the male atrium and widens considerably in a horizontal direction, to reach its maximum width at the level of the base of the penis papilla (Fig. 6 B). At this point, the canal is lined with a flat, nucleated epithelium that is underlain by a thin layer of circular muscle fibres, bound by a thin layer of longitudinal fibres, many of which are oriented perpendicularly to the canal’s epithelium (Fig. 6 B). In addition, the canal also widens considerably in a dorsoventral direction. A large, V-shaped ventral extension of the canal is present immediately anterior to the penis bulb in all specimens (Fig. 4 B). Then, the bursal canal narrows considerably before it opens into a large copulatory bursa.</p>
            <p>A large adenodactyl is located to the right of the penis papilla and the common atrium. This adenodactyl consists of a voluminous bulb, which is located within the mesenchyma, and a free papilla. The papilla measures about two-thirds of the total length of the adenodactyl. The bulb is formed by abundant intermingled circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. The duct that runs through the adenodactyl receives the openings of glands. This duct is very wide within the bulb but narrows considerably before opening at the tip of the papilla. In specimens V.Pl. 6864.5 and V.Pl. 6866.1 the papilla points into the posterior part of the bursal canal (Figs. 5 B, 6B).</p>
            <p> Springs of the River Pamisos in Aghios Pelopon- Greece 22.02479302 37.16894333  Ph. graeca Floros nese </p>
            <p>indicate that data for Argos is approximate</p>
            <p> Discussion. Many members of the genus  Dendrocoelum are anophthalmous, cave-dwelling species with a very small distribution range. However, some members, such as  D. lacteum , have a wide range. No less than eight subgenera have been described for this genus:  Dendrocoelides De Beauchamp, 1919 ,  Apodendrocoelum De Beauchamp, 1931 ,  Bolbodendrocoelum De Beauchamp, 1932 ,  Polycladodes Steinmann, 1910 ,  Neodendrocoelum Stankoviċ &amp; Komárek, 1927 ,  Palaeodendrocoelum Codreanu, 1949 ,  Eudendrocoelum Komárek, 1925 , and  Dendrocoelum (cf. Gourbault, 1972).  Polycladodes presents a characteristic arrangement of the pharyngeal musculature, which is different from that found in  D. spatiosum . In recent literature,  Polycladodes was treated as a full genus (cf. Sluys &amp; Kawakatsu, 2006). The penis papilla in  Apodendrocoelum is small and the common atrium is surrounded by a thick zone of intermingled circular and longitudinal muscles.  Bolbodendrocoelum is characterized by a very large penis bulb. The adenodactyl in  Neodendrocoelum is very large, as is the penis papilla, in general. However,  Neodendrocoelum is poorly differentiated from  Dendrocoelides (Kenk, 1978) . The subgenus  Eudendrocoelum is poorly differentiated from the subgenus  Dendrocoelum , which is characterized by the presence of a flagellum in the penis papilla (Gourbault, 1972). In view of the uncertain taxonomic status of several of these subgenera, we do not assign  D. spatiosum to any of these taxa. </p>
            <p> The most characteristic trait of  D. spatiosum is the anatomy of the bursal canal. Therefore, in the discussion below we do not include species with bursal canals that are anatomically very different from that of  D. spatiosum . The species  D. spatiosum stands apart from other members of the genus  Dendrocoelum s. l. , due to the anatomy of its genital apparatus. The penis papilla in  D. boettgeri An Der Lan, 1955 and  D. puteale Kenk, 1930 is absent or reduced, whereas it is well developed in  D. spatiosum .  D. sphaerophallus (De Beauchamp, 1929) has a spherical penis papilla and the testes are mainly dorsal, whereas in  D. spatiosum the testes are mainly ventral and the penis papilla is different. </p>
            <p> D. infernale (Steinmann, 1907) ,  D. romanodanubiale (Codreanu, 1949) ,  D. subterraneum Komárek, 1918 and  D. tubuliferum De Beauchamp, 1919 all have a flagellum in the penis papilla, whereas such a structure is absent in  D. spatiosum . </p>
            <p> D. agile De Beauchamp, 1932 is characterized by an extremely large penis bulb, which is smaller in  D. spatiosum . </p>
            <p> In  D. barbei De Beauchamp, 1956 ,  D. beauchampi Del Papa, 1952 ,  D. bohemicum Komárek &amp; Kunst, 1956 ,  D. cavaticum (Fries, 1874) ,  D. debeauchampianum Codreanu &amp; Balcesco, 1967 ,  D. hankoi (Gelei, 1927) ,  D. kenki De Beauchamp, 1937 ,  D. longipenis Komárek, 1916 ,  D. racovitzai De Beauchamp, 1949 , and  D. regnardi (De Beauchamp, 1919) the penis is larger than or similar in size to the adenodactyl. In contrast, the penis is smaller than the adenodactyl in  D. spatiosum . </p>
            <p> D. findeneggi (Reisinger, 1971) has a ventral adhesive zone that is absent from  D. spatiosum . In the following species, the testes are dorsal or dorsal and ventral, in contrast to  D. spatiosum :  D. atriostrictum Codreanu &amp; Balcesco, 1967 ;  D. banaticum Codreanu &amp; Balcesco, 1967 ;  D. clujanum Codreanu, 1943 ;  D. coiffaiti De Beauchamp, 1956 ;  D. italicum Vialli, 1937 ;  D. stenophallus Codreanu &amp; Balcesco, 1967 ; and  D. tismanae Codreanu &amp; Balcesco, 1967 . </p>
            <p> The descriptions of  D. alexandrinae Codreanu &amp; Balcesco, 1970 and  D. geticum Codreanu &amp; Balcesco 1970 are incomplete. However, the shape of the bursal canal in  D. alexandrinae and  D. geticum is apparently very different from that in  D. spatiosum .  D. alexandrinae possesses an adhesive organ, which is absent from  D. spatiosum . In addition, all the species discussed, except  D. romanodanubiale and  D. longipenis , are blind, whereas  D. spatiosum has two eyes. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF887750FF2EBFA56C518799	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF857752FF2EBE216E638249.text	038887CDFF857752FF2EBE216E638249.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendrocoelum inexspectatum Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendrocoelum inexspectatum Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Figs. 3, 7 A–D)</p>
            <p>Material examined. ZMA V.Pl. 6867.1, River Bidasoa, Narbarte, Navarra, Spain, 11 November 2007, sagittal sections on five slides.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective inexspectatus, unexpected, and alludes to the fact that the single specimen available was found by chance, after the locality had been sampled unfruitfully over several years.</p>
            <p>Ecology. Although the area was sampled four times, the species was only collected on one occasion. The use of traps with beef liver was unsuccessful.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Dendrocoelum inexspectatum sp. nov. can be distinguished anatomically from its congeners by the combination of the following features: presence of a caecum at the posterior end of the bursal canal, testes extending from the ovaries to the posterior end of the body, and an adenodactyl with a voluminous bulb and a free papilla that is located under the penis. </p>
            <p> Description. When the single specimen was fixed in the field and later prepared for sectioning, it was considered to be morphologically similar to  Ph. vitta . Therefore, we did not pay particular attention to its external features. The dorsal and the ventral surface are hyaline. The head is truncated. From the sections, it could be determined that the animal was about 6 mm long. </p>
            <p>The cylindrical, horizontally oriented pharynx is inserted at about the middle of the body and measures about 1/7th (in sections) of the body length. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a thick and intermingled layer of circular and longitudinal fibres. The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket, close to the hind wall of the pharyngeal pouch.</p>
            <p>Numerous dorsal and ventral testes are irregularly distributed on either side of the body and extend posteriorly to the hind end. The oval-shaped to elongated follicles may occupy almost the entire dorsoventral diameter of the body, but they are usually smaller. At the posterior end of the pharyngeal pouch the vasa deferentia widen to form spermiducal vesicles, which narrow and ascend vertically and, subsequently, penetrate the ventral section of the penis bulb to open separately into an intrabulbar cavity. The ejaculatory duct runs centrally through the dorsally situated penis papilla (Fig. 7 A). An extra fold projects from the lateral wall of the penis papilla into the distal expanded section of the ejaculatory duct.</p>
            <p>The penis bulb is formed by intermingled circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. The penis papilla is covered with tall, nucleated epithelium, under which is a subepithelial layer of circular muscles that is thick at the base of the papilla. The male atrium is covered with circular muscle fibres, followed by longitudinal fibres. The epithelium is very thick in its tubular distal portion, close to the communication with the common atrium. The male atrium is surrounded by a very thick layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscles.</p>
            <p>Information on the position of the ovaries is not availabe because the front part of the animal was used for molecular analyses. The oviducts run backwards dorsally to the ventral nerve cords. Posterior to the gonopore, the oviducts fuse to form a short common oviduct, which opens into the common atrium. The distal section of the oviducts and the common oviduct receive the openings of the shell glands.</p>
            <p>The bursal canal is lined with thin, nucleated epithelium that has distinct cilia. The canal is surrounded by a layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres. At its point of communication with the common atrium, the epithelium of the bursal canal thickens and is underlain by a very thick layer of circular muscles fibres (Fig. 7 B). The distal, posterior end of the bursal canal forms an extension or caecum that projects posteriorly to the point of communication with the atrium (Fig. 7 D). A ventrally situated adenodactyl is located to the right of the penis papilla and the common atrium. This adenodactyl consists of a bulb that is located within the mesenchyma, and a free papilla, which measures about half of the total length of the adenodactyl. The bulb is formed by abundant intermingled circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. The erythrophilic glands open into the adenodactyl duct.</p>
            <p> Discussion. It was difficult to compare the anatomy of this specimen to that of species of the genus  Dendrocoelum as only one specimen is available and many published descriptions of  Dendrocoelum species only provide horizontal reconstructions of the copulatory apparatus. Modern descriptions, including ours, are based on sagittal reconstructions. Sagittal and horizontal reconstructions are complementary accounts of the same anatomical characters, albeit that it is more difficult to properly document all details of the anatomy in horizontal reconstructions. The most characteristic trait of  Dendrocoelum inexspectatum is that the posterior end of the bursal canal forms a caecum. Consequently, in the discussion below, we omit species whose descriptions clearly show the absence of a caecum, and those in which the posterior end of the bursal canal is expanded, but does not form a caecum. </p>
            <p> In  D. albidum Kenk, 1978 ,  D. plesiophthalmum De Beauchamp, 1937 and  D. prespense (Stankoviċ, 1969) , the gonopore is surrounded by glands. Such glands are absent in  D. inexspectatum . </p>
            <p> In  D. brachyphallus (De Beauchamp, 1929) and  D. puteale , the penis papilla is reduced or absent, whereas it is well developed in  D. inexspectatum . </p>
            <p> In contrast to  D. inexspectatum , the following species have a retractile tip of the penis papilla or a flagellumlike structure:  D. bohemicum ;  D. gineti De Beauchamp, 1954 ;  D. hussoni Sauber, 1970 ;  D. infernale ,  D. lipophallus (De Beauchamp, 1929) ;  D. parvioculatum De Beauchamp, 1932 ;  D. romanodanubiale ; and  D. tubuliferum . In some specimens of  D. lipophallus , the penis papilla is absent due to (1) a preservation artefact or (2) the fact that the papilla has the capacity to invaginate (De Beauchamp, 1932).  D. clujanum also have a flagellum-like structure, although it has never been observed invaginated (Codreanu, 1943). In contrast to  D. inexspectatum , it has dorsal testes only. </p>
            <p> D. agile has an extremely big bulb that is larger than that in  D. inexspectatum . In  D. hankoi ,  D. barbei and  D. warnimonti Hoffmann, 1964 , the penis is much bigger than the adenodactyl, whereas in  D. inexspectatum the adenodactyl and the penis papilla are of similar size. Moreover, the seminal vesicle in  D. warnimonti is elongated and the shape of the intrabulbar cavity is different from that of  D. inexspectatum . </p>
            <p> In the following species, the sperm ducts fuse in a different anatomical region than in  D. inexspectatum :  D. atriostrictum ,  D. cavaticum ,  D. chappuisi De Beauchamp, 1932,  D. kenki ,  D. racovitzai ,  D. regnardi ,  D. sollaudi De Beauchamp, 1931 ,  D. sphaerophallus ,  D. stenophallus ,  D. tuzetae Gourbault, 1965 and  D. vaillanti De Beauchamp, 1954 . </p>
            <p> The testes in  D. italicum are dorsal and extend posteriorly to the level of the end of the pharynx only, whereas in  D. inexspectatum they are dorsal and ventral and extend posteriorly to the hind end of the body. </p>
            <p> The descriptions of  D. alexandrinae and  D. geticum are incomplete and it is therefore difficult to compare these species with  D. inexspectatum . </p>
            <p> We consider that the internal anatomy of our specimen is very different from that of other members of the genus  Dendrocoelum , with the exception of  D. minimum Kenk, 1978 from Lake Ohrid. However, in  D. minimum the adenodactyl is larger, the penis papilla has a different shape, and its testes extend posteriorly to about the level of the gonopore (to the hind of the body in  D. inexspectatum ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF857752FF2EBE216E638249	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF877757FF2EB889699D859C.text	038887CDFF877757FF2EB889699D859C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata flamenca Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata flamenca Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Figs. 3, 8 A–D, 9A–B)</p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6868.1, Fuente de Don Pedro, Loja, Granada, Spain, 20 April 2009, sagittal sections on five slides.</p>
            <p>PARATYPES. V.Pl. 6868.2, ibid., sagittal sections on four slides; V.Pl. 6868.3, ibid., horizontal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the great resemblance of the animal’s undulated body margins to the ruffles of a flamenco dancer’s dress. Moreover, the specimens were collected from Andalucía, a region in which Flamenco is the traditional dance.</p>
            <p>Ecology. A large number of individuals were found under small stones in the well of an artificial spring, which receives water from irrigation channels and has three spouts that flow continuously. The depth of the well was about 20 cm and the water conditions were as follows: temperature: 15ºC; conductivity 610 µs at 15ºC (502 µs at 25ºC).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. With respect to external features,  Phagocata flamenca sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by its exceptionally undulated body margin and by the characteristic and very wide shape of the frontal margin of the head during locomotion. Anatomically, the species is characterized by an ejaculatory duct that lacks a plug of cells and receives the opening of two types of glands, one that is cyanophilic and fine-grained, and one that is formed from coarse, erythrophilic granules. </p>
            <p>Description. Completely extended living specimens are about 10.5 mm long and 3 mm wide; preserved animals measure up to 9 x 3.3 mm. The dorsal surface is brown (Fig. 8 A) and a broad lateral margin of the body, which is about 0.4 mm wide, is unpigmented. In the middle of the body, at the pharynx level, the colour is pale brown due to a reduction of pigmentation.</p>
            <p>The body margin is exceptionally undulated. The undulations are even more prominent when the animal retracts its body during locomotion or when specimens are preserved (Fig. 8 B). There are about 8–12 wave-like curves or folds on each side, depending on the size of the animal. A narrow, pigmented line, consisting of 7–8 spots, surrounds each of the folds. The ventral surface is devoid of pigment.</p>
            <p>A narrowing or “neck” is present at the level of the eyes and the tail is pointed. During locomotion, the frontal margin of the head shows a characteristic and very wide shape with a small protrusion in the midline, while the lateral edges of the margin are rounded. During the usual gliding motion, the head may also show lateral protrusions that are raised from the substrate and make twisting and turning movements, with the midline of the frontal margin being either sharply V-shaped or showing a shallow V-shaped depression (Fig. 8 C).</p>
            <p>The eyes are set in pigment-free patches (maximum eye-cup diameter 52–58 µm in specimen V.Pl. 6868.1 (in sections)), located far from the frontal margin. The number of retinal cells in each pigment cup could not be determined with certainty, but there are probably more than ten in specimen V.Pl. 6868.2.</p>
            <p>The cilia of the nucleated epidermis are uniformly distributed on the ventral epidermis but not on the dorsal epidermis, which is formed by ciliated and non-ciliated cells.</p>
            <p>The cylindrical pharynx is situated in the middle of the body and measures about 1/5th of the body length. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres (Fig. 8 D). The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket and opens to the exterior underneath the copulatory bursa (Fig. 9 A, B). In specimen V.Pl. 6868.1, the mouth is situated 310 μm from the anterior end of the body and 510 μm from the gonopore.</p>
            <p>There are two rows of large irregularly-shaped testes extending from the ovaries to the posterior end of the body, and the follicles occupy about two-thirds of the dorsoventral diameter. Although they are principally ventral, some follicles may extend dorsally to well beyond the midline, especially in the anterior part of the body.</p>
            <p>In the proximity of the penis papilla, the vasa deferentia widen considerably, curve dorsally and, subsequently, recurve and narrow again before they penetrate the lateral wall of the penis bulb (Fig. 9 A, B). Once they have penetrated the penis bulb, the vasa deferentia open separately into the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct runs centrally and opens at the rounded tip of the penis papilla. This duct is lined with thick, nucleated epithelium into which the two types of glands open. The first type of gland produces a pale, cyanophilic and fine-grained secretion that is discharged into the central section of the ejaculatory duct. The second kind of secretion is also produced by glands that lie outside of the penis papilla and is discharged into the distal section of the duct. This secretion is very abundant and consists of coarse, erythrophilic granules (Fig. 9 A, B).</p>
            <p>Abundant glandular secretion is present throughout the mesenchyme of the penis papilla. The penis papilla is covered with thin epithelium that is underlain by a layer of circular muscle fibres. The hemispherical penis bulb is formed mostly by longitudinal muscles, with only a few circular muscle layers. In specimen V.Pl. 6868.1, the dorsal section of the male atrium is lined with thick epithelium that is underlain by a thin layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal fibres.</p>
            <p>The paired, globular ovaries occupy about one-half of the dorsoventral diameter of the body and are located a short distance behind the brain. The oviducts run dorsally to the ventral nerve cords and curve dorsally at the level of the penis papilla, where they unite to form a common oviduct. This opens into the posterodorsal section of the male atrium. Shell glands discharge into the common oviduct. The large, rounded copulatory bursa lies between the hind wall of the pharyngeal pocket and the copulatory apparatus. It is lined with tall, vacuolated cells, which have nuclei mainly in a basal position and vacuoles in the apices. The bursal canal curves dorsally to the male atrium (Fig. 9 B). The lining epithelium of the wide bursal canal bears distinct cilia and consists of nucleated cells surrounded by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal muscle fibres.</p>
            <p> Discussion. There is only one other species of freshwater planarian that has the same characteristic wave-like folds as  Ph. flamenca on its body margin:  Phagocata undulata (Stankoviċ, 1960) from Lake Ohrid. In  Ph. undulata “The lateral margins of the body are thrown into almost regular, wave-like curves and folds...” and the body “... margin has a row of short conical papillae” (Kenk, 1978). Although the body margin is also folded in  Ph. flamenca , the conical papillae are absent. Regarding anatomical features, the vasa deferentia in  Ph. undulata penetrate the weak penis bulb from a medial direction, the penis papilla is conical, and the penis bulb lacks any reticulated tissue. In contrast, the vasa deferentia in  Ph. flamenca penetrate the penis bulb after a marked recurvature, the penis papilla is blunt, and the penis bulb presents a zone of reticulated tissue that is absent in  Ph. undulata . Furthermore, the proximal part of the ejaculatory duct in  Ph. undulata is filled by a plug of cells, which is absent in  Ph. flamenca . The distal section of the ejaculatory duct of  Ph. undulata is usually somewhat widened and lined with taller epithelium, in contrast to  Ph. flamenca . In addition, the dorsal surface in  Ph. undulata is covered with an epithelium that lacks cilia (Kenk, 1978), which contrasts with the dorsally ciliated epidermis of  Ph. flamenca . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF877757FF2EB889699D859C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF827749FF2EB85169368109.text	038887CDFF827749FF2EB85169368109.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata asymmetrica Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata asymmetrica Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Figs. 3, 10A–D)</p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6869.1, Spring in Carneros, León, Spain, 20 April 2009, sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>PARATYPES. V.Pl. 6869.2, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6969.3, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6869.4, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6869.5, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Greek word symmetria, symmetrical, and alludes to the asymmetrical course of the two vasa deferentia.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Anatomically,  Phagocata asymmetrica sp. nov. is characterized by (1) the asymmetrical course of the vasa deferentia, in which only one of the sperm ducts forms a loop before penetrating the penis bulb, (2) vasa deferentia openings into the intrabulbar cavity that are located on opposite sides, (3) an ejaculatory duct that receives two types of glandular secretion: the first a fine-grained, erythrophilic secretion; and the second an equally fine-grained, cyanophilic secretion. </p>
            <p>Description. In its elongated state, living, sexually mature specimens measure up to 8 mm long and approximately 1 mm wide. The dorsal body surface presents a dark brown pigmentation (Fig. 10A), except for the margins, which can be hyaline in some specimens. The head is truncated, with slightly rounded lateral edges of the margin and a very small protrusion in the midline. After the level of the copulatory apparatus, the body tapers to a pointed tail. The eyes (eye cup diameter 38 µm in V.Pl. 6869.3 and 46 µm in V.Pl. 6869.2 (in sections)) are set in pigment-free patches, which are located far from the frontal margin and lie close together at a distance of 1/7th to 1/ 9th of the width of the head in living specimens.</p>
            <p>The cylindrical pharynx is situated in the middle of the body and measures about 1/6th of the body length in specimen V.Pl. 6869.1. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a very thick layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket and opens to the exterior underneath the copulatory bursa. In specimen V.Pl. 6869.1 (approximate body length 3.6 mm in sections), the mouth is situated 2.5 mm from the anterior end of the body and 480 µm from the gonopore.</p>
            <p>There are two rows of oval-shaped testes that extend from the ovaries to the posterior end of the body and occupy about half of the dorsoventral diameter. Although the testes are mainly situated ventrally, some follicles may extend dorsally to well beyond the midline, especially in the anterior part of the body, where they can be numerous.</p>
            <p>The vasa deferentia form very large spermiducal vesicles at the level of the pharynx. In the proximity of the penis papilla, one of the vasa deferentia curves dorsally, recurves and narrows before it penetrates the posterolateral wall of the penis bulb. The other vas deferens does not form a loop and enters the penis bulb through its base. Subsequently, it opens into the proximal, anterior section of a small, rounded intrabulbar cavity (10B). The openings of the vasa deferentia into this intrabulbar cavity are located on opposite sides. The wide and straight ejaculatory duct is lined with nucleated epithelium and surrounded by a thin layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres. The ejaculatory duct runs centrally through the penis papilla and receives two types of glandular secretions. The first is a fine-grained, erythrophilic secretion in its proximal section, which is produced by glands that lie in the penis bulb. The second secretion is fine-grained and cyanophilic. It is discharged into the distal section of the duct (Fig. 10C, D).</p>
            <p>The epithelium of the penis papilla is underlain by a layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The small penis bulb is mostly formed by longitudinal muscles and only a few circular muscle layers. The male atrium is lined with thick epithelium (especially in its dorsal part), surrounded by a layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres.</p>
            <p>The ovaries are located a short distance behind the brain and occupy about one-third of the dorsoventral diameter of the body.</p>
            <p>The oviducts run dorsally to the ventral nerve cords and curve dorsally at the level of the penis papilla, where they unite to form a common oviduct. The latter opens into the posterodorsal section of the male atrium. The distal section of the oviducts and the common oviduct receive the openings of abundant shell glands (Fig. 10B). The large sac-shaped copulatory bursa is lined with tall, vacuolated cells. The curved bursal canal runs dorsally to the male atrium. Near the posterior end of the male atrium, the canal curves ventrally to open into the common atrium. The lining epithelium of the wide bursal canal consists of nucleated cells surrounded by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal muscular fibres.</p>
            <p> Discussion. The gross morphology of the copulatory apparatus of  Ph. asymmetrica resembles that of a large number of species of the genus  Phagocata s. s. , which currently lacks any defining, apomorphic features to support its presumed monophyletic status (Sluys, 1995).  Phagocata asymmetrica stands apart from its congeners, due to the different course of the vasa deferentia, in which only one sperm duct markedly loops before penetrating the penis bulb. However, in many species the course of the vasa deferentia has only been cursorily studied or not studied at all. Therefore, we will concentrate on other aspects of its morphology. </p>
            <p> We only compare pigmented species, all of which possess eyes. There are six pigmented species in Europe:  Ph. armeniaca (Komárek, 1916) ,  Ph. maculata (Stankoviċ, 1938) ,  Ph. ullala and  Ph. woodworthi Hyman, 1937 .  Phagocata armeniaca has a ventral diverticulum in its ejaculatory duct, whereas  Ph. asymmetrica has no such structure. The testes in  Ph. maculata extend throughout the entire dorsoventral diameter of the body, and the oviducts have accessory seminal vesicles. In contrast, the testes in  Ph. asymmetrica are smaller and accessory seminal vesicles are absent. The ejaculatory duct in  Ph. ullala follows an acentral course through the penis papilla, whereas it is central in  Ph. asymmetrica .  Phagocata woodworthi (introduced in Loch Ness from North America; cf. Reynoldson et al. 1981) is a polypharyngeal species, whereas  Ph. asymmetrica is monopharyngeal. </p>
            <p> There are twenty pigmented species outside Europe.  Phagocata bulbosa Kenk, 1970 ,  Ph. gracilis (Haldeman, 1840) ,  Ph. kawakatsui Okugawa, 1956 ,  Ph. teshirogii Ichikawa &amp; Kawakatsu, 1962 , and  Ph. virilis Kenk, 1977 all have a very slender and elongated penis papilla, whereas that of  Ph. asymmetrica is more cylindrical and considerably thicker. </p>
            <p> In  Ph. fawcetti Ball &amp; Gourbault, 1975 ,  Ph. papillifera (Ijima &amp; Kaburaki, 1916) , and  Ph. suginoi Kawakatsu, 1974 the common oviduct is enlarged and always much bigger than in  Ph. asymmetrica . The penis papilla is pointed in  Ph. iwamai Ichikawa &amp; Kawakatsu, 1962 , whereas it is blunt in  Ph. asymmetrica . </p>
            <p> Ph. sibirica (Zabusov, 1903) and  Ph. vivida (Ijima &amp; Kaburaki, 1916) have distinct auricles, which are absent in  Ph. asymmetrica .  Phagocata crenophila Carpenter, 1969 and  Ph. fontinalis (Zabusov, 1903) have an asymmetrical penis papilla, whereas the penis papilla of  Ph. asymmetrica is symmetrical.  Phagocata miyadii Okugawa, 1939 has a small common vas deferens, whereas such a structure is absent in  Ph. asymmetrica . In  Ph. nordeni Kenk, 1977 the bursal canal is extremely wide, whereas in  Ph. asymmetrica it is narrower.  Phagocata uenoi Okugawa, 1939 has 4–8 eyes on each side of the head, contrasting with the two eyes (one on each side) of  Ph. asymmetrica . Regarding anatomical features, the penis bulb in  Ph. uenoi is very large, whereas it is much smaller in  Ph. asymmetrica . In  Ph. velata (Stringer, 1909) the testes are dorsal and the ejaculatory duct shows a ventral diverticulum. In contrast, the testes in  Ph. asymmetrica are ventral and there is no ventral diverticulum.  Phagocata vernalis Kenk, 1944 is a protandrous species with a large and pointed penis papilla, in contrast to  Ph. asymmetrica . In  Ph. tahoena Kawakatsu, 1968 the epithelium of the bursal canal is very tall and there is no intrabulbar cavity, whereas in  Ph. asymmetrica the epithelium of the bursal canal is less tall and there is a small, rounded intrabulbar cavity. Differences between  Ph. woodworthi and  Ph. asymmetrica were detailed above. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF827749FF2EB85169368109	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF9D774AFF2EBCF16F8B84B1.text	038887CDFF9D774AFF2EBCF16F8B84B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata gallaeciae Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata gallaeciae Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Figs. 3, 11 A–D)</p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6870.1, River Miño, Ourense city, Spain, 21 November 2004, sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>Other material. ZMA V.Pl. 6871.1, River Miño, Ourense city, Spain, 30 May 2004, sagittal section on four slides; V.Pl. 6871.2, ibid., sagittal section on three slides; V.Pl. 6871.3, sagittal section on five slides; V.Pl. 6871.4, sagittal section on three slides; V.Pl. 6872.1, River Miño under the dam of Belesar, Chantada, Lugo, Spain, February 2007, sagittal sections on four slides; V.Pl. 6872.2, ibid., sagittal section on two slides; V.Pl. 6872.3, ibid., sagittal section on two slides; V.Pl. 6872.4, ibid., sagittal section on two slides; V.Pl. 6872.5, ibid., sagittal section on three slides; V.Pl. 6872.6, ibid., sagittal section on three slides.</p>
            <p> Ecology. Although the areas of Galicia and Asturias in northwestern Spain have been prospected by the authors,  Ph. gallaeciae has only been found in the river Miño (Galicia), a large river in which the species can be very abundant locally. Specimens were collected from under stones. On one occasion, we made an abundant collection of only asexual specimens in the city of Ourense. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word Gallaecia, the region of Galicia in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The specimens were collected from this region.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Phagocata gallaeciae sp. nov. is characterized by vasa deferentia that enter the penis bulb after having followed a recurved loop of varying lengths in each of the spem ducts; the oblique orientation of the cylindrical penis papilla, and a rather small and weak penis bulb. </p>
            <p>Description. Preserved specimens measure up to 6 x 1.5 mm. In living specimens, the dorsal surface is pigmented dark or light brown (Fig. 11 A), with a pigment-free body margin in some animals. The head is truncated, with slightly rounded lateral projections or auricles and a very small protrusion in the medial portion of the frontal margin. Live, active animals show an indistinct “neck” region at the level of the eyes. The hind end of the body is pointed.</p>
            <p>The small eyes (diameter of the pigment cup 30 µm in V.Pl. 6871.2 and 28–36 µm in V.Pl. 6870.1) are set in pigment-free patches that are located far from the frontal margin and lie close together. The number of retinal cells in each pigment cup could not be determined with certainty.</p>
            <p>The cylindrical pharynx is situated in the middle of the body and measures about 1/6th of the body length. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket. In specimen V.Pl. 6870.1, the mouth is situated 2.45 mm from the anterior end of the body and 270 µm from the gonopore, as measured from histological sections.</p>
            <p>The medium-sized testes are densely packed together and extend from the level of the ovaries into the posterior end of the body. They occupy about 1/3rd of the dorsoventral diameter of the body. Although the follicles are situated ventrally, some may extend dorsally to just beyond the midline.</p>
            <p>At the level of the penis papilla, one of the vasa deferentia curves dorsally, ascending to almost the dorsal epidermis in some specimens (V.Pl. 6872.1). It then performs a backward loop and penetrates the dorsal wall of the penis bulb (Fig. 11 B). However, the other sperm duct enters the penis bulb through its base, after having followed a much smaller recurved loop. At the base of the penis papilla the vasa deferentia fuse to form a wide ejaculatory duct that is lined with tall, nucleated epithelium, which is underlain by a thin layer of circular fibres. In specimen V.Pl. 6870.1 and V.Pl. 6871.2, the ejaculatory duct runs centrally through the penis papilla (Fig. 11 B, C). In contrast, in specimen V.Pl. 6871.4 the distal portion of the ejaculatory duct is curved towards the ventral side of the penis papilla and has a slightly subterminal opening, most likely due to preservation artefacts (Fig. 11 D). The cylindrical penis papilla has an oblique orientation. The epithelium of the papilla is underlain by a layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The rather small and weak penis bulb is formed by intermingled longitudinal and circular muscle fibres. The male atrium is covered with a layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres. The lining epithelium of the male atrium is considerably thicker on the dorsal section than it is on the ventral part.</p>
            <p>The ovaries are located a short distance behind the brain and occupy about 1/3rd of the dorsoventral diameter of the body. The oviducts arise from the lateral surface of the ovarial wall, run backwards dorsally to the ventral nerve cords and curve mediodorsally at the level of the gonopore. Thereafter, the oviducts unite to form a vertical common oviduct, which receives the openings of a few shell glands in its central section. This common oviduct opens through the posterior wall of the male atrium. The curved bursal canal runs from the bursa dorsally to the male atrium and opens into the small common atrium. The lining epithelium of the wide (especially at its central section) bursal canal consists of nucleated cells. The canal is surrounded by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, the latter being thicker on the ventral side of the bursal canal. The size of the copulatory bursa varies between specimens (Fig. 11 B, D). The sac-shaped copulatory bursa occupies almost the entire dorsoventral diameter of the body in specimen V.Pl. 6871.4, whereas it is much smaller in specimen V.Pl. 6870.1.</p>
            <p> Discussion. The gross morphology of the copulatory apparatus of  Ph. gallaeciae resembles that of a large number of species of the genus  Phagocata s. s. We will restrict our comparisons to pigmented species. </p>
            <p> Differences between the following species and  Ph. gallaeciae are the same as those presented in the discussion on  Ph. asymmetrica and therefore will not be repeated here:  Ph. armeniaca ,  Ph. bulbosa ,  Ph. crenophila ,  Ph. fawcetti ,  Ph. fontinalis ,  Ph. gracilis ,  Ph. iwamai ,  Ph. kawakatsui ,  Ph. maculata ,  Ph. miyadii ,  Ph. nordeni ,  Ph. papillifera ,  Ph. sibirica ,  Ph. suginoi ,  Ph. teshirogii ,  Ph. uenoi ,  Ph. ullala ,  Ph. velata ,  Ph. vernalis ,  Ph. virilis ,  Ph. vivida and  Ph. woodworthi . </p>
            <p> Two pigmented species remain to be discussed:  Ph. tahoena from North-America and  Ph. asymmetrica . The epithelium of the bursal canal is very tall and the penis bulb very large in  Ph. tahoena , whereas the epithelium is less tall and the penis bulb smaller in  Ph. gallaeciae . </p>
            <p> Each vas deferens in  Ph. asymmetrica follows a different course and when they fuse after having penetrated the penis bulb, the ducts go in opposite directions. In contrast, each vas deferens in  Ph. gallaeciae follows a different course, but both show a marked loop (of different extent) and when they fuse after having penetrated the penis bulb the ducts do not go in opposite directions. In addition, the vasa deferentia in  Ph. asymmetrica fuse just before opening into an intrabulbar cavity, while the ejaculatory duct receives the secretion of two types of glands. In contrast, there is no intrabulbar cavity in  Ph. gallaeciae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF9D774AFF2EBCF16F8B84B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF9F774FFF2EBF5B6DE9819E.text	038887CDFF9F774FFF2EBF5B6DE9819E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata pyrenaica Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata pyrenaica Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Figs. 3, 12 A–B, 13A–B)</p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6873.2, Font de la O, Aramunt, Lleida, Spain, 11 September 2001, sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>PARATYPES. ZMA V.Pl. 6873.1, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6873.3, sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>Other material. ZMA V.Pl. 6874.1, Font de la O, Aramunt, Lleida, Spain, 20 February 2002, sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6874.2, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6874., ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6874.4, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6875.1, Font Barona, Basturs, Lleida, Spain, 31 March 2007, sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6875.2, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6876.1, Font Barona, Basturs, Lleida, Spain, 19 July 2009, sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6876.2, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6876.3, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6877.1, Font de la Figuereta, Pobla de Segur, Lleida, Spain, 24 March 2003, sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6877.2, ibid., sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p> Additional material.  Ph. ullala (holotype) V.Pl.859.1, Ebro Delta, March 1993, sagittal sections on two slides. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word pyrenaicus, of the Pyrenees, in reference to the mountain range from which the specimens were collected.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. With respect to external features,  Phagocata pyrenaica can be distinguished from its congeners by its dorsal pigmentation, which is dark brown or absent, depending on the population. The species also differs from its congeners in the following anatomical features: (1) in the proximity of the penis bulb, the vasa deferentia recurve vertically and dorsally, then descend again towards the penis bulb; (2) the ejaculatory duct runs along the ventral wall of the penis papilla; (3) the ejaculatory duct receives the opening of the penis glands, which is most probably erythrophilic, in its distal section. </p>
            <p>Description. In its elongated state, the living, sexually mature specimens were up to 8 mm long. Preserved specimens are up to 5.2 x 1.3 mm. In living specimens, the dorsal surface is pigmented dark brown or unpigmented, depending on the population (Fig. 12 A, B). The frontal margin of the head shows a small protrusion, while the lateral edges of the margin are rounded. Live, active animals have a neck region at the level of the eyes. The hind end of the body is pointed.</p>
            <p>The relatively small eyes (eye cup diameter between 40 and 50 µm but only 30 µm in V.Pl. 6873.3) are set in pigment-free patches located far from the frontal margin.</p>
            <p>The root of the cylindrical pharynx is situated just after the middle of the body. The pharynx measures between 1/5th and 1/7th of the body length in transparent specimens and about 1/5th of the body length in the black specimen V.Pl. 6876.2. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The mouth is situated underneath the copulatory bursa and is connected to the pharyngeal pouch through a canal of variable shape and diameter (100 µm long in V.Pl. 6873.2 and 115 µm in V.P l. 6876.2). In specimen V.Pl. 6874.1 (approximate body length 3.7 mm in sections) the mouth is situated 2.7 mm from the anterior end of the body and 460 µm from the gonopore.</p>
            <p>The ventrally located, elongated testes extend from the ovaries to the posterior end of the body, occupying about one-half of the dorsoventral diameter of the body. The oval testes of the black specimens are bigger, and occupy about two-thirds of the dorsoventral diameter in specimen V.Pl. 6876.2. Although the testes are situated mainly ventrally some of them are located in a dorsal position. Some of the ventral follicles may extend dorsally to well beyond the midline of the body.</p>
            <p>The vasa deferentia form spermiducal vesicles at the level of the pharynx. In the proximity of the penis bulb, the ducts recurve vertically and dorsally, ascend to the level of the bursal canal in some specimens (V.Pl. 6873.2, V.Pl. 6873.1), then descend again. Shortly after having penetrated the penis bulb the vasa deferentia fuse. The narrow proximal section of the ejaculatory duct runs obliquely towards the ventral surface before it widens and follows its course along the ventral wall of the penis papilla (Fig. 13 A, B). The duct has a distinctly terminal opening at the tip of the penis papilla. The penis glands, which are most probably erythrophilic, open into the ejaculatory duct in its distal section. The dorsal section of the ejaculatory duct is lined with tall, nucleated epithelium (in specimens V.Pl. 6873.2 and V.Pl. 6876.2), which is underlain by a thick layer of circular fibres. The ventral section is lined with flat, nucleated epithelium, underlain with longitudinal fibres in V.Pl. 6873.2.</p>
            <p>The elongated penis papilla has a horizontal orientation (Fig. 13 A, B). The epithelium of the papilla is underlain by a layer of circular muscle fibres, which is thicker in the dorsal portion, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The weak penis bulb is formed mainly by longitudinal muscle fibres. The male atrium is surrounded by a layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres. The epithelium lining the dorsal section of the male atrium is considerably thicker than in the ventral part.</p>
            <p>The ovaries are located a short distance behind the brain and occupy about half of the dorsoventral diameter of the body. The oviducts run from the ovaries backwards to the level of the atrium, where they bend dorsally and, subsequently, unite to form a relatively long common oviduct into which the shell glands open. This common oviduct opens through the posterior wall of the male atrium.</p>
            <p>The oval-shaped copulatory bursa is lined with tall, vacuolated cells. The very wide bursal canal runs dorsally to the male atrium (Fig. 13 A). Near the posterior end of the male atrium the canal curves ventrally to open into the common atrium. The lining epithelium of the bursal canal consists of nucleated cells, surrounded by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. In specimen V.Pl. 6873.2, the copulatory bursa occupies almost the entire dorsoventral diameter of the body.</p>
            <p> Discussion. Sluys et al. (1995) described two distant populations of  Ph. ullala : one in the Ebro Delta (Ullals de Baltasar; holotype and paratypes), and the second in the Pyrenees. Although the specimens collected in the Ullals were fixed well, those from the Pyrenees were not, which resulted in the partial destruction of their tissues (Sluys et al. 1995). Consequently, some of their anatomical features could not be described properly (e.g. the insertion of the penis papilla, and the trajectory of the ejaculatory duct). Both populations were considered to belong to the same species, albeit with some hesitation. The new populations of  Phagocata analysed in the present paper were collected in the vicinity of the sampling sites of the animals from the Pyrenees described by Sluys et al. (1995) and their colouration pattern is very similar to that of the specimens collected by these researchers. In addition, they share some common anatomical features, which suggests that the new animals and those collected by Sluys et al. (1995) belong to the same species, viz.  Ph. pyrenaica . For example, the size of the eyes (49.5–65 µm in animals in Sluys et al. (1995) and 40–50 µm in the new material), the proportions of the pharynx, and the shape of the penis papilla are very similar. Furthermore, the penis glands open into the distal section of the penis papilla in both groups of specimens. </p>
            <p>The only differences between the two populations from the Pyrenees are the meeting point of the vasa deferentia, which is located in the proximal section of the papilla of the animals in Sluys et al. (1995) and just after having penetrated the penis bulb in the new material.</p>
            <p>The trajectory of the ejaculatory duct in the Pyrenean specimens was not described by Sluys et al. (1995), but their figures show that it is ventral in two animals and dorsal in a third specimen. In all the recently collected specimens, the ejaculatory duct follows a ventrally displaced course.</p>
            <p> In addition, our reexamination of the type material of  Ph. ullala deposited at the Zoological Museum Amsterdam (ZMA) uncovered a number of additional species-specific features that were not described by Sluys et al. (1995). First, the ejaculatory duct in all specimens except one (ZMA V.Pl. 860.3, which is immature) is acentral, an important characteristic that was not previously mentioned. After fusion of the vasa deferentia, the ejaculatory duct runs upwards and then curves downwards, following its course to the tip of the penis papilla. In other words, the ejaculatory duct shows a marked bend about half-way during its course through the penis papilla (Fig. 13 C). Second, the vasa deferentia form marked loops before penetrating the penis bulb (except in the holotype). Third, the penis is inserted into the anteroventral section of the male atrium and, therefore, the papilla has a curious, oblique orientation. Furthermore, a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres is present directly below the layer of circular muscles, underneath the lining epithelium of the penis papilla. Sluys et al. (1995) stated that this layer was absent. </p>
            <p> External and anatomical features differentiate  Ph. pyrenaica from  Ph. ullala . While  Ph. ullala presents a brown pigmentation and a mid-dorsal stripe (Fig. 12 C), this line is absent in animals from the Pyrenees, which are dark brown (almost black) or transparent. The pigment-free area around the pigment cup is usually much bigger in  Ph. ullala than in  Ph. pyrenaica . Regarding anatomical features, the ejaculatory duct of  Ph. ullala follows a curved trajectory through the conical penis papilla, which is ventrally inserted, and does not receive the openings of any glands. However, the ejaculatory duct in  Ph. pyrenaica runs a straight and ventrally displaced course and receives the openings of penis glands in its distal section. </p>
            <p> Ph. pyrenaica can be distinguished from other members of the genus  Phagocata by the anatomy of its copulatory aparatus. Only  Ph. mesorchis (Livanov &amp; Zabusova, 1940) is provided with a ventrally displaced ejaculatory duct that runs horizontally and opens at the tip of the penis papilla. However, the ejaculatory duct in  Ph. mesorchis is short and has a seminal vesicle, whereas in  Ph. pyrenaica the ejaculatory duct is long and there is no seminal vesicle. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF9F774FFF2EBF5B6DE9819E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF9B774EFF2EBCF16FC687A2.text	038887CDFF9B774EFF2EBCF16FC687A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata sp. </p>
            <p>(Figs. 1, 14)</p>
            <p> Comparative discussion.  Phagocata vitta is widely distributed in Europe, with the exception of the Alps, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula, where it is replaced by other species (Ball &amp; Reynoldson, 1981). Its main characteristics are an absence of pigmentation (similar to Ph. sp. Fig. 14), the dilatation of the ejaculatory duct that forms a characteristic cavity, and the presence of only one retinal cell in each eye (Sluys et al. 1995). Reproduction may be sexual or asexual by fission. We never observed sexually mature specimens during our samplings and therefore we refrain from assigning these Iberian populations to  Ph. vitta . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF9B774EFF2EBCF16FC687A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF9B7743FF2EBAB26E0C84D6.text	038887CDFF9B7743FF2EBAB26E0C84D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata hellenica Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata hellenica Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Fig. 15 A–C)</p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6878.4, Canal of Argos, near Argos and Néa Kíos, Peloponnese, Greece, 0 8 August 2008, sagittal sections on seven slides.</p>
            <p>PARATYPES. ZMA V.Pl. 6878.1, ibid., horizontal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6878.2, ibid., sagittal sections on five slides; V.Pl. 6878.3, ibid., sagittal sections on four slides; V.Pl. 6878.4, ibid., sagittal sections on four slides; V.Pl. 6878.5, ibid., horizontal sections on two slides.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is based on the Greek hellenikos, meaning Greek.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. With respect to anatomical features,  Phagocata hellenica can be distinguished from its congeners by the combined presence of (1) a short common vas deferens opening at the tip of a short projection into the very proximal part of the ejaculatory duct and (2) a plump plug of cells projecting into a slightly more distal part of the ejaculatory duct. </p>
            <p>Description. Preserved specimens measure up to 7.1 x 2.2 mm. The dorsal surface is transparent and therefore the intestinal branches can be seen (Fig. 15 A). The ventral surface is also devoid of pigment. A small narrowing of the body width is present at the level of the eyes; the tail is rounded or bluntly pointed.</p>
            <p>The eyes (maximum eye cup diameter 58 µm) are located relatively far from the frontal margin. The number of retinal cells in each pigment cup could not be determined with certainty.</p>
            <p>The end of the anterior intestinal branch forms an extension that reaches anterior to the eyes. The cylindrical pharynx is situated in the middle of the body and measures about 1/6th of the body length. The outer epithelium of the pharynx is underlain by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket and opens to the exterior underneath the copulatory bursa. In specimen V.Pl. 6878.4, the mouth is situated 3.28 mm from the anterior end of the body and 106 μm from the gonopore (the total body length of this specimen is 5.68 mm).</p>
            <p>The oval-shaped testes follicles occupy approximately one-half of the dorsoventral diameter of the body and extend from a short distance behind the ovaries into the posterior end of the body. The testes are mainly ventral but some are dorsal. At the level of the penis papilla, the vasa deferentia curve dorsally and, subsequently, recurve before penetrating the wall of the penis bulb. Once they have penetrated the penis bulb, the vasa deferentia open separately into the ejaculatory duct. Within the penis papilla, each vas deferens is surrounded by a thick layer of circular muscles fibres. The ducts fuse to form a very short common vas deferens, which opens at the tip of a small projection into the proximal part of the ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct runs centrally through the penis and opens at the tip of the papilla. The ejaculatory duct is divided histologically into two sections (Fig. 15 B, C). A short proximal, anterior portion is lined with very tall cells, forming a plug that fills almost the entire lumen of the canal. The second, distal section is lined by the usual epithelium, which is pierced by abundant erythrophilic glands.</p>
            <p>The epithelium of the large conical penis papilla is underlain with a layer of thick circular muscle fibres; the epithelium is thinner at the basal wall of the papilla. The weak penis bulb is formed by intermingled longitudinal and circular muscle layers. The dorsal section of the male atrium is lined with thick nucleated epithelium, underlain by a thin layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres.</p>
            <p>The paired, globular ovaries occupy about 1/3rd of the dorsoventral diameter of the body and are located a short distance behind the brain. The oviducts curve mediodorsally at the level of the penis papilla, where they unite to form a common oviduct (Fig. 15 C). This opens into the posterodorsal section of the male atrium. Shell glands discharge into the common oviduct and also into the distal portion of the oviducts. The large copulatory bursa lies between the hind wall of the pharyngeal pocket and the copulatory apparatus and is lined with tall, vacuolated cells. The long bursal canal curves dorsally to the male atrium. The lining epithelium of the wide bursal canal bears distinct cilia and consists of nucleated cells. The canal is surrounded by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal muscle fibres.</p>
            <p> Discussion. The most characteristic anatomical traits of these specimens is a plug of cells in the ejaculatory duct and the short common vas deferens that opens at the tip of a short projection into the most anterior part of the ejaculatory duct. Therefore, we will restrict our comparative discussion to species that have such a plug (cf. Sluys et al. 1995):  Ph. albissima (Vejdoský, 1883) ,  Ph. armeniaca ,  Ph. undulata ,  Ph. bosniaca (Stankoviċ, 1926) ,  Ph. illyrica (Komárek, 1919) ,  Ph. macedonica (Stankoviċ, 1926) ,  Ph. maculata ,  Ph. dalmatica (Stankoviċ &amp; Komárek, 1927) ,  Ph. ochridana ,  Ph. stankovici (Reisinger, 1960) . </p>
            <p> In  Ph. albissima and  Ph. armeniaca , the presumed plug of cells merely consists of an elevated, papillated epithelium. Thus, the plug is very reduced, if present at all. The body margin is folded in  Ph. undulata , but not in  Ph. hellenica . In  Ph. bosniaca the vasa deferentia run through a very long intrapenial papilla-like structure. In contrast, the projection into the lumen of the penis papilla is very short in Greek  Ph. hellenica specimens. The penis papilla is very elongated in  Ph. illyrica and  Ph. macedonica , in contrast to the shorter papilla in the Greek animals.  Phagocata maculata is a pigmented species, whereas the  Ph. hellenica animals are devoid of pigment. </p>
            <p> The organization and histology of the reproductive organs of our specimens of  Ph. hellenica corresponds closely to the scheme of the copulatory apparatuses of  Ph. dalmatica ,  Ph. ochridana and  Ph. stankovici . In his monograph on Lake Ohrid planarians, Kenk (1978) noted that the taxonomic position of these three nominal species is still an open question. After a brief summary of the opinions of various authors, Kenk (1978) concluded that: “It seems to me quite probable that all three will ultimately prove to be one species,  Phagocata dalmatica (Stankoviċ &amp; Komárec) .” The size, shape and body colouration of our specimens is similar to that of  Ph. ochridana and  Ph. stankovici from Lake Ohrid. The size of the pharynx, arrangement of the testes, and shape and structure of the penis papilla and the common oviduct are also similar. In our specimens, the anterior intestinal branch forms an extension that reaches anterior to the eyes. This is a characteristic feature of  Ph. stankovici that is absent from  Ph. ochridana . Recent electrophoretic results (Krstanovski et al. 2004) have been interpreted to favour a separate taxonomic status for  Ph. stankovici , which is frequently considered a synonym of  Ph. ochridana . </p>
            <p> The penis bulb is small in the  Ph. dalmatica group. Its musculature is rather weak and found mainly near its periphery. In our specimens, we found reticulated mesenchymal tissue in the penis bulb that was not described in the former species. This tissue may well be present in these species, but may not have been adequately described in the literature, due to its small size or inconspicuousness. </p>
            <p> In addition to these differences, some specimens of  Ph. ochridana have a characteristic infranucleated ephitelium in the posterior section of the atrium and bursal. This does not appear to be present in the fully nucleated epithelium of the atrium and bursal canal of the new material of  Ph. hellenica from Greece. After careful examination of the description of  Ph. ochridana and of a specimen of this species from lake Ohrid in the Zoological Museum Amsterdam collection we noted that our Greek animals differ from  Ph. ochridana and from any other currently known species of the genus  Phagocata in two features: the combined presence of (1) a short common vas deferens opening at the tip of a short projection into the very proximal part of the ejaculatory duct and (2) a plump plug of cells that project into a slightly more distal part of the ejaculatory duct. In  Ph. ochridana , the short projection of the common vas deferens is absent, while the plug of cells in the ejaculatory duct of this species is always elongated and pointed. Therefore, our Greek specimens represent a new species and do not belong to  Ph. ochridana , even though this species has been reported in mainland Greece. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF9B7743FF2EBAB26E0C84D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF967742FF2EBF7468B381DA.text	038887CDFF967742FF2EBF7468B381DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phagocata graeca Vila-Farre & Sluys	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phagocata graeca Vila-Farré &amp; Sluys ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Table 1, Figs. 16, 17 A–B)</p>
            <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6879.1, Springs of the River Pamisos in Aghios Floros, Peloponnese, Greece, 0 9 August 2008, sagittal sections on three slides.</p>
            <p>PARATYPE. ZMA V.Pl. 6879.2, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is based on the Latin adjective Graecus meaning Greek.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Phagocata graeca sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by (1) oviducts that arise from the ventrolateral side of the ovaries, (2) vasa deferentia that form a loop before penetrating the penis bulb, (3) sections of the vasa deferentia within the penis bulb that are surrounded by a well-developed layer of circular muscle, (4) a rather long common oviduct. </p>
            <p>Description. Preserved animals measure up to 4 x 1 mm. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are hyaline. The eyes (maximum eye cup diameter 48 µm, in sections) are located far from the frontal margin (Fig. 16).</p>
            <p>The cylindrical pharynx is situated in the middle of the body and measures about 1/6th of the body length. Under the outer epithelium of the pharynx is a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres, followed by a layer of circular muscles. The inner epithelium is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscles, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. The mouth is situated in the posterior portion of the pharyngeal pocket. In specimen V.Pl. 6879.1, the mouth is situated 1.67 mm from the anterior end of the body and 0.5 mm from the gonopore. The total body length of this specimen is 2.8 mm.</p>
            <p>There are two ventral rows of elongated to oval-shaped testes that extend from the ovaries to the posterior end of the body. The follicles occupy about two-thirds of the dorsoventral diameter of the body.</p>
            <p>The vasa deferentia increase in diameter at the level of the pharynx, thus forming spermiducal vesicles. At the level of the penis papilla, the sperm ducts curve mediodorsally and, subsequently, recurve and narrow again before penetrating the posterior wall of the penis bulb. Once they have penetrated the penis bulb, the vasa deferentia open separately into the globular seminal vesicle (Fig. 17 A, B). The ejaculatory duct runs centrally through the penis and opens at the rounded tip of the papilla. The lining epithelium of the ejaculatory duct receives the openings of erythrophilic glands, while its lumen is filled with a spermatophore (Fig. 17 A, B). The latter consists of three sections. The first is a wide triangular part that fills the anterior part of the seminal vesicle. The second rod-like section of the spermatophore is located in the ejaculatory duct. The third section, situated in the atrium, is wider and irregularly shaped.</p>
            <p>Reticulated mesenchymal tissue extends from the penis bulb to the base of the penis papilla. The elongated penis papilla is covered with an epithelium that is thicker on its dorsal section and is underlain by a thick layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a layer of longitudinal fibres. The hemispherical penis bulb is formed by intermingled longitudinal and circular muscle fibres. In specimen V.Pl. 6879.1, the dorsal section of the male atrium is lined with a very thick epithelium, which is underlain by a thin layer of circular muscle fibres, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal fibres.</p>
            <p>The paired, globular ovaries occupy about half of the dorsoventral diameter of the body and are located a short distance behind the brain. The oviducts run dorsally to the ventral nerve cords and are equipped with resorptive vesicles formed by the basal section of the vitellaria. The oviducts curve medio-dorsally at the level of the penis papilla and then unite to form a relatively long common oviduct. The latter opens into the posterodorsal section of the male atrium. The sac-shaped copulatory bursa lies between the hind wall of the pharyngeal pocket and the copulatory apparatus and is lined with tall, vacuolated cells. The bursal canal curves dorsally to the male atrium. The lining epithelium of the bursal canal consists of nucleated cells. The canal is surrounded by a layer of intermingled circular and longitudinal muscle fibres.</p>
            <p> Discussion. The combination of external features and the gross morphology of the reproductive system shown by this species resembles only one of the currently known species of  Phagocata , viz.  Ph. albata Ichima &amp; Kawakatsu, 1962 from North Hokkaido, Japan. However, few chararacters suggest that this species is different from  Ph. graeca . The oviducts of the Japanese species arise from the dorsolateral surface of the ovaries, whereas they originate from the ventrolateral side in  Ph. graeca . The vasa deferentia do not form a loop in  Ph. albata and the common oviduct is rather short, in contrast with  Ph. graeca . In addition, the sections of the vasa deferentia within the penis bulb are surrounded by a well-developed layer of circular muscle, which is presumably absent in  Ph. albata , although this is not specifically mentioned by Ichima &amp; Kawakatsu (1962). In our experience, these differences and the great geographic distance between sampling localities indicate that these are two different species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF967742FF2EBF7468B381DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF917744FF2EBCB86E8C85A9.text	038887CDFF917744FF2EBCB86E8C85A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycelis nigra (Müller 1774) Muller 1774	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycelis nigra (Müller, 1774)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 3, 18 A–C)</p>
            <p>Material examined. ZMA V.Pl. 6880.1, River Miño in the "Ferri" de Goyan, Goyan, Pontevedra, Spain, 28 May 2005, sagittal sections on five slides; V.Pl. 6880.2, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6881.1, River Miño in Ourense city, Spain, 0 3 March 2002, sagittal sections on three slides; V.Pl. 6881.2, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6881.3, ibid., sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6882.1, River Uncín in the beach of Concha de Artedo, Lamuño, Asturias, Spain, sagittal sections on two slides; V.Pl. 6883.1, River La Muga, Les Escaules, Girona, Spain, sagittal sections on four slides.</p>
            <p> Comparative discussion.  Polycelis nigra is one of the most widespread freshwater planarians in Europe. However, it is extremely scarce in the Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 3), where it had only been found in the basin of the river Muga, Girona Province (Baguñà et al. 1980, 1981). We collected the species from five new Iberian localities: Galicia (three localities), Asturias (one locality, northwestern Spain) and Girona (one locality, northeastern Spain). Animals from Asturias reproduce sexually, as is usual in this species. The egg capsules are covered with a hemispherical envelope formed by a transparent, gelatinous or mucous substance (Fig. 18 A). </p>
            <p> After a period of starvation at 21 Cº in the laboratory, several specimens from the river Muga (that belongs to a previously known population) enveloped themselves in a transparent, oval-shaped capsule (Fig. 18 B), apparently formed by secretions of their own mucus. The planarians were completely inactive inside the capsule. When forced to leave their envelope (18C), the worms returned to their normal active condition. The gelatinous envelope of the egg capsules as well as the envelope observed in encysted adult specimens suggest that Iberian populations of  P. nigra have developed forms of resistance to desiccation or starvation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF917744FF2EBCB86E8C85A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF917747FF2EBA1E69F28753.text	038887CDFF917747FF2EBA1E69F28753.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Girardia tigrina (Girard 1850) Girard 1850	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 2)</p>
            <p> Comparative discussion. The freshwater triclad flatworm  Girardia tigrina is one of the most widespread planarians in North America (Kenk, 1944; Hyman, 1951; Mettrick et al. 1970; Chandler &amp; Darlington, 1986; Thorp &amp; Covich, 1991) and has successfully invaded several European countries (Dahm, 1955; Gourbault, 1969; Van Der Velde, 1975; Ball &amp; Reynoldson, 1981; Ribas et al. 1989; Gee &amp; Young, 1993) as well as Japan, Australia and South America (Sluys et al. 1995). This eurythermic species (Claussen &amp; Walters, 1982) has been reported in many areas in the eastern sector of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (Baguñà et al. 1980, 1981; Ribas et al. 1989) and on one occasion in Galicia in northeastern Spain (Servia et al. 2006). It has also been reported in some isolated areas of central Spain (Baguñà et al. 1981; Gamo &amp; Gourbault, 1981). </p>
            <p>Sampling at many localities of the Mediterranean area of the Iberian Peninsula have yielded specimens with external traits that correspond to one of the two known asexual strains of G. t i g r i n a (cf. Ribas et al. 1989): a markedly triangular head; two large and close-set eyes anterior to prominent auricular slits; a blotchy and grey dorsal surface; a pale ventral surface. However, the species is very scarce in Galicia and in the Cantabrian coastal region (records for the latter region are new; Fig. 2). All of the animals that were collected were asexual.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF917747FF2EBA1E69F28753	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF927747FF2EBDB36802851B.text	038887CDFF927747FF2EBDB36802851B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt 1861) Schmidt 1861	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Schmidtea polychroa (Schmidt, 1861)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 1)</p>
            <p> Comparative discussion.  Schmidtea polychroa is a freshwater planarian with a Europe-wide distribution (Dahm &amp; Gourbault, 1978) that is also present in the Azores (Malhao et al. 2007) and has been introduced into Canada (Ball, 1969; Mettrick et al. 1970; Boddington &amp; Mettrick, 1974). In the Iberian Peninsula, the species was previously recorded in Catalonia and Valencia (both in eastern Spain). Only two populations are known from central Spain (Baguñà et al. 1981). We found new populations in the river Miño (Galicia, northwestern Spain), the river Esla (province of León, northern sector of the Iberian Peninsula), and new localities in the basin of the river Ebro, Valencia, and the provinces of Barcelona and Girona. The species has also been collected in Barcelona from the "Viver dels Tres Pins", a plant nursery with several ponds, where it coexists with  Schmidtea mediterranea . The new records considerably extend the known distribution range of the species in the Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 1). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF927747FF2EBDB36802851B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
038887CDFF92777BFF2EBFA069778554.text	038887CDFF92777BFF2EBFA069778554.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schmidtea mediterranea (Benazzi, Baguñà, Ballester & Del Papa 1975) Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester & Del Papa 1975	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Schmidtea mediterranea (Benazzi, Baguñà, Ballester &amp; Del Papa, 1975)</p>
            <p>(Fig. 1)</p>
            <p> Discussion of the Iberian populations. The Mediterranean species  Schmidtea mediterranea has been reported in Barcelona, Girona (Fig. 1), Menorca, Mallorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Tunisia (  Benazzi et al. 1975; De Vries et al. 1984; Baguñà et al. 1999; Harrath et al. 2004). Spanish animals belong to an asexual strain that is only able to reproduce by means of fission, whereas members of other populations undergo sexual reproduction. In Barcelona,  S. mediterranea is found only in the pond system of the Montjuïc Mountain, within the city’s perimeter. During recent sampling on Montjuïc, we only found the species in the “Viver dels Tres Pins”, a plant nursery with several ponds. We have not found specimens in Girona, although we searched on one occasion. </p>
            <p> General remarks on diversity. The triclad fauna of Europe is mainly formed by three ecological groups of species. The first includes hypogean and groundwater species that are particularly speciose in France, central and eastern Europe, e.g. several dendrocoelids,  Ph. vitta (which are also present in streams),  Plagnolia vandeli De Beauchamp &amp; Gourbault, 1964 ,  Polycelis benazzi De Beauchamp, 1955 ,  Crenobia alpina anophthalma (Mrázek, 1907) and  Dugesia absoloni (Komárek, 1919) (see Dahm &amp; Gourbault, 1978). Cave-dwelling species of this group are very scarce in Spain. </p>
            <p> The second group is formed by spring- and cold stream-dwelling species. From that group, members of the genus  Phagocata are considered to be typical inhabitants of springs (cf. Roca et al. 1992) and widely distributed in southern Europe.  Crenobia alpina (Dana, 1766) and  Polycelis felina , whose distributions are restricted to cold streams and springs, are well represented in European and Iberian waters, whereas  Dugesia gonocephala (Dugès, 1830) , a stream-dwelling species, is absent from Spain. </p>
            <p> The third group of species includes warm water species and is represented in central and northern Europe by lake-dwelling triclads that are also present in warm rivers. These central European species typically reproduce sexually and have been reported very rarely in Spain and Portugal (see Baguñà et al. 1981; García-Mas &amp; Jiménez, 1984). Here, as well as in the rest of the Mediterranean area, the genus  Dugesia Girard, 1850 is very abundant. In this region, populations of  Dugesia with a triploid karyotype that reproduce by fissiparity are exceptionally abundant (Lázaro et al. 2009) and outnumber diploid sexual populations, and triploid parthenogenetic populations in certain areas, such as the Iberian Peninsula. In general terms, the number of species that are capable of reproduction by fission increases from northern to southern Europe. </p>
            <p> Nevertheless, this ecological classification is not absolute (cf. Reynoldson, 1974). In general terms, lake-dwelling species also inhabit quiet areas of rivers, while stream species may also be present in cold lakes (Reynoldson, 1953).  Dendrocoelum lacteum is a lake-dwelling triclad, but it has been found in rapid streams in southern Sweden, where it has taken the spatial niche of  Crenobia alpina (Herrmann, 1986) . In the Iberian Peninsula, the lake-dwelling species  Schmidtea polychroa mainly occurs in rivers, as lowland natural lakes are rarely present in this area. </p>
            <p>Traditionally, the Iberian Peninsula was considered to be relatively poor in triclad species. However, the new data in this paper suggest that the low species richness of the Iberian Peninsula is due to a collector’s artefact, and that our knowledge of the number of species and of their distribution is far from complete. However, our samples confirm that lake-dwelling species are scarce in this area. These ecological trends are described in more detail below, albeit with the caveat that major areas of the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Central and Southern Spain) remain to be explored.</p>
            <p> Hypogean and groundwater species in Spain. Most of the dendrocoelids from central and western Europe occur in hypogean habitats and have a very small distribution range, as far as is known.  Dendrocoelum lacteum is the only epigean species that is widely distributed in Europe and is present in both lakes and rivers. We have only found two new populations of dendrocoelids, which are probably inhabitants of hypogean waters. Species of this group are rarely observed in surface waters and this could be why  D. inexspectatum was only found on one occasion, even though we visited the same station several times. Hypogean species are hard to find. We suspect that they occur in many other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, but will only be found after intensive sampling efforts that include caves. The northern Pyrenees are rich in hypogean dendrocoelids (Gourbault, 1972) and the southern slopes of these mountains will probably yield greater diversity after detailed study. </p>
            <p> Phagocata vitta , a white planarian that is widely distributed in Europe, occurs in springs, seasonal waters and brooks (Gourbault, 1972; Ball &amp; Reynoldson, 1981). In Spain, a white hypogean planarian similar to  Ph. vitta is treated here as  Phagocata sp. and has been found at fifteen localities (about eleven during our sampling; Fig. 1). Its distribution seems to be discontinuous when only surface waters are considered, but the species may be widespread, as it mainly occurs in groundwater. At several localities, the species has only been observed after rainy periods when groundwater emerges on the surface. In addition, the hypogean habit means that traps frequently need to be used to catch specimens, which are only sporadically present in surface waters.  Phagocata vitta is the only European member of the genus that has colonized the northernmost areas of the continent and the British Isles. However, the taxonomic status of this wide-ranging species is uncertain, due to the presence of different karyological races in Europe (see Roca et al. 1992 and references therein). </p>
            <p> Currently, it is not possible to determine whether the Iberian populations of this white  Phagocata represent a new species or one of the known species, as we have not collected sexually reproductive specimens. Therefore, we have followed a conservative approach to taxonomy and refer to these animals as  Phagocata sp. </p>
            <p> Diversity of the genus  Phagocata in Spain. Balkan species of the genus  Phagocata form an anatomically homogeneous group of planarians with characteristic histology of the copulatory apparatus (cf. Kenk, 1978). They form a spermatophore that is used in the transfer of sperm to the copulatory bursa of the partner. All members of this Balkan group are white, with the exception of  Ph. maculata . However, the pigmentation of the latter is usually reduced to some spots and its internal anatomy conforms closely to that of the rest of the Balkan  Phagocata . </p>
            <p> The analysis of the anatomy and distribution of  Phagocata species in Spain reveals the presence of a heterogeneous group whose only distinctive characteristic is its pigmentation. The species presents diverse histology of the copulatory apparatus from which no common morphological feature can be extracted, except for the presence of a weak penis bulb and the absence of a spermatophore. The histological organization of the ejaculatory duct is very diverse, in contrast with the homogeneous structure of the ejaculatory duct in the Balkan species. </p>
            <p> Four out of the five Iberian epigean species are restricted to only a few freshwater springs and adjacent streams. This suggests that the morphological diversity may partly be the result of springs functioning as isolating barriers in speciation (Nielsen, 1950, 1951; Hubbs, 1961; Roca et al. 1992) and genetic differentiation (Brändle et al. 2005). For example, studies of spring populations of  Crenobia alpina in Germany (Brändle et al. 2005) show that this species forms rather isolated populations with little dispersal between springs. Furthermore, it is suggested that the genetic differentiation between populations does not reflect the present geography of drainage systems, but the geography of the ancestral drainage system of the area (Brändle et al. 2005). Similarly, the geological history of the Iberian Peninsula, where the Mediterranean rivers have been isolated for long periods of time, may have led to species differentiation in the genus  Phagocata in the same way as was suggested for other Iberian groups with poor dispersal ability, such as fish and hydrobid snails (Arconada &amp; Ramos, 2003). </p>
            <p> We have never observed reproduction by fission in this group of epigean species. On one occasion, we collected only asexual specimens of  Ph. gallaeciae from Ourense (river Miño, Galicia). The population was abundant at that time, but no sexual specimen could be found. This suggests that the species may become asexual for part of the year, although this needs to be analysed in more detail. </p>
            <p> Phagocata gallaeciae inhabits the Miño, a river with a large effluence. This is a very unusual habitat, as members of this genus are usually restricted to springs and creeks associated with cold microhabitats (Reynoldson, 1965 and references therein). However, we have never found  Phagocata species in springs in this area or on the Cantabrian coast, where wells are inhabited by  Polycelis felina or, more rarely, by  Dugesia sp. </p>
            <p> In 1918 at the Quelle de la Figuereta spring (Lleida, northeastern Spain), Arndt (1926) collected two immature or asexual specimens of an unidentified brown planarian. He suggested that these specimens, classified as  Planaria sp., could belong to the species  Planaria lugubris (  Schmidtea lugubris (Schmidt, 1861) , but note that at that time  S. lugubris and  S. polychroa were frequently confused). We visited the site and observed brown individuals of  Phagocata that were externally identical to  Phagocata pyrenaica . Two sexual specimens were sectioned (V.Pl.6877.1, V.Pl.6877.2). An examination of their copulatory apparatuses confirmed their identity as members of  Ph. pyrenaica . In addition, this locality is only about 10 km from the type locality of this species (populated by transparent specimens) and about 16 km from the other known locality (near Basturs, which is populated by brown specimens). Therefore, we believe that Arndt (1926) collected immature specimens of the brown form of  Phagocata pyrenaica . Despite the fact that he collected “  Planaria lugubris ” in the river nearby, springs are not a suitable habitat for this lake-dwelling species (Ball &amp; Reynoldson, 1981) or for its close relative  Schmidtea polychroa . </p>
            <p> Apparent scarcity of lake-dwelling species in the Iberian Peninsula. Central European lake-dwelling triclads with sexual reproduction that also occur in warm rivers are very rare in the Iberian Peninsula. Three of these species,  Schmidtea lugubris ,  Planaria torva (Müller, 1774) and  Polycelis tenuis , have been reported in Spain and Portugal on several occasions, but their presence is very doubtful as the records are usually based on external morphology only.  Polycelis nigra and  Dendrocoelum lacteum are known in only a few localities.  Schmidtea polychroa is the only member of this group that is widely distributed in Spain (Fig. 1). Baguñà et al. (1981) proposed that the significant absence of lake-dwelling species is partially due to the scarcity of natural lakes at low altitude. However, these species also occur in rivers. Therefore, shortage of lakes alone cannot explain their rarity. Historical factors apparently have not prevented the occurrence of some of the species of this group, as  D. lacteum and  P. nigra are present in the Iberian Peninsula. Regarding ecological factors, temperature and oxygen concentration in Iberian rivers most likely do not constrain their distribution. An alternative explanation is that the characteristic highly seasonal discharge pattern of the Mediterranean rivers, with periodical torrential floods and severe droughts (Bonada et al. 2007), favours the predominance of species with asexual reproduction. In particular, it favours species of the genus  Dugesia , which is dominant in the Mediterranean sector of Spain. Four factors may promote the success of asexual species or populations. First, this reproductive trait allows rapid colonization of recently disturbed areas, even under conditions of very low population density (Lázaro et al. 2009). Second, the size of a  Dugesia specimen that originates from the tail of a fissiparous individual (the equivalent of a hatchling emerging from an egg capsule) is bigger than hatchlings of any of these European species (pers. obs.), which increases its chances of survival. Third, the embryonic development of the egg capsules lasts on average about 20 days at 20 ºC, while complete regeneration of a tail piece of  Dugesia takes only about five days under similar thermal conditions. This suggests that the fissiparous species can more rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions. Fourth, egg-laying species are better competitors in areas with high levels of resources (Reynoldson, 1961; Calow et al. 1979), which is probably not the case in disturbed areas, such as Mediterranean rivers just after long periods of floods or drought. The fact that several Spanish freshwater planarians may encapsulate in a thin cocoon of mucus under unfavourable environmental conditions (Ribas, 1990) or in the laboratory (present work) suggests that this is an adaptation to the irregular water levels in Mediterranean rivers. Ribas (1990) found that  Schmidtea polychroa encysted inside mucous capsules in artificial canals that are frequently dry. Similarly, Ribas (1990) also observed specimens of  Dugesia sicula Lepori, 1948 enclosed in pieces of humid mud. Our finding that  P. nigra also encysts when starved suggests that European species living at the borders of their distribution range, in presumably non-optimal habitats, are able to use a survival strategy that has not been observed in other areas with more suitable environments. </p>
            <p> Encystment in a mucous cyst has been reported in several other planarian species. It forms part of their asexual reproductive cycle in the following species:  Phagocata velata and  Ph. fawcetti from North America and several species of the genus  Atrioplanaria De Beauchamp, 1932 . In  Ph. velata and  Ph. fawcetti , an animal may fragment into multiple pieces and each fragment is encased in mucous. In this condition, the fragment may survive dry periods in its vernal habitat (Ball et al. 1981). The European species  Ph. vitta (Dugès, 1830) may also reproduce asexually by fragmentation (Ball &amp; Reynoldson 1981). In this species, specimens may encyst and thus survive in temporary springs (Stankoviċ &amp; Komárek, 1927). </p>
            <p> Species of  Atrioplanaria may also reproduce by fission or fragmentation. For several species of this genus, either entire animals or fragments may become enveloped in a mucous covering, viz.  A. prosorchis (Kenk, 1937) ,  A. notadena (De Beauchamp, 1937) ,  A. aquabellae Bromley, 1983 , A. sp. (cf. Bromley 1983 and references therein). Specimens of  A. notadena may survive complete drying up of cave pools by being enclosed in clay whose hygroscopic properties provide a sufficient degree of humidity for the dormant individual (Ginet &amp; Puglisi, 1964). </p>
            <p> The marine triclad  Procerodes lobatus (Schmidt, 1861) may also encapsulate in a thin, transparent and elastic capsule. As the animals may encapsulate under otherwise favourable environmental conditions and the capsules cannot totally prevent desiccation, researchers have been unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for this behaviour (cf. Sluys, 1989 and references therein). The same may apply to the egg capsules with a mucous layer in P. n i g r a or the encystment of adults, i.e. that these mucous capsules are probably not sufficient to prevent desiccation in case of total absence of water. However, these structures probably enhance the probability of survival if some water remains in the river. Similarly Child (1913) observed that encapsulated pieces of  Phagocata velata were not able to resist total desiccation. However, the species was able to survive in “ditches and pools partly filled with dead leaves where even though the water disappears, the bottom under the thick layer of leaves is always more or less wet and the encysted pieces are not subjected to drying” (Child 1913, p. 182). Encysted adult specimens of P. n i g r a are apparently totally inactive (no movement was observed), which may be a way to reduce energy consumption under starvation, a condition that promotes encystment of the animals, at least under laboratory conditions. </p>
            <p> Notes on the ecology of  Girardia tigrina . The great ability of G. t i g r i n a to colonize new environments is the result of several factors. First, it is able to use artificial channels for dispersal (Wright, 1987). Second, dispersal through human activity facilitates the colonization of new water bodies (Wright, 1987). Third, it is an opportunistic feeder that can exploit blooms of suitable prey (Pickavance, 1971), and it can also prey on other triclads, at least under laboratory conditions (Young &amp; Reynoldson, 1999). Fourth, one animal is potentially able to establish a new population due to its great capacity of asexual reproduction (Young &amp; Reynoldson, 1999). Fifth, observations by Young &amp; Reynoldson (1999 and references therein) and by the authors of the present work suggest that G. t i g r i n a adheres to surfaces (e.g. stones and vegetation) better than any other triclad species found in British and Iberian freshwaters, which may have contributed to its great success. Finally, G. t i g r i n a can tolerate very eutrophic habitats, brackish environments (Wright, 1987) and warm waters (Russier &amp; Lascombe, 1970; Wright, 1987). The morphological variation observed between Iberian populations strongly suggests that independent introductions from its native area have recently occurred (Ribas et al. 1989). Sluys et al. (2005) extensively discussed the morphological variation observed in various populations of  G. tigrina from its native area as well as from regions in which it was introduced. </p>
            <p> The species has been able to colonize several locations in the Iberian Mediterranean area due to the large network of agricultural irrigation channels. Although it is scarcely recorded in artificial water reservoirs, it is the only triclad that is present in these habitats, with the exception of one record of  Dugesia sp. in the reservoir Pantà de Ulldecona (province of Castelló; northeastern Spain). </p>
            <p> Girardia tigrina has been observed to coexist with all other known Spanish freshwater planarians, except  Dendrocoelum spatiosum and the members of the genus  Phagocata that are restricted to springs. This suggests that its partly opportunistic diet allows the species to successfully establish new populations at localities previously only inhabited by autochthonous Iberian planarians. </p>
            <p> G. tigrina is restricted to nine sites in the Cantabrian Mountains and along the Cantabrian coast, where the relatively low temperature and frequently high velocity of the rivers running from the slopes of the mountains are not suitable for the species, as it is better adapted to warmer waters. </p>
            <p> Schmidtea mediterranea in decline in the Iberian Peninsula. The species  S. mediterranea has recently acquired new scientific relevance due to its appropriate physiological characteristics in relation to its regeneration abilities (Kiefer, 2006). Furthermore it is an important model organism in developmental studies, which has resulted in the sequencing of its genome (Robb et al. 2008). This provides additional reasons for the conservation of this natural population. </p>
            <p> The asexual strain of  S. mediterranea , which reproduces only by fission, is restricted in Spain to (1) a few sites on Montjuïc mountain, within Barcelona’s limits, (2) Girona and (3) the Balearic Islands. However, during recent sampling in Barcelona we observed a marked reduction in the number of populations.  S. mediterranea disappeared from two ponds after they were reformed or cleaned. A third pond system, a plant nursery known as “Viver dels Tres Pins”, was successfully invaded by  Schmidtea polychoa , whose external morphology is almost identical to that of  S. mediterranea . We recorded  S. polychroa from Montjuïc in 2007 and have observed its presence and reproduction up to the present time.  S. polychroa is easily transported with aquatic plants and it is therefore able to colonize new habitats, as we have observed in an artificial pond recently constructed in Girona. Despite the fact that the possible interaction between  S. polychroa and  S. mediterranea is uncertain, there is some cause for concern as it has been shown that the introduction of alien planarians may result in the drastic decline of autochthonous species (Reynoldson, 1985). </p>
            <p> In the fourth pond on Montjuïc Mountain in which  S. mediterranea was found, “Pantà de la Fuxarda”, we observed an abundant population of the introduced crayfish  Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) . Its introduction is known to cause dramatic changes in native plant and animal communities (Gutiérrez-Yurrita &amp; Montes, 1999). In addition,  S. mediterranea was usually observed under the leaves of water lilies, which have disappeared (Emili Saló, personal communication). Finally, the size of the pond has been substantially reduced. </p>
            <p> The second Iberian population of  S. mediterranea is located in Girona, northeastern Spain. On a visit to the area we could not find any specimens. As we visited only one of the several possible habitats in that region, a more intensive sampling effort is needed to evaluate the situation of the species in this area. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF92777BFF2EBFA069778554	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vila-Farré, Miquel;Sluys, Ronald;Almagro, Ío;Handberg-Thorsager, Mette;Romero, Rafael	Vila-Farré, Miquel, Sluys, Ronald, Almagro, Ío, Handberg-Thorsager, Mette, Romero, Rafael (2011): Freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece: diversity and notes on ecology. Zootaxa 2779: 1-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206798
