identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038B1F5CFFBBAB76FEECD34F4FCAF97E.text	038B1F5CFFBBAB76FEECD34F4FCAF97E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucifuga	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lucifuga</p>
            <p> Lucifuga Poey, 1858: 95 (type species:  Lucifuga subterraneus Poey, 1858 by subsequent designation of Jordan and Evermann (1896), type locality: Caves of San Antonio, South Cuba.  Stygicola Gill, 1863: 252 (type species:  Lucifuga dentatus (Poey, 1858) by original designation, type locality: Cave of Cajio, Cuba). </p>
            <p> Remarks. Poey (1858) described  Lucifuga subterraneus and  Lucifuga dentata after the generic description in the same volume, without type species designation. The designation of a type species was done subsequently by Jordan and Evermann (1896) as stated in Cohen and McCosker (1998) and Nielsen et al. (1999), and not by monotopy as stated in Eschmeyer (1998) and Nielsen (2003). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B1F5CFFBBAB76FEECD34F4FCAF97E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Møller, Peter R.;Schwarzhans, Werner;Iliffe, Thomas M.;Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Møller, Peter R., Schwarzhans, Werner, Iliffe, Thomas M., Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2006): Revision of the Bahamian cave­fishes of the genus Lucifuga (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae), with description of a new species from islands on the Little Bahama Bank. Zootaxa 1223: 23-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172611
038B1F5CFFBCAB71FEECD742482EFC4C.text	038B1F5CFFBCAB71FEECD742482EFC4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucifuga	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to Atlantic species of  Lucifuga</p>
            <p> 1 Caudal finrays 8; total vertebrae 45–48 (not known for  L. teresinarum ); eye diameter 0.0–0.3 % SL, Cuban  Lucifuga spp ............................................................................... 2 </p>
            <p> ­ Caudal finrays 10; total vertebrae 50–55; eye diameter 0.7–1.8 % SL; Bahamian Lucif­ uga  spp .. ........................................................................................................................ 5 </p>
            <p>2 Palatine teeth present..................................................................................................... 3</p>
            <p>­ Palatine teeth absent ...................................................................................................... 4</p>
            <p> 3 Dorsal finrays 83–95, ratio otolith length to sulcus length &lt;2.8 ....................  L. dentata</p>
            <p> ­ Dorsal finrays 70–78, ratio otolith length to sulcus length&gt; 3.5 ......................  L. simile</p>
            <p> 4 Dorsal finrays 80–86; pectoral finrays 12–14 ..........................................  L. subterranea</p>
            <p> ­ Dorsal finrays 78–80; pectoral finrays 10–11. .........................................  L. teresinarum</p>
            <p> 5 Lateral occipital area naked, palatine teeth present; long gill­rakers usually dark ......... ....................................................................................................................  L. spelaeotes</p>
            <p> ­ Lateral occipital area scaled, palatine teeth absent; long gill­rakers pale ....................... .............................................................................................................  L. lucayana n. sp.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B1F5CFFBCAB71FEECD742482EFC4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Møller, Peter R.;Schwarzhans, Werner;Iliffe, Thomas M.;Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Møller, Peter R., Schwarzhans, Werner, Iliffe, Thomas M., Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2006): Revision of the Bahamian cave­fishes of the genus Lucifuga (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae), with description of a new species from islands on the Little Bahama Bank. Zootaxa 1223: 23-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172611
038B1F5CFFBCAB7EFEECD5BF4E88FB56.text	038B1F5CFFBCAB7EFEECD5BF4E88FB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucifuga lucayana	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lucifuga lucayana ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 2 –6, Tables 1–3)</p>
            <p> Lucifuga spelaeotes (not Cohen &amp; Robins, 1970): Yager 1981: 328; Cunliffe 1985: 108, photo; Palmer 1985a: 114, photo 51; Yager &amp; Williams 1988: 102; Wilkens et al. 1989: 127 (eyes); Smith– Vaniz &amp; Böhlke 1991: 202 (part); Cohen &amp; McCosker 1998: 184 (part); Proudlove 2001: 207 (part). </p>
            <p>Material examined (6 specimens, of which 3 lack the head, 44–99 mm SL, due to earlier studies of the eye development (H. Wilkens pers. comm.). Identification of headless specimens based on finray and vertebrae counts).</p>
            <p>Holotype: ANSP 146475, 99 mm SL, female, Grand Bahama Island, Lucayan Caverns, depth 12 m, collected by Dennis Williams, 1 November 1980.</p>
            <p>Paratypes: ANSP 148497, 44 mm SL, male, Abaco Island, inland sink hole, precise location and depth unknown, collected by Dennis Williams, date unknown; BMNH 1984.12.1.20, 80 mm SL, female, Grand Bahama Island, Pisces Cave, Zodiac Caverns, depth 15 m, collected by Robert Palmer, 4 July 1984 (see Palmer 1985a); ZMH 9517, ca. 85 mm SL, head missing, female, Abaco Island, 26°14'30''N, 77°11'25''W, collected by Dennis Williams, 7 June 1984; ZMH 9522, ca. 110 mm SL, head missing, male, Grand Bahama Island, Lucayan Caverns, other data missing; ZMH 9566, ca. 125 mm SL, head missing, male, Grand Bahama Island, Lucayan Caverns, other data missing.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Lucifuga lucayana is distinguished from other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: Vertebrae 12–13+37–39=50–52, dorsal finrays 84–91, anal finrays 63–69, pectoral finrays 17–18, caudal finrays 10; head profile above eye strongly depressed, scales on occiput, eyes present (0.9–1.0 % SL); palatine teeth absent; color uniformly light brown, long gill­rakers 3, pale. </p>
            <p> Similarity.  Lucifuga lucayana resembles  L. spelaeotes in all but a few characters listed in Tables 1–3. It differs in the lack of palatine teeth (vs. 3–56) (fig. 6), color of elongated gill­rakers (pale vs. dark) and the broadly scaled occiput (vs. occiput scaled only in central part) (fig. 4). Furthermore,  L. lucayana in average have fewer dorsal finrays (84– 91, x=89.2 vs. 86–109, x=97.5), anal finrays (63–69, x=66.2 vs. 66–82, x=73.8) (Tables 1– 3) and perhaps smaller eyes (0.9–1.0, x=1.0 vs. 0.7–1.8, x = 1.3 % SL, fig. 5). </p>
            <p> Lucifuga lucayana resembles two Cuban species  L. subterranea and  L. teresinarum in the lack of palatine teeth, but it differs from these and the two other Cuban species in several characters e.g. larger eye (0.9–1.0 vs. 0.0–0.3 % SL), and in the higher number of vertebrae (12–13 +37–39 = 50–52 vs. 11+34–37 = 45–48 (unknown for  L. teresinarum ) and caudal finrays (10 vs. 8) (Table 3). It further differs from the Cuban species  L. dentata and  L. simile by the lack of palatine teeth and number of anal finrays (63–69 vs. 69–78 and 57– 60, respectively). </p>
            <p>Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–3. Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head profile strongly depressed (figs. 2–4). Eyes relatively small, 0.9–1.0 % SL (fig. 5). Upper jaw slightly protruding. Anterior nostril tubeshaped, placed low on snout near upper lip; posterior nostril a mere hole, larger, about midway between snout and eye. Maxilla expanded posteriorly, not sheathed by skin flap. Opercular spines absent. Anterior gill arch with 3 elongate rakers and 13 (10–14) broad plates arranged in the following configuration: Upper branch with 3 (3–5) broad plates; the bend between upper and lower gill arch with one long raker, and lower gill arch with 1 (0– 1) small plate, 2 elongate rakers interspersed with 1 small plate and followed by 8 (6–8) small plates. Pseudobranchial filaments 2 (1–2). Branchiostegal rays 7.</p>
            <p>Scales on body large, oval (in HT about 1.6 mm horizontally at mid­body, and about 20 horizontal rows above anal fin origin); vertical fins and pectoral fin naked except for scales on pectoral fin peduncle. Predorsal area, operculum and top of head, including the occiput scaled. Snout, interorbital, area below eyes and narrow supraorbital and postorbital bands naked (figs. 3A, 4A–B).</p>
            <p>Origin of dorsal fin above tip of pectoral fins. Pelvic fin with a single ray reaching about one third from its base to origin of anal fin. Pectoral fin on the middle of body, peduncle short and narrow. Caudal fin free, not fused with dorsal and anal fins.</p>
            <p>Head sensory pores: Supraorbital pores 4, anteriormost 3 on snout and posteriormost above opercular flap; infraorbital pores 6 (3 large anteriorly and smaller 3 posteriorly); mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior), the 2nd anterior very long, the posterior ones increasing in size; preopercular pores 2 (2 lower and 0 upper) (fig. 3A). Lateral line with 13 (12–13) dorsal neuromasts anteriorly and 35 (34–35) medio­lateral neuromasts posteriorly. Many small sensory papillae on head.</p>
            <p> L. lucayana L. spelaeotes</p>
            <p>HT HT and 5 PTs1 HT HT, PT and 42 nontypes</p>
            <p>ANSP Mean and range USNM Mean and range 146475 204603</p>
            <p>Number of dorsal finrays</p>
            <p>84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 n Number of anal finrays</p>
            <p>63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 n New Providence Island 1 1 1 2 7 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 34 Number of pectoral finrays Number of total vertebrae</p>
            <p>17 18 19 20 21 n 50 51 52 53 54 55 n, examined Vertebrae / Anal</p>
            <p>finrays</p>
            <p>Pectoral finrays Caudal finrays Palatine teeth line neuromasts Total Gill­rakers gill­raker pigmentation n Dorsal Lateral Occiput squamation Eye (% SL size) Long</p>
            <p>Bahamas</p>
            <p> L. lucayana sp. n. 6 12–13 +37–39 84– 91 / 17–18 10 Absent 12–13/ 13–17 Pale Dense 0.9–1.0 </p>
            <p>=50–52 63–69 34–35</p>
            <p> L. spelaeotes 44 13–14+38–42 86–109/ 17–20 10 Present 12–19/ 15–23 Dark Weak 0.7–1.8 </p>
            <p>=51–55 66–82 3–56 30 –47</p>
            <p>Cuba</p>
            <p> L. dentata 1, 2 6 11 +36–37 83– 95 / 15–17 8 Present 13/35 15–21 Pale Absent 0.0 </p>
            <p>=46–48 69–78 23–24</p>
            <p> L. simile 2, 3 1 11 +34–35 70– 78 / 11–16 8 Present 12/ 18 Pale Absent 0.0 </p>
            <p>=45–46 57–64 25 20–24</p>
            <p> L. subterranea 1, 2 3 11 +36–37 80– 86 / 12–14 8 Absent? 14–15 Pale Weak 0.0–0.3 </p>
            <p>=46–48 61–66</p>
            <p> L. teresinarum 2,4 0? 78– 80 / 10–11 8 Absent? 13–14 Pale Weak 0.0 </p>
            <p>61–64</p>
            <p>1 Data from Cohen and Robins (1970) included.</p>
            <p>2 Data from Cohen and McCosker (1998) included.</p>
            <p>3 Data from Nalbant (1981) included.</p>
            <p>4 Data from Diaz Perez (1988) included.</p>
            <p>Dentition: Premaxilla with 6 (5–7) rows of granular teeth, slightly larger in inner row. Vomer horseshoe­shaped, with 3 (2–3) teeth rows and a total of 31 (24–43) teeth. Palatines without teeth (fig. 6). Dentary with 6 (3–6) outer rows of granular teeth and an inner row of long, pointed teeth.</p>
            <p>First neural spine less than half the length of second spine; spine 2–4 slightly longer and more slender than spines 5–10; spines 4–9 slightly depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebra 7–13, increasing in length. Pleural and epipleural ribs on vertebrae 2–13. Last precaudal vertebra without ribs.</p>
            <p> Male copulatory organ completely integrated in the fleshy genital hood, similar to the configuration in  L. spelaeotes (fig. 8C–D; Cohen &amp; Robins 1970). Penis not easily visible underneath oval accessory organ. Soft lateral lips covering over accessory organ, distally with fleshy wing­shaped expansion not unlike the outer pseudoclasper in Dinematiychtyini, but clearly attached to the hood and thus not homologous. </p>
            <p>Otolith thin, elongate, with pointed anterior and posterior tips in smaller specimens (ANSP 146475) and strongly expanded broad anterior region and broad postdorsal concavity in large specimens (ZMH 9566, fig. 3B–C). Otolith length to height ratio 2.2 to 2.4. Sulcus very short, with single fused colliculum, between 28% and 35% of otolith length and located nearly at centre of inner face. Ventral furrow on inner face indistinct, dorsal depression very feeble or absent.</p>
            <p>Coloration. Live color uniformly pale brown (Palmer 1985a, fig. 51). Preserved color light brown, with lighter fins (figs. 2, 4A–B). No pigment on vertical fin bases or elongated gill­rakers.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet lucayana— is in honor of the Lucayan Indians, who inhabited the Bahamas for more than 2000 years, before they were eliminated by European invaders. They gave name to the type­locality, Lucayan Caverns, which they used as a graveyard (Palmer, 1985a)</p>
            <p> FIGURE 4. Head squamation of Bahamian  Lucifuga spp . (A–B)  Lucifuga lucayana , Paratype, BMNH 1984.12.1.20, 80 mm SL, female, Grand Bahama Island, Pisces Cave, Zodiac Caverns; (C–D)  Lucifuga spelaeotes , ZMUC P771363, 90 mm SL, female, Great Exuma Island; (E–F)  L. spelaeotes , AMNH 57448, 96 mm SL, male, Bahamas, southern Long Island, Hard Bargain, Alphonso Dean’s Blue Hole. Note the difference in squamation on the lateral occipital parts (indicated by arrows). </p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat. Known from at least three inland cave systems on Grand Bahama and Abaco Islands, located on the Little Bahama Bank, northern Bahamas (fig. 1): 1. Lucayan caverns, an anchialine cave located on the central southern part of Grand Bahama Island, about 1 km from the ocean. The cave is connected to the sea via a submerged passage which opens into a tidal saltwater creek. The upper about 14 m in the cave consists of freshwater (22 °C), separated from a lower, slightly warmer (23–25 °C), salty layer by a distinct halocline (Yager 1981). According to the ANSP museum label, the holotype was caught in a depth of 12 m, which must then most likely have been in fresh water. The Lucayan Caverns is the type­locality of the crustacean class Remipedia (Yager 1981) and several other cave­dwelling crustaceans (see e.g. Carpenter 1994; Pesce &amp; Iliffe 2002). 2. Zodiac Caverns, north of Sweetings Cay Settlement, eastern Grand Bahama. The cave system was described by Palmer (1985a, b) and seems to have connections to the Sea via Zodiac Creek (see maps in Palmer (1985a, b )). One specimen of  L. lucayana was collected in the cave Pisces at 15 m and more specimens have been observed in the caves Aquarius and Sagittarius in depths down to about 20 m in salty water (Cunliffe 1985; Palmer 1985b). 3. Abaco Island. Collected from one or two inland sink holes, but the physical conditions are unknown. </p>
            <p>2</p>
            <p>1.8</p>
            <p>1.6</p>
            <p>1.4</p>
            <p>)</p>
            <p>SL</p>
            <p>1.2</p>
            <p>%</p>
            <p>(</p>
            <p>diameter 1 Eye 0.8</p>
            <p>0.6</p>
            <p>0.4</p>
            <p>0.2</p>
            <p>0</p>
            <p>0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160</p>
            <p>Standard Length (SL)</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B1F5CFFBCAB7EFEECD5BF4E88FB56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Møller, Peter R.;Schwarzhans, Werner;Iliffe, Thomas M.;Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Møller, Peter R., Schwarzhans, Werner, Iliffe, Thomas M., Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2006): Revision of the Bahamian cave­fishes of the genus Lucifuga (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae), with description of a new species from islands on the Little Bahama Bank. Zootaxa 1223: 23-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172611
038B1F5CFFB3AB67FEECD31F4E5BF8AE.text	038B1F5CFFB3AB67FEECD31F4E5BF8AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucifuga spelaeotes Cohen & Robins 1970	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lucifuga spelaeotes Cohen &amp; Robins, 1970</p>
            <p>(Figs. 4­9, Tables 1–3)</p>
            <p> Lucifuga spelaeotes Cohen &amp; Robins, 1970: 133 , fig. 1; Barton &amp; Wilmhoff 1996: 9; Cohen &amp; McCosker 1998: 184 (part); J. Yager (part) in litt. in Cohen &amp; McCosker 1998: 185; Nielsen et al. 1999: 122 (part); Proudlove 2001: 207 (part); Romero &amp; Paulson 2001: 32. </p>
            <p>Material examined (44 specimens, 42–166 mm SL).</p>
            <p>Holotype: USNM 204603, 110 mm SL, male, Bahamas, New Providence, Mermaid’s Pool, 25°01'N, 77°22'W, 0–5 m depth, collected by C. Ray, 24 Oct. 1967.</p>
            <p>Paratype: USNM 204604, 75 mm SL, female, same data as for holotype.</p>
            <p>Additional specimens: AMNH 53011 (5 specimens), 94–132 mm SL, New Providence, Ocean Blue Hole (precise location and collection data unknown); AMNH 53012 (4 specimens), 103–113 mm SL, New Providence, ocean blue hole (precise location and collection data unknown); AMNH 53011 (5 specimens), 101–124 mm SL, New Providence, ocean blue hole (precise location and collection data unknown); AMNH 57448, 96 mm SL, male, Bahamas, southern Long Island, Hard Bargain, Alphonso Dean’s Blue Hole, most likely at 23°1.071'N, 74°54.085'W, depth unknown, collected by Dennis Williams, 2 August 1985; ANSP 147575, sex unknown, 121 mm SL, New Providence Island, southwestern side of island, sinkhole adjacent to 15th hole, South Ocean Golf Club, 25°00'N, 77°32'W, depth 0–0.5 m, collected by J.E. and M.W. Böhlke with hand net, 21 Aug. 1972; ANSP 148055, sex unknown, 138.5 mm SL, New Providence, small ocean hole northwest of Robertson Road east­west highway junction, 25°02'N, 77°20'W, 3–4 m depth, collected by J.E. Böhlke with hand net, 24 Aug. 1972; ANSP 148058 (8 specimens), 42–134 mm SL, same data as for ANSP 148055; ANSP 148059 (10 specimens), 88–123 mm SL, New Providence, south­western side of island, sinkhole adjacent to 15th hole, South Ocean Golf Club, 25°00'N, 77°32'W, 3 m depth, 31 Oct. 1973; UMMZ 213989, 148 mm SL, male, Berry Islands, Holmes Key, Blue Hole, 25°37'N, 77°44'25''W, depth unknown, collected by D.L. Schultz, 25 February 1982; USNM 274737, 109 mm SL, male, Bahamas, southern Long Island, Twin Pillars Cave System, Miley, 23°3.841'N, 74°55.503'W, depth 0–2 m, collected by Dennis Williams, 29 July 1985; ZMUC P771363, 90 mm SL, female, Stocking Island, near Great Exuma, Angelfish Blue Hole, approximately 23°31.5'N, 75°45.6'W, collected by hand net, about 57 m inside the cave, at depth of 28 m, by B. Kakuk and T. Iliffe, 1 March 2003; ZMUC P 771365, 132 mm SL, male, Eleuthera Island, Nixon's Blue Hole, approximately 24°05'N, 76°00'W, collected at the cave entrance by hand net, at depth of 12 m, by B. Kakuk, 24 Feb. 2003; ZMUC P 771452, 136 mm SL, female, central Long Island, Silent Hole, (circular blue hole 30 m diameter with an undercut lip and a 3 m drop to water level) in Gray’s settlement, 23°13.361'N, 75°05.862'W, maximum water depth 15 m, with a halocline and associated hydrogen sulfide layer at 8 m, collected with dip net by T. Iliffe and collaborators, 8 January 2005; ZMUC P 771453, 166 mm SL (182 mm TL before preservation), male, central Long Island, Grotto, behind the ruins of the old Spanish Church in Pratts Hill settlement, 23°16.590'N, 75°5.995'W, depth 2.5 m, temperature 24°C, pH 7.33 and dissolved oxygen 5.5 mg /l, collected with a dip net by T. Iliffe and collaborators, 7 January 2005; ZMUC P 771454, 155 mm SL, female, central Long Island, Grotto, 23°16.590'N, 75°5.995'W, collected with a dip net by T. Iliffe and collaborators, 12 January 2005.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Lucifuga spelaeotes is distinguished from other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: Vertebrae 13–14+38–42=51–55, dorsal finrays 86–109, anal finrays 66–82, pectoral finrays 17–20, caudal finrays 10; head profile above eye strongly depressed, eyes 0.7–1.8 % SL; palatine teeth present, in 1–7 short irregular rows, with 3–56 teeth totally; long gill­rakers 3, dark pigmented. </p>
            <p> Similarity.  Lucifuga spelaeotes is most similar to  L. lucayana (Tables 1–3). It differs mainly in the reduced squamation on the occiput (vs. densely scaled in  L. lucayana ) (fig. 4), the presence of palatine teeth, except absent in one side of a single specimen, USNM 274737 (vs. absent in  L. lucayana ) (fig. 6), and in having dark pigmentation on the three 60 50 40 </p>
            <p>teeth</p>
            <p> Palatine 30 20 10 elongated gill­rakers, except absent in 3 specimens: AMNH 57448, USNM 274737 and ZMUC P771363 (vs. pale in  L. lucayana ). Also, the number of finrays and vertebrae tend to be higher in  L. spelaeotes than in  L. lucayana (Tables 1–3). </p>
            <p> Differences to the four Cuban species are shown in Table 3.  Lucifuga spelaeotes resemble the Cuban species  L. dentata and  L. simile in the presence of palatine teeth, but the teeth bearing area of the palatine is broader, shorter and with more teeth rows in  L. spelaeotes than in  L. dentata and  L. simile (see Nalbant 1981), when comparing specimens of similar sizes. </p>
            <p>Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–3. Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head profile strongly depressed (figs. 4, 7–9). Eyes usually relatively large (&gt; 1 % SL), except for a few specimens (AMNH 53011, 132 mm SL, New Providence; AMNH 53013, 101 and 103 mm SL, New Providence; AMNH 57448, 96 mm SL, Long Island (fig. 4E–F); USNM 274737, 109 mm SL, Long Island and ZMUC P 771452, 136 mm SL, Long Island) with eyes from 0.7 to 1.0 % SL (fig. 5). Upper jaw slightly protruding. Anterior nostril tube­shaped, low on snout near upper lip; posterior nostril larger, a mere hole, closer to lip than to eye. Maxilla expanded posteriorly, not sheathed by a skin flap. Opercular spines absent. Anterior gill arch with 3 elongated rakers and 17 (12–20) broad plates arranged in the following configuration: upper branch of anterior gill arch with 4 (2–5) broad plates, the bend between upper and lower arch with 1 elongate raker and lower branch with 1 small plate, 2 elongate rakers interspersed with 1 small plate and followed by 12 (7–12) small plates. Pseudobranchial filaments 0 (0–4). Branchiostegal rays 7.</p>
            <p>Scales on body relatively small, oval (horizontal diameter about 1.3 mm at mid­body and about 25 horizontal rows above anal fin origin in a 132 mm SL male); vertical fins and pectoral fins naked except for scales on pectoral fin peduncle. Predorsal area, operculum and top of head, including a narrow central part of the occiput scaled. Interorbital, snout and at the course of the head pore channels, including the lateral parts of the occipital area naked (figs. 4C–F, 8A–B).</p>
            <p>Origin of dorsal fin above tip of pectoral fins. Pelvic fins with a single ray reaching about 1/2 (1/3–1/2) from its base to anal fin origin. Pectoral fins on the middle of body, peduncle short and narrow. Caudal fin free, not fused with dorsal or anal fins.</p>
            <p>Head sensory pores: Supraorbital pores 4, anteriormost 3 on snout and posteriormost above opercular flap; infraorbital pores 6 (3 large anteriorly and smaller 3 posteriorly); mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior), the 2nd anterior very long, the posterior ones increasing in size; preopercular pores 2 (2 lower and 0 upper) (fig. 8A–B). Lateral line with 14 (12–19) dorsal neuromasts anteriorly and 38 (30–47) medio­lateral neuromasts posteriorly. Many small sensory papillae on head.</p>
            <p>Dentition: Premaxilla with 7 (3–9) rows of granular teeth and 1 inner row of small pointed teeth. Vomer horseshoe­shaped, with 2–6 rows and a total of 6–114 teeth, larger in inner row. Palatines with 5 (1–7) rows and 3–56 teeth totally, except for absent on one side in one specimen (USNM 274737). The number increasing with the size of the fish (fig. 6). Dentary with 3–14 outer rows of granular teeth and an inner row of longer pointed teeth.</p>
            <p>First neural spine less than half the length of second spine; spine 2–4 longer and more slender than spines 5–9; spines 4–9 slightly depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebra 8–13, increasing in length. Pleural and epipleural ribs on vertebrae 2–12. Last precaudal vertebra without ribs.</p>
            <p> Male copulatory organ completely integrated in the fleshy genital hood (fig. 8C–D; Cohen &amp; Robins 1970), similar to the configuration in  L. lucayana . </p>
            <p>Otolith thin, elongate to very elongate (length to height ratio 2.2 to 2.7), with rounded (fig. 8E–F) or pointed (fig. 8H) anterior tip. Posterior tips pointed. Postdorsal and to a lesser degree also postventral region irregularly concave. Sulcus very short, with fused colliculum, between 27 % and 32 % of otolith length and located slightly anterior of centre of inner face. Ventral furrow on inner face indistinct or absent (figs. 8E–F, New Providence Island specimens) or broad (fig. 8H, Long Island specimen).</p>
            <p>Coloration. Very variable from uniformly pale to dark brown (figs. 7, 9). Dark specimens either with completely light vertical fins or with dark fin bases and light margins. A recently caught dark specimen, ZMUC P 771365, 132 mm, from Eleuthera Island is unique by having dark head and body, except for a light predorsal area (fig. 7C). Elongate gill­rakers dark in all specimens, except in three specimens from Great Exuma Island (ZMUC P771363) and Long Island (AMNH 57448, USNM 274737).</p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat. Known from the Great Bahama Bank area, with confirmed localities on five islands (Berry, New Providence, Great Exuma, Eleuthera and Long Islands (figs. 1, 10) (see Material examined). Unconfirmed records of  L. spelaeotes from Andros Island (Farr &amp; Palmer 1984, Proudlove 1984, B. Kakuk in litt. (in Cohen &amp; McCosker 1998) and Long Island, Grand Canyon, 22°57.423’N, 74°51.238’W, east of Berrys settlement (T. Iliffe January 2005, personal observation). </p>
            <p> Twin Pillars Cave in Miley, southern Long Island (23°03.841’N, 74°55.503’W) was rediscovered in 2005 and is situated within a few meters of the east side of the main road. It consists of an air­filled cave with a 30 to 150 cm deep saltwater (34 ppt) pool covering most of the floor. At least 10 skylight entrances, only one of which is climbable, provide access to the cave. While many parts of the cave are well illuminated during the day, various recesses are only dimly lit. At least 24  Lucifuga were observed but not collected in 2005. Other stygobitic species from this cave include the hippolytid shrimp  Barbouria cubensis , the polynoid polychaete  Pelagomacellicephala iliffei , the halocyprid ostracod  Spelaeoecia capax , several species of copepods and a parasitic gnathiid isopod. About 10 specimens of the latter were removed from the gill­cavity of a 109 mm SL  L. spelaeotes collected in 1985 (USNM 274737). </p>
            <p> Alphonso Dean’s Blue Hole on southern Long Island was searched for during the January 2005 trip to Long Island and it was confirmed that this locality is not the same as Dean’s Blue Hole described in details by Wilson (1994). Alphonso Dean's Blue Hole (perhaps at 23°01.071'N, 74°54.085'W) in Hard Bargain could not be relocated with certainty, although a 50 m diameter, circular blue hole located between the main road and the abandoned Diamond Salt airstrip was tentatively identified by several locals as Alphonso Dean's Blue Hole. At 6 m depth, a small cave extends off the east side of this open blue hole and contains the shrimp  B. cubensis , but no fish were observed. Unfortunately, a large amount of rusted metal, broken bottles, old tires and other debris have been dumped on the bank of the blue hole and may be adversely impacting the water quality. </p>
            <p> Salinity data from the various records indicate that  L. spelaeotes is a truly euryhaline species. </p>
            <p>Specimens from New Providence Island have been collected within the upper 3–4 meter of the holes, apparently preferring the upper, warmer, brackish layer to the lower, colder, more saline water in the holes (Cohen &amp; McCosker 1998). Recently caught specimens from Eleuthera and Great Exuma Islands, however, were captured at depths of more than 10 meters, indicating a tolerance to more saline waters. This is also the case in the two new localities on central Long Island.</p>
            <p> In Grotto, central Long Island (fig. 10), which is a partially flooded cave, salinity was measured at 33.8 ppt. In addition to the main collapsed entrance, several smaller, skylight entrances also help to illuminate the 20 m long by 8 m wide and 2.5 m deep pool. Most of the 8–10 fish in the pool were observed in a dark alcove at the rear of the cave. Large numbers (many hundreds to thousands) of the shrimp  B. cubensis were present in all parts of the pool during the day but were absent when the cave was visited after dark. This suggests that the known parts of the cave are only a small segment of a much larger and well integrated system. </p>
            <p> In Silent Hole salinity increased from 8.4 ppt at the surface to 26 ppt at 12 m, temperature likewise rose from 23 to 26 °C, pH dropped from 8.2 to 7.3 and dissolved oxygen plummeted from 7.5 to less than 1 mg /l. Several  Lucifuga were observed and one collected in the more saline water near the bottom, under a ledge, where a few  B. cubensis shrimp were also found. </p>
            <p>Remarks. Sexual dimorphism is not observed in any of the described characters. The morphology of the few specimens from Berry, Eleuthera, Great Exuma and Long Island are generally well within the ranges of the numerous specimens from New Providence Island (Table 2).</p>
            <p>The few exceptions, such as unique coloration and longer pelvic finrays (20.0 vs. 8.0– 18.9 % SL) of the specimen from Eleuthera; weak palatine dentition and unusually small eyes of the two specimens from southern Long Island; and pale, elongated gill­rakes in the specimen from Great Exuma Island, are not enough difference to warrant status as separate species. More material is needed in order to further study the morphological and genetic plasticity of the populations on the various Islands.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B1F5CFFB3AB67FEECD31F4E5BF8AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Møller, Peter R.;Schwarzhans, Werner;Iliffe, Thomas M.;Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Møller, Peter R., Schwarzhans, Werner, Iliffe, Thomas M., Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2006): Revision of the Bahamian cave­fishes of the genus Lucifuga (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae), with description of a new species from islands on the Little Bahama Bank. Zootaxa 1223: 23-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172611
