taxonID	type	description	language	source
038B87F2E54E7A20860C285313E3FD2C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tympanopleura shares the following putative synapomorphies with other members of the Auchenipterinae (sensu Ferraris, 1988): lateral line sinusoidal and forked at the base of the caudal fin; urogenital pore of reproductively active adult males located at the distal tip of the anterior margin of the anal fin; urogenital pore of reproductively active adult females enlarged; and sexually dimorphic dorsal-fin spine. In the Auchenipterinae, Tympanopleura, Ageneiosus, Tetranematichthys, Entomocorus, Auchenipterus, Epapterus, and Pseudepapterus are distinct by the ventrolaterally positioned eyes visible in both dorsal and ventral views. Compared to species of Ageneiosus, the species of Tympanopleura have a more gently rounded anterior profile of the head (Fig. 1) and less protruded upper jaw, reflected by a shorter relative preorbital distance and distinctive differences in osteology associated with the jaws and cranium as detailed below. Tympanopleura, Ageneiosus, and Tetranematichthys share the following unique combination of characters in the Auchenipterinae: anterior fork of the mesethmoid directed anterolaterally, at an approximate angle of 45 ° relative to the anterior border of the bone (except in Ageneiosus inermis and A. polystictus); nasal bifurcated with an ossified accessory lateral tube directed anteriorly; vomer rounded anteriorly, without lateral projections (also in a number of unrelated siluriforms); snout elongate, greater than horizontal eye diameter (except in T. piperata); premaxilla variably developed posterolaterally, more elongated in species of Ageneiosus, less so in species of Tympanopleura and Tetranematichthys, where the posterior projection of the premaxilla does not reach past a plane passing through the posterior margin of the autopalatine; laminar expansion of bone on posteromedial margin of premaxilla; reduced number of teeth on posterior extremity of premaxilla; maxillary barbel very short; mandibular barbels absent in adults (Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura), or one pair present (Tetranematichthys; also in Gelanoglanis Böhlke); tooth-bearing surface of dentary expanded near symphysis, with variable number of tooth rows (greatest in Ageneiosus, reduced in Tympanopleura); reduction in number of bones in infraorbital series to four (also in Liosomadoras Fowler and Asterophysus Kner within the Auchenipteridae, in most doradids, and in a number of unrelated siluriforms); first infraorbital (lacrimal) bifurcated anteriorly; first infraorbital separated from neurocranium; second infraorbital flared posteriorly, funnel or trumpet shaped (tubular in Tetranematichthys); posterior infraorbital canal ossification separated from sphenotic, with an unossified section of the infraorbital sensory canal; parurohyal with medial projection directed dorsally and articulating with or extending between hypohyals (also in Tocantinsia Mees); osseus expansion on dorsal region of parurohyal weakly developed; anterior ceratohyal sutured to ventral hypohyal along ventromedial surface (also in Oxydoras Kner); anteriomedial tips of first two hypobranchials concave and obliquely angled anteriomedially; medial tip of first epibranchial larger than that of second, usually covering the latter element dorsally (except T. piperata); quadrate with enlarged dorsomedial lamina separating articular surfaces of hyomandibula and metapterygoid; bones of cephalic shield trabeculate; anterior nuchal plate absent [also in Epapterus, Pseudepapterus within the Auchenipteridae; but see Ferraris (1988)]; long anterolateral process on sphenotic (also in some doradids and unrelated African taxa); epioccipital bifurcated distally, with a posterior laminar extension, broadly sutured with expanded parapophyses of fifth and sixth vertebrae, median branch of posterior process larger than lateral branch (also in Pseudepapterus, Trachelyichthys, and Trachelyopterus); seventh vertebra not sutured to complex centrum (also in Pseudepapterus, Wertheimeria Steindachner within the Auchenipteridae), or in contact with an expansion of the ventral margin (Tetranematichthys); posterior process of coracoid absent or rudimentary (also in Diplomystes Bleeker); third pectoral-fin pterygiophore expanded distally and supporting several rays; postcleithral process absent, rudimentary, or only weakly developed (also in Pseudepapterus within the Auchenipteridae); anterior margin of dorsal-fin spine of nuptial males armed with antrorse serrae of varying configuration; 2 - 4 pairs of dorsal-fin inclinator muscles (also in Pseudepapterus and Trachelyopterus within the Auchenipteridae, versus 1 pair in other doradoids and unrelated taxa). Most of the derived features of the neurocranium as listed above are illustrated in Figs. 2 - 4. Ferraris, 2006; Peixoto & Wosiacki, 2010). Additionally, nuptial male Tetranematichthys lack the characteristic sharp recurved bony hooks on the maxillary barbel present in Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus, and the swimbladder in Tetranematichthys has a large anterior chamber with posterior diverticula enlarged and fused, unlike the structure in Tympanopleura (Birindelli et al., 2012). Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus are distinct from all other auchenipterids in lacking mandibular barbels as adults (but see Remarks), and, except for nuptial males, in having the maxillary barbels greatly reduced in size, filiform, and lying in a groove at the corner of the mouth above the upper lip. In nuptial males of species in these two genera, the maxillary barbel has an inner ossified core and is armed with sharp, recurved bony hooks on the anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins. Additionally, nuptial males of Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus have an elongated, sinusoidal or nearly straight dorsal-fin spine that can be hyperabducted anteriorly, and that is ornamented with prominent, sharp antrorse serrae on the anterior margin; these characters are shared to different degrees of development among genera and species in the Auchenipterini as proposed by Ferraris (1988), which includes Tympanopleura, Ageneiosus, Tetranematichthys, an Auchenipterus - group, Trachelyopterus, and Trachelyichthys. Tympanopleura differs from Ageneiosus in having a smaller adult body size, a large cordiform gas bladder that is unencapsulated in bone, a prominent pseudotympanum, or hiatus of musculature where the gas bladder contacts the lateral body wall (Fig. 5) that is readily visible externally, and parapophyses of the fourth vertebrae (= Müllerian rami) consisting of large, discoidal plates closely adpressed to windows on the anterodorsal face of the anterior chamber of the the gas bladder. Tympanopleura, with the exception of T. piperata, also differs from Ageneiosus in having paired posterior diverticula on the gas bladder (but see Remarks). In addition to the features described above that also distinguish Tympanopleura from Ageneiosus, Tympanopleura is further distinguished from Tetranematichthys by the absence of a single pair of mandibular barbels with serrated margins or multiple fleshy, digitiform processes at their distal tips (Vari & Description. Tympanopleura comprises species of small to medium sized auchenipterids, ranging in maximum size from about 50 mm SL (T. piperata) to 160 mm SL (T. rondoni). Body widest at pectoral-fin origin, moderately to strongly compressed posteriorly. Dorsal and ventral aspects of body gently tapered posteriorly, greatest body depth at base of dorsal fin. Head moderately depressed, dorsal profile gently sloping upward to anterior margin of supraoccipital, inflected more acutely to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth inferior to nearly terminal (T. piperata). Eye size variable between species but relatively large (8 - 36 % HL), displaced laterally and visible in both dorsal and ventral views, lacking circumorbital sulcus, covered with thick epidermis continuous with that on side of head. Large opercular opening, gill membranes broadly fused to isthmus. Premaxilla and dentary with relatively few irregular rows of small, unicuspid teeth; premaxilla not greatly expanded anteromedially. Salient aspects of head osteology as listed under Diagnosis. Single pair of maxillary barbels, diminutive, filiform and fleshy for most of length in all but nuptial males, lying in small groove above upper lip. Maxillary barbel of nuptial male elongated, ossified entire length; at peak development with sharp, antrorse, tooth-like hooks on dorsomedial and ventromedial surfaces. Mandibular barbels absent in adults; small juveniles occasionally with 1 - 2 pair of minute chin barbels that become resorbed with growth. Lateral-line canal extending from dorsomedial margin of posttemporal midlaterally along trunk to base of caudal fin, sinusoidal, with several short dorsal and ventral rami obliquely directed posteriorly, each branch passing to the surface and ending in a small pore. Lateral-line bifurcated at base of caudal fin with a short, branched ramus extending posteriorly a short distance on each fin lobe. Suspensorium large but not greatly elongated and oriented in moderately oblique dorso-ventral plane. Quadrate with dorsomedial lamina extending between and broadly sutured to hyomandibular and metapterygoid, the latter bone laminar, roughly quadrangular, articulating synchondrally with quadrate near posteroventral corner. Hyomandibular articulates synchondrally with sphenotic by short anterodorsal process. Suprapreopercle small, rod-like, investing short section of preopercular latero-sensory canal anteroventral to exit from pterotic. Preopercle moderately large blade, smooth on all margins, sutured anteroventrally with quadrate. Preopercular latero-sensory canal with posterior and ventral branches exiting at anteroventral corner. Small bone, presumed mesopterygoid (but see Walsh, 1990) anterior to metapterygoid, superficially contacting vomer anteromedially, medial to palatine. Hyoid arch consisting of unpaired urohyal, and paired hypohyal, ceratohyal, interhyal, epihyal, and branchiostegal bones. Urohyal broadly rounded anteriorly, with long, laminar projection posteriorly and a vertical extension between hypohyals anteromedially. Ceratohyal sutured anteriorly to ventral ossification of the hypohyal along its ventromedial surface; posteriorly, ceratohyal articulated suturally and synchondrally with interhyal. Total of 7 - 10 branchiostegal rays, first 6 - 7 supported by ceratohyal, remaining ones supported by interhyals. Second and third basibranchials ossified. First two hypobranchials ossified, obliquely concave on anterior margin, with medial cartilaginous flange anterior to lateral edge. Five ossified epibranchials and ceratobranchials; posterior ceratobranchial pair expanded posteromedially and supporting large pharyngeal tooth plates, each with short, conical teeth. Relatively large gill rakers on medial and lateral margins of epibranchials and ceratobranchials, numbering 4 - 10 on epibranchial, 9 - 24 on ceratobranchial. Pair of relatively large oval pharyngeal tooth plates supported by infrapharyngobranchials and posterior tips of ossified third and fourth epibranchials. Anteromedial tip of first epibranchial broadly flared and overlapping medial tip of second epibranchial. Complex centrum formed by first six vertebrae, combined with modifications of posterior neurocranium and supporting elements of dorsal fin to form Weberian apparatus, the entire complex modified to form an elastic spring apparatus. Müllerian ramus large, discoidal, apposed anterodorsally to gas bladder tunica. Gas bladder enlarged, unencapsulated in bone, cordiform or longitudinally elongated, with a pair of short posterior terminal diverticula (except T. piperata). Large pseudotympanum formed by hiatus of epaxial musculature and lateral contact of gas bladder with body wall. Pleural ribs 4 - 8, the first articulating with transverse process of sixth vertebra. Free vertebrae posterior to complex centrum 31 - 36. Preural (PU 1) and ural (U 1) centra fused. Parhypural fused with lower caudal plate formed by first and second hypurals, third and fourth hypurals fused; fusion pattern PH + 1 + 2; 3 + 4,5 (after Lundberg & Baskin, 1969). Caudal fin strongly forked, principal caudal-fin rays typically i, 7 - 8, i, 16 - 26 upper and 14 - 18 lower procurrent rays. Dorsal fin with single small spinelet, large spine, six thin branched rays, five proximal pterygiophores, entire base of fin short. Dorsal spine pungent, typically with crenulate anterior margin and series of small, sharp or conical retrorse serrae on posterior margin in juveniles, females, and nonbreeding males. Nuptial males with highly modified dorsal-fin spine, lengthened and thickened, anterior margin with sharp, antrorse serrae, typically in two rows basally, single row distally, aligned along or oblique to midsagittal plane; rear margin of spine smooth. Adipose fin small, posterior margin forming a free flap. Cleithrum broadly fused to coracoid along entire anteroventral margin; coracoids broadly sutured at midline. Postcleithral process absent or reduced to a small conical projection. Pectoral fin with single pungent spine and 6 - 13 branched rays supported by three ossified radials, the last radial expanded posteriorly and supporting multiple rays. Anterior margin of pectoral-fin spine weakly to moderately crenulate or rugose, dorsal and ventral margins with shallow grooves to nearly smooth, posterior margin with 12 - 37 retrorse serrae extending along entire shaft, usually in single row, occasionally bifurcated or split into two rows proximally. Posterior margin of fin straight or slightly falcate, anterior rays longest. Pelvic fin abdominal, with single unbranched and 6 branched rays, unbranched ray thickened. First branched ray longest, medial rays progressively shorter, distal margin of fin straight to slightly rounded. Anal fin long, 23 - 42 rays. First pterygiophore typically with a small ray-like splint of bone anteriorly (occasionally two), and a single well-developed unbranched ray. Last pterygiophore with slightly expanded dorsal lamina and supporting two short-branched rays. Distal margin of fin straight to slightly convex; anterior rays longest, progressively shorter posteriorly. Anal fin sexually dimorphic; in prenuptial and nuptial males the fin forms an intromittent organ, with the first 5 - 6 rays thickened and elongated, and progressive development of a tube-like canal anteriorly and displacement of the urogenital pore to near the distal tip of the first fin ray. Pigmentation on head, body, and fins relatively drab, consisting of nearly uniform brown to gray countershading and light to unpigmented areas on venter (T. brevis, T. cryptica, T. longipinna), or with distinctive pattern consisting of prominent large blotches, irregular spots, or stippling (T. atronasus, T. piperata, and T. rondoni).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E54E7A20860C285313E3FD2C.taxon	discussion	Remarks on the distinction between Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus. Although Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus are distinguished from all other auchenipterids in lacking mandibular barbels, this character state requires qualification in that it applies only to adult specimens, a condition that has not been cited in the literature. Walsh (1990) found one to two pairs of minute barbels on the chins of several juvenile specimens of two species of Tympanopleura and at least three species of Ageneiosus; barbels were described as short, fleshy, and apparently derived from superficial integument. We did not exhaustively examine all specimens used in this study for this character, but we were able to confirm the presence of chin barbels in at least a dozen specimens of T. atronasus as well as some specimens of T. piperata. Walsh (1990) described an apparent heterochronic process whereby mandibular barbels may appear early in development and are resorbed with growth, similar to a situation in some species of Pangasiidae (Karamchandani & Motwani, 1956; Fumihito, 1989). As noted by Fox (1999), the lability of barbels in siluriforms and cypriniforms necessitates that caution be exercised when making comparisons between taxa, and that phylogenetic inferences on the basis of presence or absence of barbels, their structure, number, and location may be of value, but within a framework of additional corroborative morphological characters. There is a general lack of information regarding structure and function of mandibular barbels in siluriforms (Diogo & Chardon, 2000), and a study of their embryological development and ontogenetic fate in Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus could be informative. Species of Tympanopleura exhibit variation in the presence of a postcleithral process on the pectoral girdle. A small or rudimentary postcleithral process is typically present in T. brevis, T. cryptica, T. piperata, and T. rondoni. The postcleithral process appears to be uniformly absent in other species of Tympanopleura and in all species of Ageneiosus. The primitive condition for catfishes in general is the presence of a moderately developed, unornamented postcleithral process. However, there is considerable variation among siluriforms in size and ornamentation of the postcleithral process, and the structure has been independently reduced or lost in several lineages (Stewart, 1986). At the opposite extreme from Tympanopleura and Ageneiosus, most other auchenipterids have a well-developed postcleithral process, and in doradids it is generally prominent and in many species conspicuously ornamented with grooves and ridges (among auchenipterids, the postcleithral process is also reduced in Tetranematichthys and Pseudepapterus hasemani). Stewart (1986) noted a positive correlation between relative size of the postcleithral process and strength of the pectoral-fin spine and locking mechanism in pimelodids. A similar condition appears to exist in doradoids, and within Tympanopleura, those species with the most robust pectoral-fin spines (T. brevis and T. rondoni) have the most prominent postcleithral process, whereas the other species with weak pectoral-fin spines have the process reduced (rudimentary in T. cryptica and T. piperata) or absent altogether. Moreover, we noted considerable variation among species of Tympanopleura in which the postcleithral process is present; in some cases specimens either exhibited or lacked the postcleithral process (even within a single lot), and occasional individuals were observed to have the process variably developed bilaterally. The unique structure of the doradoid gas bladder has long been of keen interest from a taxonomic, anatomical, and functional perspective (e. g., Bridge & Haddon, 1889, 1892, 1893; Eigenmann, 1925; Chardon, 1968; Birindelli et al., 2009, 2012). Early authors considered a gas bladder greatly reduced in size and encapsulated in a bony capsule associated with the complex centrum and Weberian apparatus to be a diagnostic feature of Ageneiosus. In the original description of Ageneiosus (= Tetranematichthys) quadrifilis, Kner (1858) illustrated the unusal globular, bipartite gas bladder of this species, which may have subsequently led to some confusion about its taxonomic relationship relative to species that were considered at the time as congeners. The taxonomic scope of an Ageneiosus group and the known morphological variation of the gas bladder by species represented therein was expanded when Eigenmann (1912) described the genus Tympanopleura, for the type species T. piperata, based on the salient feature of the “ air bladder projecting into the abdominal cavity, naked laterally, the skin over it forming a large pseudotympanum ”. This was further elaborated by Eigenmann & Myers (in Myers, 1928) and by Eigenmann & Allen (1942) with subsequent descriptions of the nominal species T. alta and T. nigricollis. In a detailed comparative analysis of gas bladder morphology among auchenipterid genera, Birindelli et al. (2012) found a suite of characters of value for inference of phylogenetic relationships within the family. Most species of auchenipterids have relatively simple gas bladders, characterized as cordiform with smooth walls, internal T-shaped septa, and with the modified and expanded parapophyses of the fourth vertebrae (Müllerian rami) attached to the anterodorsal margins of the gas bladder. Together the Müllerian rami and protractor muscles form an elastic spring apparatus, a synapomorphy shared by auchenipterids and doradids (and also present in mochokids, ariids, malapterurids, and pangasiids), that is used in sound production (Fine & Ladich, 2003; Kaatz & Stewart, 2012). In their study, Birindelli et al. (2012) proposed eight characters and alternate states of each to construct a hypothesized phylogeny of the Auchenipteridae. Therein, the authors proposed an Ageneiosus group characterized by the shared presence of a gas bladder with posterior, short, thin terminal diverticula. Within their Ageneiosus group, the authors proposed two independent lineages, one consisting of species with a reduced, diminutive gas bladder and pseudotympanum, and a lineage with an unreduced gas bladder and large pseudotympanum, comprised of A. atronasus, A. brevis, and A. piperatus (herein placed in Tympanopleura). Recognition of distinct clades represented by species with an enlarged gas bladder and pseudotympanum versus those with reduced, variably ossified gas bladders was independently corroborated by Ribeiro (2011), in combination with other characters supporting a presumably monophyletic Tympanopleura lineage. Given the prevailing evidence provided by recent and historic investigations, we formally recognize Tympanopleura as a valid genus and restrict Ageneiosus to related species that share a reduced gas bladder and pseudotympanum, and larger maximum adult body size. Nonetheless, considerable variation exists in gas bladder morphology, especially concerning its relative size, the ossification process (where present), and development (or secondary loss) of diverticula, such that much remains to be explored. Britski (1972) and Walsh (1990) found evidence of allometric and ontogenetic changes in size and degree of ossification in some species, and there appear to be possible homoplasies in gas bladder morphology among some species of Ageneiosus and Tympanopleura. Ageneiosus pardalis, a trans-Andean species, retains a large gas bladder, and A. militaris and A. magoi have only a partially reduced gas bladder, yet these species are postulated to be related to those taxa with greatly reduced, encapsulated gas bladders (Britski, 1972; Walsh, 1990; Ribeiro, 2011). Conversely, T. piperata, with a large gas bladder lacking diverticula, exhibits partial ossification of the tunica externa and internal longitudinal septum in adults. In summary, species of Tympanopleura are diagnosed by the shared condition of a prominent pseudotympanum (Fig. 5) and a large, cordiform or slightly elongate gas bladder (Fig. 6). In contrast, most species of Ageneiosus have, as adults, a greatly reduced gas bladder that is partially to fully encased in bone as a result of progressive ossification involving the complex centrum, and, possibly, ossification of the tunica itself (Fig. 7).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55F7A3C847128901308FD0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tympanopleura brevis is distinguished from congeners by having a greatly flattened snout with an acute, upwardly inflected dorsal profile of the head, and the usual presence of a robust, triangular, and rugose postcleithral process (vs. absent or very weakly developed). Tympanopleura brevis further differs from T. atronasus in having a greater number of anal-fin rays (31 - 36 vs. 23 - 30), pectoral-fin rays (10 - 12 vs. 7 - 9), and gill rakers on the first arch (20 - 24 vs. 14 - 18), fewer preanal vertebrae (14 - 15 vs. 16 - 19), fewer pairs of pleural ribs (5 vs. 7 - 8), greater distance between pectoral- and dorsal-fin origins (21.4 - 27.0 % SL vs. 15.7 - 20.9 % SL), and generally diffuse pigmentation over the head and body, lacking the distinctive dark concentration of melanophores usually present in T. atronasus on the chin, flanks above the anal fin, and streaks in each lobe of the caudal fin. Tympanopleura brevis differs from T. cryptica in having a greater number of anal-fin rays (31 - 36 vs. 23 - 30), pectoral-fin rays (10 - 12, mode 11 vs. 8 - 10, mode 9), and more total vertebrae (38 - 41, mode 40 vs. 38). Tympanopleura brevis differs from T. longipinna in having fewer anal-fin rays (31 - 36, mode 33 vs. 32 - 42, mode 37) and total vertebrae (38 - 41, mode 40 vs. 40 - 43, mode 43), a longer pectoral-fin spine (19.1 - 24.4 % SL vs. 15.9 - 18.2 % SL), shorter anal-fin base (26.6 - 33.9 % SL vs. 33.9 - 39.9 % SL), and shallower head depth at midpoint of the supraoccipital (43.0 - 55.6 % HL vs. 53.0 - 74.1 % HL). Tympanopleura brevis differs from T. piperata in having fewer anal-fin rays (31 - 36, mode 33 vs. 31 - 38, mode 35), greater number of pectoral-fin rays (10 - 12, mode 11 vs. 6 - 10, mode 9), gill rakers on the first arch (20 - 24, mode 23 vs. 16 - 23, mode 19), and pleural rib pairs (5 vs. 4 - 5, mode 4), greater predorsal length (35.1 - 44.0 % SL vs. 28.8 - 34.4 % SL), prepelvic length (47.4 - 53.9 % vs. 41.3 - 47.0 % SL), prepectoral length (27.9 - 35.6 % SL vs. 23.6 - 28.3 % SL), distance between pectoral- and dorsal-fin origin (21.4 - 27.0 % SL vs. 15.2 - 20.9 % SL), and body width at the pectoral-fin origin (20.5 - 26.6 % SL vs. 16.8 - 20.0 % SL), a longer pectoral-fin spine (19.1 - 24.4 % SL vs. 13.9 - 18.1 % SL), longer head (29.7 - 35.6 % SL vs. 22.2 - 27.8 % SL), shallower head depth at midpoint of the supraoccipital (43.0 - 55.6 % HL vs. 54.3 - 69.7 % HL), greater gape width (44.9 - 57.5 % HL vs. 34.8 - 53.6 % HL), smaller eye diameter (13.8 - 21.0 % HL vs. 24.3 - 35.7 % HL), presence of short posterior diverticula on the gas bladder (vs. diverticula absent), and lack of an hourglass-shaped transverse bar of pigmentation usually present at the base of the caudal fin in T. piperata. The relatively uniform pigmentation pattern on the head and body of T. brevis distinguishes it from T. rondoni, which characteristically has a pigmentation pattern consisting of discrete, irregular, large spots distributed over the head, body, and fins. Tympanopleura brevis further differs from T. rondoni in having more anal-fin rays (31 - 36, mode 33 vs. 28 - 37, mode 31), fewer gill rakers (20 - 24, mode 23 vs. 24 - 33, mode 29 - 30) more pleural rib pairs (5 vs. 4 - 6, mode 6), a larger eye diameter (13.8 - 21.0 % HL vs. 8.4 - 17.0 % HL), and a cordiform gas bladder with shorter posterior diverticula (vs. gas bladder elongated antero-posteriorly and with two longer, recurved posterior diverticula).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55A7A3384952EB012CCFC8D.taxon	description	Figs. 1 c, 6 d, 13	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55A7A3384952EB012CCFC8D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MUSM 47102 (ex INHS 40163), 84.9 mm SL, prenuptial male, Peru, Loreto, río Solimões drainage, río Orosa, mouth of Tonche Cano, 69.4 mi E of Iquitos c. 3 ° 47 ’ 26 ” S 73 ° 14 ’ 50 ” W, 12 - 13 August 1996, M. H. Sabaj Pérez, J. W. Armbruster & M. Hardman. Paratypes. 40 specimens (54.1 - 78.2 mm SL). Brazil. Amazonas: INPA 12609, 1 (67.5 mm SL), Ilha da Marchantaria, Lago Camaleão, 4 Feb 1981, INPA ichthyology team; INPA 18986, 1 (66.9 mm SL), Tefé, rio Japurá, margin of Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, 19 Jan 1999, W. G. R. Crampton; INPA 25112, 1 (78.2 mm SL), rio Madeira, Cachoeirinha, 19 Sep 2004, D. Pimpão; INPA 35926, 4 (54.1 - 72.0 mm SL, 1 c / s), rio Purus, Lago Samaúma, tributary of rio Abufari, Berurí, 8 Dec 2000, L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel et al. Peru. Loreto: ANSP 139065, 1 (59.0 mm SL), vicinity of Iquitos, río Nanay opposite naval base, backwater pools 1 & 2, above Amazon, 12 Oct 1955, C. G. Chaplin et al. (Catherwood Expedition); ANSP 194024, 2 (65.5 - 66.0 mm SL), collected with holotype; CAS 158750, 1 (63.0 mm SL), Yahnas Yacu, proximity of Pevas (= Pebas), 24 Jul 1941, W. G. Scherer; INHS 40163, 15 (56.2 - 67.1 mm SL), collected with holotype; INHS 44032, 1 (67.6 mm SL), río Nanay, Pampa Chica 4.54 km W center of Iquitos c. 3 ° 45 ’ 8.8 ” S 73 ° 17 ’ 0.1 ” W, 22 Jul 1997, M. H. Sabaj Pérez & J. W. Armbruster; INHS 44198, 1 (68.3 mm SL), río Nanay upriver from Santa Clara at Mizplaya, 13.9 km W of Iquitos c. 3 ° 46 ’ 54.6 ” S 73 ° 21 ’ 49.6 ” W, 29 - 30 Jul 1997, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.; MHNG 2394.39, 3 (56.5 - 61.0 mm SL), río Calleria, vers. Embouchure, dans le río Ucayali Cocha Tachsitea, 3 Oct 1984, P. de Rham & H. Ortega; MUSM 47103, 3 (62.6 - 65.8 mm SL), collected with holotype; MZUSP 115005, 2 (60.9 - 64.5 mm SL), collected with holotype; UF 185771, 2 (62.3 - 67.3 mm SL), collected with holotype; USNM 270812, 2 (56.4 - 72.2 mm SL), río Ucayali, Pucallpa, Tacshitea, 3 Oct 1984, H. Ortega. Non-type material. 3 specimens (35.0 - 39.5 mm SL). Peru. Loreto: UF 128851, 1 (39.5 mm SL), Caño Yarina, río Pacaya in Reserva Nacional Pacay Samiria c. 5 ° 17 ’ 39.5 ” S 74 ° 29 ’ 53.1 ” W, 12 May 2003, J. S. Albert & W. G. R. Crampton; UF 129190, 2 (35.0 - 37.0 mm SL), same general locality as UF 128851 c. 5 ° 24 ’ 37.3 ” S 74 ° 30 ’ 15.18 ” W, 14 May 2003, J. S. Albert & W. G. R. Crampton.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55A7A3384952EB012CCFC8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tympanopleura cryptica is distinguished from congeners on the basis of a unique combination of characters. Tympanopleura cryptica differs from T. atronasus in having more gill rakers on the first arch (21 - 26, mode 22 vs. 14 - 23, mode 16), fewer preanal vertebrae (14 - 15 vs. 16 - 19), fewer total vertebrae (38 - 41, mode 38 vs. 39 - 43, mode 41), fewer pleural rib pairs (4 - 5 vs. 7 - 8), greater distance between pectoral- and dorsal-fin origin (21.6 - 24.3 % SL vs. 15.7 - 20.9 % SL), and a uniform body coloration that does not include a dark blotch of melanophores on the flank above the anal-fin base or streaks in the caudal fin, as is typically present in T. atronasus. Tympanopleura cryptica differs from T. brevis in having fewer anal-fin rays (23 - 30 vs. 31 - 36), fewer pectoral-fin rays (8 - 10, mode 9 vs. 10 - 12, mode 11), and fewer total vertebrae (38 vs. 38 - 41, mode 40). Tympanopleura cryptica differs from T. longipinna in having fewer anal-fin rays (23 - 30 vs. 32 - 42), fewer pectoral-fin rays (8 - 10, mode 9 vs. 10 - 13, mode 11), more preanal vertebrae (14 - 15, mode 15 vs. 13 - 15, mode 14), fewer total vertebrae (38 - 41, mode 38 vs. 40 - 43, mode 43), greater preanal length (59.6 - 66.0 % SL vs. 49.7 - 57.6 % SL), shorter distance between dorsal- and adipose-fin origin (33.9 - 46.7 % SL vs. 46.5 - 54.0 % SL), shorter anal-fin base (24.4 - 30.3 % SL vs. 33.9 - 39.9 % SL), and a slightly larger eye diameter (16.7 - 25.6 % HL vs. 11.6 - 18.5 % HL). Tympanopleura cryptica differs from T. piperata in having fewer anal-fin rays (23 - 30 vs. 31 - 38), more gill rakers on the first arch (21 - 26, mode 22 vs. 16 - 23, mode 19), fewer total vertebrae (38 - 41, mode 38 vs. 39 - 41, mode 40), greater prepelvic length (48.4 - 53.6 % SL vs. 41.3 - 47.0 % SL), greater prepectoral length (29.7 - 33.8 % SL vs. 23.6 - 28.3 % SL), greater distance between pectoral- and dorsal-fin origin (21.6 - 24.3 % SL vs. 15.2 - 20.9 % SL), shorter distance between dorsal- and adipose-fin origin (33.9 - 46.7 % SL vs. 45.9 - 55.4 % SL), shorter anal-fin base (24.4 - 30.3 % SL vs. 30.9 - 39.3 % SL), a slightly smaller eye diameter (16.7 - 25.6 % HL vs. 24.3 - 35.7 % HL), presence of two small posterior diverticula on gas bladder (vs. diverticula absent), and base of the caudal fin without a characteristic dark, hourglass-shaped transverse bar usually present in T. piperata. Tympanopleura cryptica differs from T. rondoni in having fewer anal-fin rays (23 - 30, mode 29 vs. 28 - 37, mode 31), fewer pectoral-fin rays (8 - 10, mode 9 vs. 10 - 13, mode 11), fewer gill rakers on the first arch (21 - 26, mode 22 vs. 24 - 33, mode 29 - 30), fewer total vertebrae (38 - 41, mode 38 vs. 38 - 42, mode 40), fewer pleural rib pairs (4 - 5, mode 5 vs. 4 - 6, mode 6), a larger eye diameter (16.7 - 25.6 % HL vs. 8.4 - 17.0 % HL), gas bladder cordiform and with two short posterior diverticula (vs. gas bladder elongated antero-posteriorly and with two longer, recurved diverticula), and pigmentation on the head and body diffuse and relatively uniform in appearance, in contrast to the prominent spotted pattern of T. rondoni.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55A7A3384952EB012CCFC8D.taxon	description	Description. Tympanopleura cryptica is a small-sized auchenipterid. Specimens of undetermined sex, mature females, and non-nuptial males ranged in size from 35.0 - 78.2 mm SL (n = 29). Prenuptial and nuptial males ranged in size from 57.5 - 84.9 mm SL (n = 15). Morphometric data are summarized in Table 10. Dorsal profile of head nearly straight or weakly convex to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body from behind dorsal fin to caudal fin slightly convex to nearly straight. Body relatively short, depth at base of dorsal fin approximately equal to or slightly greater than body width at origin of pectoral fin. Ventral profile of head flat, ventral profile of body from isthmus to anal-fin origin straight or gently rounded, angled upward posteriorly along anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle deep, 8.3 - 11.4 % SL. Body not markedly compressed at pectoral- or pelvic-fin base, but rather gradually tapered to base of caudal fin. Head length 25.9 - 33.0 % SL. Mouth only weakly inferior, upper jaw projecting anterior to tip of lower jaw a distance approximately equal to width of the premaxillary tooth band and less than half of eye diameter. Corners of mouth approximately in line with transverse plane extending between posterior nares; posterior edge of lower jaw extending to a point approaching a plane through middle of the eye. Snout short, 40.4 - 51.3 % HL, forming a broad arc or squared off in dorsal and ventral view. Jaw teeth small, conical, slightly recurved, barely extending through epidermal tissue. Center of premaxillary tooth plate partially to fully exposed in ventral view, fully exposed posterolaterally, with about 3 - 6 irregular rows of teeth at midline, tapering to 1 - 2 rows posterolaterally. Dentary teeth small, thin, conical, distributed in about 3 - 4 uneven rows and slightly exposed laterally. Eye relatively large, horizontal diameter 16.7 - 25.6 % HL, covered by thick epidermis; eyes lateral, equally visible in dorsal and ventral view (Fig. 1 c). Cranial fontanelle relatively elongate, open from posterior margin of mesethmoid along anteromedial half of frontals to a point just anterior to a plane passing through posterior margins of the eyes. Anterior nares lateral to distal tips of mesethmoid wings and directed anterodorsally; posterior nares remote, about equidistant between anterior nares and anterior margin of orbit, encircled by short ridge of epidermis. Gill membranes broadly fused to isthmus along a plane falling posterior to rear margin of orbit, pre-isthmus length about 62.5 - 82.8 % HL. Branchiostegal rays 7 - 8 (mode 8; n = 19). Total gill rakers on anterolateral margin of first arch 21 - 26 (mode 22; n = 23); first epibranchial with 6 - 10 (mode 8) and first ceratobranchial with 13 - 20 (mode 14) gill rakers. Longest gill rakers near middle of arch thin and crenulate on medial margin; tapering, short, and pointed near distal ends of each arch. Maxillary barbel of females and non-nuptial males small, filamentous, concealed in premaxillary groove, length 13.9 - 15.8 % HL (mean = 15.1 ± 0.8 SD; n = 6). Maxillary barbel of prenuptial males ossified and slightly thickened over approximately proximal one-half to three-fourths, with fleshy terminus, extending slightly beyond rictus, lacking well-developed hooks, length 21.2 - 29.6 % HL (mean = 24.1 ± 2.7 SD; n = 11). Structure of nuptial male maxillary barbel unknown, as no peak nuptial males were available in material examined. Dorsal fin rays II, 6, consisting of a small spinelet, elongated spine, and branched rays; first ray longest, extending anterior to or about equal to midpoint between dorsal-fin origin and adipose-fin origin when fin is adpressed. Dorsal-fin spine short, relatively thin and weak in females and non-nuptial males, depressed spine reaching less than midpoint between dorsal-fin origin and adipose-fin origin, length of spine 16.8 - 22.3 % SL (mean = 20.2 ± 1.6 SD; n = 10). Dorsal-fin spine elongated in prenuptial and nuptial males, 18.6 - 34.9 % SL (mean = 23.5 ± 4.6 SD; n = 13). Serration of spine variable. In females and non-nuptial males, anterior margin of spine weakly to strongly crenulated with single row of low-crowned serrae (range 12 - 33; mean = 22.9 ± 6.1 SD; n = 15), crowded together proximally and forming a low embedded keel, more distantly separated distally, or absent altogether over distal half or more. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral margins of spine with well developed longitudinal grooves and ridges. Posterior margin of spine in females and non-nuptial males with 13 - 24 weak serrae (mode 20; mean = 18.7 ± 3.0 SD; n = 18); serrae short, relatively blunt, absent near base, displaced to ventrolateral edge of spine in some specimens, and occasionally nearly absent on entire posterior margin. Detailed structure of dorsal-fin spine of nuptial males unknown; one prenuptial male examined (USNM 270812; 72.2 mm SL) with entire anterior margin of dorsal-fin spine crenulated, denticulations longest and most closely spaced proximally, but lacking well developed serrae; posterior margin weakly crenulated proximally and smooth distally. Longest dorsal-fin rays reaching well beyond tip of spine in all but prenuptial and nuptial males. Adipose fin small, posterior margin free. Anal fin relatively short, base 24.4 - 30.3 % SL, with 23 - 30 rays (mode 29; n = 39); distal margin gently convex in juveniles, females, and non-nuptial males. Anal-fin pterygiophores 25 - 28 (mode 27; n = 25) in specimens examined with ≥ 27 anal rays. First 5 anal-fin rays of prenuptial males unbranched, elongated, and thickened to form intromittent organ; gonopore located distally on leading edge of anal fin about one-third to one-half distance from base to tip of longest ray, presumably displaced toward distal end in fully nuptial male. Pectoral-fin spine well developed, relatively short, stout, 14.2 - 22.7 % SL, not reaching to pelvic-fin origin. Anterior margin nearly smooth or weakly rugose proximally, lacking distinct serrae. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of spine with shallow longitudinal grooves. Posterior margin of spine with single series of retrorse serrae along entire length except short proximal section; serrae range from 16 - 25 (mode 18; mean = 17.7 ± 1.7 SD; n = 22). Pectoral fin with 9 - 10 (mode 9; n = 38) branched rays; anterior-most pectoral rays longest. Postcleithral process typically present, short, conical. N Range Mean SD Holotype MUSM 47102 Standard length (SL, mm) 26 56.4 - 78.2 --- --- 84.9 Percent of SL Preadipose length 19 78.6 - 82.9 80.9 1.1 80.9 Preanal length 26 59.6 - 66.0 62.5 1.4 63.7 Predorsal length 26 31.9 - 41.6 37.1 2.1 37.3 Prepelvic length 26 48.3 - 53.6 50.5 1.2 51.6 Prepectoral length 20 29.7 - 33.8 30.9 1.0 29.7 Pectoral-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 20 21.6 - 24.3 23.3 0.7 21.6 Pelvic-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 20 23.0 - 28.2 25.8 1.2 26.1 Pelvic-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 25 18.7 - 39.7 33.2 6.2 36.0 Dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 26 33.9 - 46.7 43.0 3.7 45.2 Adipose-fin origin to anal-fin insertion 20 12.9 - 15.6 14.8 0.6 15.4 Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 26 17.8 - 24.2 22.7 1.7 22.1 Caudal peduncle depth 26 8.3 - 11.4 10.6 0.7 10.2 Caudal peduncle length 26 10.5 - 14.7 12.6 1.1 11.2 Body width at pectoral-fin origin 26 15.9 - 25.0 21.8 2.9 22.6 Body width at pelvic-fin origin 20 9.5 - 13.2 11.7 0.8 11.9 Pectoral spine length 25 14.2 - 22.7 19.7 2.2 19.6 Anal-fin base length 26 24.4 - 30.3 27.7 1.3 27.4 Head length (HL) 26 25.9 - 33.0 29.8 2.0 29.4 Percent of HL Head depth at supraoccipital 25 47.7 - 68.6 58.6 4.0 59.6 Head width at postorbitals 26 62.8 - 80.6 72.1 4.7 73.6 Dorsal interopercular width 20 45.8 - 58.4 51.0 2.6 50.0 Anterior internarial distance 26 25.6 - 44.0 32.9 3.7 44.0 Preisthmus length 20 62.5 - 82.8 71.1 4.7 74.8 Snout length 26 40.4 - 51.3 44.0 2.7 47.6 Gape width 26 47.5 - 60.6 55.0 3.6 57.2 Upper jaw length 20 31.4 - 40.1 35.8 2.2 37.2 Lower jaw length 20 26.3 - 36.5 32.0 2.3 33.2 Eye diameter 26 16.7 - 25.6 20.9 2.1 19.6 Pelvic-fin origin posterior to tips of longest adpressed pectoral-fin rays; distal margin of fin straight to slightly convex. Pelvic fin rays i, 6; first branched ray longest, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Caudal fin forked, lobes equal, with 8 + 9 principal rays, 17 - 22 (mode 19; n = 12) upper, and 13 - 15 (mode 15) lower procurrent rays. Preanal vertebrae 14 - 15 (mode 15; n = 32). Total vertebrae 38 - 41 (mode 38; n = 32). Pairs of pleural ribs 4 - 5 (mode 5; n = 17). Little variation was observed in vertebral and rib counts in the material examined, with very few specimens having counts different than the modes (Tables 4 - 6). Gas bladder of adults large, cordiform, posterior margin blunt, tunica smooth and thin over dorsal, lateral, and anteroventral surfaces. Exterior posteroventral surface of tunica thickened, with weak, irregular, posterolaterally radiating ridges as in T. piperata. Two short terminal diverticula joined or weakly proximate at their bases (Fig. 6 d). Color in alcohol. Base color of head and body dark brown, gray, or tan with pigmentation generally of relatively uniform shading. Top and sides of head, dorsum, upper half of sides of body with dense pigmentation consisting of small brown to black melanophores, darkest on head, anterolaterally, and dorsally. Pigment on sides of head extends anterior to eye, on membrane over eye, and on opercular skin slightly posteroventrally to eye. Lower half of sides of body with pigment less intense, but extending to base of anal fin and most concentrated anteriorly, especially over pseudotymanum and above pectoral-fin base. Pigment never appearing mottled or spotted. Chin in some specimens with an intense crescent or half-moon shaped patch of dark, concentrated brown melanophores, similar to T. atronasus. Streaks of brown pigment in dorsal and pectoral fins, most intense along leading edge of anterior-most ray; dorsal-fin spine and pectoral-fin spines with flecks scattered along anterior and lateral margins in the former, and anterior and top margins in the latter. Brown pigment extending from sides of body onto base of caudal fin, forming a broad, weakly defined vertical patch, somewhat darker and slightly crescent shaped in upper lobe. Adipose fin with melanophores scattered throughout. Anal and pelvic fins generally hyaline, but the latter with a small patch of melanophores above base of the anterior rays.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55A7A3384952EB012CCFC8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tympanopleura cryptica is known from relatively few records in the middle and upper Amazon River basin, State of Amazonas in Brazil and the Loreto Region of Peru (Fig. 12).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E55A7A3384952EB012CCFC8D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet cryptica is derived from the transliterated Greek kryptos, meaning hidden or concealed, in reference to the close morphological and pigmentation similarities of this species to congeners and its previously unrecognized taxonomic distinctiveness. Gender feminine.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E5567A36848729731346FE0C.taxon	description	Figs. 1 d, 6 e, 14	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E5567A36848729731346FE0C.taxon	materials_examined	Ageneiosus brevis (non Steindachner, 1881). - Birindelli et al., 2012: 655 - 656, 658 - 660, figs. 6 b, c, 9 [MZUSP 34417, 1; presumed misidentification based on majority of specimens in lot; gas bladder morphology; phylogenetic hypothesis; in material examined]. Holotype. MZUSP 114000 (ex MZUSP 34417), 73.0 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rondônia, rio Madeira, Calama, Praia do Caraparu, 13 Dec 1980, M. Goulding. Paratypes. 352 specimens (34.2 - 81.3 mm SL). Bolivia. Beni: AMNH 56069, 1 (63.2 mm SL), río Mamoré, Puerto Siles, 4 Dec 1965, S. Anderson. Brazil. Amazonas: ANSP 193974, 5 (52.1 - 65.9 mm SL), rio Japurá downriver from Nova Betania, 29.4 km upriver from Serraria, c. 02 ° 54 ’ 41.5 ” S 64 ° 51 ’ 53.5 ” W, 2 Nov 1993, S. L. Jewett et al.; ANSP 194004, 18 (57.5 - 75.5 mm SL), rio Madeira, c. 03 ° 33 ’ 37.5 ” S 58 ° 54 ’ 42.4 ” W, 15 Oct 1994, J. G. Lundberg et al.; ANSP 194008, 6 (46.1 - 52.6 mm SL, 3 unmeasured), rio Solimões upriver of Nova Oriente, c. 03 ° 13 ’ 37.1 ” S 59 ° 03 ’ 34.6 ” W, 11 Aug 1996, A. M. Zanata et al.; ANSP 194140, 8 (2, 55.9 - 57.9 mm SL, 6 unmeasured), rio Solimões, above mouth of rio Purus, downriver of Anori, c. 03 ° 45 ’ 27.3 ’’ S 61 ° 34 ’ 51.7 ’’ W, 30 Jul 1996, A. M. Zanata et al. INPA 17319, 1 (34.2 mm SL), rio Purus, collected with bottom trawl, c. 04 ° 53 ’ 47.1 ’’ S 62 ° 54 ’ 51.3 ’’ W, 6 Jun 2001, L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & C. de Deus; INPA 34077, 6 (50.0 - 68.6 mm SL, 2 c / s), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl near confluence of rio Solimões and rio Negro, c. 03 ° 09 ’ 14 ” S 59 ° 54 ’ 17 ” W, 17 Aug 2007, A. Carvajal et al.; INPA 34078, 3 (44.3 - 55.0 mm SL), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl near shoreline of Lago Catalão, c. 03 ° 09 ’ 43 ” S 59 ° 54 ’ 39 ” W, 7 Aug 2008, A. Ribeiro; INPA 35109, 222 (43.9 - 79.8 mm SL), rio Purus, Berurí, above the community of Carapanã, 19 Oct 2009, C. Duarte & L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel; MCP 29602, 1 (68.0 mm SL), rio Solimões, Alvarães, opposite community of Caborini and mouth of Lago Mamirauá, confluence of rio Solimões and rio Japurá, c. 03 ° 09 ’ 34 ’’ S 64 ° 46 ’ 35 ’’ W, 10 Feb 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MCP 29603, 1 (67.8 mm SL), rio Solimões, Alvarães, Ilha do Içé, c. 03 ° 16 ’ 36 ’’ S 64 ° 41 ’ 01 ’’ W, Jan 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MCP 29605, 1 (81.3 mm SL), rio Solimões, Tefé, c. 03 ° 15 ’ 37 ’’ S 64 ° 42 ’ 30 ’’ W, 30 Jan 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MZUSP 57348, 2 (38.5 - 47.6 mm SL), rio Amazonas, collected with bottom trawl near mouth of rio Madeira, c. 03 ° 13 ’ 46 ” S 59 ° 03 ’ 59 ” W, 11 Aug 1996, A. M. Zanata et al.; MZUSP 58309, 2 (45.9 - 46.2 mm SL), rio Solimões, 7 km below Paraná do Iranduba, c. 03 ° 13 ’ 34 ” S 59 ° 56 ’ 25 ” W, 24 Oct 1993, S. L. Jewett et al. MZUSP 56644, 2 (44.9 - 54.6 mm SL), rio Madeira, collected with bottom trawl, c. 03 ° 38 ’ 26 ” S 59 ° 02 ’ 45 ” W, 7 Aug 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56646, 2 (35.6 - 40.6 mm SL), rio Purus, collected with bottom trawl, c. 03 ° 51 ’ 09 ” S 61 ° 23 ’ 25 ” W, 26 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56725, 2 (58.0 - 59.5 mm SL), rio Japurá, collected with bottom trawl 11 km below Lago Paupixuna, c. 02 ° 39 ’ 24 ” S 65 ° 47 ’ 40 ” W, 7 Nov 1993, O. Oyakawa et al.; MZUSP 63595, 2 (54.1 - 62.3 mm SL), rio Purus, Campina, 10 Jan 1975, P. E. Vanzolini; MZUSP 63597, 3 (47.5 - 49.8 mm SL), rio Purus, Cassiã, 3 Jan 1975, P. E. Vanzolini; MZUSP 114002, 2 (63.6 - 66.0 mm SL), mouth of rio Ituxi, 22 Dec 1974, P. E. Vanzolini; MZUSP 114004, 15 (57.5 - 75.5 mm SL), same data as ANSP 194004; UF 185773, 2 (63.2 - 65.4 mm SL), same data as MZUSP 114002. Rondônia: MZUSP 34418, 4 (68.4 - 75.7 mm SL), rio Madeira, Calama, Paraná do Flechal, 2 Feb 1981, M. Goulding; MZUSP 114001 (ex MZUSP 34417), 12 (47.5 - 67.0 mm SL, 2 c / s), collected with holotype; UF 185772 (ex MZUSP 34417), 11 (56.1 - 77.3 mm SL), collected with holotype. Peru. Loreto: ANSP 178310, 11 (43.1 - 76.9 mm SL), río Amazonas main channel along W bank, 30 - 45 min upriver from inlet to Iquitos (mouth of río Itaya), S of Iquitos, 13 Sep 2001, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al; USNM 124918, 3 (64.3 - 68.2 mm SL), Shansho Cano, 4 Dec 1935, W. G. Scherer. Ucayali: MZUSP 25972, 4 (41.5 - 65.3 mm SL), río Ucayali, Masisea, Province Coronel Portillo, 6 Oct 1975, H. Ortega. Non-type material. 593 specimens (40.9 - 78.7 mm SL). Brazil. Amazonas: ANSP 194007, 4 (40.9 - 58.1 mm SL), rio Madeira upriver of Itacoatiara, c. 03 ° 30 ’ 29.3 ” S 58 ° 53 ’ 17.4 ” N, 6 Aug 1996, C. C. Fernandes et al.; ANSP 194009, 1 (57.2 mm SL), rio Jurua upriver of rio Meneroa, c. 02 ° 42 ’ 24.3 ” S 65 ° 47 ’ 24.8 ” N, 9 Nov 1993, M. Garcia et al.; ANSP 194011, 1 (61.1 mm SL), rio Madeira 35 km upriver of Santa Maria, 1 km downriver Vila Urucurituba, c. 03 ° 32 ’ 46.0 ” S 58 ° 55 ’ 09.3 ” N), 15 Oct 1994, J. G. Lundberg et al.; CAL unk., 1 (55.4 mm SL), rio Solimões upriver of Itacoatiara, c. 03 ° 19 ’ 58.4 ” S, 58 ° 35 ’ 53.4 ” W, 8 Aug 1996, M. Toledo-Piza et al. (MTP 96.135); CAL unk., 1 (56.4 mm SL), rio Solimões upriver of Itacoatiara, c. 03 ° 20 ’ 01.7 ” S 58 ° 36 ’ 01.3 ” W, 9 Aug 1996, C. C. Fernandes et al. (CCF 96.102); CAL unk., 1 (60.6 mm SL), rio Solimões, c. 03 ° 48 ’ 19.0 ” S 61 ° 38 ’ 29.9 ” W, 29 Jul 1996, A. M. Zanata et al. (AMZ 96.97); CAL unk., 1 (61.8 mm SL), rio Solimões, c. 03 ° 36 ’ 10.4 ” S 61 ° 17 ’ 45.5 ” W, 28 Jul 1996, A. M. Zanata et al. (AMZ 96.83); CAL unk., 1 (66.0 mm SL), rio Madeira 31.1 km downriver of Santa Antônia, 25 km upriver of Itacoatiara, c. 03 ° 14 ’ 13.4 ” S 53 ° 36 ’ 20.9 ” W, 20 Oct 1994, F. G. Langeani et al. (FL 94.46); CAL unk., 2 (50.6 - 54.8 mm SL), rio Solimões, c. 03 ° 51 ’ 54.1 ” S 61 ° 39 ’ 14.7 ” W, 30 Jul 1996, A. M. Zanata et al. (AMZ 96.102); CAL unk., 4 (54.0 - 57.6 mm SL), rio Madeira downriver of Nova Olinda do Norte, c. 03 ° 38 ’ 35.4 ” S 59 ° 02 ’ 49.6 ” W, 7 Aug 1996, M. Toledo-Piza et al. (MTP 96.122); CAL unk., 4 (61.0 - 78.7 mm SL), rio Madeira 1.4 km downriver of Nova Rosarinho do Norte, 21.2 km upriver of Urucurituba, c. 03 ° 41 ’ 19.1 ” S 59 ° 05 ’ 51.3 ” W, 16 Oct 1994, F. G. Langeani et al. (FL 94.32); MCP 29600, 1 (65.5 mm SL), rio Solimões, Tefé, south shore of Ilha Panamim, c. 03 ° 19 ’ 19 ’’ S 64 ° 40 ’ 25 ’’ W, 19 Jan 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MCP 29601, 1 (64.1 mm SL), rio Solimões, Tefé, north shore, 1.5 km W entry to Paraná Coxiu Muni, c. 03 ° 16 ’ 36 ’’ S 64 ° 41 ’ 29 ’’ W, 17 Jan 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MCP 29604, 1 (60.7 mm SL), rio Solimões, Alvarães, community of Capivara, c. 03 ° 14 ’ 07 ’’ S 64 ° 41 ’ 09 ’’ W, 13 Jan 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MZUSP 6998, 1 (59.0 mm SL), rio Madeira 25 km below Nova Olinda do Norte, 27 Nov 1967, Expedição Permanente da Amazônia (EPA); MZUSP 56076, 1 (unmeasured), rio Juruá, collected with bottom trawl 13.2 km below Lago Pauapixuna, c. 02 ° 39 ’ 50.0 ” S 65 ° 48 ’ 0.01 ” W, 7 Nov 1993, J. P. Friel et al.; MZUSP 56642, 1 (unmeasured), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl below mouth of rio Purus, c. 03 ° 36 ’ 25 ” S 61 ° 19 ’ 40 ” W, 28 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56643, 1 (unmeasured), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl near mouth of rio Purus, c. 03 ° 36 ’ 01 ” S 61 ° 21 ’ 21.01 ” W, 28 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56647, 1 (unmeasured), rio Madeira, collected with bottom trawl, c. 03 ° 37 ’ 41.0 ” S 59 ° 01 ’ 27.0 ” W, 7 Aug 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56648, 2 (unmeasured mm SL), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl near mouth of rio Purus, c. 03 ° 36 ’ 08.0 ” S 61 ° 17 ’ 51.0 ” W, 28 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56650, 1 (unmeasured), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl near mouth of rio Purus, c. 03 ° 39 ’ 31.0 ” S 61 ° 28 ’ 37.0 ” W, 30 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56651, 1 (unmeasured), rio Madeira, collected with bottom trawl, c. 03 ° 26 ’ 32.0 ” S 58 ° 47 ’ 57.0 ” W, 10 Aug 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56721, 1 (62.0 mm SL), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl 12 km below Japurá, c. 03 ° 18 ’ 29 ” S 64 ° 35 ’ 24 ” W, 31 Oct 1993, O. Oyakawa et al.; MZUSP 56726, 1 (58.8 mm SL), rio Juruá, collected with bottom trawl between Lago Paupixuna and Lago Meneroa, c. 02 ° 46 ’ 31 ” S 65 ° 49 ’ 59 ” W, 9 Nov 1993, O. Oyakawa et al.; MZUSP 57306, 1 (unmeasured), rio Madeira, near mouth, collected with bottom trawl, c. 03 ° 35 ’ 30.0 ” S 58 ° 57 ’ 57.0 ” W, 6 Aug 1996, A. M. Zanata et al.; MZUSP 57347, 1 (unmeasured), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl below mouth of rio Purus, c. 03 ° 36 ’ 16.0 ” S 61 ° 21 ’ 12.0 ” W, 28 Jul 1996, A. M. Zanata et al.; MZUSP 57380, 1 (49.2 mm SL), rio Amazonas, collected with bottom trawl below mouth of rio Negro, c. 03 ° 10 ’ 24 ” S 59 ° 32 ’ 29 ” W, 22 Jul 1996, A. M. Zanata et al.; MZUSP 57970, 1 (unmeasured), rio Madeira, collected with bottom trawl 17 km below Paraná do Canumá, c. 03 ° 51 ’ 11.0 ” S 59 ° 3 ’ 24.0 ” W, 7 Aug 1996, C. Cox-Fernandes et al.; MZUSP 57977, 1 (unmeasured), rio Madeira, collected with bottom trawl 51 km below Paraná do Canumá, c. 03 ° 35 ’ 09.0 ” S 58 ° 57 ’ 47.0 ” W, 6 Aug 1996, C. Cox-Fernandes et al.; MZUSP 58124, 1 (unmeasured), rio Amazonas, collected with bottom trawl 21.3 km below mouth of rio Madeira, c. 03 ° 18 ’ 14.0 ” S 58 ° 36 ’ 09.0 ” W, 20 Oct 1994, M. Westneat et al.; MZUSP 58238, 1 (unmeasured), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl 3.9 km below mouth of rio Japurá, c. 03 ° 12 ’ 11.0 ” S 64 ° 48 ’ 01.99 ” W, 30 Oct 1993, S. L. Jewett et al. MZUSP 58245, 1 (unmeasured), rio Solimões, collected with bottom trawl 10 km below mouth of rio Japurá, c. 03 ° 19 ’ 10.0 ” S 64 ° 32 ’ 02.99 ” W, 28 Oct 1993, S. L. Jewett et al.; MZUSP 63598, 1 (58.1 mm SL), mouth of rio Paciá, 23 Dec 1974, P. E. Vanzolini; MZUSP 113997 (ex MZUSP 63630), 1 (68.9 mm SL), Pauini, 15 - 19 Dec 1974, P. E. Vanzolini; MZUSP 114003, 1 (65.1 mm SL), rio Purus, Santa Luzia, 11 Jan 1975, P. E. Vanzolini. Rondônia: MZUSP 34417, c. 540 (unmeasured), collected with holotype; MZUSP 34418, 4 (68.4 - 75.7 mm SL), rio Madeira, Calama, Paraná do Flechal, 2 Feb 1981, M. Goulding. Peru. Loreto: CAS 57941, 1, paratype of T. nigricollis (52.1 mm SL), Iquitos, Sep 1920, W. R. Allen. Ucayali: MZUSP 114005, 2 (66.2 - 73.6 mm SL), Pucullpa, Province Coronel Portillo, District Yarinacocha, 9 Aug 1973, H. Ortega.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E5567A36848729731346FE0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tympanopleura longipinna can distinguished from T. atronasus and T. cryptica on the basis of its much longer anal fin (32 - 42 anal-fin rays vs. 23 - 30). Tympanopleura longipinna is further distinct from T. atronasus in having more pectoral-fin rays (10 - 13 vs. 7 - 9), more gill rakers on the first arch (19 - 25 vs. 14 - 18), fewer preanal vertebrae (13 - 15 vs. 16 - 19), more total vertebrae (40 - 43, mode 43 vs. 39 - 43, mode 41), fewer pleural ribs (4 - 5 vs. 7 - 8), greater distance from pelvic- to adipose-fin origin (37.6 - 45.1 % SL vs. 31.2 - 38.1 %), longer anal-fin base (33.9 - 39.9 % SL vs. 22.1 - 27.6 % SL), and a generally lighter overall pigmentation pattern on the head, dorsum, and sides of the body, lacking the characteristic dark patches of melanophores concentrated on the flanks above the anal-fin base, the chin, and streaks in each caudal-fin lobe usually present in T. atronasus. Tympanopleura longipinna further differs from T. cryptica in having a greater number of pectoral-fin rays (10 - 13, mode 11 vs. 8 - 10, mode 9), fewer preanal vertebrae (13 - 15, mode 14 vs. 14 - 15, mode 15), more total vertebrae (40 - 43, mode 43 vs. 38 - 41, mode 38), shorter preanal length (49.7 - 57.6 % SL vs. 59.6 - 66.0 % SL), shorter prepelvic length (38.8 - 48.4 % SL vs. 48.3 - 53.6 % SL), greater distance from dorsal- to adipose-fin origin (46.5 - 54.0 % SL vs. 33.9 - 46.7 % SL), longer anal-fin base (33.9 - 39.9 % SL vs. 24.4 - 30.3 % SL), slightly smaller eye diameter (11.6 - 18.5 % HL vs. 16.7 - 25.6 % HL), and a generally lighter pigmentation pattern on the head, dorsum, body, and fins. Tympanopleura longipinna differs from T. brevis in having an overall greater number of anal-fin rays (32 - 42, mode 37 vs. 31 - 36, mode 33) and total vertebrae (40 - 43, mode 43 vs. 38 - 41, mode 40), greater distance from pelvic- to adipose-fin origin (37.6 - 45.1 % SL vs. 31.2 - 38.3 % SL), shorter pectoral-fin spine (15.9 - 18.2 % SL vs. 19.1 - 24.4 % SL), longer anal-fin base (33.9 - 39.9 % SL vs. 26.6 - 33.9 % SL), shorter head length (25.2 - 29.7 % SL vs. 29.7 - 35.6 % SL), and usually lighter pigmentation pattern on the head, dorsum, sides of the body, and fins (vs. diffuse, dark tan to brown pigment extending well below the lateral line and paired fins with dark membranes). Tympanopleura longipinna differs from T. piperata in having a greater number of pectoral-fin rays (10 - 13, mode 11 vs. 6 - 10, mode 9), more gill rakers on the first arch (19 - 25, mode 23 vs. 16 - 23, mode 19), fewer preanal vertebrae (13 - 15, mode 14 vs. 14 - 16, mode 15), more total vertebrae (40 - 43, mode 43 vs. 39 - 41, mode 40), greater body width at the pectoral-fin origin (21.1 - 25.7 % SL vs. 16.8 - 20.0 % SL), smaller eye diameter (11.6 - 18.5 % HL vs. 24.3 - 35.7 % HL), gas bladder with two short posterior diverticula (vs. diverticula absent), and lack of a dense band of pigmentation on the base of the caudal fin. Tympanopleura longipinna differs from T. rondoni in having more anal-fin rays (32 - 42, mode 37 vs. 28 - 37, mode 31), fewer gill rakers on the first arch (19 - 25, mode 23 vs. 24 - 33, mode 29 - 30), fewer preanal vertebrae (13 - 15, mode 14 vs. 14 - 16, mode 15), more total vertebrae (40 - 43, mode 43 vs. 38 - 42, mode 40), shorter predorsal length (29.5 - 36.1 % SL vs. 35.2 - 47.4 % SL), greater distance from dorsalto adipose-fin origin (46.5 - 54.0 % SL vs. 38.1 - 46.8 % SL), longer anal-fin base (33.9 - 39.9 % SL vs. 23.1 - 32.5 % SL), a cordiform gas bladder with two short posterior diverticula (vs. gas bladder elongated antero-posteriorly and with two longer, recurved posterior diverticula), and an overall light pigmentation pattern on the head, dorsum, sides of body, and fins (vs. dark pigmentation over most of body and fins with prominent spots or mottling).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tympanopleura piperata is distinguished from congeners by its diminutive size (maximum size less than 50 mm SL vs. greater than 75 mm SL in all other species), a large cordiform gas bladder lacking posterior diverticula and with the tunica externa and internal longitudinal septum partially ossified in adults, and unique pigmentation on the caudal fin consisting of a dense patch of melanophores forming an hourglass-shaped band at its base (most visible in live or freshly preserved specimens). Tympanopleura piperata is further distinguished from T. atronasus in having a greater number of anal-fin rays (31 - 38 vs. 23 - 30), greater number of gill rakers on the first arch (16 - 23, mode 19 vs. 14 - 23, mode 16), fewer preanal vertebrae (14 - 16, mode 15 vs. 16 - 19, mode 17), fewer total vertebrae (39 - 41, mode 40 vs. 39 - 43, mode 41), fewer pleural rib pairs (4 - 5 vs. 7 - 8), shorter prepelvic length (41.3 - 47.0 % SL vs. 49.2 - 55.2 % SL), greater distance from pelvic- to adipose-fin origin (36.7 - 50.0 % SL vs. 31.2 - 38.1 % SL), longer anal-fin base (30.9 - 39.3 % SL vs. 22.1 - 27.6 % SL), and absence of a dense patch of pigmentation on the flank above the anal-fin base and elongate streak of pigment in each caudal-fin lobe that is characteristic of T. atronasus. Tympanopleura piperata further differs from T. brevis in having fewer pectoral-fin rays (6 - 10, mode 9 vs. 10 - 12, mode 11), fewer gill rakers on the first arch (16 - 23, mode 19 vs. 20 - 24, mode 23), shorter predorsal length (28.8 - 34.4 % SL vs. 35.1 - 44.0 % SL), shorter prepelvic length (41.3 - 47.0 % SL vs. 47.4 - 53.9 % SL), shorter prepectoral length (23.6 - 28.3 % SL vs. 27.9 - 35.6 % SL), shorter distance from pectoral- to dorsal-fin origin (15.2 - 20.9 % SL vs. 21.4 - 27.0 % SL), narrower body width at pectoral-fin origin (16.8 - 20.0 % SL vs. 20.5 - 26.6 % SL), shorter pectoral-fin spine (13.9 - 18.1 % SL vs. 19.1 - 24.4 % SL), shorter head length (22.2 - 27.8 % SL vs. 29.7 - 35.6 % SL), and a larger eye diameter (24.3 - 35.7 % HL vs. 13.8 - 21.0 % HL). Tympanopleura piperata differs from T. cryptica in having more anal-fin rays (31 - 38 vs. 23 - 30), fewer gill rakers on the first arch (16 - 23, mode 19 vs. 21 - 26, mode 22), greater number of total vertebrae (39 - 41, mode 40 vs. 38 - 41, mode 38), shorter preanal length (52.5 - 59.7 % SL vs. 59.6 - 66.0 % SL), shorter prepectoral length (23.6 - 28.3 % SL vs. 29.7 - 33.8 % SL), shorter distance from pectoral- to dorsal-fin origin (15.2 - 20.9 % SL vs. 21.6 - 24.3 % SL), longer anal-fin base (30.9 - 39.3 % SL vs. 24.4 - 30.3 % SL), and a slightly larger eye diameter (24.3 - 35.7 % HL vs. 16.7 - 25.6 % HL). Tympanopleura piperata differs from T. longipinna in having a slightly shorter anal fin (anal-fin rays 31 - 38, mode 35 vs. 34 - 42, mode 37), fewer pectoral-fin rays (6 - 10, mode 9 vs. 10 - 13, mode 11), fewer total vertebrae (39 - 41, mode 40 vs. 40 - 43, mode 43), narrower body width at pectoral-fin origin (16.8 - 20.0 % SL vs. 21.1 - 25.7 % SL), slightly shorter snout (31.4 - 43.6 % HL vs. 40.3 - 57.1 % HL) and narrower gape (34.8 - 53.6 % HL vs. 51.3 - 65.3 % HL), and a larger eye (24.3 - 35.7 % HL vs. 11.6 - 18.5 % HL). Tympanopleura piperata differs from T. rondoni in having a slightly longer anal fin (anal-fin rays 31 - 38, mode 35 vs. 28 - 37, mode 31), fewer pectoral-fin rays (6 - 10, mode 9 vs. 10 - 13, mode 11), fewer gill rakers (16 - 23 vs. 24 - 33), fewer pleural rib pairs (4 - 5, mode 4 vs. 4 - 6, mode 6), shorter predorsal length (28.8 - 34.4 % SL vs. 35.2 - 47.4 % SL), shorter prepectoral length (23.6 - 28.3 % SL vs. 29.2 - 39.0 % SL), shorter distance from pectoral- to dorsal-fin origin (15.2 - 20.9 % SL vs. 19.8 - 29.0 % SL), greater distance from pelvic- to adipose-fin origin (36.7 - 50.0 % SL vs. 24.0 - 41.5 % SL), greater distance from dorsal- to adipose-fin origin (45.9 - 55.4 % SL vs. 38.1 - 46.8 % SL), narrower body width at pectoral-fin origin (16.8 - 20.0 % SL vs. 21.8 - 29.5 % SL), shorter pectoral-fin spine (13.9 - 18.1 % SL vs. 17.1 - 21.0 % SL), longer anal-fin base (30.9 - 39.3 % SL vs. 23.1 - 32.5 % SL), shorter head (22.2 - 27.8 % SL vs. 26.5 - 39.0 % SL), slightly shorter snout (31.4 - 43.6 % HL vs. 41.7 - 53.6 % HL) and narrower gape (34.8 - 53.6 % HL vs. 51.0 - 65.6 % HL), larger eye (24.3 - 35.7 % HL vs. 8.4 - 17.0 % HL). Additionally, unlike T. piperata, T. rondoni has a heavily spotted pigmentation pattern and an elongated gas bladder with a pair of long, recurved diverticula.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data are summarized in Table 12. Tympanopleura piperata is the smallest species of the genus. Size range 23.0 - 47.5 mm SL (n = 80) for immature specimens, females, and non-nuptial males. Size range 38.5 - 46.9 mm SL (n = 11) for pre-nuptial males. No peak nuptial males were examined. Dorsal profile of head and nape gently sloping upward, nearly straight or slightly concave from tip of snout to base of dorsal-fin spine. Head depressed but not greatly flattened; head relatively deep at midpoint of supraoccipital, 54.3 - 69.7 % HL. Dorsal profile of body posterior to dorsal fin slightly convex to base of upper caudal-fin lobe. Caudal peduncle moderately deep, 7.6 - 10.5 % SL. Body widest at origin of pectoral fin, gradually tapering in width to base of caudal fin. Head length 22.2 - 27.8 % SL. Mouth subterminal, upper jaw extended only slightly anterior to tip of lower jaw. Snout moderately short, 31.4 - 43.6 % HL. Anterior margin of upper jaw weakly rounded to squared off in dorsal profile. Premaxillary and dentary tooth bands narrow, teeth small, conical. Premaxillary teeth in a series of about 2 - 4 irregular rows at midline, tapered to 1 - 2 rows on lateral edges, posteriormost area of premaxilla devoid of teeth. Dentary tooth patch in an irregular series of about 3 - 4 rows. Eye large, 24.3 - 35.7 % HL, nearly equally visible from dorsal and ventral profile, covered by thin layer of epidermis (Fig. 1 e). Posterior edge of lower jaw approximately below middle of eye. Fontanelle groove relatively short, extending from posterior margin of mesethmoid to a point anterior to the plane passing through the rear margins of the orbits. Anterior nares just lateral to tips of mesethmoid wings; posterior nares offset from central margin of mesethmoid. Gill membranes broadly fused to isthmus at anterolateral margins of cleithra. Branchiostegal rays 7 - 8 (mode 7; n = 35). Total gill rakers on anterolateral margin of first arch 16 - 23 (mode 19; n = 28); epibranchial with 5 - 9 (mode 6) and ceratobranchial with 10 - 15 (mode 12) long, thin gill rakers. Maxillary barbels of females and immature males filamentous, thread-like, concealed in groove above premaxilla, length 6.3 - 16.1 % HL (mean = 10.1 ± 2.9 SD; n = 16). Barbel of prenuptial males ossified at base with filamentous tip, length 27.8 - 33.7 % HL (mean = 31.1 ± 2.6 SD; n = 4), some specimens with about 3 - 4 low-crowned, incipient hooks on dorsomedial surface; full armature of peak nuptial male maxillary barbel not observed in material examined. Dorsal fin rays II, 6, consisting of a small spinelet, elongated spine, and branched rays; first ray longest, tip extending anterior to midpoint between dorsal-fin origin and adipose-fin origin when fin is adpressed. Dorsal-fin origin about equal with vertical passing through pectoral-fin insertion. Dorsal-fin spine relatively short, 12.8 - 19.2 % SL (mean = 16.1 ± 1.7 SD; n = 20), with weak longitudinal ridges on lateral margin. Posterior margin of spine in females and non-nuptial males with 8 - 17 (mode 10; mean = 12.1 ± 2.2 SD; n = 58) sharp, retrorse serrae, not quite to base. Posterior margin of spine in pre-nuptial males smooth (Eigenmann, 1912). Anterior margin of spine weakly to moderately crenulated with low-crowned points, in tighter cluster proximally. Full extent of dorsal-fin spine development in peak nuptial males not observed. Anal fin long, base 30.9 - 39.3 % SL, with 31 - 38 rays (mode 35; n = 73), distal margin nearly straight to slightly convex except in nuptial males. Anal-fin pterygiophores 31 - 35 (mode 34; mean = 33.2 ± 1.1 SD; n = 13). First 6 - 7 anal-fin rays of prenuptial males elongated and coalesced to form intromittent organ, gonopore displaced near tips of rays. Pectoral-fin spine well developed, relatively thin, short, 13.9 - 18.1 % SL, not strongly grooved or furrowed. Longest pectoral rays exceed length of spine, tip of adpressed fin falling short of or just reaching to pelvic-fin origin. Anterior margin of spine crenulate. Posterior margin of spine with single series of prominent, sharp, retrorse serrae, counted from both sides in some specimens, range from 8 - 17 (mode 10; mean = 12.0 ± 2.1 SD; n = 61). Pectoral fin with 8 - 9, rarely 6 - 7 or 10, branched rays (mode 9; n = 73). Postcleithral process generally absent, occasionally present as a small rudimentary splint. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through tip of longest adpressed dorsal-fin ray; margin of fin straight to slightly rounded. Pelvic fin rays i, 6; first branched ray longest, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Caudal fin deeply forked, lobes equal, with 8 + 9 principal rays, rarely with 6 upper, 8 lower principal rays; 16 - 20 (mode 18; n = 48) upper and 11 - 16 (mode 14) lower procurrent rays. Preanal vertebrae 14 - 16 (mode 15; n = 31). Total vertebrae 39 - 41 (mode 40; n = 31). Pairs of pleural ribs 4 - 5 (mode 4; n = 28). Pseudotympanum large, ovoid, semi-translucent, epidermis covering muscle hiatus bulging outward and variably pigmented on exterior surface, ranging from nearly hyaline to moderately pigmented, especially on dorsal half (Figs. 5, 16); projected light visible between sides due to the size and transparency of the gas bladder and thin overlying epidermis. Gas bladder of adult large, cordiform, apple shaped, moderately turgid, smooth-walled on dorsal, lateral, and anteroventral margin; posteroventral margin with an inverted “ V ” shaped thickened area of tunica with weak to moderate external ridges (Fig. 6 f). No terminal diverticula. Internal median septum thin, laminar, together with posteroventral margin of gasbladder capsule weakly ossified in adults (Fig. 17). N Range Mean SD Holotype FMNH 53243 Standard length (SL, mm) 22 30.3 - 47.5 --- --- 47.3 Percent of SL Preadipose length 22 77.3 - 82.1 79.6 1.4 79.3 Preanal length 22 52.5 - 59.7 54.9 1.9 52.9 Predorsal length 22 28.8 - 34.4 31.7 1.6 30.7 Prepelvic length 22 41.3 - 47.0 44.9 1.7 41.9 Prepectoral length 22 23.6 - 28.3 25.8 1.4 24.9 Pectoral-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 22 15.2 - 20.9 18.0 1.6 19.5 Pelvic-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 22 19.6 - 25.8 23.5 1.9 19.9 Pelvic-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 22 36.7 - 50.0 40.0 2.8 40.8 Dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 22 45.9 - 55.4 50.0 2.2 51.6 Adipose-fin origin to anal-fin insertion 22 13.5 - 18.4 16.0 1.3 13.5 Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 22 16.5 - 24.2 20.3 1.6 16.5 Caudal peduncle depth 22 7.6 - 10.5 9.6 0.8 7.6 Caudal peduncle length 22 9.6 - 15.2 11.4 1.4 12.5 Body width at pectoral-fin origin 22 16.8 - 20.0 18.8 0.9 18.2 Body width at pelvic-fin origin 21 7.6 - 12.5 10.3 1.5 --- Pectoral spine length 20 13.9 - 18.1 16.0 1.2 --- Anal-fin base length 22 30.9 - 39.3 36.2 2.1 37.2 Head length (HL) 22 22.2 - 27.8 24.6 1.6 23.0 Percent of HL Head depth at supraoccipital 22 54.3 - 69.7 63.5 4.4 63.3 Head width at postorbitals 22 58.3 - 79.8 70.7 5.7 63.3 Dorsal interopercular width 22 45.0 - 63.6 54.9 5.2 50.5 Anterior internarial distance 19 18.9 - 33.3 26.6 3.9 --- Preisthmus length 21 63.0 - 81.8 71.9 4.7 68.8 Snout length 22 31.4 - 43.6 38.3 3.3 42.2 Gape width 22 34.8 - 53.6 46.5 4.7 45.0 Upper jaw length 22 25.7 - 36.5 31.7 2.8 32.1 Lower jaw length 22 25.2 - 37.5 30.2 3.0 29.4 Eye diameter 22 24.3 - 35.7 28.8 2.8 28.4 Color in alcohol. The description and illustration in Eigenmann (1912: 204, plate 20, fig. 3; reproduced here in Fig. 16 b) indicates the holotype of T. piperata, as the specific epithet alludes, to originally have relatively uniform “ peppered ” pigmentation over the head, dorsum, and sides of body, with dense concentrations of melanophores at the base of the caudal fin, base of the dorsal fin, over the pseudotympanum, and tip of the snout. The preserved holotype is now faded, and, due to shrinkage, it is now difficult to discern pigmentation pattern. In freshly collected specimens, the background color is typically tan to beige or dusky yellowish, with many specimens showing sparse traces of pigmentation. In well-pigmented individuals, the dorsum, sides of the body, and the head are covered with diffuse minute brown specks consisting of individual melanophores, occasionally enlarged or coalesced and forming weak spots or slight mottling. A prominent hourglass-shaped vertical bar at the base of the caudal fin, consisting of fine, densely clustered brown or black melanophores, is characteristic of this species (Fig. 16 b); the leading vertical edge of the bar is nearly straight. Pigment on dorsal aspect of body generally confined to a relatively narrow stripe, sometimes broken into irregular patches, extending down midline of back and with scattered specks distributed ventrally above lateral line and over pseudotympanum. Venter generally depigmented, occasionally with melanophores dispersed on chin, isthmus, and lower portion of opercula and body near pectoral-fin base. Top and sides of head moderately and irregularly pigmented, with some light areas around nares, between orbits, and on lower half of opercula. Skin above supraoccipital generally brownish, somewhat more intense at base of dorsal spine. Pigment extending along part or most of anterior margin of the dorsal spine. Dorsal fin only lightly pigmented, occasionally with distal tips of rays darkened. Adipose and distal portion of caudal-fin lobes hyaline or only lightly speckled. Anal fin generally with little pigment, but in some specimens with thin black margin, most intense at distal tips of anterior rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins dusky, with melanophores concentrated along anterior rays and interradial membranes, near base, and occasionally along distal margin of fin.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tympanopleura piperata is distributed in the Essequibo River drainage of Guyana, including the Potaro and Rupununi rivers, and in the central and upper Amazon River basin in Brazil and Peru (Fig. 15).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Eigenmann (1912) designated as cotypes of T. piperata two males and five females (ex. CM 1709 a and IU 12090), 57 - 61 mm, presumably TL. Based on examination of external morphology and radiographs of the paratypes, i. e., ossification of the maxillary barbel and anterior anal-fin rays, we provisionally identify the extant type series, excluding the holotype, to consist of four males and two females; a seventh specimen was not located in museum material examined. Given the small size of the species and difficulty in accurately determining gender of specimens in the absence of pronounced sexually dimorphic features, we conclude that Eigenmann erred in assigning sex to some of the type specimens; confirmation of this would require dissection of the gonads. The holotype (FMNH 53243) and one cotype (FMNH 53244) appear to have been desiccated or exposed to circumstances that caused severe shrinkage and are in poor condition. Etymology of the specific epithet is derived from the Latin piper, meaning pepper, in reference to the finely stippled pigmentation pattern on the body.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. FMNH 53243 (ex CM 1708), 1 (47.3 mm SL, male), British Guiana (= Guyana), Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region, Essequibo River at Crab Falls, 1908, C. H. Eigenmann and party. Paratypes. 6 specimens (41.7 - 47.5 mm SL). FMNH 53244 (ex CM 1709 a or IU 12090), 1 (41.7 mm SL, male [?]), same collection data as holotype. CAS 58382 (ex IU 12090), 3 (1, 47.5 mm SL, female [?]; 2, 44.6 - 46.9 mm SL, males), same collection data as holotype. MCZ 30189 (ex CM 1709 a or IU 12090), 1 (46.4 mm SL, female), same collection data as holotype. BMNH 1911.10. 31.102 (ex CM 1709 a or IU 12090), 1 (44.8 mm SL, male), same collection data as holotype. Non-type material. 364 specimens (23.0 - 56.3 mm SL). Brazil. Amazonas: ANSP 137688, 1 (40.4 mm SL), W of Moura near junction of rio Negro and rio Branco, date unknown, J. Faughn; ANSP 194018, 2 (34.9 - 40.8 mm SL), rio Jutaí between Porto Antunes and Foz do Jutai, c. 02 ° 50 ’ 6.1 ” S 66 ° 55 ’ 38.9 ” W, 13 Nov 1993, J. P. Sullivan et al.; ANSP 194019, 3 (36.9 - 42.5 mm SL), rio Jutaí downriver of Porto Antunes and upriver of Copatana, c. 02 ° 58 ’ 9.0 ” S 67 ° 00 ’ 43.6 ” W, 16 Nov 1993, O. T. Oyakawa et al.; ANSP 194020, 1 (42.5 mm SL), rio Jutaí downriver of Porto Antunes and upriver of Foz do Jutai, c. 02 ° 57 ’ 3.8 ” S 67 ° 00 ’ 48.5 ” W, 16 Nov 1993, J. P. Friel et al.; ANSP 194021, 1 (39.9 mm SL), same collection data as ANSP 194019; ANSP 194022, 5 (43.2 - 47.5 mm SL), rio Negro 34.3 km downriver of Moura, 9.8 km upriver of Novo Caioé, c. 01 ° 42 ’ 16.0 ” S 61 ° 29 ’ 56.1 ” W, 11 Dec 1993, J. N. Baskin etal.; INPA 10263, 1 (41.4 mm SL), rio Negro, Novo Airão, Lago do Prato, collected with bottom trawl, c. 02 ° 36 ’ S 60 ° 56 ’ W, 17 Mar 1991, M. Garcia; INPA 12562, 4 (30.7 - 37.2 mm SL), rio Negro, rio Jaú, Copaíba pool, c. 02 ° 39 ’ S 60 ° 59 ’ W, 15 Oct 1995, M. Garcia; INPA 12564, 13 (33.9 - 41.7 mm SL), rio Negro, rio Jaú, Copaíba pool, 15 Oct 1995, M. Garcia; INPA 12584, 5 (26.8 - 30.3 mm SL), rio Negro, rio Jaú, lake at mouth of rio Paunini, 17 Jun 1995, M. Garcia; INPA 12603, 11 (24.4 - 31.6 mm SL), same locality as INPA 12584, 19 Jun 1995, M. Garcia; INPA 12608, 8 (25.2 - 30.7 mm SL), rio Negro, rio Jaú, lake above rio Paunini, 18 Jun 1995, M. Garcia; INPA 12613, 4 (27.5 - 50.7 mm SL), same collection data as INPA 12608; INPA 12636, 158 (31.2 - 56.3 mm SL, 1 c / s), rio Negro, rio Jaú, Lago Tambor Velho, 15 Oct 1995, M. Garcia; INPA 12682, 39 (40.8 - 50 mm SL, 1 c / s), rio Negro, rio Jaú, canal Miratuca, 28 Oct 1995, M. Garcia; MZUSP 114006, 5 (29.0 - 32.8 mm SL), rio Jauaperi approximately 30 km from the mouth, 19 Nov 1968, T. Roberts; MZUSP 56199, 1 (unmeasured), rio Negro 1.3 km below Jufarí, c. 01 ° 15 ’ S 68 ° 58 ’ W, 9 Dec 1993, J. G. Lundberg et al.; MZUSP 56200, 3 (unmeasured), rio Jutaí between rio Solimões and rio Zinho, c. 03 ° 05 ’ S 67 ° 14 ’ W, 16 Nov 1993, J. G. Lundberg et al.; MZUSP 56724, 1 (unmeasured), rio Jutaí between rio Solimões and rio Zinho, 16 Nov 1993, O. Oyakawa et al. Rondônia: UNIR 1589, 20 (41.1 - 54.0 mm SL), rio Madeira, rio Jaci Paraná, Jaci Paraná, beach in front of Lago Madalena, c. 09 ° 17 ’ 12 ’’ S 64 ° 24 ’ 00 ’’ W, 10 Dec 2008, C. P. Röpke. Guyana. Upper Demerara Berbice: INHS 49234, 4 (26.5 - 31.0 mm SL), Essequibo River 0.72 mi SW Rockstone at sandbar, 19 Oct 1998, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.; INHS 49357, 3 (29.6 - 32.4 mm SL), large sandbar and small cataract 31.9 mi SSW Rockstone, bearing 204 °, c. 05 ° 31 ’ 39.5 ” N 58 ° 37 ’ 43.6 ” W, 21 Oct 1998, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.; INHS 49443, 1 (32.5 mm SL), beach on N bank downriver of Tumatumari cataract, c. 05 ° 21 ’ 48.4 ” N 59 ° 00 ’ 04.4 ” W, 22 Oct 1998, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.; UF 181564 (ex. MCZ 50742), 1 (33.5 mm SL, c / s), North Rupununi, Mobay Pond, c. 05 ° 10 ’ 0.01 ” N 58 ° 37 ’ 59.9 ” W, 4 May 1971, C. D. Hopkins & F. Cichocki. Potaro-Siparuni: ANSP 175838, 1 (46.4 mm SL), Essequibo River at Essequibo campsite (= WGS 97 - 15), 26 Jan 1997, D. Torres et al. Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo: ANSP 179676, 2 (33.7 - 38.4 mm SL), Rupununi River, sand beach and inlet at Karanambo Ranch, 29 Oct 2002, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al. Peru. Loreto: ANSP 191444, 4 (42.5 - 37.4 mm SL), río Nanay above Santa Clara, c. 03 ° 46 ’ 45 ” S 73 ° 22 ’ 06 ” W, 14 Aug 2003, M. Sabaj etal.; ANSP 191445, 5 (32.5 - 35.0 mm SL), río Nanay, village of Pampa Chica, 4.5 km from Iquitos, c. 03 ° 45 ’ 09 ” S 73 ° 17 ’ 00 ” W, 18 Aug 2003, M. Sabaj Pérez et al.; INHS 36738, 5 (40.0 - 44.8 mm SL, 1 c / s), río Nanay and tributary, Santa Clara, W of Iquitos, 22 Jul 1995, L. M. Page et al.; INHS 44201, 20 (23.0 - 44.2 mm SL, 5 c / s), río Nanay upriver from Santa Clara at Mizplaya, 13.9 km W of Iquitos, c. 03 ° 46 ’ 54.6 ” S 73 ° 21 ’ 49.6 ” W, 29 - 30 Jul 1997, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.; MZUSP 115006, 2 (38.1 - 38.4 mm SL), same data as INHS 44201; SIUC 29483, 1 of 6 (32.4 mm SL), río Nanay at Misplaya, just upriver from Santa Clara, 13.9 km (78 ° bearing) from Iquitos, c. 03 ° 46 ’ 54.6 ” S 73 ° 21 ’ 49.6 ” W, 29 - 30 Jul 1997, M. H. Sabaj Pérez et al.; SIUC 29510, 11 (25.5 - 32.3 mm SL), same data as SIUC 29483; SIUC 29880, 3 (27.8 - 39.0 mm SL), río Nanay at Pampachica, 4.5 km from Iquitos center (269 ° bearing), c. 03 ° 45 ’ 8.8 ” S 73 ° 17 ’ 00.1 ” W, 11 Aug 1997, M. W. Littmann & R. E. Weitzell; UF 185774, 10 (31.5 - 39.3 mm SL), same data as SIUC 29483; UF 185775, 6 (38.5 - 43.5 mm SL, 1 c / s), río Nanay at Santa Clara near Iquitos, 22 Jul 1995, B. M. Burr et al. Tympanopleura rondoni (A. Miranda Ribeiro, 1914) Figs. 1 f, 2, 6 g, 18 Ageneiosus rondoni A. Miranda Ribeiro, 1914: 12 - 13 [type-locality: Brazil, rio Negro, Manáos (= Manaus); syntypes MNRJ 962, 2]. - Miranda Ribeiro, 1953 [type specimens listed; lectotype designated]; - Miranda Ribeiro, 1962: 4 [catalog of MNRJ material, only 1 specimen cited (MNRJ 962)]. - Gosline, 1945: 25 [citation]. - Fowler, 1951: 453, fig. 480 [partial synonymy; distribution; figure possibly based on T. atronasus]. - Santos, 1954: 123 - 124, fig. 64 [reference]. - Burgess 1989: 286 [citation]. - Ferraris, 2003: 471 [checklist; as synonym of Ageneiosus brevis after Walsh, 1990; type-locality; lectotype designation by Miranda Ribeiro, 1953]. - Ferraris, 2007: 69 [type checklist; as synonym of A. brevis after Walsh, 1990; information duplicated from Ferraris, 2003]. Ageneiosus madeirensis Fisher 1917: 426 - 427, pl. 42 [type-locality: San Joaquin, Bolivia; comparisons with Ageneiosus ucayalensis and A. valenciennesi]. - Henn, 1928: 74 [holotype listed]. - Gosline, 1945: 24 [citation]. - Fowler, 1951: 452 - 453, fig. 479 [partial synonymy; distribution]. - Lauzanne & Loubens, 1985: 111 [checklist of species from rio Mamoré]. - Ibarra & Stewart, 1987: 6, 86 [type specimens listed]. - Burgess, 1989: 285 - 286 [citation; illustration after Fisher 1917, erroneously attributed to Eigenmann, 1917]. - Lauzanne et al., 1991: 68 [annotated checklist of species from Bolivian Amazon; Région de Trinidad; Itenez (Guaporé); identification not verified]. - Willink et al., 1999: 104 [in checklist of species from Bolivian Amazon, after Lauzanne etal., 1991]. - Chernoff et al., 2000: 281 [in table of species from Bolivian Amazon, after Lauzanne et al., 1991 and Willink et al., 1999]. - Ten et al., 2001: 103 [checklist; Bolivia, Reserva Inmovilizada Iténez, río San Martin, río Iténez; identification not verified]. - Ferraris, 2003: 471 [checklist; as synonym of A. brevis after Walsh, 1990; type-locality; holotype]. - Ferraris, 2007: 69 [type checklist; as synonym of A. brevis after Walsh, 1990; information duplicated from Ferraris, 2003].	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tympanopleura rondoni has a more robust body shape and reaches a larger maximum size (about 160 mm SL) than congeners (all less than 120 mm SL in the material examined). In addition, T. rondoni has a unique, prominently spotted pigmentation pattern on the head, body, and fins, and an elongated gas bladder with two moderately long, recurved terminal posterior diverticula. Tympanopleura rondoni further differs from T. atronasus in having a greater number of anal-fin rays (28 - 37, mode 31 vs. 23 - 30, mode 27), more pectoral-fin rays (10 - 13 vs. 7 - 9), more gill rakers on the first arch (24 - 33 vs. 14 - 23), fewer preanal vertebrae (14 - 16, mode 15 vs. 16 - 19, mode 17), fewer pairs of pleural ribs (4 - 6 vs. 7 - 8), greater distance from pectoral- to dorsal-fin origin (19.8 - 29.0 % SL vs. 15.7 - 20.9 % SL), slightly greater body width at pectoral-fin origin (21.8 - 29.5 % SL vs. 17.8 - 22.9 % SL), slightly longer pectoral-fin spine (17.1 - 21.0 % SL vs. 13.3 - 19.0 % SL), and a smaller eye diameter (8.4 - 17.0 % HL vs. 16.0 - 27.8 % HL). Tympanopleura rondoni differs from T. brevis in having more gill rakers (24 - 33, mode 29 - 30 vs. 20 - 24, mode 23), a slightly shorter-pectoral fin spine (17.1 - 21.0 % SL vs. 19.1 - 24.4 % SL), and a smaller eye (8.4 - 17.0 % HL vs. 13.8 - 21.0 % HL); otherwise, these two species are differentiated mainly on the basis of pigmentation pattern and structure of the gas bladder. Tympanopleura rondoni differs from T. cryptica in having a longer anal fin (anal-fin rays 28 - 37, mode 31 vs. 23 - 30, mode 29), more pectoral-fin rays (10 - 13, mode 11 vs. 8 - 10, mode 9), more gill rakers (24 - 33, mode 29 - 30 vs. 21 - 26, mode 22), greater number of total vertebrae (38 - 42, mode 40 vs. 38 - 41, mode 38), pleural rib pairs (4 - 6, mode 6 vs. 4 - 5, mode 5), and a smaller eye (8.4 - 17.0 % HL vs. 16.7 - 25.6 % HL). Tympanopleura rondoni differs from T. longipinna in having a somewhat shorter anal fin (anal-fin rays 28 - 37, mode 31 vs. 32 - 42, mode 37), more gill rakers (24 - 33, mode 29 - 30 vs. 19 - 25, mode 23), fewer total vertebrae (38 - 42, mode 40 vs. 40 - 43, mode 43), pleural rib pairs (4 - 6, mode 6 vs. 4 - 5, mode 5), longer predorsal length (35.2 - 47.4 % SL vs. 29.5 - 36.1 % SL), shorter distance from pelvic- to adipose-fin origin (24.0 - 41.5 % SL vs. 37.6 - 45.1 % SL), shorter distance from dorsal- to adipose-fin origin (38.1 - 46.8 % SL vs. 46.5 - 54.0 % SL), and a shorter anal-fin base (23.1 - 32.5 % SL vs. 33.9 - 39.9 % SL). Tympanopleura rondoni differs from T. piperata in having more pectoral-fin rays (10 - 13, mode 11 vs. 6 - 10, mode 9), more gill rakers (24 - 33 vs. 16 - 23), pleural ribs pairs (4 - 6, mode 6 vs. 4 - 5, mode 4), longer prepectoral length (29.2 - 39.0 % SL vs. 23.6 - 28.3 % SL), greater distance from pectoral- to dorsal-fin origin (19.8 - 29.0 % SL vs. 15.2 - 20.9 % SL), greater body width at pectoral-fin origin (21.8 - 29.5 % SL vs. 16.8 - 20.0 % SL), shorter anal-fin base (23.1 - 32.5 % SL vs. 30.9 - 39.3 % SL), longer head (26.5 - 39.0 % SL vs. 22.2 - 27.8 % SL), longer snout (41.7 - 53.6 % SL vs. 31.4 - 43.6 % SL), proportionally longer jaws and a wider gape, and a smaller eye (8.4 - 17.0 % HL vs. 24.3 - 35.7 % HL).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data are provided in Table 13. Tympanopleura rondoni is a medium-sized auchenipterid. Size range 32.8 - 160.4 mm SL (n = 56) for female and non-nuptial male specimens. Size range 90.7 - 127.8 mm SL (n = 12) for pre-nuptial and nuptial males. Head moderately depressed and broad. Dorsal profile from tip of snout to top of supraoccipital nearly straight, ascending and weakly convex posteriorly to dorsal-fin origin. From dorsal-fin insertion to base of upper caudal-fin lobe nearly straight to convex. Ventral contour of head and abdomen straight to weakly convex. Body compressed, widest at pectoral-fin origin, 21.8 - 29.5 % SL, gently tapered posteriorly from pectoral-fin insertion to base of caudal fin. Caudal peduncle moderately deep, 7.1 - 9.9 % SL. Head length 26.5 - 39.0 % SL. Mouth inferior, upper jaw projecting anterior to tip of lower jaw approximately the width of the premaxillary tooth patch. Snout long, 41.7 - 53.6 % HL, broadly crescentic in dorsal or ventral profile. Premaxillary and dentary tooth bands broad, with 5 - 7 irregular rows of teeth at midline, tapered to about 3 - 5 rows posterolaterally; teeth single cusped, moderately long, sharp, recurved. Midline area of dentary near symphsis elevated, teeth projected slightly outward. Eye small, 8.4 - 17.0 % HL, slightly more visible dorsally than ventrally, covered with thick, opaque epidermis (Fig. 1 f). Fontanelle groove long and deep, extending posterior to eyes, bound on either side by high ridges; dorsal surface of frontals, supraoccipital, nuchal shield rugose, ornamented with network of ridges and granulations. Anterior nares lateral to tips of mesethmoid wings, directed anteriorly; posterior nares lateral to frontals, directed upward, with short flap of epidermis surrounding margin. Posterior edge of lower jaw extending posteriorly to or slightly beyond midpoint of eye. Gill membranes broadly fused to isthmus along anterolateral margin of cleithrum. Branchiostegal rays 8 - 10 (mode 9; n = 55). Total gill rakers on anterolateral margin of first arch 24 - 33 (mode 29; n = 47); epibranchial with 8 - 10 (mode 9) and ceratobranchial with 16 - 24 (mode 19) gill rakers. Gill rakers long, those near middle of arch about 4 - 7 % HL, crenulate on ventromedial margin, gradually reduced in length anteriorly. N Range Mean SD Lectotype MNRJ 962 (1) Standard length (SL, mm) 30 37.8 - 160.4 --- --- 160.4 Percent of SL Preadipose length 30 77.4 - 83.5 80.4 1.6 80.2 Preanal length 30 52.4 - 69.5 64.7 4.0 64.1 Predorsal length 30 35.2 - 47.4 39.8 2.4 37.6 Prepelvic length 30 43.3 - 56.2 52.1 3.1 52.6 Prepectoral length 30 29.2 - 39.0 35.1 2.5 34.9 Pectoral-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 30 19.8 - 29.0 23.9 2.1 22.3 Pelvic-fin origin to dorsal-fin origin 30 10.3 - 28.6 24.5 3.5 25.9 Pelvic-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 30 24.0 - 41.5 32.8 3.2 32.3 Dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin 30 38.1 - 46.8 42.3 2.2 45.1 Adipose-fin origin to anal-fin insertion 30 9.2 - 16.7 14.8 1.6 14.1 Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 30 18.5 - 24.8 21.9 1.6 21.2 Caudal peduncle depth 30 7.1 - 9.9 8.8 0.7 9.3 Caudal peduncle length 30 9.4 - 12.5 10.9 0.9 12.5 Body width at pectoral-fin origin 30 21.8 - 29.5 26.5 2.3 25.0 Body width at pelvic-fin origin 30 9.4 - 13.9 11.5 1.1 11.7 Pectoral spine length 30 17.1 - 21.0 19.1 1.0 19.6 Anal-fin base length 30 23.1 - 32.5 26.0 2.4 26.1 Head length (HL) 30 26.5 - 39.0 35.0 3.1 33.7 Percent of HL Head depth at supraoccipital 30 44.9 - 66.9 53.3 5.1 50.2 Head width at postorbitals 30 55.7 - 80.3 68.7 4.9 76.9 Dorsal interopercular width 30 42.9 - 54.3 46.8 2.9 47.6 Anterior internarial distance 30 31.0 - 36.9 33.9 1.7 35.2 Preisthmus length 30 61.0 - 78.0 68.3 4.1 72.2 Snout length 30 41.7 - 53.6 47.8 3.3 53.0 Gape width 30 51.0 - 65.6 58.0 3.4 65.6 Upper jaw length 30 32.6 - 45.5 37.2 2.9 42.2 Lower jaw length 30 29.2 - 40.7 33.3 2.7 36.1 Eye diameter 30 8.4 - 17.0 12.8 1.8 12.2 Maxillary barbel of females and non-nuptial males small, ossified at base, filiform, concealed in premaxillary groove, 9.6 - 26.8 % HL (mean = 16.2 ± 4.1 SD; n = 25); groove extending obliquely to midpoint between corner of mouth and front of eye. Maxillary barbel of prenuptial and nuptial males ossified most or all of length, thickened, elongated, 30.1 - 38.6 % HL (mean = 34.0 ± 2.3 SD; n = 12). Barbel of prenuptial males smooth, with a fleshy tip, covered with thin epidermis, and lacking hooks altogether or with few (about 6 - 8) small, blunt, incipient hooks beginning development on anterodorsal surface. Maxillary barbel of nuptial male with 10 - 17 (n = 3, including left and right in one specimen) sharply pointed, recurved hooks, modally 9 on anterodorsal margin, 4 - 10 on ventromedial margin; entire barbel with thick epidermal sheath covering all but tips of hooks. Dorsal fin rays II, 6, consisting of a small spinelet, elongated spine, and branched rays; first ray longest, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Dorsal-fin origin about equal with or slightly posterior to vertical passing through pectoral-fin insertion. Dorsal-fin spine relatively long and stout in females and non-nuptial males, length 17.2 - 25.0 % SL (mean = 19.8 ± 2.2 SD; n = 17). Anterior margin of spine variable, from nearly smooth to strongly crenulated proximally; spine most rugose in larger individuals. Posterior margin of spine in all but nuptial males with 15 - 38 relatively short, conical, retrorse serrae. Dorsal spine of nuptial male robust, greatly elongated, sinusoidal, anterior margin convex over basal half, inflected posteriorly near midpoint, convexagaindistally, tipslightlycurvedlaterally; length of spine in pre-nuptial and nuptial males 25.5 - 40.9 % SL (mean = 30.6 ± 4.3 SD; n = 10). Prominent antrorse serrae on anterior margin of spine in pre-nuptial and nuptial males; serrae shorter and relatively blunt proximally early in development of armature, becoming long, thin, recurved, and alternating laterally over distal half, embedded in thick sheath of epidermis. Lateral margins of spine with pronounced longitudinal ridges and deep furrows, obliquely distributed along length of spine, heavily pigmented. Posterior margin of spine in fully nuptial males smooth. Adipose fin relatively large, entire base well anterior to vertical through anal-fin insertion, posterior margin free. Anal fin relatively short, base 23.1 - 32.5 % SL, with 28 - 37 rays (mode 31; n = 63); distal margin rounded. Anal-fin pterygiophores 27 - 36 (mode 29; n = 45). First 5 - 6 anal-fin rays of pre-nuptial and nuptial males thickened, elongated, unbranched, coalesced to form intromittent organ. Pectoral-fin spine robust, relatively long, 17.1 - 21.0 % SL, short of or just reaching to pelvic-fin origin. Anterior margin of spine weakly crenulated proximally. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of spine with prominent, irregular longitudinal ridges and furrows. Posterior margin of spine with single series of short, conical, retrorse serrae, counted on one or both sides, ranging from 12 - 29 (mode 20 - 22; mean = 19.0 ± 4.9 SD; n = 25). Pectoral fin with 10 - 13 branched rays (mode 11; n = 59); anterior rays longest, distal margin of fin straight to very slightly falcate. Postcleithral process moderately well developed, robust, conical, occasionally absent. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through tip of longest adpressed dorsal-fin ray; margin of fin straight to slightly convex. Pelvic fin rays i, 6; first branched ray longest, subsequent rays progressively shorter. Caudal fin forked, lobes equal, with 8 + 9 principal rays, 16 - 26 (mode 23; n = 27) upper and 15 - 18 (mode 17; n = 27) lower procurrent rays. Preanal vertebrae 14 - 16 (mode 15; n = 46). Total vertebrae 38 - 42 (mode 40; n = 46). Pairs of pleural ribs 4 - 6 (mode 6; n = 39). Gas bladder of adult large, unencapsulated, elongated antero-posteriorly in comparison to congeners, moderately turgid, smooth-walled on external surfaces, with two moderately elongated fleshy terminal diverticula, close at their bases and typically recurved anteriorly in body cavity (Fig. 6 g). Color in alcohol. Background color tan, dusky yellow, or whitish purple, obscured in many specimens by dark pigmentation over most of dorsum. Distinctive pigmentation pattern consisting of dark brown to black irregular spots (usually 1 - 2 mm in diameter) over most of body, usually heavily concentrated on head and upper half of body. Spots consisting of coalesced melanophores and often obscured on head and dorsum by additional dense speckles of pigmentation. Spots on body sometimes forming irregular rows along midline of back, sides above the lateral line, and a lower row extending posteriorly from above the pectoral-fin base. Skin lateral to gas bladder darkly pigmented. Venter generally lightly pigmented with specks sometimes near tip of chin and extending along lateral branchiostegal membranes and near pectoral fin. Top of head with dense background of brown or black pigmentation overlain with spots. Leading edge of dorsal-fin spine brown to black; rays of dorsal fin with pigmentation at base and near tips, most heavily concentrated on anterior rays. Adipose fin with uniformly distributed melanophores, more evident near base. Caudal peduncle and base of caudal-fin rays darkly pigmented with a few specks scattered along rays and interradial membranes, sometimes with additional concentrations of pigment at tips of rays. Anal fin with dark margin and some specks scattered along base. Pectoral and pelvic fins pigmented on dorsal surface, most heavily along base, over first few anterior-most rays, and along ray tips forming a distinctive black or brown marginal edge.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tympanopleura rondoni is broadly distributed in the central Amazon River basin, including the rio Madeira in Brazil, and the río Mamoré and río Guaporé in Bolivia (Fig. 19).	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Miranda Ribeiro (1953) cited two cotypes and designated “ Lectótipo-A, ” presumably to fix the name by designating as a lectotype the larger of the two specimens in the type series. However, in a subsequent type catalog, Miranda Ribeiro (1962) referred to only one specimen, listed under MNRJ 962. The specific epithet is a patronym named in honor of Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon (1865 - 1958), famous Brazilian Army Marshal (“ Marechal ”), pioneering telegraph engineer, patriot, zealous explorer, and protector of indigenous tribes.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
038B87F2E56D7A0187D62CD014BAFC2E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype. MNRJ 962 A, 1 (160.4 mm SL, presumed female). Type-locality: Brazil, rio Negro, Manáos (= Manaus), 1908, Miranda Ribeiro. Paralectotype. MNRJ 962, 1 (134.4 mm SL, presumed female). Same collection data as lectotype. Other types. 15 specimens (32.8 - 108.3 mm SL). FMNH 58143, 1 (102.4 mm SL, male), holotype of Ageneiosus madeirensis, Bolivia, río Mamoré, San Joaquin, 6 Sep 1909, J. D. Haseman. FMNH 58144, 14 (32.8 - 108.3 mm SL, 1 c / s, paratypes of A. madeirensis), same collection data as holotype. Non-type material. 102 specimens (40.0 - 165.4 mm SL). Bolivia. Beni: MZUSP 27805, 3 (79.5 - 110.8 mm SL), Laguna San José, Trinidad, Sep 1983, Conv. Pisc. ORSTOM-UTB; MZUSP 114008 (ex MZUSP 27818), 2 (51.2 - 55.7 mm SL), Trinidad, canal San Gregorio, Sep 1983, Conv. Pisc. ORSTOM-UTB; MZUSP 37880, 1 (124.4 mm SL), Igarape Beem, Humaitá, Jul 1975, U. Caramaschi et al.; UF 185776, 2 (119.6 - 124.0 mm SL), same data as MZUSP 27805; UF 185777, 1 (69.0 mm SL), same data as MZUSP 114008. Locality unknown: INPA 652, 2 (106.8 - 117.6 mm SL), Sep 1983, G. Loubens & L. Lauzanne. Brazil. Amazonas: ANSP 193989, 2 (63.3 - 77.0 mm SL), rio Purus, c. 03 ° 58 ’ 47.2 ” S 61 ° 29 ’ 06.2 ” W, 27 Jul 1996, M. Toledo-Piza et al.; ANSP 194014, 5 (52.7 - 145.7 mm SL), rio Purus, c. 03 ° 59 ’ 06.5 ” S 61 ° 29 ’ 20.7 ” W, 27 Jul 1996, M. Toledo-Piza et al.; ANSP 194015, 9 (40.0 - 75.3 mm SL), rio Purus along Ilha Tatu, c. 03 ° 59 ’ 26.9 ” S 61 ° 29 ’ 37.7 ” W, 27 Jul 1996, M. Toledo-Piza et al.; ANSP 194016, 5 (99.3 - 124.7 mm SL), rio Solimões 35.5 km downriver of Santa Maria, 20.6 km upriver of Itacoatiara, c. 03 ° 15 ’ 45.2 ” S 58 ° 36 ’ 01.4 ” W, 20 Oct 1994, F. G. Langeani et al.; CAL unk., 1 (84.6 mm SL), rio Solimões 67.0 km downriver of Bela Vista, 26.0 km upriver of Manaus, c. 03 ° 11 ’ 28.2 ” S 59 ° 53 ’ 45.9 ” W, 23 Oct 1993, S. L. Jewett et al. (SLJ- 93 - 005); CAL unk., 2 (71.5 - 83.7 mm SL), rio Solimões 23.5 km downriver of Santa Maria, 21.1 km upriver of Itacoatiara, c. 03 ° 17 ’ 16.0 ” S 58 ° 35 ’ 23.1 ” W, 20 Oct 1994, J. G. Lundberg et al. (JGL- 94 - 067); INPA 11758, 1 (160.9 mm SL), rio Solimões, Ilha do Careiro, Paraná do Rei, 27 Feb 1986, B. Merona; INPA 11759, 5 (117.2 - 165.4 mm SL), rio Solimões, Ilha do Caraeiro, Jul / Oct 1986, INPA ichthyology team; INPA 13393, 1 (111.1 mm SL), rio Solimões, Ilha da Marchantaria, 4 Feb 1993, P. Petry & R. Sotero; INPA 18960, 2 (91.7 - 92.4 mm SL), rio Solimões, Paraná Maiana, Mamirauá Reserve, 9 Sep 1999, W. G. R. Crampton; INPA 18961, 1 (115.7 mm SL), rio Japurá, margin of Mamirauá Reserve, 2 Feb 2000, W. G. R. Crampton; INPA 22139, 7 (113.8 - 156.0 mm SL), rio Solimões, Lago do Rei, 31 Jan 2001, L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel et al.; INPA 22802, 5 (139.9 - 158.2 mm SL), rio Solimões, Lago do Rei, Lago Mingau, 24 Feb 1986, B. Merona et al.; INPA 25757, 1 (156.3 mm SL), rio Solimões, Lago Muratu, approximately 60 km from confluence with rio Negro, c. 03 ° 20 ’ 51 ” S 60 ° 12 ’ 34 ” W, Apr 2003, M. Vega; INPA 25819, 1 (140.3 mm SL), rio Solimões, Lago Muratu, approximately 60 km from confluence with rio Negro, c. 03 ° 20 ’ 51 ” S 60 ° 12 ’ 34 ” W, Jul 2003, M. Vega; INPA 26537, 1 (115.6 mm SL), rio Negro, Manaus, near confluence with the rio Solimões, 18 Jun 2006, J. Zuanon & A. Akama; INPA 34087, 2 (110.9 - 129.0 mm SL), rio Negro, Manaus, Lago Catalão, 8 Aug 2008, F. R. V. Ribeiro; MCP 29875, 2 (103.9 - 139.5 mm SL), rio Solimões, Alvarães, Caborini beach, near confluence with rio Solimões and rio Japurá, c. 03 ° 09 ’ 34 ” S 64 ° 46 ’ 35 ” W, 7 Feb 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MCP 29876, 2 (97.7 - 109.1 mm SL), same location as MCP 29875, 12 Feb 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MCP 29877, 1 (88.0 mm SL), rio Solimões, Alvarães, Ilha de Içé, c. 03 ° 16 ’ 36 ” S 64 ° 41 ’ 01 ” W, Jan 2001, W. G. R. Crampton; MPEG 10048, 1 (unmeasured), Manacapuru, Lago Piranha floodplain, 11 Mar 2006, L. Montag & A. Hercos; MZUSP 114007, 4 (103.8 - 116.6 mm SL), rio Solimões, Lago Janauaca and surroundings, Nov 1976 - Jan 1977, Alpha Helix expedition; MZUSP 27616, 1 (127.8 mm SL), rio Solimões, mouth of rio Iça, Santo Antônio do Iça, 13 Oct 1982, L. P. S. Portugal; MZUSP 56649, 1 (73.1 mm SL), rio Purus, Berurí, 27 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56656, 1 (75.6 mm SL), rio Amazonas, c. 03 ° 19 ’ 32 ” S 58 ° 51 ’ 54 ” W, 5 Aug 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 56660, 1 (94.4 mm SL), rio Purus, c. 04 ° 03 ’ 48 ” S 61 ° 33 ’ 49 ” W, 27 Jul 1996, M. T. Piza et al.; MZUSP 57697, 1 (63.7 mm SL), rio Purus, 15 km below Lago do Estopa, 27 Jul 1996, F. G. Langeani et al.; MZUSP 75400, 1 (116.5 mm SL), rio Solimões, stream on the right bank of the Lago Janauacá channel, c. 3 ° 22 ’ S 60 ° 11 ’ W, 11 Jan 1977, Alpha Helix expedition. Pará: INPA 22722, 2 (115.0 - 116.0 mm SL), rio Amazonas, Monte Alegre, Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, 12 Aug 1992, G. Santos & J. Zuanon; MZUSP 7862, 7867 - 7874, 9 (86.2 - 117.6 mm SL), Parana Jacari, municipality of Faro, 13 Dec 1967, Expedição Permanente da Amazônia (EPA); UF 185778 (ex MZUSP 7863 - 7866, 4 (98.9 - 112.4 mm SL), same data as MZUSP 7862, 7867 - 7874. Rondônia: INPA 21720, 1 (117.7 mm SL), rio Madeira, rio Cautário, Vale do Guaporé, 14 Jul 2003, G. Torrente-Vilara; UFRO-I 682, 2 (53.3 - 95.6 mm SL), rio Madeira, date & collectors unknown; UNIR 669, 8 (68.9 - 100.1 mm SL), rio Madeira, date & collectors unknown.	en	Walsh, Stephen J., Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos, Py-Daniel, Lúcia Helena Rapp (2015): Revision of Tympanopleura Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with description of two new species. Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (1): 1-46, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130220, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130220
